2058 files changed, 110043 insertions, 34838 deletions

diff --git a/.appveyor.yml b/.appveyor.yml
index 1ea5e59210..05ff204541 100644
--- a/.appveyor.yml
+++ b/.appveyor.yml
@@ -17,18 +17,18 @@ skip_commits:
     - '**/*.md'
     - '**/*.rdoc'
     - '**/.document'
+    - '**/*.[1-8]'
+    - '**/*.ronn'
 environment:
   ruby_version: "24-%Platform%"
-  zlib_version: "1.2.12"
   matrix:
+    # Test only the oldest supported version because AppVeyor is unstable, its concurrency
+    # is limited, and compatibility issues that happen only in newer versions are rare.
+    # You may test some other stuff on GitHub Actions instead.
     - build: vs
-      vs: 120
-      ssl: OpenSSL
-      APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2015
-      GEMS_FOR_TEST: ""
-    - build: vs
-      vs: 140
+      vs: 120 # Visual Studio 2013
       ssl: OpenSSL-v111
+      # The worker image name. This is NOT the Visual Studio version we're using here.
       APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE: Visual Studio 2015
       GEMS_FOR_TEST: ""
   RELINE_TEST_ENCODING: "UTF-8"
@@ -48,8 +48,9 @@ for:
     - cd C:\Tools\vcpkg
     - git pull -q
     - .\bootstrap-vcpkg.bat
+    - ps: Start-FileDownload 'https://github.com/microsoft/vcpkg-tool/releases/download/2023-08-09/vcpkg.exe' -FileName 'C:\Tools\vcpkg\vcpkg.exe'
     - cd %APPVEYOR_BUILD_FOLDER%
-    - vcpkg --triplet %Platform%-windows install libffi libyaml readline zlib
+    - vcpkg --triplet %Platform%-windows install --x-use-aria2 libffi libyaml readline zlib
     - CALL SET vcvars=%%^VS%VS%COMNTOOLS^%%..\..\VC\vcvarsall.bat
     - SET vcvars
     - '"%vcvars%" %Platform:x64=amd64%'
@@ -69,9 +70,6 @@ for:
     - mkdir \usr\local\bin
     - mkdir \usr\local\include
     - mkdir \usr\local\lib
-    - SET ZLIB_ZIP=.downloaded-cache\zlib%zlib_version:.=%.zip
-    - if not exist %ZLIB_ZIP% curl -fsSL -o %ZLIB_ZIP% --retry 10 https://zlib.net/zlib%zlib_version:.=%.zip
-    - 7z x -aos -o%APPVEYOR_BUILD_FOLDER%\ext\zlib %ZLIB_ZIP%
     - for %%I in (%OPENSSL_DIR%\*.dll) do mklink /h \usr\local\bin\%%~nxI %%I
     - for %%I in (c:\Tools\vcpkg\installed\%Platform%-windows\bin\*.dll) do (
         if not %%~nI == readline mklink \usr\local\bin\%%~nxI %%I
@@ -79,6 +77,7 @@ for:
     - attrib +r /s /d
     - mkdir %Platform%-mswin_%vs%
   build_script:
+    - set HAVE_GIT=no
     - cd %APPVEYOR_BUILD_FOLDER%
     - cd %Platform%-mswin_%vs%
     - >-
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ for:
     - nmake -l "TESTOPTS=-v -q" btest
     - nmake -l "TESTOPTS=-v -q" test-basic
     - >-
-      nmake -l "TESTOPTS=-v --timeout-scale=3.0
+      nmake -l "TESTOPTS=--timeout-scale=3.0
       --excludes=../test/excludes/_appveyor -j%JOBS%
       --exclude win32ole
       --exclude test_bignum
@@ -106,7 +105,7 @@ for:
     # separately execute tests without -j which may crash worker with -j.
     - >-
       nmake -l
-      "TESTOPTS=-v --timeout-scale=3.0 --excludes=../test/excludes/_appveyor"
+      "TESTOPTS=--timeout-scale=3.0 --excludes=../test/excludes/_appveyor"
       TESTS="
       ../test/win32ole
       ../test/ruby/test_bignum.rb
@@ -124,7 +123,7 @@ notifications:
       {{^isPullRequest}}
         {
           "ci": "AppVeyor CI",
-          "env": "Visual Studio 2013 / 2015",
+          "env": "Visual Studio 2013",
           "url": "{{buildUrl}}",
           "commit": "{{commitId}}",
           "branch": "{{branch}}"
diff --git a/.cirrus.yml b/.cirrus.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index ec8036297c..0000000000
--- a/.cirrus.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-# This CI is used to test Arm cases. We can set the maximum 16 tasks.
-# The entire testing design is inspired from .github/workflows/compilers.yml.
-
-# By default, Cirrus mounts an empty volume to `/tmp`
-# which triggers all sorts of warnings like "system temporary path is world-writable: /tmp".
-# Lets workaround it by specifying a custom volume mount point.
-env:
-  CIRRUS_VOLUME: /cirrus-ci-volume
-  LANG: C.UTF-8
-
-task:
-  name: Arm64 Graviton2 / $CC
-  skip: "changesIncludeOnly('doc/**', '**.{md,rdoc}', '.document')"
-  arm_container:
-    # We use the arm64 images at https://github.com/ruby/ruby-ci-image/pkgs/container/ruby-ci-image .
-    image: ghcr.io/ruby/ruby-ci-image:$CC
-    # Define the used cpu core in each matrix task. We can use total 16 cpu
-    # cores in entire matrix. [cpu] = [total cpu: 16] / [number of tasks]
-    cpu: 8
-    # We can request maximum 4 GB per cpu.
-    # [memory per task] = [memory per cpu: 4 GB] * [cpu]
-    memory: 32G
-  env:
-    CIRRUS_CLONE_DEPTH: 50
-    optflags: '-O1'
-    debugflags: '-ggdb3'
-    RUBY_PREFIX: /tmp/ruby-prefix
-    RUBY_DEBUG: ci rgengc
-    RUBY_TESTOPTS: >-
-      -q
-      --color=always
-      --tty=no
-    matrix:
-      CC: clang-12
-      CC: gcc-11
-  id_script: id
-  set_env_script:
-    # Set `GNUMAKEFLAGS`, because the flags are GNU make specific. Note using
-    # the `make` environment variable used in compilers.yml causes some rubygems
-    # tests to fail.
-    # https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/4921
-    - echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-s -j$((1 + $CIRRUS_CPU))" >> $CIRRUS_ENV
-  print_env_script:
-    - echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=$GNUMAKEFLAGS"
-  # Arm containers are executed in AWS's EKS, and it's not yet supporting IPv6
-  # See https://github.com/aws/containers-roadmap/issues/835
-  disable_ipv6_script: sudo ./tool/disable_ipv6.sh
-  autogen_script: ./autogen.sh
-  configure_script: >-
-    ./configure -C
-    --enable-debug-env
-    --disable-install-doc
-    --with-ext=-test-/cxxanyargs,+
-    --prefix="$RUBY_PREFIX"
-  make_extract-extlibs_script: make extract-extlibs
-  make_incs_script: make incs
-  make_script: make
-  make_leaked-globals_script: make leaked-globals
-  make_test_script: make test
-  make_install_script: make install
-  install_gems_for_test_script: $RUBY_PREFIX/bin/gem install --no-doc timezone tzinfo
-  make_test-tool_script: make test-tool
-  make_test-all_script: make test-all
-  make_test-spec_script: make test-spec
diff --git a/.document b/.document
index ec2fa09326..3a6b0c238c 100644
--- a/.document
+++ b/.document
@@ -18,15 +18,18 @@ gc.rb
 io.rb
 kernel.rb
 marshal.rb
+mjit.rb
 numeric.rb
 nilclass.rb
 pack.rb
 ractor.rb
 string.rb
+symbol.rb
 timev.rb
 thread_sync.rb
 trace_point.rb
 warning.rb
+yjit.rb
 
 # the lib/ directory (which has its own .document file)
 lib
diff --git a/.github/CODEOWNERS b/.github/CODEOWNERS
deleted file mode 100644
index b7cd624b0d..0000000000
--- a/.github/CODEOWNERS
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# Lines starting with '#' are comments.
-# Each line is a file pattern followed by one or more owners.
-# Code owners will be automatically tagged as reviewers when a pull request is opened
-
-# YJIT sources and tests
-yjit* @maximecb @xrxr @tenderlove @k0kubun
-yjit/* @maximecb @xrxr @tenderlove @k0kubun
-doc/yjit/* @maximecb @xrxr @tenderlove @k0kubun
-bootstraptest/test_yjit* @maximecb @xrxr @tenderlove @k0kubun
-test/ruby/test_yjit* @maximecb @xrxr @tenderlove @k0kubun
-.github/workflows/yjit* @maximecb @xrxr @tenderlove @k0kubun
diff --git a/.github/dependabot.yml b/.github/dependabot.yml
index b18fd29357..bc63aca35b 100644
--- a/.github/dependabot.yml
+++ b/.github/dependabot.yml
@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@ updates:
   - package-ecosystem: 'github-actions'
     directory: '/'
     schedule:
-      interval: 'weekly'
+      interval: 'monthly'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml b/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml
index 1c314da911..ebaafe3bf0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/baseruby.yml
@@ -4,22 +4,36 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
 
 concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   baseruby:
     name: BASERUBY
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
     strategy:
       matrix:
@@ -34,12 +48,12 @@ jobs:
           - ruby-3.1
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: .downloaded-cache
           key: downloaded-cache
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@13e7a03dc3ac6c3798f4570bfead2aed4d96abfb # v1.244.0
         with:
           ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}
           bundler: none
@@ -51,7 +65,7 @@ jobs:
       - run: make incs
       - run: make all
       - run: make test
-      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
         with:
           payload: |
             {
@@ -59,7 +73,7 @@ jobs:
               "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / BASERUBY @ ${{ matrix.ruby }}",
               "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
-              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
             }
         env:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
diff --git a/.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml b/.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml
index f6f8b9a45b..070c0fa1dd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml
@@ -2,18 +2,31 @@ name: bundled_gems
 
 on:
   push:
+    branches: [ "master" ]
     paths:
       - '.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml'
       - 'gems/bundled_gems'
   pull_request:
+    branches: [ "master" ]
+    paths:
+      - '.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml'
+      - 'gems/bundled_gems'
+  merge_group:
+    branches: [ "master" ]
     paths:
       - '.github/workflows/bundled_gems.yml'
       - 'gems/bundled_gems'
   schedule:
     - cron: '45 6 * * *'
+  workflow_dispatch:
+
+permissions:  # added using https://github.com/step-security/secure-workflows
+  contents: read
 
 jobs:
   update:
+    permissions:
+      contents: write  # for Git to git push
     if: ${{ github.event_name != 'schedule' || github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' }}
     name: update ${{ github.workflow }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -28,9 +41,9 @@ jobs:
           echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-j$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
           echo "TODAY=$(date +%F)" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
 
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: .downloaded-cache
           key: downloaded-cache-${{ github.sha }}
@@ -68,14 +81,14 @@ jobs:
               [g, v] unless last[g] == v
             end
             changed, added = changed.partition {|g, _| last[g]}
-            news.sub!(/^\*( +)The following #{type} gems? are updated\.\n\K(?: \1\* .*\n)*/) do
-              mark = "#{$1} * "
+            news.sub!(/^\*( +)The following #{type} gems? are updated\.\n+\K(?: \1\*( +).*\n)*/) do
+              mark = "#{$1} *#{$2}"
               changed.map {|g, v|"#{mark}#{g} #{v}\n"}.join("")
             end or next
-            news.sub!(/^\*( +)The following default gems are now bundled gems\.\n\K(?: \1\* .*\n)*/) do
-              mark = "#{$1} * "
+            news.sub!(/^\*( +)The following default gems are now bundled gems\.\n+\K(?: \1\*( +).*\n)*/) do
+              mark = "#{$1} *#{$2}"
               added.map {|g, v|"#{mark}#{g} #{v}\n"}.join("")
-            end or next if added
+            end or next unless added.empty?
             File.write("NEWS.md", news)
           end
         shell: ruby {0}
@@ -137,3 +150,17 @@ jobs:
           GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: git
           GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: git
         if: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && !startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && steps.show.outcome == 'failure' }}
+
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / update",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() && github.event_name == 'push' }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml b/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml
index fab1989335..79b2916feb 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/check_dependencies.yml
@@ -3,12 +3,21 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -17,11 +26,14 @@ concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   update-deps:
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        os: [ubuntu-20.04]
+        os: [ubuntu-22.04]
       fail-fast: true
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
@@ -34,15 +46,14 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ contains(matrix.os, 'ubuntu') }}
       - name: Install libraries
         run: |
-          brew upgrade
           brew install gmp libffi openssl@1.1 zlib autoconf automake libtool readline
         if: ${{ contains(matrix.os, 'macos') }}
       - name: git config
         run: |
           git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
           git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: .downloaded-cache
           key: downloaded-cache
@@ -52,7 +63,7 @@ jobs:
       - run: make all golf
       - run: ruby tool/update-deps --fix
       - run: git diff --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code
-      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
         with:
           payload: |
             {
@@ -60,7 +71,7 @@ jobs:
               "env": "${{ matrix.os }} / Dependencies need to update",
               "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
-              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
             }
         env:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
diff --git a/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml b/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 32a07f7fd6..0000000000
--- a/.github/workflows/check_misc.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
-name: Miscellaneous checks
-on: [push, pull_request]
-
-concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
-  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
-
-jobs:
-  checks:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - name: Check if C-sources are US-ASCII
-        run: |
-          ! grep -r -n '[^	 -~]' *.[chy] include internal win32/*.[ch]
-      - name: Check for trailing spaces
-        run: |
-          ! git grep -n '[	 ]$' '*.rb' '*.[chy]'
-      - name: Check for header macros
-        run: |
-          ! for header in ruby/*.h; do \
-            git grep -l -F -e $header -e HAVE_`echo $header | tr a-z./ A-Z__` -- . > /dev/null || echo $header
-          done | grep -F .
-        working-directory: include
-
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
-        with:
-          path: .downloaded-cache
-          key: downloaded-cache-${{ github.sha }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            downloaded-cache
-
-      - name: Download previous gems list
-        run: |
-          data=default_gems.json
-          mkdir -p .downloaded-cache
-          ln -s .downloaded-cache/$data .
-          curl -O -R -z ./$data https://stdgems.org/$data
-
-      - name: Make default gems list
-        run: |
-          #!ruby
-          require 'rubygems'
-          $:.unshift "lib"
-          rgver = File.foreach("lib/rubygems.rb") do |line|
-            break $1 if /^\s*VERSION\s*=\s*"([^"]+)"/ =~ line
-          end
-          gems = Dir.glob("{ext,lib}/**/*.gemspec").map do |f|
-            spec = Gem::Specification.load(f)
-            "#{spec.name} #{spec.version}"
-          end.sort
-          File.open("gems/default_gems", "w") do |f|
-            f.puts "RubyGems #{rgver}"
-            f.puts gems
-          end
-        shell: ruby --disable=gems {0}
-
-      - name: Maintain updated gems list in NEWS
-        run: |
-          #!ruby
-          require 'json'
-          news = File.read("NEWS.md")
-          prev = news[/since the \*+(\d+\.\d+\.\d+)\*+/, 1]
-          prevs = [prev, prev.sub(/\.\d+\z/, '')]
-          %W[default].each do |type|
-            last = JSON.parse(File.read("#{type}_gems.json"))['gems'].filter_map do |g|
-              v = g['versions'].values_at(*prevs).compact.first
-              g = g['gem']
-              g = 'RubyGems' if g == 'rubygems'
-              [g, v] if v
-            end.to_h
-            changed = File.foreach("gems/#{type}_gems").filter_map do |l|
-              next if l.start_with?("#")
-              g, v = l.split(" ", 3)
-              [g, v] unless last[g] == v
-            end
-            news.sub!(/^\*( +)The following #{type} gems? are updated\.\n\K(?: \1\* .*\n)*/) do
-              mark = "#{$1} * "
-              changed.map {|g, v|"#{mark}#{g} #{v}\n"}.join("")
-            end or next
-            File.write("NEWS.md", news)
-          end
-        shell: ruby {0}
-
-      - name: Check diffs
-        id: diff
-        run: |
-          git diff --color --no-ext-diff --ignore-submodules --exit-code NEWS.md
-        continue-on-error: true
-      - name: Commit
-        run: |
-          git pull --ff-only origin ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
-          git commit --message="Update default gems list at ${GITHUB_SHA:0:30} [ci skip]" NEWS.md
-          git push origin ${GITHUB_REF#refs/heads/}
-        env:
-          EMAIL: svn-admin@ruby-lang.org
-          GIT_AUTHOR_NAME: git
-          GIT_COMMITTER_NAME: git
-        if: ${{ github.repository == 'ruby/ruby' && !startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && steps.diff.outcome == 'failure' }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml b/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
index f9fa0a7449..8dba76fbe2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/codeql-analysis.yml
@@ -1,31 +1,42 @@
 name: "Code scanning - action"
 
 on:
-  push:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'doc/**'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '**.rdoc'
-      - '**/.document'
-  pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'doc/**'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '**.rdoc'
-      - '**/.document'
+  # push:
+  #   paths-ignore:
+  #     - 'doc/**'
+  #     - '**/man'
+  #     - '**.md'
+  #     - '**.rdoc'
+  #     - '**/.document'
+  # pull_request:
+  #   paths-ignore:
+  #     - 'doc/**'
+  #     - '**/man'
+  #     - '**.md'
+  #     - '**.rdoc'
+  #     - '**/.document'
   schedule:
-    - cron: '0 12 * * 4'
+    - cron: '0 12 * * *'
+  workflow_dispatch:
 
 concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:  # added using https://github.com/step-security/secure-workflows
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   CodeQL-Build:
 
     # CodeQL runs on ubuntu-latest and windows-latest
+    permissions:
+      actions: read  # for github/codeql-action/init to get workflow details
+      contents: read  # for actions/checkout to fetch code
+      security-events: write  # for github/codeql-action/autobuild to send a status report
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
+    # CodeQL fails to run pull requests from dependabot due to missing write access to upload results.
+    if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') && github.event.head_commit.pusher.name != 'dependabot[bot]' }}
 
     env:
       enable_install_doc: no
@@ -38,9 +49,9 @@ jobs:
         sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends -q -y build-essential libssl-dev libyaml-dev libreadline6-dev zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev libffi-dev bison autoconf ruby
 
     - name: Checkout repository
-      uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
 
-    - uses: actions/cache@v3
+    - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
       with:
         path: .downloaded-cache
         key: downloaded-cache
@@ -49,15 +60,16 @@ jobs:
       run: sudo rm /usr/lib/ruby/vendor_ruby/rubygems/defaults/operating_system.rb
 
     - name: Initialize CodeQL
-      uses: github/codeql-action/init@v2
+      uses: github/codeql-action/init@959cbb7472c4d4ad70cdfe6f4976053fe48ab394 # v2.1.37
       with:
         config-file: ./.github/codeql/codeql-config.yml
+        trap-caching: false
 
     - name: Set ENV
       run: echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-j$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
     - name: Autobuild
-      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@v2
+      uses: github/codeql-action/autobuild@959cbb7472c4d4ad70cdfe6f4976053fe48ab394 # v2.1.37
 
     - name: Perform CodeQL Analysis
-      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@v2
+      uses: github/codeql-action/analyze@959cbb7472c4d4ad70cdfe6f4976053fe48ab394 # v2.1.37
diff --git a/.github/workflows/compilers.yml b/.github/workflows/compilers.yml
index 1ccc5dbbc8..caf12cc0f4 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/compilers.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/compilers.yml
@@ -4,13 +4,20 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
-      - '**.md'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
 
@@ -22,7 +29,7 @@ concurrency:
 # environment variables (plus the "echo $GITHUB_ENV" hack) is to reroute that
 # restriction.
 env:
-  default_cc: clang-14
+  default_cc: clang-15
   append_cc: ''
 
   # -O1 is faster than -O3 in our tests... Majority of time are consumed trying
@@ -56,6 +63,9 @@ env:
     --color=always
     --tty=no
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   compile:
     strategy:
@@ -70,44 +80,29 @@ jobs:
           - { name: gcc-9,     env: { default_cc: gcc-9 } }
           - { name: gcc-8,     env: { default_cc: gcc-8 } }
           - { name: gcc-7,     env: { default_cc: gcc-7 } }
-          - { name: gcc-6,     env: { default_cc: gcc-6 } }
-          - { name: gcc-5,     env: { default_cc: gcc-5 } }
-          - { name: gcc-4.8,   env: { default_cc: gcc-4.8 } }
-          - name: 'gcc-11 LTO'
-            container: gcc-11
+          - name: 'gcc-13 LTO'
+            container: gcc-13
             env:
-              default_cc: 'gcc-11 -flto=auto -ffat-lto-objects'
+              default_cc: 'gcc-13 -flto=auto -ffat-lto-objects -Werror=lto-type-mismatch'
               optflags: '-O2'
             shared: disable
             # check: true
-          - name: 'gcc-11 annocheck'
-            container: gcc-11
-            env:
-              # Minimal flags to pass the check.
-              default_cc: 'gcc-11 -O2 -fcf-protection -Wa,--generate-missing-build-notes=yes'
-              LDFLAGS: '-Wl,-z,now'
-              # FIXME: Drop skipping options
-              # https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18061
-              # https://sourceware.org/annobin/annobin.html/Test-pie.html
-              TEST_ANNOCHECK_OPTS: "--skip-pie"
-            check: true
+          - { name: clang-16,  env: { default_cc: clang-16 } }
           - { name: clang-15,  env: { default_cc: clang-15 } }
           - { name: clang-14,  env: { default_cc: clang-14 } }
           - { name: clang-13,  env: { default_cc: clang-13 } }
           - { name: clang-12,  env: { default_cc: clang-12 } }
           - { name: clang-11,  env: { default_cc: clang-11 } }
           - { name: clang-10,  env: { default_cc: clang-10 } }
-          - { name: clang-9,   env: { default_cc: clang-9 } }
-          - { name: clang-8,   env: { default_cc: clang-8 } }
-          - { name: clang-7,   env: { default_cc: clang-7 } }
-          - { name: clang-6.0, env: { default_cc: clang-6.0 } }
-          - { name: clang-5.0, env: { default_cc: clang-5.0 } }
-          - { name: clang-4.0, env: { default_cc: clang-4.0 } }
-          - { name: clang-3.9, env: { default_cc: clang-3.9 } }
-          - name: 'clang-14 LTO'
-            container: clang-14
+          # llvm-objcopy<=9 doesn't have --wildcard. It compiles, but leaves Rust symbols in libyjit.o.
+          - { name: clang-9,   env: { default_cc: clang-9,   append_configure: '--disable-yjit' } }
+          - { name: clang-8,   env: { default_cc: clang-8,   append_configure: '--disable-yjit' } }
+          - { name: clang-7,   env: { default_cc: clang-7,   append_configure: '--disable-yjit' } }
+          - { name: clang-6.0, env: { default_cc: clang-6.0, append_configure: '--disable-yjit' } }
+          - name: 'clang-16 LTO'
+            container: clang-16
             env:
-              default_cc: 'clang-14 -flto=auto'
+              default_cc: 'clang-16 -flto=auto'
               optflags: '-O2'
             shared: disable
             # check: true
@@ -173,7 +168,11 @@ jobs:
 #         - { name: VM_CHECK_MODE,                  env: { cppflags: '-DVM_CHECK_MODE' } }
 
           - { name: USE_EMBED_CI=0,                 env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_EMBED_CI=0' } }
-          - { name: USE_FLONUM=0,                   env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_FLONUM=0' } }
+          - name: USE_FLONUM=0,
+            env:
+              cppflags: '-DUSE_FLONUM=0'
+              # yjit requires FLONUM for the pointer tagging scheme
+              append_configure: '--disable-yjit'
 #         - { name: USE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS, env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_GC_MALLOC_OBJ_INFO_DETAILS' } }
           - { name: USE_LAZY_LOAD,                  env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_LAZY_LOAD' } }
 #         - { name: USE_RINCGC=0,                   env: { cppflags: '-DUSE_RINCGC=0' } }
@@ -214,7 +213,7 @@ jobs:
     name: ${{ matrix.entry.name }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     container:
-      image: ghcr.io/ruby/ruby-ci-image:${{ matrix.entry.container || matrix.entry.env.default_cc || 'clang-14' }}
+      image: ghcr.io/ruby/ruby-ci-image:${{ matrix.entry.container || matrix.entry.env.default_cc || 'clang-15' }}
       options: --user root
     if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
     env: ${{ matrix.entry.env || matrix.env }}
@@ -226,10 +225,10 @@ jobs:
       - name: setenv
         run: |
           echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-sj$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
         with:
           path: src
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: src/.downloaded-cache
           key: downloaded-cache
@@ -257,11 +256,13 @@ jobs:
       - run: make test-all TESTS='-- ruby -ext-'
         if: ${{ matrix.entry.check }}
       - run: make test-spec
+        env:
+          CHECK_LEAKS: true
         if: ${{ matrix.entry.check }}
       - run: make test-annocheck
         if: ${{ matrix.entry.check && endsWith(matrix.entry.name, 'annocheck') }}
 
-      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
         with:
           payload: |
             {
@@ -269,7 +270,7 @@ jobs:
               "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ matrix.entry.name }}",
               "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
-              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
             }
         env:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
diff --git a/.github/workflows/macos.yml b/.github/workflows/macos.yml
index 72f28a7b61..d8dc58b119 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/macos.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/macos.yml
@@ -3,12 +3,21 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -17,14 +26,18 @@ concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   make:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         test_task: ["check"] # "test-bundler-parallel", "test-bundled-gems"
         os:
-          - macos-11
-          - macos-12
+          - macos-13
+          - macos-14
+          - macos-15
       fail-fast: false
     env:
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
@@ -37,21 +50,21 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
           git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
         with:
           path: src
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: src/.downloaded-cache
           key: downloaded-cache
       - name: Install libraries
         run: |
-          brew upgrade
-          brew install gmp libffi openssl@1.1 zlib autoconf automake libtool readline
+          brew install gmp libffi openssl@1.1 zlib autoconf automake libtool readline bison
         working-directory: src
       - name: Set ENV
         run: |
           echo "MAKEFLAGS=-j$((1 + $(sysctl -n hw.activecpu)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+          echo "PATH="/usr/local/opt/bison/bin:/opt/homebrew/opt/bison/bin:$PATH"" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       - run: ./autogen.sh
         working-directory: src
       - name: Run configure
@@ -81,7 +94,7 @@ jobs:
           PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS: "no"
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests != '' }}
         continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-skipped_tests || false }}
-      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
         with:
           payload: |
             {
@@ -89,7 +102,7 @@ jobs:
               "env": "${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}${{ matrix.configure }}",
               "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
-              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
             }
         env:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
diff --git a/.github/workflows/mingw.yml b/.github/workflows/mingw.yml
index 6f93aa5392..0df917d3d8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/mingw.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/mingw.yml
@@ -3,12 +3,21 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -17,6 +26,9 @@ concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 # Notes:
 # Actions console encoding causes issues, see test-all & test-spec steps
 #
@@ -28,19 +40,16 @@ jobs:
       MSYSTEM: ${{ matrix.msystem }}
       MSYS2_ARCH: x86_64
       CHOST: "x86_64-w64-mingw32"
-      CFLAGS:   "-march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -O3 -pipe -fstack-protector-strong"
+      CFLAGS:   "-march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -O3 -pipe"
       CXXFLAGS: "-march=x86-64 -mtune=generic -O3 -pipe"
       CPPFLAGS: "-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -D__USE_MINGW_ANSI_STDIO=1 -DFD_SETSIZE=2048"
-      LDFLAGS:  "-pipe -fstack-protector-strong"
+      LDFLAGS:  "-pipe"
       UPDATE_UNICODE: "UNICODE_FILES=. UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES=. UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES=. UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES=."
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
     strategy:
       matrix:
         include:
-          - msystem: "MINGW64"
-            base_ruby: 2.6
-            test_task: "check"
-            test-all-opts: "--name=!/TestObjSpace#test_reachable_objects_during_iteration/"
+          # To mitigate flakiness of MinGW CI, we test only one runtime that newer MSYS2 uses.
           - msystem: "UCRT64"
             base_ruby: head
             test_task: "check"
@@ -56,21 +65,20 @@ jobs:
           git config --global core.eol lf
           git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
           git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
         with:
           path: src
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: src/.downloaded-cache
           key: downloaded-cache
       - name: Set up Ruby & MSYS2
-        uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+        uses: ruby/setup-ruby@13e7a03dc3ac6c3798f4570bfead2aed4d96abfb # v1.244.0
         with:
           ruby-version: ${{ matrix.base_ruby }}
       - name: set env
         run: |
           echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-j$((2 * NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-          echo "TEST_JOBS=$((15 * NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS / 10))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
 
       - name: where check
         run: |
@@ -116,7 +124,7 @@ jobs:
           make update-gems
 
       - name: make all
-        timeout-minutes: 20
+        timeout-minutes: 30
         run: |
           make
 
@@ -140,7 +148,7 @@ jobs:
           make ${{ StartsWith(matrix.test_task, 'test/') && matrix.test_task || 'test-all' }}
         env:
           RUBY_TESTOPTS: >-
-            -j${{env.TEST_JOBS}} --retry --job-status=normal --show-skip --timeout-scale=1.5
+            --retry --job-status=normal --show-skip --timeout-scale=1.5
             ${{ matrix.test-all-opts }}
           BUNDLER_VERSION:
         if: ${{matrix.test_task == 'check' || matrix.test_task == 'test-all' || StartsWith(matrix.test_task, 'test/')}}
@@ -151,7 +159,7 @@ jobs:
           make ${{ StartsWith(matrix.test_task, 'spec/') && matrix.test_task || 'test-spec' }}
         if: ${{matrix.test_task == 'check' || matrix.test_task == 'test-spec' || StartsWith(matrix.test_task, 'spec/')}}
 
-      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
         with:
           payload: |
             {
@@ -159,7 +167,7 @@ jobs:
               "env": "${{ github.workflow }} ${{ matrix.msystem }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}",
               "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
-              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
             }
         env:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
diff --git a/.github/workflows/mjit-bindgen.yml b/.github/workflows/mjit-bindgen.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26f8a1b2aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/mjit-bindgen.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+name: MJIT bindgen
+on:
+  push:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  pull_request:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+
+concurrency:
+  group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
+  cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  make:
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        include:
+          - task: mjit-bindgen
+      fail-fast: false
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+    if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
+    steps:
+      - run: mkdir build
+        working-directory:
+      - name: Set ENV
+        run: |
+          echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-j$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
+      - name: Install libraries
+        run: |
+          set -x
+          sudo apt-get update -q || :
+          sudo apt-get install --no-install-recommends -q -y \
+          build-essential \
+          libssl-dev libyaml-dev libreadline6-dev \
+          zlib1g-dev libncurses5-dev libffi-dev \
+          libclang1-14 \
+          bison autoconf
+          sudo apt-get install -q -y pkg-config || :
+      - name: Set up Ruby
+        uses: ruby/setup-ruby@13e7a03dc3ac6c3798f4570bfead2aed4d96abfb # v1.244.0
+        with:
+          ruby-version: '3.1'
+      - name: git config
+        run: |
+          git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
+          git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+        with:
+          path: src
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
+        with:
+          path: src/.downloaded-cache
+          key: downloaded-cache
+      - name: Fixed world writable dirs
+        run: |
+          chmod -v go-w $HOME $HOME/.config
+          sudo chmod -R go-w /usr/share
+          sudo bash -c 'IFS=:; for d in '"$PATH"'; do chmod -v go-w $d; done' || :
+      - run: ./autogen.sh
+        working-directory: src
+      - name: Run configure
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix=$(pwd)/install --enable-yjit=dev_nodebug
+      - run: make incs
+      - run: make
+      - run: make install
+      - run: make ${{ matrix.task }}
+      - run: git diff --exit-code
+        working-directory: src
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}${{ matrix.configure }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() && github.event_name == 'push' }}
+
+defaults:
+  run:
+    working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/mjit.yml b/.github/workflows/mjit.yml
index b5065288c7..6f7181489a 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/mjit.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/mjit.yml
@@ -3,32 +3,47 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
+      - '**.[1-8]'
+      - '**.ronn'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+      - '**.[1-8]'
+      - '**.ronn'
 
 concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   make:
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        test_task: [ "check" ] # to make job names consistent
-        jit_opts: [ "--mjit", "--mjit-wait" ]
+        test_task: [check] # to make job names consistent
+        mjit_opts: [--mjit-wait]
       fail-fast: false
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
     env:
       TESTOPTS: '-q --tty=no'
-      RUN_OPTS: '--disable-gems ${{ matrix.jit_opts }} --mjit-debug=-ggdb3'
+      RUN_OPTS: '--disable-gems ${{ matrix.mjit_opts }} --mjit-debug=-ggdb3'
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
     steps:
       - run: mkdir build
@@ -42,10 +57,10 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
           git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
         with:
           path: src
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: src/.downloaded-cache
           key: downloaded-cache
@@ -64,31 +79,30 @@ jobs:
       - run: make incs
       - run: make
       - run: sudo make -s install
-      - run: sudo apt-get install gdb # used by test / test-all failure
       - name: Run test
         run: |
-          ulimit -c unlimited
+          unset GNUMAKEFLAGS
           make -s test RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
         timeout-minutes: 60
-      - name: Run test-all
-        run: |
-          ulimit -c unlimited
-          make -s test-all RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
-        timeout-minutes: 60
+      # - name: Run test-all
+      #   run: |
+      #     ulimit -c unlimited
+      #     make -s test-all RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
+      #   timeout-minutes: 60
       - name: Run test-spec
         run: |
-          ulimit -c unlimited
+          unset GNUMAKEFLAGS
           make -s test-spec RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
         timeout-minutes: 60
-      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
         with:
           payload: |
             {
               "ci": "GitHub Actions",
-              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.jit_opts }}",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.mjit_opts }}",
               "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
-              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
             }
         env:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
diff --git a/.github/workflows/publish.yml b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d4474d978
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/publish.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+name: Start release workflow
+on:
+  push:
+    tags:
+      - '*'
+
+jobs:
+  notify:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Build release package
+        run: |
+          curl -L -X POST \
+            -H "Authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.MATZBOT_GITHUB_WORKFLOW_TOKEN }}" \
+            -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
+            -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
+            https://api.github.com/repos/ruby/actions/dispatches \
+            -d '{"event_type": "${{ github.ref }}"}'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml b/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c12a95362d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.github/workflows/scorecards.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# This workflow uses actions that are not certified by GitHub. They are provided
+# by a third-party and are governed by separate terms of service, privacy
+# policy, and support documentation.
+
+name: Scorecards supply-chain security
+on:
+  # For Branch-Protection check. Only the default branch is supported. See
+  # https://github.com/ossf/scorecard/blob/main/docs/checks.md#branch-protection
+  branch_protection_rule:
+  # To guarantee Maintained check is occasionally updated. See
+  # https://github.com/ossf/scorecard/blob/main/docs/checks.md#maintained
+  schedule:
+    - cron: '22 4 * * 2'
+  push:
+    branches: [ "master" ]
+
+# Declare default permissions as read only.
+permissions: read-all
+
+jobs:
+  analysis:
+    name: Scorecards analysis
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      # Needed to upload the results to code-scanning dashboard.
+      security-events: write
+      # Needed to publish results and get a badge (see publish_results below).
+      id-token: write
+      # Uncomment the permissions below if installing in a private repository.
+      # contents: read
+      # actions: read
+
+    steps:
+      - name: "Checkout code"
+        uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+        with:
+          persist-credentials: false
+
+      - name: "Run analysis"
+        uses: ossf/scorecard-action@ea651e62978af7915d09fe2e282747c798bf2dab # v2.4.1
+        with:
+          results_file: results.sarif
+          results_format: sarif
+          # (Optional) Read-only PAT token. Uncomment the `repo_token` line below if:
+          # - you want to enable the Branch-Protection check on a *public* repository, or
+          # - you are installing Scorecards on a *private* repository
+          # To create the PAT, follow the steps in https://github.com/ossf/scorecard-action#authentication-with-pat.
+          repo_token: ${{ secrets.SCORECARD_READ_TOKEN }}
+
+          # Public repositories:
+          #   - Publish results to OpenSSF REST API for easy access by consumers
+          #   - Allows the repository to include the Scorecard badge.
+          #   - See https://github.com/ossf/scorecard-action#publishing-results.
+          # For private repositories:
+          #   - `publish_results` will always be set to `false`, regardless
+          #     of the value entered here.
+          publish_results: true
+
+      # Upload the results as artifacts (optional). Commenting out will disable uploads of run results in SARIF
+      # format to the repository Actions tab.
+      - name: "Upload artifact"
+        uses: actions/upload-artifact@ea165f8d65b6e75b540449e92b4886f43607fa02 # v4.6.2
+        with:
+          name: SARIF file
+          path: results.sarif
+          retention-days: 5
+
+      # Upload the results to GitHub's code scanning dashboard.
+      - name: "Upload to code-scanning"
+        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@959cbb7472c4d4ad70cdfe6f4976053fe48ab394 # v2.1.27
+        with:
+          sarif_file: results.sarif
diff --git a/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml b/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml
index d09f1a24d3..4521195a2b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/spec_guards.yml
@@ -2,45 +2,61 @@ name: Rubyspec Version Guards Check
 
 on:
   push:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'doc/**'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '**.rdoc'
-      - '**/.document'
+    paths:
+      - 'spec/**'
+      - '!spec/*.md'
   pull_request:
-    paths-ignore:
-      - 'doc/**'
-      - '**.md'
-      - '**.rdoc'
-      - '**/.document'
+    paths:
+      - 'spec/**'
+      - '!spec/*.md'
+  merge_group:
 
 concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   rubyspec:
     name: Rubyspec
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
-    if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
+
+    if: >-
+      ${{!(false
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.head_commit.message, 'Document')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[DOC]')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.title, 'Document')
+      || contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Document')
+      || (github.event_name == 'push' && github.actor == 'dependabot[bot]')
+      )}}
+
     strategy:
       matrix:
         # Specs from ruby/spec should still run on all supported Ruby versions.
         # This also ensures the needed ruby_version_is guards are there, see spec/README.md.
         ruby:
-          - ruby-2.7
           - ruby-3.1
+          - ruby-3.2
 
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
+
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@13e7a03dc3ac6c3798f4570bfead2aed4d96abfb # v1.244.0
         with:
           ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}
           bundler: none
+
       - run: gem install webrick
+
       - run: ruby ../mspec/bin/mspec
         working-directory: spec/ruby
-      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+        env:
+          CHECK_LEAKS: true
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
         with:
           payload: |
             {
@@ -48,8 +64,8 @@ jobs:
               "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / rubyspec @ ${{ matrix.ruby }}",
               "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
-              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
             }
         env:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
-        if: ${{ failure() && github.event_name == 'push' }}
+        if: ${{ failure() }}
diff --git a/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml b/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml
index 6ea8c06b93..4fbca1170e 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ubuntu.yml
@@ -3,12 +3,21 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -17,36 +26,39 @@ concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   make:
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        test_task: ["check", "test-syntax-suggest", "test-bundler-parallel", "test-bundled-gems"]
-        os:
-          - ubuntu-20.04
-        configure: ["", "cppflags=-DRUBY_DEBUG"]
+        # main variables included in the job name
+        test_task: [check]
+        configure: [cppflags=-DRUBY_DEBUG] # default to use more assertions
+        arch: ['']
+        # specify all jobs with `include` to avoid testing duplicated things
         include:
-          - test_task: "check"
-            configure: ""
+          - test_task: check
+          - test_task: check
             arch: i686
-          - test_task: "check"
+            configure: '' # test without -DRUBY_DEBUG as well
+          - test_task: check
             configure: "--enable-shared --enable-load-relative"
-            skipped_tests: "TestGem#test_.*_from_binstubs.*"
-            continue-on-skipped_tests: true
-          - test_task: "test-all TESTS=--repeat-count=2"
+          - test_task: test-all TESTS=--repeat-count=2
+          - test_task: test-bundler-parallel
+          - test_task: test-bundled-gems
       fail-fast: false
     env:
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
       RUBY_DEBUG: ci
       SETARCH: ${{ matrix.arch && format('setarch {0}', matrix.arch) }}
-    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os || 'ubuntu-20.04' }}
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
     steps:
       - run: mkdir build
         working-directory:
       - name: Set ENV
-        env:
-          configure: ${{matrix.configure}}
         run: |
           echo "GNUMAKEFLAGS=-j$((1 + $(nproc --all)))" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       - name: Install libraries
@@ -67,10 +79,10 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
           git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
         with:
           path: src
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: src/.downloaded-cache
           key: downloaded-cache
@@ -115,15 +127,15 @@ jobs:
           TESTS: ${{ matrix.skipped_tests }}
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' && matrix.skipped_tests != '' }}
         continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-skipped_tests || false }}
-      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
         with:
           payload: |
             {
               "ci": "GitHub Actions",
-              "env": "${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}${{ matrix.configure }}",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.configure }}${{ matrix.arch }}",
               "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
-              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
             }
         env:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
diff --git a/.github/workflows/wasm.yml b/.github/workflows/wasm.yml
index 713444b741..27920b5821 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/wasm.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/wasm.yml
@@ -3,12 +3,21 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -17,6 +26,9 @@ concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:  # added using https://github.com/step-security/secure-workflows
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   make:
     strategy:
@@ -38,7 +50,7 @@ jobs:
       WASI_SDK_VERSION_MINOR: 0
       BINARYEN_VERSION: 109
       WASMTIME_VERSION: v0.33.0
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
     steps:
       - run: mkdir build
@@ -47,7 +59,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
           git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
         with:
           path: src
       - name: Install libraries
@@ -79,6 +91,18 @@ jobs:
           echo "WASI_SDK_PATH=/opt/wasi-sdk" >> $GITHUB_ENV
       - run: ./autogen.sh
         working-directory: src
+
+      - uses: ruby/setup-ruby@13e7a03dc3ac6c3798f4570bfead2aed4d96abfb # v1.244.0
+        with:
+          ruby-version: '3.0'
+          bundler: none
+
+      - name: Download config.guess with wasi version
+        run: |
+          rm tool/config.guess tool/config.sub
+          ruby tool/downloader.rb -d tool -e gnu config.guess config.sub
+        working-directory: src
+
       - name: Run configure
         run: |
           ../src/configure \
@@ -92,7 +116,8 @@ jobs:
             debugflags="${{ matrix.entry.debugflags }}" \
             wasmoptflags="${{ matrix.entry.wasmoptflags }} ${{ matrix.entry.debugflags }}"
 
-      - run: make ruby
+      # miniruby may not be built when cross-compling
+      - run: make mini ruby
       - name: Run basictest
         run: wasmtime run ./../build/miniruby --mapdir /::./ -- basictest/test.rb
         working-directory: src
@@ -102,6 +127,20 @@ jobs:
           ruby ./bootstraptest/runner.rb --ruby="$(which wasmtime) run $PWD/../build/ruby --mapdir /::./ -- " --verbose "--sets=$NO_THREAD_TESTS"
         working-directory: src
 
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
+        with:
+          payload: |
+            {
+              "ci": "GitHub Actions",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ matrix.name }}",
+              "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
+              "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
+            }
+        env:
+          SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
+        if: ${{ failure() && github.event_name == 'push' }}
+
 defaults:
   run:
     working-directory: build
diff --git a/.github/workflows/windows.yml b/.github/workflows/windows.yml
index 4418c78d81..c2bd4881c2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/windows.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/windows.yml
@@ -3,12 +3,21 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -17,90 +26,76 @@ concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   make:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         include:
-          - vs: 2019
           - vs: 2022
+            vcvers: -vcvars_ver=14.2
       fail-fast: false
-    runs-on: windows-${{ matrix.vs < 2022 && '2019' || matrix.vs }}
+    runs-on: windows-${{ matrix.vs }}
     if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
     name: VisualStudio ${{ matrix.vs }}
     env:
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
       PATCH: C:\msys64\usr\bin\patch.exe
-      OS_VER: windows-${{ matrix.vs < 2022 && '2019' || matrix.vs }}
+      OS_VER: windows-${{ matrix.vs }}
     steps:
       - run: md build
         working-directory:
-      - uses: msys2/setup-msys2@v2
+      - uses: msys2/setup-msys2@61f9e5e925871ba6c9e3e8da24ede83ea27fa91f # v2.27.0
         id: setup-msys2
         with:
           update: true
-          install: >-
-            patch
-        if: ${{ env.OS_VER != 'windows-2019' }}
+          install: bison patch
       - name: patch path
         shell: msys2 {0}
         run: echo PATCH=$(cygpath -wa $(command -v patch)) >> $GITHUB_ENV
         if: ${{ steps.setup-msys2.outcome == 'success' }}
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
-        with:
-          path: C:\vcpkg\downloads
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-download-${{ env.OS_VER }}-${{ github.sha }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-download-${{ env.OS_VER }}-
-            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-download-
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: C:\vcpkg\installed
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-installed-${{ matrix.os }}-${{ github.sha }}
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-installed-windows-${{ matrix.vs }}-${{ github.sha }}
           restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-installed-${{ matrix.os }}-
-            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-installed-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-installed-windows-${{ matrix.vs }}-
+            ${{ runner.os }}-vcpkg-installed-windows-
       - name: Install libraries with vcpkg
         run: |
+          iex "& {$(irm get.scoop.sh)} -RunAsAdmin"
+          Join-Path (Resolve-Path ~).Path "scoop\shims" >> $Env:GITHUB_PATH
+          scoop install cmake@3.31.6
           vcpkg --triplet x64-windows install libffi libyaml openssl readline zlib
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
-        with:
-          path: C:\Users\runneradmin\AppData\Local\Temp\chocolatey
-          key: ${{ runner.os }}-chocolatey-${{ env.OS_VER }}-${{ github.sha }}
-          restore-keys: |
-            ${{ runner.os }}-chocolatey-${{ env.OS_VER }}-
-            ${{ runner.os }}-chocolatey-
-      - name: Install libraries with chocolatey
-        run: |
-          # Using Choco-Install for retries, but it doesn't detect failures properly
-          # if you pass multiple package names in a single command.
-          Choco-Install -PackageName winflexbison3
-        shell: pwsh
+        shell:
+          pwsh
       - name: git config
         run: |
           git config --global core.autocrlf false
           git config --global core.eol lf
           git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
           git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
         with:
           path: src
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: src/.downloaded-cache
           key: downloaded-cache
       - name: setup env
         # %TEMP% is inconsistent with %TMP% and test-all expects they are consistent.
         # https://github.com/actions/virtual-environments/issues/712#issuecomment-613004302
+        # msys2/setup-msys2 installs MSYS2 to D:/a/_temp/msys64/usr/bin
         run: |
-          set VS=${{ matrix.vs }}
-          set VCVARS=${{ matrix.vcvars }}
+          set Path=D:/a/_temp/msys64/usr/bin;%Path%
           if not "%VCVARS%" == "" goto :vcset
-            set VCVARS="C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\%VS%\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
-            if not exist %VCVARS% set VCVARS="C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\%VS%\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
+            set VCVARS="C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\${{ matrix.vs }}\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
+            if not exist %VCVARS% set VCVARS="C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio\${{ matrix.vs }}\Enterprise\VC\Auxiliary\Build\vcvars64.bat"
           :vcset
           set | C:\msys64\usr\bin\sort > old.env
-          call %VCVARS%
+          call %VCVARS% ${{ matrix.vcvers || ''}}
           set TMP=%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp
           set TEMP=%USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp
           set /a TEST_JOBS=(15 * %NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS% / 10) > nul
@@ -125,18 +120,16 @@ jobs:
       - run: nmake extract-extlibs
       - run: nmake
         env:
-          YACC: win_bison
+          YACC: bison.exe
       - run: nmake test
         timeout-minutes: 5
+      - run: nmake test-spec
+        timeout-minutes: 10
       - run: nmake test-all
         env:
           RUBY_TESTOPTS: -j${{env.TEST_JOBS}} --job-status=normal
         timeout-minutes: 60
-        continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-error || false }}
-      - run: nmake test-spec
-        timeout-minutes: 10
-        continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.continue-on-error || false }}
-      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
         with:
           payload: |
             {
@@ -144,7 +137,7 @@ jobs:
               "env": "VS${{ matrix.vs }} / ${{ matrix.test_task || 'check' }}",
               "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
-              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
             }
         env:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
diff --git a/.github/workflows/yjit-ubuntu.yml b/.github/workflows/yjit-ubuntu.yml
index bf90b80efb..0b7b9046e9 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/yjit-ubuntu.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/yjit-ubuntu.yml
@@ -3,12 +3,21 @@ on:
   push:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
   pull_request:
     paths-ignore:
       - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
+      - '**.md'
+      - '**.rdoc'
+      - '**/.document'
+  merge_group:
+    paths-ignore:
+      - 'doc/**'
+      - '**/man'
       - '**.md'
       - '**.rdoc'
       - '**/.document'
@@ -17,13 +26,16 @@ concurrency:
   group: ${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') && github.ref_name || github.sha }}
   cancel-in-progress: ${{ startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
 
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
 jobs:
   cargo:
     name: Rust cargo test
     # GitHub Action's image seems to already contain a Rust 1.58.0.
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
       # For now we can't run cargo test --offline because it complains about the
       # capstone dependency, even though the dependency is optional
       #- run: cargo test --offline
@@ -40,30 +52,40 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         include:
-          - test_task: "check-yjit-bindings"
-            configure: "--with-gcc=clang-12 --enable-yjit=dev"
+          - test_task: 'yjit-bindgen'
+            hint: 'To fix: use patch in logs'
+            configure: '--with-gcc=clang-14 --enable-yjit=dev'
+            libclang_path: '/usr/lib/llvm-14/lib/libclang.so.1'
 
           - test_task: "check"
-            configure: "--enable-yjit RUSTC='rustc +1.58.1'" # release build
-            rust_version: "1.58.1"
+            # YJIT should be automatically built in release mode on x86-64 Linux with rustc present
+            #configure: "--enable-yjit RUSTC='rustc +1.58.0'"
+            configure: "RUSTC='rustc +1.58.0'"
+            rust_version: "1.58.0"
 
           - test_task: "check"
             configure: "--enable-yjit=dev"
 
           - test_task: "check"
             configure: "--enable-yjit=dev"
-            yjit_opts: "--yjit-call-threshold=1"
+            yjit_opts: "--yjit-call-threshold=1 --yjit-verify-ctx"
 
           - test_task: "test-all TESTS=--repeat-count=2"
             configure: "--enable-yjit=dev"
 
           - test_task: "test-bundled-gems"
             configure: "--enable-yjit=dev"
+
+          - test_task: "yjit-bench"
+            configure: "--enable-yjit=dev"
+            yjit_bench_opts: "--yjit-stats"
     env:
       GITPULLOPTIONS: --no-tags origin ${{github.ref}}
       RUN_OPTS: ${{ matrix.yjit_opts }}
+      YJIT_BENCH_OPTS: ${{ matrix.yjit_bench_opts }}
       RUBY_DEBUG: ci
-    runs-on: ubuntu-20.04
+      BUNDLE_JOBS: 8 # for yjit-bench
+    runs-on: ubuntu-22.04
     if: ${{ !contains(github.event.head_commit.message, '[DOC]') && !contains(github.event.pull_request.labels.*.name, 'Documentation') }}
     steps:
       - run: mkdir build
@@ -80,10 +102,10 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           git config --global advice.detachedHead 0
           git config --global init.defaultBranch garbage
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@11bd71901bbe5b1630ceea73d27597364c9af683 # v4.2.2
         with:
           path: src
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+      - uses: actions/cache@5a3ec84eff668545956fd18022155c47e93e2684 # v4.2.3
         with:
           path: src/.downloaded-cache
           key: downloaded-cache
@@ -98,7 +120,7 @@ jobs:
       - run: ./autogen.sh
         working-directory: src
       - name: Run configure
-        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc ${{ matrix.configure }}
+        run: ../src/configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix=$(pwd)/install ${{ matrix.configure }}
       - run: make incs
       - run: make prepare-gems
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'test-bundled-gems' }}
@@ -111,21 +133,33 @@ jobs:
         if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'check' }}
       - name: Enable YJIT through ENV
         run: echo "RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE=1" >> $GITHUB_ENV
-      - run: make -s ${{ matrix.test_task }} RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS"
+      # Check that the binary was built with YJIT
+      - name: Check YJIT enabled
+        run: ./miniruby --yjit -v | grep "+YJIT"
+      - name: make ${{ matrix.test_task }}
+        run: make -s -j ${{ matrix.test_task }} RUN_OPTS="$RUN_OPTS" YJIT_BENCH_OPTS="$YJIT_BENCH_OPTS"
         timeout-minutes: 60
         env:
           RUBY_TESTOPTS: "-q --tty=no"
           TEST_BUNDLED_GEMS_ALLOW_FAILURES: ""
           PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS: "no"
-      - uses: k0kubun/action-slack@v2.0.0
+          LIBCLANG_PATH: ${{ matrix.libclang_path }}
+        continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'yjit-bench' }}
+      - name: Show ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.ref }} GitHub URL for yjit-bench comparison
+        run: echo "https://github.com/${BASE_REPO}/commit/${BASE_SHA}"
+        env:
+          BASE_REPO: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.repo.full_name }}
+          BASE_SHA: ${{ github.event.pull_request.base.sha }}
+        if: ${{ matrix.test_task == 'yjit-bench' && startsWith(github.event_name, 'pull') }}
+      - uses: ruby/action-slack@0bd85c72233cdbb6a0fe01d37aaeff1d21b5fce1 # v3.2.1
         with:
           payload: |
             {
               "ci": "GitHub Actions",
-              "env": "${{ matrix.os }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }}${{ matrix.configure }}",
+              "env": "${{ github.workflow }} / ${{ matrix.test_task }} ${{ matrix.configure }}",
               "url": "https://github.com/${{ github.repository }}/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }}",
               "commit": "${{ github.sha }}",
-              "branch": "${{ github.ref }}".split('/').reverse()[0]
+              "branch": "${{ github.ref_name }}"
             }
         env:
           SLACK_WEBHOOK_URL: ${{ secrets.SIMPLER_ALERTS_URL }} # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index c12ec27782..99d32a1825 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 *.inc
 *.log
 *.o
+*.o.tmp
 *.obj
 *.old
 *.orig
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@
 *.sav
 *.sl
 *.so
+*.so.*
 *.swp
 *.yarb
 *~
@@ -145,6 +147,8 @@ lcov*.info
 
 /bin/*.exe
 /bin/*.dll
+/bin/goruby
+/bin/ruby
 
 # /benchmark/
 /benchmark/bm_require.data
@@ -233,9 +237,14 @@ lcov*.info
 /win32/*.ico
 
 # MJIT
-/rb_mjit_header.h
-/mjit_config.h
 /include/ruby-*/*/rb_mjit_min_header-*.h
+/lib/ruby_vm/mjit/instruction.rb
+/mjit_config.h
+/rb_mjit_header.h
+
+# YJIT
+/yjit-bench
+/yjit_exit_locations.dump
 
 # /wasm/
 /wasm/tests/*.wasm
diff --git a/.travis.yml b/.travis.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 6875c766a9..0000000000
--- a/.travis.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,234 +0,0 @@
-# -*- YAML -*-
-# Copyright (C) 2011 Urabe, Shyouhei.  All rights reserved.
-#
-# This file is  a part of the programming language  Ruby.  Permission is hereby
-# granted,  to either  redistribute  or  modify this  file,  provided that  the
-# conditions  mentioned in  the file  COPYING are  met.  Consult  the  file for
-# details.
-
-# We only manage non-amd64 free pipelines.
-# https://docs.travis-ci.com/user/billing-overview/
-
-language: c
-
-os: linux
-
-if: commit_message !~ /\[DOC\]/
-
-dist: focal
-
-git:
-  quiet: true
-
-cache:
-  ccache: true
-  directories:
-    - $HOME/config_2nd
-    - $HOME/.downloaded-cache
-
-env:
-  global:
-    # The tests skipped in `make test-all`.
-    - TEST_ALL_SKIPPED_TESTS=
-    # The tests executed separately by `make test-all`.
-    - TEST_ALL_SEPARATED_TESTS=
-    # Reset timestamps early
-    - _=$(touch NEWS && find . -type f -exec touch -r NEWS {} +)
-    - CONFIGURE_TTY=no
-    - CCACHE_COMPILERCHECK=none
-    - CCACHE_NOCOMPRESS=1
-    - CCACHE_MAXSIZE=512Mi
-    - NPROC="`nproc`"
-    # JOBS and SETARCH are overridden when necessary; see below.
-    - JOBS=-j$((1+${NPROC}))
-    - SETARCH=
-    - RUBY_PREFIX=/tmp/ruby-prefix
-    - GEMS_FOR_TEST='timezone tzinfo'
-    # https://github.com/travis-ci/travis-build/blob/e411371dda21430a60f61b8f3f57943d2fe4d344/lib/travis/build/bash/travis_apt_get_options.bash#L7
-    - travis_apt_get_options='--allow-downgrades --allow-remove-essential --allow-change-held-packages'
-    - travis_apt_get_options="-yq --no-install-suggests --no-install-recommends $travis_apt_get_options"
-    # -O1 is faster than -O3 in our tests.
-    - optflags=-O1
-    # -g0 disables backtraces when SEGV.  Do not set that.
-    - debugflags=-ggdb3
-
-.org.ruby-lang.ci.matrix-definitions:
-
-  - &gcc-10
-    compiler: gcc-10
-    before_install:
-      - tool/travis_retry.sh sudo bash -c "rm -rf '${TRAVIS_ROOT}/var/lib/apt/lists/'* && exec apt-get update -yq"
-      - >-
-        tool/travis_retry.sh sudo -E apt-get $travis_apt_get_options install
-        ccache
-        gcc-10
-        g++-10
-        libffi-dev
-        libncurses-dev
-        libncursesw5-dev
-        libreadline-dev
-        libssl-dev
-        libyaml-dev
-        openssl
-        zlib1g-dev
-
-  # --------
-
-  - &arm64-linux
-    name: arm64-linux
-    arch: arm64
-    <<: *gcc-10
-
-  - &ppc64le-linux
-    name: ppc64le-linux
-    arch: ppc64le
-    <<: *gcc-10
-
-  - &s390x-linux
-    name: s390x-linux
-    arch: s390x
-    <<: *gcc-10
-
-  - &arm32-linux
-    name: arm32-linux
-    arch: arm64
-    # https://packages.ubuntu.com/focal/crossbuild-essential-armhf
-    compiler: arm-linux-gnueabihf-gcc
-    env:
-      - SETARCH='setarch linux32 --verbose --32bit'
-      # The "TestReadline#test_interrupt_in_other_thread" started failing on arm32
-      # from https://www.travis-ci.com/github/ruby/ruby/jobs/529005145
-      - TEST_ALL_SKIPPED_TESTS=test_interrupt_in_other_thread
-    before_install:
-      - sudo dpkg --add-architecture armhf
-      - tool/travis_retry.sh sudo bash -c "rm -rf '${TRAVIS_ROOT}/var/lib/apt/lists/'* && exec apt-get update -yq"
-      - >-
-        tool/travis_retry.sh sudo -E apt-get $travis_apt_get_options install
-        ccache
-        crossbuild-essential-armhf
-        libc6:armhf
-        libstdc++-10-dev:armhf
-        libffi-dev:armhf
-        libncurses-dev:armhf
-        libncursesw5-dev:armhf
-        libreadline-dev:armhf
-        libssl-dev:armhf
-        linux-libc-dev:armhf
-        zlib1g-dev:armhf
-
-matrix:
-  include:
-    # Build every commit (Allowed Failures):
-    - <<: *arm32-linux
-    # Comment out as the 2nd arm64 pipeline is unstable.
-    # - <<: *arm64-linux
-    - <<: *ppc64le-linux
-    - <<: *s390x-linux
-  allow_failures:
-    # We see multiple errors indicating errors on the Travis environment itself in a short while:
-    # https://app.travis-ci.com/github/ruby/ruby/jobs/544382885
-    # https://app.travis-ci.com/github/ruby/ruby/jobs/544361370
-    # It's not a fault of Ruby's arm32 support but just Travis arm32 seems unsable.
-    - name: arm32-linux
-    # - name: arm64-linux
-    # We see "Some worker was crashed." in about 40% of recent ppc64le-linux jobs
-    # e.g. https://app.travis-ci.com/github/ruby/ruby/jobs/530959548
-    - name: ppc64le-linux
-    # Tentatively disable, because often hungs up **after** all tests
-    # have finished successfully and saving caches.
-    - name: s390x-linux
-  fast_finish: true
-
-before_script:
-  - . tool/ci_functions.sh
-  - |-
-    if [ -n "${TEST_ALL_SKIPPED_TESTS}" ]; then
-      TEST_ALL_OPTS="${TEST_ALL_OPTS} $(ci_to_excluded_test_opts "${TEST_ALL_SKIPPED_TESTS}")"
-      if [ -z "${TEST_ALL_SEPARATED_TESTS}" ]; then
-        TEST_ALL_SEPARATED_TESTS="${TEST_ALL_SKIPPED_TESTS}"
-      fi
-    fi
-  - |-
-    if [ -n "${TEST_ALL_SEPARATED_TESTS}" ]; then
-      TEST_ALL_OPTS_SEPARATED="$(ci_to_included_test_opts "${TEST_ALL_SEPARATED_TESTS}")"
-    fi
-  - echo TEST_ALL_OPTS="${TEST_ALL_OPTS}" TEST_ALL_OPTS_SEPARATED="${TEST_ALL_OPTS_SEPARATED}"
-  - rm -fr .ext autom4te.cache
-  - |-
-    [ -d ~/.downloaded-cache ] ||
-    mkdir ~/.downloaded-cache
-  - ln -s ~/.downloaded-cache
-  - "> config.status"
-  - "> .rbconfig.time"
-  - sed -f tool/prereq.status template/Makefile.in common.mk > Makefile
-  - make -s $JOBS up
-  - make -s $JOBS srcs
-  - rm -f config.status Makefile rbconfig.rb .rbconfig.time
-  - |-
-    if [ -d ~/config_2nd ]; then
-      cp -pr ~/config_2nd build
-    else
-      mkdir build
-    fi
-  - mkdir config_1st config_2nd
-  - chmod -R a-w .
-  - chmod -R u+w build config_1st config_2nd
-  - cd build
-  - |-
-    case "$CC" in
-    gcc*)   CC="ccache $CC${GCC_FLAGS:+ }$GCC_FLAGS -fno-diagnostics-color";;
-    clang*) CC="ccache $CC${GCC_FLAGS:+ }$GCC_FLAGS -fno-color-diagnostics";;
-    esac
-  - |-
-    [ ! -f config.cache ] ||
-    [ "$CC" = "`sed -n s/^ac_cv_prog_CC=//p config.cache`" ] ||
-    (set -x; exec rm config.cache)
-  - $SETARCH ../configure -C --disable-install-doc --prefix=$RUBY_PREFIX $CONFIG_FLAG
-  - cp -pr config.cache config.status .ext/include ../config_1st
-  - $SETARCH make reconfig
-  - cp -pr config.cache config.status .ext/include ../config_2nd
-  - (cd .. && exec diff -ru config_1st config_2nd)
-  - chmod u+w ..
-  - rm -rf ~/config_2nd
-  - mv ../config_2nd ~
-  - chmod u-w ..
-  - $SETARCH make -s $JOBS
-  - make -s install
-  - |-
-    [ -z "${GEMS_FOR_TEST}" ] ||
-    $RUBY_PREFIX/bin/gem install --no-document $GEMS_FOR_TEST
-  - echo "raise 'do not load ~/.irbrc in test'" > ~/.irbrc
-
-script:
-  - $SETARCH make -s test -o showflags TESTOPTS="${TESTOPTS=$JOBS -q --tty=no}"
-  - ../tool/travis_wait.sh $SETARCH make -s test-all -o exts TESTOPTS="$JOBS -q --tty=no ${TEST_ALL_OPTS}" RUBYOPT="-w"
-  # Run the failing tests separately returning ok status to check if it works,
-  # visualize them.
-  - |
-    if [ -n "${TEST_ALL_OPTS_SEPARATED}" ]; then
-      $SETARCH make -s test-all -o exts TESTOPTS="$JOBS -v --tty=no ${TEST_ALL_OPTS_SEPARATED}" RUBYOPT="-w" || :
-    fi
-  - $SETARCH make -s test-spec MSPECOPT=-ff # not using `-j` because sometimes `mspec -j` silently dies
-  - $SETARCH make -s -o showflags leaked-globals
-
-# We enable Travis on the specific branches or forked repositories here.
-if: (repo = ruby/ruby AND (branch = master OR branch =~ /^ruby_\d_\d$/)) OR repo != ruby/ruby
-
-# We want to be notified when something happens.
-notifications:
-  irc:
-    channels:
-      - "chat.freenode.net#ruby-core"
-    on_success: change # [always|never|change] # default: always
-    on_failure: always # [always|never|change] # default: always
-    template:
-      - "%{message} by @%{author}: See %{build_url}"
-
-  webhooks:
-    urls:
-      - secure: mRsoS/UbqDkKkW5p3AEqM27d4SZnV6Gsylo3bm8T/deltQzTsGzZwrm7OIBXZv0UFZdE68XmPlyHfZFLSP2V9QZ7apXMf9/vw0GtcSe1gchtnjpAPF6lYBn7nMCbVPPx9cS0dwL927fjdRM1vj7IKZ2bk4F0lAJ25R25S6teqdk= # ruby-lang slack: ruby/simpler-alerts-bot (travis)
-    on_success: never
-    on_failure: always
-
-  email:
-    - jaruga@ruby-lang.org
diff --git a/LEGAL b/LEGAL
index 9645728efe..0423d57ac9 100644
--- a/LEGAL
+++ b/LEGAL
@@ -979,7 +979,6 @@ mentioned below.
     {MIT License}[rdoc-label:label-MIT+License]
 
 [lib/rubygems/resolver/molinillo]
-[lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo]
 
   molinillo is under the following license.
 
@@ -988,6 +987,15 @@ mentioned below.
 
     {MIT License}[rdoc-label:label-MIT+License]
 
+[lib/bundler/vendor/pub_grub]
+
+  pub_grub is under the following license.
+
+  >>>
+    Copyright (c) 2018 John Hawthorn
+
+    {MIT License}[rdoc-label:label-MIT+License]
+
 [lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool]
 
   connection_pool is under the following license.
diff --git a/NEWS.md b/NEWS.md
index cc7c9d2a93..f6c3c6fc97 100644
--- a/NEWS.md
+++ b/NEWS.md
@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ Note that each entry is kept to a minimum, see links for details.
 * A proc that accepts a single positional argument and keywords will
   no longer autosplat. [[Bug #18633]]
 
-  ```ruby
-  proc{|a, **k| a}.call([1, 2])
-  # Ruby 3.1 and before
-  # => 1
-  # Ruby 3.2 and after
-  # => [1, 2]
-  ```
+    ```ruby
+    proc{|a, **k| a}.call([1, 2])
+    # Ruby 3.1 and before
+    # => 1
+    # Ruby 3.2 and after
+    # => [1, 2]
+    ```
 
 * Constant assignment evaluation order for constants set on explicit
   objects has been made consistent with single attribute assignment
@@ -39,24 +39,24 @@ Note that each entry is kept to a minimum, see links for details.
     foo::BAR = baz
     ```
 
-  `foo` is now called before `baz`. Similarly, for multiple assignments
-  to constants,  left-to-right evaluation order is used. With this
-  code:
+    `foo` is now called before `baz`. Similarly, for multiple assignments
+    to constants,  left-to-right evaluation order is used. With this
+    code:
 
     ```ruby
-      foo1::BAR1, foo2::BAR2 = baz1, baz2
+    foo1::BAR1, foo2::BAR2 = baz1, baz2
     ```
 
-  The following evaluation order is now used:
+    The following evaluation order is now used:
 
-  1. `foo1`
-  2. `foo2`
-  3. `baz1`
-  4. `baz2`
+    1. `foo1`
+    2. `foo2`
+    3. `baz1`
+    4. `baz2`
 
-  [[Bug #15928]]
+    [[Bug #15928]]
 
-* Find pattern is no longer experimental.
+* "Find pattern" is no longer experimental.
   [[Feature #18585]]
 
 * Methods taking a rest parameter (like `*args`) and wishing to delegate keyword
@@ -90,111 +90,487 @@ Note that each entry is kept to a minimum, see links for details.
     foo(k: 1)
     ```
 
-## Command line options
-
 ## Core classes updates
 
 Note: We're only listing outstanding class updates.
 
+* Fiber
+
+    * Introduce Fiber.[] and Fiber.[]= for inheritable fiber storage.
+      Introduce Fiber#storage and Fiber#storage= (experimental) for
+      getting and resetting the current storage.  Introduce
+      `Fiber.new(storage:)` for setting the storage when creating a
+      fiber. [[Feature #19078]]
+
+        Existing Thread and Fiber local variables can be tricky to use.
+        Thread-local variables are shared between all fibers, making it
+        hard to isolate, while Fiber-local variables can be hard to
+        share.  It is often desirable to define unit of execution
+        ("execution context") such that some state is shared between all
+        fibers and threads created in that context.  This is what Fiber
+        storage provides.
+
+        ```ruby
+        def log(message)
+          puts "#{Fiber[:request_id]}: #{message}"
+        end
+
+        def handle_requests
+          while request = read_request
+            Fiber.schedule do
+              Fiber[:request_id] = SecureRandom.uuid
+
+              request.messages.each do |message|
+                Fiber.schedule do
+                  log("Handling #{message}") # Log includes inherited request_id.
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+        ```
+
+        You should generally consider Fiber storage for any state which
+        you want to be shared implicitly between all fibers and threads
+        created in a given context, e.g. a connection pool, a request
+        id, a logger level, environment variables, configuration, etc.
+
+* Fiber::Scheduler
+
+    * Introduce `Fiber::Scheduler#io_select` for non-blocking IO.select.
+      [[Feature #19060]]
+
+* IO
+
+    * Introduce IO#timeout= and IO#timeout which can cause
+      IO::TimeoutError to be raised if a blocking operation exceeds the
+      specified timeout. [[Feature #18630]]
+
+        ```ruby
+        STDIN.timeout = 1
+        STDIN.read # => Blocking operation timed out! (IO::TimeoutError)
+        ```
+
+    * Introduce `IO.new(..., path:)` and promote `File#path` to `IO#path`.
+      [[Feature #19036]]
+
+* Class
+
+    * Class#attached_object, which returns the object for which
+      the receiver is the singleton class. Raises TypeError if the
+      receiver is not a singleton class.
+      [[Feature #12084]]
+
+        ```ruby
+        class Foo; end
+
+        Foo.singleton_class.attached_object        #=> Foo
+        Foo.new.singleton_class.attached_object    #=> #<Foo:0x000000010491a370>
+        Foo.attached_object                        #=> TypeError: `Foo' is not a singleton class
+        nil.singleton_class.attached_object        #=> TypeError: `NilClass' is not a singleton class
+        ```
+
+* Data
+
+    * New core class to represent simple immutable value object. The class is
+      similar to Struct and partially shares an implementation, but has more
+      lean and strict API. [[Feature #16122]]
+
+        ```ruby
+        Measure = Data.define(:amount, :unit)
+        distance = Measure.new(100, 'km')            #=> #<data Measure amount=100, unit="km">
+        weight = Measure.new(amount: 50, unit: 'kg') #=> #<data Measure amount=50, unit="kg">
+        weight.with(amount: 40)                      #=> #<data Measure amount=40, unit="kg">
+        weight.amount                                #=> 50
+        weight.amount = 40                           #=> NoMethodError: undefined method `amount='
+        ```
+
+* Encoding
+
+    * Encoding#replicate has been deprecated and will be removed in 3.3. [[Feature #18949]]
+    * The dummy `Encoding::UTF_16` and `Encoding::UTF_32` encodings no longer
+      try to dynamically guess the endian based on a byte order mark.
+      Use `Encoding::UTF_16BE`/`UTF_16LE` and `Encoding::UTF_32BE`/`UTF_32LE` instead.
+      This change speeds up getting the encoding of a String. [[Feature #18949]]
+    * Limit maximum encoding set size by 256.
+      If exceeding maximum size, `EncodingError` will be raised. [[Feature #18949]]
+
 * Enumerator
+
     * Enumerator.product has been added.  Enumerator::Product is the implementation. [[Feature #18685]]
 
+* Exception
+
+    * Exception#detailed_message has been added.
+      The default error printer calls this method on the Exception object
+      instead of #message. [[Feature #18564]]
+
 * Hash
+
     * Hash#shift now always returns nil if the hash is
       empty, instead of returning the default value or
       calling the default proc. [[Bug #16908]]
 
 * Integer
+
     * Integer#ceildiv has been added. [[Feature #18809]]
 
 * Kernel
+
     * Kernel#binding raises RuntimeError if called from a non-Ruby frame
       (such as a method defined in C). [[Bug #18487]]
 
 * MatchData
+
     * MatchData#byteoffset has been added. [[Feature #13110]]
+    * MatchData#deconstruct has been added. [[Feature #18821]]
+    * MatchData#deconstruct_keys has been added. [[Feature #18821]]
 
 * Module
+
     * Module.used_refinements has been added. [[Feature #14332]]
     * Module#refinements has been added. [[Feature #12737]]
     * Module#const_added has been added. [[Feature #17881]]
     * Module#undefined_instance_methods has been added. [[Feature #12655]]
 
 * Proc
+
     * Proc#dup returns an instance of subclass. [[Bug #17545]]
     * Proc#parameters now accepts lambda keyword. [[Feature #15357]]
 
+* Process
+    * Added `RLIMIT_NPTS` constant to FreeBSD platform
+
 * Regexp
+
+    * The cache-based optimization is introduced.
+      Many (but not all) Regexp matching is now in linear time, which
+      will prevent regular expression denial of service (ReDoS)
+      vulnerability. [[Feature #19104]]
+
+    * Regexp.linear_time? is introduced. [[Feature #19194]]
+
     * Regexp.new now supports passing the regexp flags not only as an Integer,
-      but also as a String Unknown flags raise errors.  Otherwise, anything
-      other than `true`, `false`, `nil` or Integer will be warned.
+      but also as a String.  Unknown flags raise ArgumentError.
+      Otherwise, anything other than `true`, `false`, `nil` or Integer will be warned.
       [[Feature #18788]]
 
+    * Regexp.timeout= has been added. Also, Regexp.new new supports timeout keyword.
+      See [[Feature #17837]]
+
 * Refinement
+
     * Refinement#refined_class has been added. [[Feature #12737]]
 
+* RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree
+
+    * Add `error_tolerant` option for `parse`, `parse_file` and `of`. [[Feature #19013]]
+      With this option
+
+        1. SyntaxError is suppressed
+        2. AST is returned for invalid input
+        3. `end` is complemented when a parser reaches to the end of input but `end` is insufficient
+        4. `end` is treated as keyword based on indent
+
+        ```ruby
+        # Without error_tolerant option
+        root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(<<~RUBY)
+        def m
+          a = 10
+          if
+        end
+        RUBY
+        # => <internal:ast>:33:in `parse': syntax error, unexpected `end' (SyntaxError)
+
+        # With error_tolerant option
+        root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(<<~RUBY, error_tolerant: true)
+        def m
+          a = 10
+          if
+        end
+        RUBY
+        p root # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:0-4:3>
+
+        # `end` is treated as keyword based on indent
+        root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(<<~RUBY, error_tolerant: true)
+        module Z
+          class Foo
+            foo.
+          end
+
+          def bar
+          end
+        end
+        RUBY
+        p root.children[-1].children[-1].children[-1].children[-2..-1]
+        # => [#<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:CLASS@2:2-4:5>, #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:DEFN@6:2-7:5>]
+        ```
+
+    * Add `keep_tokens` option for `parse`, `parse_file` and `of`. Add `#tokens` and `#all_tokens`
+      for RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node [[Feature #19070]]
+
+        ```ruby
+        root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("x = 1 + 2", keep_tokens: true)
+        root.tokens # => [[0, :tIDENTIFIER, "x", [1, 0, 1, 1]], [1, :tSP, " ", [1, 1, 1, 2]], ...]
+        root.tokens.map{_1[2]}.join # => "x = 1 + 2"
+        ```
+
 * Set
+
     * Set is now available as a built-in class without the need for `require "set"`. [[Feature #16989]]
-      It is currently autoloaded via the `Set` constant or a call to `Enumerable#to_set`.
+      It is currently autoloaded via the Set constant or a call to Enumerable#to_set.
 
 * String
+
     * String#byteindex and String#byterindex have been added. [[Feature #13110]]
-    * Update Unicode to Version 14.0.0 and Emoji Version 14.0. [[Feature #18037]]
+    * Update Unicode to Version 15.0.0 and Emoji Version 15.0. [[Feature #18639]]
       (also applies to Regexp)
     * String#bytesplice has been added.  [[Feature #18598]]
+    * String#dedup has been added as an alias to String#-@.  [[Feature #18595]]
 
 * Struct
+
     * A Struct class can also be initialized with keyword arguments
-      without `keyword_init: true` on `Struct.new` [[Feature #16806]]
+      without `keyword_init: true` on Struct.new [[Feature #16806]]
+
+        ```ruby
+        Post = Struct.new(:id, :name)
+        Post.new(1, "hello") #=> #<struct Post id=1, name="hello">
+        # From Ruby 3.2, the following code also works without keyword_init: true.
+        Post.new(id: 1, name: "hello") #=> #<struct Post id=1, name="hello">
+        ```
+
+* Thread
+
+    * Thread.each_caller_location is added. [[Feature #16663]]
+
+* Thread::Queue
+
+    * Thread::Queue#pop(timeout: sec) is added. [[Feature #18774]]
+
+* Thread::SizedQueue
+
+    * Thread::SizedQueue#pop(timeout: sec) is added. [[Feature #18774]]
+    * Thread::SizedQueue#push(timeout: sec) is added. [[Feature #18944]]
+
+* Time
+
+    * Time#deconstruct_keys is added, allowing to use Time instances
+      in pattern-matching expressions [[Feature #19071]]
+
+    * Time.new now can parse a string like generated by Time#inspect
+      and return a Time instance based on the given argument.
+      [[Feature #18033]]
+
+* SyntaxError
+    * SyntaxError#path has been added.  [[Feature #19138]]
 
 * TracePoint
+
     * TracePoint#binding now returns `nil` for `c_call`/`c_return` TracePoints.
       [[Bug #18487]]
     * TracePoint#enable `target_thread` keyword argument now defaults to the
-      current thread if `target` and `target_line` keyword arguments are not
-      passed. [[Bug #16889]]
+      current thread if a block is given and `target` and `target_line` keyword
+      arguments are not passed. [[Bug #16889]]
+
+* UnboundMethod
+
+    * `UnboundMethod#==` returns `true` if the actual method is same. For example,
+      `String.instance_method(:object_id) == Array.instance_method(:object_id)`
+      returns `true`. [[Feature #18798]]
+
+    * `UnboundMethod#inspect` does not show the receiver of `instance_method`.
+      For example `String.instance_method(:object_id).inspect` returns
+      `"#<UnboundMethod: Kernel#object_id()>"`
+      (was `"#<UnboundMethod: String(Kernel)#object_id()>"`).
+
+* GC
+
+    * Expose `need_major_gc` via `GC.latest_gc_info`. [GH-6791]
+
+* ObjectSpace
+
+    * `ObjectSpace.dump_all` dump shapes as well. [GH-6868]
 
 ## Stdlib updates
 
+* Bundler
+
+    * Bundler now uses [PubGrub] resolver instead of [Molinillo] for performance improvement.
+    * Add --ext=rust support to bundle gem for creating simple gems with Rust extensions.
+      [[GH-rubygems-6149]]
+    * Make cloning git repos faster [[GH-rubygems-4475]]
+
+* RubyGems
+
+    * Add mswin support for cargo builder. [[GH-rubygems-6167]]
+
+* CGI
+
+    * `CGI.escapeURIComponent` and `CGI.unescapeURIComponent` are added.
+      [[Feature #18822]]
+
+* Coverage
+
+    * `Coverage.setup` now accepts `eval: true`. By this, `eval` and related methods are
+      able to generate code coverage. [[Feature #19008]]
+
+    * `Coverage.supported?(mode)` enables detection of what coverage modes are
+      supported. [[Feature #19026]]
+
+* Date
+
+    * Added `Date#deconstruct_keys` and `DateTime#deconstruct_keys` same as [[Feature #19071]]
+
+* ERB
+
+    * `ERB::Util.html_escape` is made faster than `CGI.escapeHTML`.
+        * It no longer allocates a String object when no character needs to be escaped.
+        * It skips calling `#to_s` method when an argument is already a String.
+        * `ERB::Escape.html_escape` is added as an alias to `ERB::Util.html_escape`,
+          which has not been monkey-patched by Rails.
+    * `ERB::Util.url_encode` is made faster using `CGI.escapeURIComponent`.
+    * `-S` option is removed from `erb` command.
+
+* FileUtils
+
+    * Add FileUtils.ln_sr method and `relative:` option to FileUtils.ln_s.
+      [[Feature #18925]]
+
+* IRB
+
+    * debug.gem integration commands have been added: `debug`, `break`, `catch`,
+      `next`, `delete`, `step`, `continue`, `finish`, `backtrace`, `info`
+        * They work even if you don't have `gem "debug"` in your Gemfile.
+        * See also: [What's new in Ruby 3.2's IRB?](https://st0012.dev/whats-new-in-ruby-3-2-irb)
+    * More Pry-like commands and features have been added.
+        * `edit` and `show_cmds` (like Pry's `help`) are added.
+        * `ls` takes `-g` or `-G` option to filter out outputs.
+        * `show_source` is aliased from `$` and accepts unquoted inputs.
+        * `whereami` is aliased from `@`.
+
+* Net::Protocol
+
+    * Improve `Net::BufferedIO` performance. [[GH-net-protocol-14]]
+
+* Pathname
+
+    * Added `Pathname#lutime`. [[GH-pathname-20]]
+
+* Socket
+
+    * Added the following constants for supported platforms.
+        * `SO_INCOMING_CPU`
+        * `SO_INCOMING_NAPI_ID`
+        * `SO_RTABLE`
+        * `SO_SETFIB`
+        * `SO_USER_COOKIE`
+        * `TCP_KEEPALIVE`
+        * `TCP_CONNECTION_INFO`
+
 * SyntaxSuggest
 
-  * The feature of `syntax_suggest` formerly `dead_end` is integrated in Ruby.
-    [[Feature #18159]]
+    * The feature of `syntax_suggest` formerly `dead_end` is integrated in Ruby.
+      [[Feature #18159]]
+
+* UNIXSocket
+
+    * Add support for UNIXSocket on Windows. Emulate anonymous sockets. Add
+      support for File.socket? and File::Stat#socket? where possible.
+      [[Feature #19135]]
 
 *   The following default gems are updated.
-    * RubyGems 3.4.0.dev
-    * bigdecimal 3.1.2
-    * bundler 2.4.0.dev
-    * cgi 0.3.2
-    * date 3.2.3
-    * error_highlight 0.4.0
-    * etc 1.4.0
-    * io-console 0.5.11
-    * io-nonblock 0.1.1
-    * io-wait 0.3.0.pre
-    * ipaddr 1.2.4
-    * json 2.6.2
-    * logger 1.5.1
-    * net-http 0.2.2
-    * net-protocol 0.1.3
+
+    * RubyGems 3.4.1
+    * abbrev 0.1.1
+    * benchmark 0.2.1
+    * bigdecimal 3.1.3
+    * bundler 2.4.1
+    * cgi 0.3.6
+    * csv 3.2.6
+    * date 3.3.3
+    * delegate 0.3.0
+    * did_you_mean 1.6.3
+    * digest 3.1.1
+    * drb 2.1.1
+    * english 0.7.2
+    * erb 4.0.2
+    * error_highlight 0.5.1
+    * etc 1.4.2
+    * fcntl 1.0.2
+    * fiddle 1.1.1
+    * fileutils 1.7.0
+    * forwardable 1.3.3
+    * getoptlong 0.2.0
+    * io-console 0.6.0
+    * io-nonblock 0.2.0
+    * io-wait 0.3.0
+    * ipaddr 1.2.5
+    * irb 1.6.2
+    * json 2.6.3
+    * logger 1.5.3
+    * mutex_m 0.1.2
+    * net-http 0.4.0
+    * net-protocol 0.2.1
+    * nkf 0.1.2
+    * open-uri 0.3.0
+    * open3 0.1.2
+    * openssl 3.1.0
+    * optparse 0.3.1
     * ostruct 0.5.5
-    * psych 5.0.0.dev
-    * reline 0.3.1
-    * securerandom 0.2.0
-    * stringio 3.0.3
-    * syntax_suggest 0.0.1
-    * timeout 0.3.0
+    * pathname 0.2.1
+    * pp 0.4.0
+    * pstore 0.1.2
+    * psych 5.0.1
+    * racc 1.6.2
+    * rdoc 6.5.0
+    * readline-ext 0.1.5
+    * reline 0.3.2
+    * resolv 0.2.2
+    * resolv-replace 0.1.1
+    * securerandom 0.2.2
+    * set 1.0.3
+    * stringio 3.0.4
+    * strscan 3.0.5
+    * syntax_suggest 1.0.2
+    * syslog 0.1.1
+    * tempfile 0.1.3
+    * time 0.2.1
+    * timeout 0.3.1
+    * tmpdir 0.1.3
+    * tsort 0.1.1
+    * un 0.2.1
+    * uri 0.12.0
+    * weakref 0.1.2
+    * win32ole 1.8.9
+    * yaml 0.2.1
+    * zlib 3.0.0
+
 *   The following bundled gems are updated.
+
     * minitest 5.16.3
-    * net-imap 0.2.3
-    * rbs 2.6.0
+    * power_assert 2.0.3
+    * test-unit 3.5.7
+    * net-ftp 0.2.0
+    * net-imap 0.3.4
+    * net-pop 0.1.2
+    * net-smtp 0.3.3
+    * rbs 2.8.2
     * typeprof 0.21.3
-    * debug 1.6.2
-*   The following default gems are now bundled gems.
+    * debug 1.7.1
+
+See GitHub releases like [GitHub Releases of Logger](https://github.com/ruby/logger/releases) or changelog for details of the default gems or bundled gems.
+
+## Supported platforms
+
+* WebAssembly/WASI is added. See [wasm/README.md] and [ruby.wasm] for more details. [[Feature #18462]]
 
 ## Compatibility issues
 
-Note: Excluding feature bug fixes.
+* `String#to_c` currently treat a sequence of underscores as an end of Complex
+  string. [[Bug #19087]]
+
+* Now `ENV.clone` raises `TypeError` as well as `ENV.dup` [[Bug #17767]]
 
 ### Removed constants
 
@@ -216,15 +592,77 @@ The following deprecated methods are removed.
   [[Feature #16131]]
 * `Kernel#trust`, `Kernel#untrust`, `Kernel#untrusted?`
   [[Feature #16131]]
+* `Method#public?`, `Method#private?`, `Method#protected?`,
+  `UnboundMethod#public?`, `UnboundMethod#private?`, `UnboundMethod#protected?`
+  [[Bug #18729]] [[Bug #18751]] [[Bug #18435]]
+
+### Source code incompatibility of extension libraries
+
+* Extension libraries provide PRNG, subclasses of Random, need updates.
+  See [PRNG update] below for more information. [[Bug #19100]]
+
+### Error printer
+
+* Ruby no longer escapes control characters and backslashes in an
+  error message. [[Feature #18367]]
+
+### Constant lookup when defining a class/module
+
+* When defining a class/module directly under the Object class by class/module
+  statement, if there is already a class/module defined by `Module#include`
+  with the same name, the statement was handled as "open class" in Ruby 3.1 or before.
+  Since Ruby 3.2, a new class is defined instead. [[Feature #18832]]
 
 ## Stdlib compatibility issues
 
-* `Psych` no longer bundles libyaml sources.
-  Users need to install the libyaml library themselves via the package
-  system. [[Feature #18571]]
+* Psych no longer bundles libyaml sources.
+  And also Fiddle no longer bundles libffi sources.
+  Users need to install the libyaml/libffi library themselves via the package
+  manager like apt, yum, brew, etc.
+
+    Psych and fiddle supported the static build with specific version of libyaml
+    and libffi sources. You can build psych with libyaml-0.2.5 like this.
+
+    ```bash
+    $ ./configure --with-libyaml-source-dir=/path/to/libyaml-0.2.5
+    ```
+
+    And you can build fiddle with libffi-3.4.4 like this.
+
+    ```bash
+    $ ./configure --with-libffi-source-dir=/path/to/libffi-3.4.4
+    ```
+
+    [[Feature #18571]]
+
+* Check cookie name/path/domain characters in `CGI::Cookie`. [[CVE-2021-33621]]
+
+* `URI.parse` return empty string in host instead of nil. [[sec-156615]]
 
 ## C API updates
 
+### Updated C APIs
+
+The following APIs are updated.
+
+* PRNG update
+
+    `rb_random_interface_t` in ruby/random.h updated and versioned.
+    Extension libraries which use this interface and built for older
+    versions need to rebuild with adding `init_int32` function.
+
+### Added C APIs
+
+* `VALUE rb_hash_new_capa(long capa)` was added to created hashes with the desired capacity.
+* `rb_internal_thread_add_event_hook` and `rb_internal_thread_add_event_hook` were added to instrument threads scheduling.
+  The following events are available:
+    * `RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_STARTED`
+    * `RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_READY`
+    * `RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_RESUMED`
+    * `RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_SUSPENDED`
+    * `RUBY_INTERNAL_THREAD_EVENT_EXITED`
+* `rb_debug_inspector_current_depth` and `rb_debug_inspector_frame_depth` are added for debuggers.
+
 ### Removed C APIs
 
 The following deprecated APIs are removed.
@@ -234,56 +672,149 @@ The following deprecated APIs are removed.
 
 ## Implementation improvements
 
-* Fixed several race conditions in `Kernel#autoload`. [[Bug #18782]]
+* Fixed several race conditions in Kernel#autoload. [[Bug #18782]]
+* Cache invalidation for expressions referencing constants is now
+  more fine-grained. `RubyVM.stat(:global_constant_state)` was
+  removed because it was closely tied to the previous caching scheme
+  where setting any constant invalidates all caches in the system.
+  New keys, `:constant_cache_invalidations` and `:constant_cache_misses`,
+  were introduced to help with use cases for `:global_constant_state`.
+  [[Feature #18589]]
+* The cache-based optimization for Regexp matching is introduced.
+  [[Feature #19104]]
+* [Variable Width Allocation](https://shopify.engineering/ruby-variable-width-allocation)
+  is now enabled by default. [[Feature #18239]]
+* Added a new instance variable caching mechanism, called object shapes, which
+  improves inline cache hits for most objects and allows us to generate very
+  efficient JIT code. Objects whose instance variables are defined in a
+  consistent order will see the most performance benefits.
+  [[Feature #18776]]
+* Speed up marking instruction sequences by using a bitmap to find "markable"
+  objects.  This change results in faster major collections.
+  [[Feature #18875]]
 
 ## JIT
 
+### YJIT
+
+* YJIT is no longer experimental
+    * Has been tested on production workloads for over a year and proven to be quite stable.
+* YJIT now supports both x86-64 and arm64/aarch64 CPUs on Linux, MacOS, BSD and other UNIX platforms.
+    * This release brings support for Mac M1/M2, AWS Graviton and Raspberry Pi 4.
+* Building YJIT now requires Rust 1.58.0+. [[Feature #18481]]
+    * In order to ensure that CRuby is built with YJIT, please install `rustc` >= 1.58.0
+      before running `./configure`
+    * Please reach out to the YJIT team should you run into any issues.
+* Physical memory for JIT code is lazily allocated. Unlike Ruby 3.1,
+  the RSS of a Ruby process is minimized because virtual memory pages
+  allocated by `--yjit-exec-mem-size` will not be mapped to physical
+  memory pages until actually utilized by JIT code.
+* Introduce Code GC that frees all code pages when the memory consumption
+  by JIT code reaches `--yjit-exec-mem-size`.
+    * `RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats` returns Code GC metrics in addition to
+      existing `inline_code_size` and `outlined_code_size` keys:
+      `code_gc_count`, `live_page_count`, `freed_page_count`, and `freed_code_size`.
+* Most of the statistics produced by `RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats` are now available in release builds.
+    * Simply run ruby with `--yjit-stats` to compute and dump stats (incurs some run-time overhead).
+* YJIT is now optimized to take advantage of object shapes. [[Feature #18776]]
+* Take advantage of finer-grained constant invalidation to invalidate less code when defining new constants. [[Feature #18589]]
+* The default `--yjit-exec-mem-size` is changed to 64 (MiB).
+* The default `--yjit-call-threshold` is changed to 30.
+
 ### MJIT
 
-### YJIT: New experimental in-process JIT compiler
-
-## Static analysis
-
-### RBS
-
-### TypeProf
-
-## Debugger
-
-## error_highlight
-
-## IRB Autocomplete and Document Display
-
-## Miscellaneous changes
-
-[Feature #12005]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12005
-[Feature #12655]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12655
-[Feature #12737]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12737
-[Feature #13110]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/13110
-[Feature #14332]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14332
-[Feature #15231]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15231
-[Feature #15357]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15357
-[Bug #15928]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15928
-[Feature #16131]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16131
-[Bug #16466]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16466
-[Feature #16806]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16806
-[Bug #16889]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16889
-[Bug #16908]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16908
-[Feature #16989]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16989
-[Feature #17351]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17351
-[Feature #17391]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17391
-[Bug #17545]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17545
-[Feature #17881]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17881
-[Feature #18037]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18037
-[Feature #18159]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18159
-[Feature #18351]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18351
-[Bug #18487]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18487
-[Feature #18571]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18571
-[Feature #18585]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18585
-[Feature #18598]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18598
-[Bug #18625]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18625
-[Bug #18633]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18633
-[Feature #18685]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18685
-[Bug #18782]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18782
-[Feature #18788]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18788
-[Feature #18809]: https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18809
+* The MJIT compiler is re-implemented in Ruby as `ruby_vm/mjit/compiler`.
+* MJIT compiler is executed under a forked Ruby process instead of
+  doing it in a native thread called MJIT worker. [[Feature #18968]]
+    * As a result, Microsoft Visual Studio (MSWIN) is no longer supported.
+* MinGW is no longer supported. [[Feature #18824]]
+* Rename `--mjit-min-calls` to `--mjit-call-threshold`.
+* Change default `--mjit-max-cache` back from 10000 to 100.
+
+[Feature #12005]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12005
+[Feature #12084]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12084
+[Feature #12655]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12655
+[Feature #12737]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12737
+[Feature #13110]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/13110
+[Feature #14332]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/14332
+[Feature #15231]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15231
+[Feature #15357]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15357
+[Bug #15928]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/15928
+[Feature #16122]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16122
+[Feature #16131]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16131
+[Bug #16466]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16466
+[Feature #16663]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16663
+[Feature #16806]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16806
+[Bug #16889]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16889
+[Bug #16908]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16908
+[Feature #16989]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16989
+[Feature #17351]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17351
+[Feature #17391]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17391
+[Bug #17545]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17545
+[Bug #17767]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17767
+[Feature #17837]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17837
+[Feature #17881]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17881
+[Feature #18033]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18033
+[Feature #18159]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18159
+[Feature #18239]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18239#note-17
+[Feature #18351]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18351
+[Feature #18367]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18367
+[Bug #18435]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18435
+[Feature #18462]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18462
+[Feature #18481]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18481
+[Bug #18487]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18487
+[Feature #18564]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18564
+[Feature #18571]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18571
+[Feature #18585]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18585
+[Feature #18589]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18589
+[Feature #18595]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18595
+[Feature #18598]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18598
+[Bug #18625]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18625
+[Feature #18630]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18630
+[Bug #18633]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18633
+[Feature #18639]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18639
+[Feature #18685]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18685
+[Bug #18729]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18729
+[Bug #18751]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18751
+[Feature #18774]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18774
+[Feature #18776]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18776
+[Bug #18782]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18782
+[Feature #18788]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18788
+[Feature #18798]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18798
+[Feature #18809]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18809
+[Feature #18821]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18821
+[Feature #18822]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18822
+[Feature #18824]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18824
+[Feature #18832]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18832
+[Feature #18875]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18875
+[Feature #18925]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18925
+[Feature #18944]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18944
+[Feature #18949]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18949
+[Feature #18968]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18968
+[Feature #19008]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19008
+[Feature #19013]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19013
+[Feature #19026]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19026
+[Feature #19036]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19036
+[Feature #19060]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19060
+[Feature #19070]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19070
+[Feature #19071]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19071
+[Feature #19078]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19078
+[Bug #19087]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19087
+[Bug #19100]:         https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19100
+[Feature #19104]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19104
+[Feature #19135]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19135
+[Feature #19138]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19138
+[Feature #19194]:     https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/19194
+[Molinillo]:          https://github.com/CocoaPods/Molinillo
+[PubGrub]:            https://github.com/jhawthorn/pub_grub
+[GH-net-protocol-14]: https://github.com/ruby/net-protocol/pull/14
+[GH-pathname-20]:     https://github.com/ruby/pathname/pull/20
+[GH-6791]:            https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/6791
+[GH-6868]:            https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/6868
+[GH-rubygems-4475]:   https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/pull/4475
+[GH-rubygems-6149]:   https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/pull/6149
+[GH-rubygems-6167]:   https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/pull/6167
+[sec-156615]:         https://hackerone.com/reports/156615
+[CVE-2021-33621]:     https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/news/2022/11/22/http-response-splitting-in-cgi-cve-2021-33621/
+[wasm/README.md]:     https://github.com/ruby/ruby/blob/master/wasm/README.md
+[ruby.wasm]:          https://github.com/ruby/ruby.wasm
diff --git a/README.ja.md b/README.ja.md
index bb69c09055..93c0131690 100644
--- a/README.ja.md
+++ b/README.ja.md
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 [![Actions Status: Windows](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/Windows/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"Windows")
 [![AppVeyor status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/0sy8rrxut4o0k960/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/ruby/ruby/branch/master)
 [![Travis Status](https://app.travis-ci.com/ruby/ruby.svg?branch=master)](https://app.travis-ci.com/ruby/ruby)
-[![Cirrus Status](https://api.cirrus-ci.com/github/ruby/ruby.svg)](https://cirrus-ci.com/github/ruby/ruby/master)
 
 # Rubyとは
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index da2bbbdd22..c445448c71 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 [![Actions Status: Windows](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/workflows/Windows/badge.svg)](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions?query=workflow%3A"Windows")
 [![AppVeyor status](https://ci.appveyor.com/api/projects/status/0sy8rrxut4o0k960/branch/master?svg=true)](https://ci.appveyor.com/project/ruby/ruby/branch/master)
 [![Travis Status](https://app.travis-ci.com/ruby/ruby.svg?branch=master)](https://app.travis-ci.com/ruby/ruby)
-[![Cirrus Status](https://api.cirrus-ci.com/github/ruby/ruby.svg)](https://cirrus-ci.com/github/ruby/ruby/master)
 
 # What is Ruby?
 
@@ -46,6 +45,10 @@ to see the list of branches:
 You may also want to use https://git.ruby-lang.org/ruby.git (actual master of Ruby source)
 if you are a committer.
 
+## How to build
+
+see [Building Ruby](doc/contributing/building_ruby.md)
+
 ## Ruby home page
 
 https://www.ruby-lang.org/
diff --git a/addr2line.c b/addr2line.c
index fe4ad84423..e5f25293e2 100644
--- a/addr2line.c
+++ b/addr2line.c
@@ -159,12 +159,15 @@ typedef struct obj_info {
     struct dwarf_section debug_info;
     struct dwarf_section debug_line;
     struct dwarf_section debug_ranges;
+    struct dwarf_section debug_str_offsets;
+    struct dwarf_section debug_addr;
     struct dwarf_section debug_rnglists;
     struct dwarf_section debug_str;
+    struct dwarf_section debug_line_str;
     struct obj_info *next;
 } obj_info_t;
 
-#define DWARF_SECTION_COUNT 6
+#define DWARF_SECTION_COUNT 9
 
 static struct dwarf_section *
 obj_dwarf_section_at(obj_info_t *obj, int n)
@@ -174,8 +177,11 @@ obj_dwarf_section_at(obj_info_t *obj, int n)
         &obj->debug_info,
         &obj->debug_line,
         &obj->debug_ranges,
+        &obj->debug_str_offsets,
+        &obj->debug_addr,
         &obj->debug_rnglists,
-        &obj->debug_str
+        &obj->debug_str,
+        &obj->debug_line_str
     };
     if (n < 0 || DWARF_SECTION_COUNT <= n) {
         abort();
@@ -248,39 +254,51 @@ get_nth_dirname(unsigned long dir, const char *p)
     return p;
 }
 
+static const char *parse_ver5_debug_line_header(const char *p, int idx, uint8_t format, obj_info_t *obj, const char **out_path, uint64_t *out_directory_index);
+
 static void
-fill_filename(int file, const char *include_directories, const char *filenames, line_info_t *line, obj_info_t *obj)
+fill_filename(int file, uint8_t format, uint16_t version, const char *include_directories, const char *filenames, line_info_t *line, obj_info_t *obj)
 {
     int i;
     const char *p = filenames;
     const char *filename;
     unsigned long dir;
-    for (i = 1; i <= file; i++) {
-	filename = p;
-	if (!*p) {
-	    /* Need to output binary file name? */
-	    kprintf("Unexpected file number %d in %s at %tx\n",
-		    file, binary_filename, filenames - obj->mapped);
-	    return;
-	}
-	while (*p) p++;
-	p++;
-	dir = uleb128(&p);
-	/* last modified. */
-	uleb128(&p);
-	/* size of the file. */
-	uleb128(&p);
-
-	if (i == file) {
-	    line->filename = filename;
-	    line->dirname = get_nth_dirname(dir, include_directories);
-	}
+    if (version >= 5) {
+        const char *path;
+        uint64_t directory_index = -1;
+        parse_ver5_debug_line_header(filenames, file, format, obj, &path, &directory_index);
+        line->filename = path;
+        parse_ver5_debug_line_header(include_directories, (int)directory_index, format, obj, &path, NULL);
+        line->dirname = path;
+    }
+    else {
+        for (i = 1; i <= file; i++) {
+            filename = p;
+            if (!*p) {
+                /* Need to output binary file name? */
+                kprintf("Unexpected file number %d in %s at %tx\n",
+                        file, binary_filename, filenames - obj->mapped);
+                return;
+            }
+            while (*p) p++;
+            p++;
+            dir = uleb128(&p);
+            /* last modified. */
+            uleb128(&p);
+            /* size of the file. */
+            uleb128(&p);
+
+            if (i == file) {
+                line->filename = filename;
+                line->dirname = get_nth_dirname(dir, include_directories);
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
 
 static void
 fill_line(int num_traces, void **traces, uintptr_t addr, int file, int line,
-	  const char *include_directories, const char *filenames,
+	  uint8_t format, uint16_t version, const char *include_directories, const char *filenames,
 	  obj_info_t *obj, line_info_t *lines, int offset)
 {
     int i;
@@ -290,7 +308,7 @@ fill_line(int num_traces, void **traces, uintptr_t addr, int file, int line,
 	/* We assume one line code doesn't result >100 bytes of native code.
        We may want more reliable way eventually... */
 	if (addr < a && a < addr + 100) {
-	    fill_filename(file, include_directories, filenames, &lines[i], obj);
+	    fill_filename(file, format, version, include_directories, filenames, &lines[i], obj);
 	    lines[i].line = line;
 	}
     }
@@ -315,7 +333,7 @@ struct LineNumberProgramHeader {
 };
 
 static int
-parse_debug_line_header(const char **pp, struct LineNumberProgramHeader *header)
+parse_debug_line_header(obj_info_t *obj, const char **pp, struct LineNumberProgramHeader *header)
 {
     const char *p = *pp;
     header->unit_length = *(uint32_t *)p;
@@ -332,7 +350,13 @@ parse_debug_line_header(const char **pp, struct LineNumberProgramHeader *header)
 
     header->version = *(uint16_t *)p;
     p += sizeof(uint16_t);
-    if (header->version > 4) return -1;
+    if (header->version > 5) return -1;
+
+    if (header->version >= 5) {
+        /* address_size = *(uint8_t *)p++; */
+        /* segment_selector_size = *(uint8_t *)p++; */
+        p += 2;
+    }
 
     header->header_length = header->format == 4 ? *(uint32_t *)p : *(uint64_t *)p;
     p += header->format;
@@ -353,20 +377,27 @@ parse_debug_line_header(const char **pp, struct LineNumberProgramHeader *header)
     /* header->standard_opcode_lengths = (uint8_t *)p - 1; */
     p += header->opcode_base - 1;
 
-    header->include_directories = p;
+    if (header->version >= 5) {
+        header->include_directories = p;
+        p = parse_ver5_debug_line_header(p, -1, header->format, obj, NULL, NULL);
+        header->filenames = p;
+    }
+    else {
+        header->include_directories = p;
 
-    /* temporary measure for compress-debug-sections */
-    if (p >= header->cu_end) return -1;
+        /* temporary measure for compress-debug-sections */
+        if (p >= header->cu_end) return -1;
 
-    /* skip include directories */
-    while (*p) {
-	p = memchr(p, '\0', header->cu_end - p);
-	if (!p) return -1;
-	p++;
-    }
-    p++;
+        /* skip include directories */
+        while (*p) {
+            p = memchr(p, '\0', header->cu_end - p);
+            if (!p) return -1;
+            p++;
+        }
+        p++;
 
-    header->filenames = p;
+        header->filenames = p;
+    }
 
     *pp = header->cu_start;
 
@@ -392,13 +423,15 @@ parse_debug_line_cu(int num_traces, void **traces, const char **debug_line,
     /* int epilogue_begin = 0; */
     /* unsigned int isa = 0; */
 
-    if (parse_debug_line_header(&p, &header))
+    if (parse_debug_line_header(obj, &p, &header))
         return -1;
     is_stmt = header.default_is_stmt;
 
 #define FILL_LINE()						    \
     do {							    \
 	fill_line(num_traces, traces, addr, file, line,		    \
+                  header.format,                                    \
+                  header.version,                                   \
                   header.include_directories,                       \
                   header.filenames,                                 \
 		  obj, lines, offset);				    \
@@ -827,16 +860,23 @@ enum {
     VAL_cstr = 1,
     VAL_data = 2,
     VAL_uint = 3,
-    VAL_int = 4
+    VAL_int = 4,
+    VAL_addr = 5
 };
 
 # define ABBREV_TABLE_SIZE 256
 typedef struct {
     obj_info_t *obj;
     const char *file;
+    uint8_t current_version;
     const char *current_cu;
     uint64_t current_low_pc;
+    uint64_t current_str_offsets_base;
+    uint64_t current_addr_base;
+    uint64_t current_rnglists_base;
     const char *debug_line_cu_end;
+    uint8_t debug_line_format;
+    uint16_t debug_line_version;
     const char *debug_line_files;
     const char *debug_line_directories;
     const char *p;
@@ -861,6 +901,7 @@ typedef struct {
         const char *ptr;
         uint64_t uint64;
         int64_t int64;
+        uint64_t addr_idx;
     } as;
     uint64_t off;
     uint64_t at;
@@ -869,8 +910,11 @@ typedef struct {
     int type;
 } DebugInfoValue;
 
-/* TODO: Big Endian */
+#if defined(WORDS_BIGENDIAN)
+#define MERGE_2INTS(a,b,sz) (((uint64_t)(a)<<sz)|(b))
+#else
 #define MERGE_2INTS(a,b,sz) (((uint64_t)(b)<<sz)|(a))
+#endif
 
 static uint16_t
 get_uint16(const uint8_t *p)
@@ -973,6 +1017,9 @@ debug_info_reader_init(DebugInfoReader *reader, obj_info_t *obj)
     reader->pend = obj->debug_info.ptr + obj->debug_info.size;
     reader->debug_line_cu_end = obj->debug_line.ptr;
     reader->current_low_pc = 0;
+    reader->current_str_offsets_base = 0;
+    reader->current_addr_base = 0;
+    reader->current_rnglists_base = 0;
 }
 
 static void
@@ -1017,10 +1064,12 @@ di_read_debug_line_cu(DebugInfoReader *reader)
     struct LineNumberProgramHeader header;
 
     p = (const char *)reader->debug_line_cu_end;
-    if (parse_debug_line_header(&p, &header))
+    if (parse_debug_line_header(reader->obj, &p, &header))
         return -1;
 
     reader->debug_line_cu_end = (char *)header.cu_end;
+    reader->debug_line_format = header.format;
+    reader->debug_line_version = header.version;
     reader->debug_line_directories = (char *)header.include_directories;
     reader->debug_line_files = (char *)header.filenames;
 
@@ -1028,6 +1077,13 @@ di_read_debug_line_cu(DebugInfoReader *reader)
 }
 
 static void
+set_addr_idx_value(DebugInfoValue *v, uint64_t n)
+{
+    v->as.addr_idx = n;
+    v->type = VAL_addr;
+}
+
+static void
 set_uint_value(DebugInfoValue *v, uint64_t n)
 {
     v->as.uint64 = n;
@@ -1074,19 +1130,39 @@ get_cstr_value(DebugInfoValue *v)
     }
 }
 
+static const char *
+resolve_strx(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t idx)
+{
+    const char *p = reader->obj->debug_str_offsets.ptr + reader->current_str_offsets_base;
+    uint64_t off;
+    if (reader->format == 4) {
+        off = ((uint32_t *)p)[idx];
+    }
+    else {
+        off = ((uint64_t *)p)[idx];
+    }
+    return reader->obj->debug_str.ptr + off;
+}
+
+static void
+debug_info_reader_read_addr_value(DebugInfoReader *reader, DebugInfoValue *v)
+{
+    if (reader->address_size == 4) {
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+    } else if (reader->address_size == 8) {
+        set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
+    } else {
+        fprintf(stderr,"unknown address_size:%d", reader->address_size);
+        abort();
+    }
+}
+
 static void
 debug_info_reader_read_value(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t form, DebugInfoValue *v)
 {
     switch (form) {
       case DW_FORM_addr:
-        if (reader->address_size == 4) {
-            set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
-        } else if (reader->address_size == 8) {
-            set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
-        } else {
-            fprintf(stderr,"unknown address_size:%d", reader->address_size);
-            abort();
-        }
+        debug_info_reader_read_addr_value(reader, v);
         break;
       case DW_FORM_block2:
         v->size = read_uint16(&reader->p);
@@ -1138,13 +1214,19 @@ debug_info_reader_read_value(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t form, DebugInfoVa
         set_uint_value(v, read_uleb128(reader));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_ref_addr:
-        if (reader->format == 4) {
-            set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
-        } else if (reader->format == 8) {
-            set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
+        if (reader->current_version <= 2) {
+            // DWARF Version 2 specifies that references have
+            // the same size as an address on the target system
+            debug_info_reader_read_addr_value(reader, v);
         } else {
-            fprintf(stderr,"unknown format:%d", reader->format);
-            abort();
+            if (reader->format == 4) {
+                set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+            } else if (reader->format == 8) {
+                set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
+            } else {
+                fprintf(stderr,"unknown format:%d", reader->format);
+                abort();
+            }
         }
         break;
       case DW_FORM_ref1:
@@ -1186,11 +1268,10 @@ debug_info_reader_read_value(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t form, DebugInfoVa
         set_uint_value(v, 1);
         break;
       case DW_FORM_strx:
-        set_uint_value(v, uleb128(&reader->p));
+        set_cstr_value(v, resolve_strx(reader, uleb128(&reader->p)));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_addrx:
-        /* TODO: read .debug_addr */
-        set_uint_value(v, uleb128(&reader->p));
+        set_addr_idx_value(v, uleb128(&reader->p));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_ref_sup4:
         set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
@@ -1205,8 +1286,7 @@ debug_info_reader_read_value(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t form, DebugInfoVa
         reader->p += v->size;
         break;
       case DW_FORM_line_strp:
-        set_uint_value(v, read_uint(reader));
-        /* *p = reader->file + reader->line->sh_offset + ret; */
+        set_cstrp_value(v, reader->obj->debug_line_str.ptr, read_uint(reader));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_ref_sig8:
         set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
@@ -1224,28 +1304,28 @@ debug_info_reader_read_value(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t form, DebugInfoVa
         set_uint_value(v, read_uint64(&reader->p));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_strx1:
-        set_uint_value(v, read_uint8(&reader->p));
+        set_cstr_value(v, resolve_strx(reader, read_uint8(&reader->p)));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_strx2:
-        set_uint_value(v, read_uint16(&reader->p));
+        set_cstr_value(v, resolve_strx(reader, read_uint16(&reader->p)));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_strx3:
-        set_uint_value(v, read_uint24(&reader->p));
+        set_cstr_value(v, resolve_strx(reader, read_uint24(&reader->p)));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_strx4:
-        set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+        set_cstr_value(v, resolve_strx(reader, read_uint32(&reader->p)));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_addrx1:
-        set_uint_value(v, read_uint8(&reader->p));
+        set_addr_idx_value(v, read_uint8(&reader->p));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_addrx2:
-        set_uint_value(v, read_uint16(&reader->p));
+        set_addr_idx_value(v, read_uint16(&reader->p));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_addrx3:
-        set_uint_value(v, read_uint24(&reader->p));
+        set_addr_idx_value(v, read_uint24(&reader->p));
         break;
       case DW_FORM_addrx4:
-        set_uint_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
+        set_addr_idx_value(v, read_uint32(&reader->p));
         break;
       case 0:
         goto fail;
@@ -1373,6 +1453,76 @@ di_skip_records(DebugInfoReader *reader)
     }
 }
 
+typedef struct addr_header {
+    const char *ptr;
+    uint64_t unit_length;
+    uint8_t format;
+    uint8_t address_size;
+    /* uint8_t segment_selector_size; */
+} addr_header_t;
+
+static void
+addr_header_init(obj_info_t *obj, addr_header_t *header) {
+    const char *p = obj->debug_addr.ptr;
+
+    header->ptr = p;
+
+    if (!p) return;
+
+    header->unit_length = *(uint32_t *)p;
+    p += sizeof(uint32_t);
+
+    header->format = 4;
+    if (header->unit_length == 0xffffffff) {
+        header->unit_length = *(uint64_t *)p;
+        p += sizeof(uint64_t);
+        header->format = 8;
+    }
+
+    p += 2; /* version */
+    header->address_size = *p++;
+    p++; /* segment_selector_size */
+}
+
+static uint64_t
+read_addr(addr_header_t *header, uint64_t addr_base, uint64_t idx) {
+    if (header->address_size == 4) {
+        return ((uint32_t*)(header->ptr + addr_base))[idx];
+    }
+    else {
+        return ((uint64_t*)(header->ptr + addr_base))[idx];
+    }
+}
+
+typedef struct rnglists_header {
+    uint64_t unit_length;
+    uint8_t format;
+    uint8_t address_size;
+    uint32_t offset_entry_count;
+} rnglists_header_t;
+
+static void
+rnglists_header_init(obj_info_t *obj, rnglists_header_t *header) {
+    const char *p = obj->debug_rnglists.ptr;
+
+    if (!p) return;
+
+    header->unit_length = *(uint32_t *)p;
+    p += sizeof(uint32_t);
+
+    header->format = 4;
+    if (header->unit_length == 0xffffffff) {
+        header->unit_length = *(uint64_t *)p;
+        p += sizeof(uint64_t);
+        header->format = 8;
+    }
+
+    p += 2; /* version */
+    header->address_size = *p++;
+    p++; /* segment_selector_size */
+    header->offset_entry_count = *(uint32_t *)p;
+}
+
 typedef struct {
     uint64_t low_pc;
     uint64_t high_pc;
@@ -1383,24 +1533,31 @@ typedef struct {
 } ranges_t;
 
 static void
-ranges_set(ranges_t *ptr, DebugInfoValue *v)
+ranges_set(ranges_t *ptr, DebugInfoValue *v, addr_header_t *addr_header, uint64_t addr_base)
 {
+    uint64_t n = 0;
+    if (v->type == VAL_uint) {
+        n = v->as.uint64;
+    }
+    else if (v->type == VAL_addr) {
+        n = read_addr(addr_header, addr_base, v->as.addr_idx);
+    }
     switch (v->at) {
       case DW_AT_low_pc:
-        ptr->low_pc = v->as.uint64;
+        ptr->low_pc = n;
         ptr->low_pc_set = true;
         break;
       case DW_AT_high_pc:
         if (v->form == DW_FORM_addr) {
-            ptr->high_pc = v->as.uint64;
+            ptr->high_pc = n;
         }
         else {
-            ptr->high_pc = ptr->low_pc + v->as.uint64;
+            ptr->high_pc = ptr->low_pc + n;
         }
         ptr->high_pc_set = true;
         break;
       case DW_AT_ranges:
-        ptr->ranges = v->as.uint64;
+        ptr->ranges = n;
         ptr->ranges_set = true;
         break;
     }
@@ -1422,7 +1579,7 @@ read_dw_form_addr(DebugInfoReader *reader, const char **ptr)
 }
 
 static uintptr_t
-ranges_include(DebugInfoReader *reader, ranges_t *ptr, uint64_t addr)
+ranges_include(DebugInfoReader *reader, ranges_t *ptr, uint64_t addr, rnglists_header_t *rnglists_header)
 {
     if (ptr->high_pc_set) {
         if (ptr->ranges_set || !ptr->low_pc_set) {
@@ -1437,8 +1594,21 @@ ranges_include(DebugInfoReader *reader, ranges_t *ptr, uint64_t addr)
         const char *p;
         uint64_t base = ptr->low_pc_set ? ptr->low_pc : reader->current_low_pc;
         bool base_valid = true;
-        if (reader->obj->debug_rnglists.ptr) {
-            p = reader->obj->debug_rnglists.ptr + ptr->ranges;
+        if (reader->current_version >= 5) {
+            if (rnglists_header->offset_entry_count == 0) {
+                // DW_FORM_sec_offset
+                p = reader->obj->debug_rnglists.ptr + ptr->ranges + reader->current_rnglists_base;
+            }
+            else {
+                // DW_FORM_rnglistx
+                const char *offset_array = reader->obj->debug_rnglists.ptr + reader->current_rnglists_base;
+                if (rnglists_header->format == 4) {
+                    p = offset_array + ((uint32_t *)offset_array)[ptr->ranges];
+                }
+                else {
+                    p = offset_array + ((uint64_t *)offset_array)[ptr->ranges];
+                }
+            }
             for (;;) {
                 uint8_t rle = read_uint8(&p);
                 uintptr_t from = 0, to = 0;
@@ -1548,6 +1718,7 @@ di_read_cu(DebugInfoReader *reader)
     }
     reader->cu_end = reader->p + unit_length;
     version = read_uint16(&reader->p);
+    reader->current_version = version;
     if (version > 5) {
         return -1;
     }
@@ -1580,16 +1751,45 @@ di_read_cu(DebugInfoReader *reader)
             break;
         }
 
+        reader->current_str_offsets_base = 0;
+        reader->current_addr_base = 0;
+        reader->current_rnglists_base = 0;
+
+        DebugInfoValue low_pc = {{}};
         /* enumerate abbrev */
         for (;;) {
             DebugInfoValue v = {{}};
             if (!di_read_record(reader, &v)) break;
             switch (v.at) {
               case DW_AT_low_pc:
-                reader->current_low_pc = v.as.uint64;
+                // clang may output DW_AT_addr_base after DW_AT_low_pc.
+                // We need to resolve the DW_FORM_addr* after DW_AT_addr_base is parsed.
+                low_pc = v;
+                break;
+              case DW_AT_str_offsets_base:
+                reader->current_str_offsets_base = v.as.uint64;
+                break;
+              case DW_AT_addr_base:
+                reader->current_addr_base = v.as.uint64;
+                break;
+              case DW_AT_rnglists_base:
+                reader->current_rnglists_base = v.as.uint64;
                 break;
             }
         }
+        // Resolve the DW_FORM_addr of DW_AT_low_pc
+        switch (low_pc.type) {
+            case VAL_uint:
+                reader->current_low_pc = low_pc.as.uint64;
+                break;
+            case VAL_addr:
+                {
+                    addr_header_t header;
+                    addr_header_init(reader->obj, &header);
+                    reader->current_low_pc = read_addr(&header, reader->current_addr_base, low_pc.as.addr_idx);
+                }
+                break;
+        }
     } while (0);
 #endif
     return 0;
@@ -1643,6 +1843,13 @@ read_abstract_origin(DebugInfoReader *reader, uint64_t form, uint64_t abstract_o
 static void
 debug_info_read(DebugInfoReader *reader, int num_traces, void **traces,
          line_info_t *lines, int offset) {
+
+    addr_header_t addr_header = {};
+    addr_header_init(reader->obj, &addr_header);
+
+    rnglists_header_t rnglists_header = {};
+    rnglists_header_init(reader->obj, &rnglists_header);
+
     while (reader->p < reader->cu_end) {
         DIE die;
         ranges_t ranges = {};
@@ -1669,7 +1876,7 @@ debug_info_read(DebugInfoReader *reader, int num_traces, void **traces,
                 line.sname = get_cstr_value(&v);
                 break;
               case DW_AT_call_file:
-                fill_filename((int)v.as.uint64, reader->debug_line_directories, reader->debug_line_files, &line, reader->obj);
+                fill_filename((int)v.as.uint64, reader->debug_line_format, reader->debug_line_version, reader->debug_line_directories, reader->debug_line_files, &line, reader->obj);
                 break;
               case DW_AT_call_line:
                 line.line = (int)v.as.uint64;
@@ -1677,7 +1884,7 @@ debug_info_read(DebugInfoReader *reader, int num_traces, void **traces,
               case DW_AT_low_pc:
               case DW_AT_high_pc:
               case DW_AT_ranges:
-                ranges_set(&ranges, &v);
+                ranges_set(&ranges, &v, &addr_header, reader->current_addr_base);
                 break;
               case DW_AT_declaration:
                 goto skip_die;
@@ -1694,9 +1901,9 @@ debug_info_read(DebugInfoReader *reader, int num_traces, void **traces,
         for (int i=offset; i < num_traces; i++) {
             uintptr_t addr = (uintptr_t)traces[i];
             uintptr_t offset = addr - reader->obj->base_addr + reader->obj->vmaddr;
-            uintptr_t saddr = ranges_include(reader, &ranges, offset);
+            uintptr_t saddr = ranges_include(reader, &ranges, offset, &rnglists_header);
             if (saddr) {
-                /* fprintf(stderr, "%d:%tx: %d %lx->%lx %x %s: %s/%s %d %s %s %s\n",__LINE__,die.pos, i,addr,offset, die.tag,line.sname,line.dirname,line.filename,line.line,reader->obj->path,line.sname,lines[i].sname); */
+                /* fprintf(stdout, "%d:%tx: %d %lx->%lx %x %s: %s/%s %d %s %s %s\n",__LINE__,die.pos, i,addr,offset, die.tag,line.sname,line.dirname,line.filename,line.line,reader->obj->path,line.sname,lines[i].sname); */
                 if (lines[i].sname) {
                     line_info_t *lp = malloc(sizeof(line_info_t));
                     memcpy(lp, &lines[i], sizeof(line_info_t));
@@ -1715,6 +1922,54 @@ debug_info_read(DebugInfoReader *reader, int num_traces, void **traces,
     }
 }
 
+// This function parses the following attributes of Line Number Program Header in DWARF 5:
+//
+// * directory_entry_format_count
+// * directory_entry_format
+// * directories_count
+// * directories
+//
+// or
+//
+// * file_name_entry_format_count
+// * file_name_entry_format
+// * file_names_count
+// * file_names
+//
+// It records DW_LNCT_path and DW_LNCT_directory_index at the index "idx".
+static const char *
+parse_ver5_debug_line_header(const char *p, int idx, uint8_t format, obj_info_t *obj, const char **out_path, uint64_t *out_directory_index) {
+    int i, j;
+    int entry_format_count = *(uint8_t *)p++;
+    const char *entry_format = p;
+
+    /* skip the part of entry_format */
+    for (i = 0; i < entry_format_count * 2; i++) uleb128(&p);
+
+    int entry_count = (int)uleb128(&p);
+
+    DebugInfoReader reader;
+    debug_info_reader_init(&reader, obj);
+    reader.format = format;
+    reader.p = p;
+    for (j = 0; j < entry_count; j++) {
+        const char *format = entry_format;
+        for (i = 0; i < entry_format_count; i++) {
+            DebugInfoValue v = {{}};
+            unsigned long dw_lnct = uleb128(&format);
+            unsigned long dw_form = uleb128(&format);
+            debug_info_reader_read_value(&reader, dw_form, &v);
+            if (dw_lnct == 1 /* DW_LNCT_path */ && v.type == VAL_cstr && out_path)
+                *out_path = v.as.ptr + v.off;
+            if (dw_lnct == 2 /* DW_LNCT_directory_index */ && v.type == VAL_uint && out_directory_index)
+                *out_directory_index = v.as.uint64;
+        }
+        if (j == idx) return 0;
+    }
+
+    return reader.p;
+}
+
 #ifdef USE_ELF
 static unsigned long
 uncompress_debug_section(ElfW(Shdr) *shdr, char *file, char **ptr)
@@ -1843,8 +2098,11 @@ fill_lines(int num_traces, void **traces, int check_debuglink,
                     ".debug_info",
                     ".debug_line",
                     ".debug_ranges",
+                    ".debug_str_offsets",
+                    ".debug_addr",
                     ".debug_rnglists",
-                    ".debug_str"
+                    ".debug_str",
+                    ".debug_line_str"
                 };
 
                 for (j=0; j < DWARF_SECTION_COUNT; j++) {
@@ -2100,8 +2358,11 @@ found_mach_header:
                     "__debug_info",
                     "__debug_line",
                     "__debug_ranges",
+                    "__debug_str_offsets",
+                    "__debug_addr",
                     "__debug_rnglists",
-                    "__debug_str"
+                    "__debug_str",
+                    "__debug_line_str",
                 };
                 struct LP(segment_command) *scmd = (struct LP(segment_command) *)lcmd;
                 if (strcmp(scmd->segname, "__TEXT") == 0) {
@@ -2299,6 +2560,7 @@ rb_dump_backtrace_with_lines(int num_traces, void **traces)
     obj_info_t *obj = NULL;
     /* 2 is NULL + main executable */
     void **dladdr_fbases = (void **)calloc(num_traces+2, sizeof(void *));
+
 #ifdef HAVE_MAIN_EXE_PATH
     char *main_path = NULL; /* used on printing backtrace */
     ssize_t len;
diff --git a/array.c b/array.c
index 793a53f17b..b76e9a64a3 100644
--- a/array.c
+++ b/array.c
@@ -226,8 +226,15 @@ ary_embeddable_p(long capa)
 bool
 rb_ary_embeddable_p(VALUE ary)
 {
-    // if the array is shared or a shared root then it's not moveable
-    return !(ARY_SHARED_P(ary) || ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary));
+    /* An array cannot be turned embeddable when the array is:
+     *  - Shared root: other objects may point to the buffer of this array
+     *    so we cannot make it embedded.
+     *  - Frozen: this array may also be a shared root without the shared root
+     *    flag.
+     *  - Shared: we don't want to re-embed an array that points to a shared
+     *    root (to save memory).
+     */
+    return !(ARY_SHARED_ROOT_P(ary) || OBJ_FROZEN(ary) || ARY_SHARED_P(ary));
 }
 
 size_t
@@ -242,7 +249,7 @@ rb_ary_size_as_embedded(VALUE ary)
         real_size = ary_embed_size(ARY_HEAP_CAPA(ary));
     }
     else {
-        real_size = sizeof(struct RString);
+        real_size = sizeof(struct RArray);
     }
     return real_size;
 }
@@ -505,15 +512,19 @@ rb_ary_make_embedded(VALUE ary)
 {
     assert(rb_ary_embeddable_p(ary));
     if (!ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
-        VALUE *buf = RARRAY_PTR(ary);
-        long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary);
+        const VALUE *buf = ARY_HEAP_PTR(ary);
+        long len = ARY_HEAP_LEN(ary);
+        bool was_transient = RARRAY_TRANSIENT_P(ary);
 
+        // FL_SET_EMBED also unsets the transient flag
         FL_SET_EMBED(ary);
         ARY_SET_EMBED_LEN(ary, len);
-        RARY_TRANSIENT_UNSET(ary);
 
-        memmove(RARRAY_PTR(ary), buf, len * sizeof(VALUE));
-        ary_heap_free_ptr(ary, buf, len * sizeof(VALUE));
+        MEMCPY((void *)ARY_EMBED_PTR(ary), (void *)buf, VALUE, len);
+
+        if (!was_transient) {
+            ary_heap_free_ptr(ary, buf, len * sizeof(VALUE));
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -833,11 +844,11 @@ ary_new(VALUE klass, long capa)
     }
     else {
         ary = ary_alloc_heap(klass);
+        ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, capa);
         assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary));
 
         ptr = ary_heap_alloc(ary, capa);
         ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ptr);
-        ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, capa);
         ARY_SET_HEAP_LEN(ary, 0);
     }
 
@@ -941,11 +952,11 @@ ec_ary_new(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, long capa)
     }
     else {
         ary = ec_ary_alloc_heap(ec, klass);
+        ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, capa);
         assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(ary));
 
         ptr = ary_heap_alloc(ary, capa);
         ARY_SET_PTR(ary, ptr);
-        ARY_SET_CAPA(ary, capa);
         ARY_SET_HEAP_LEN(ary, 0);
     }
 
@@ -1052,6 +1063,7 @@ ary_make_shared(VALUE ary)
         /* Shared roots cannot be embedded because the reference count
          * (refcnt) is stored in as.heap.aux.capa. */
         VALUE shared = ary_alloc_heap(0);
+        FL_SET_SHARED_ROOT(shared);
 
         if (ARY_EMBED_P(ary)) {
             /* Cannot use ary_heap_alloc because we don't want to allocate
@@ -1070,7 +1082,6 @@ ary_make_shared(VALUE ary)
 
         ARY_SET_LEN(shared, capa);
         ary_mem_clear(shared, len, capa - len);
-        FL_SET_SHARED_ROOT(shared);
         ARY_SET_SHARED_ROOT_REFCNT(shared, 1);
         FL_SET_SHARED(ary);
         RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_ary_shared_create);
@@ -1344,11 +1355,11 @@ ary_make_partial(VALUE ary, VALUE klass, long offset, long len)
         return result;
     }
     else {
+        VALUE shared = ary_make_shared(ary);
+
         VALUE result = ary_alloc_heap(klass);
         assert(!ARY_EMBED_P(result));
 
-        VALUE shared = ary_make_shared(ary);
-
         ARY_SET_PTR(result, RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ary));
         ARY_SET_LEN(result, RARRAY_LEN(ary));
         rb_ary_set_shared(result, shared);
@@ -1385,7 +1396,7 @@ ary_make_partial_step(VALUE ary, VALUE klass, long offset, long len, long step)
     }
 
     long ustep = (step < 0) ? -step : step;
-    len = (len + ustep - 1) / ustep;
+    len = roomof(len, ustep);
 
     long i;
     long j = offset + ((step > 0) ? 0 : (orig_len - 1));
@@ -2082,7 +2093,7 @@ rb_ary_first(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
  *
  *  If +self+ is empty, returns +nil+.
  *
- *  When non-negative \Innteger argument +n+ is given,
+ *  When non-negative \Integer argument +n+ is given,
  *  returns the last +n+ elements in a new \Array:
  *
  *    a = [:foo, 'bar', 2]
@@ -3452,7 +3463,6 @@ rb_ary_rotate_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 struct ary_sort_data {
     VALUE ary;
     VALUE receiver;
-    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt;
 };
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3498,15 +3508,15 @@ sort_2(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *dummy)
     VALUE a = *(const VALUE *)ap, b = *(const VALUE *)bp;
     int n;
 
-    if (FIXNUM_P(a) && FIXNUM_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data->cmp_opt, Integer)) {
+    if (FIXNUM_P(a) && FIXNUM_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(INTEGER)) {
         if ((long)a > (long)b) return 1;
         if ((long)a < (long)b) return -1;
         return 0;
     }
-    if (STRING_P(a) && STRING_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data->cmp_opt, String)) {
+    if (STRING_P(a) && STRING_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(STRING)) {
         return rb_str_cmp(a, b);
     }
-    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data->cmp_opt, Float)) {
+    if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(FLOAT)) {
         return rb_float_cmp(a, b);
     }
 
@@ -3570,8 +3580,6 @@ rb_ary_sort_bang(VALUE ary)
         RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(tmp);
         data.ary = tmp;
         data.receiver = ary;
-        data.cmp_opt.opt_methods = 0;
-        data.cmp_opt.opt_inited = 0;
         RARRAY_PTR_USE(tmp, ptr, {
             ruby_qsort(ptr, len, sizeof(VALUE),
                        rb_block_given_p()?sort_1:sort_2, &data);
@@ -3728,8 +3736,8 @@ rb_ary_bsearch_index(VALUE ary)
             const VALUE zero = INT2FIX(0);
             switch (rb_cmpint(rb_funcallv(v, id_cmp, 1, &zero), v, zero)) {
               case 0: return INT2FIX(mid);
-              case 1: smaller = 1; break;
-              case -1: smaller = 0;
+              case 1: smaller = 0; break;
+              case -1: smaller = 1;
             }
         }
         else {
@@ -4551,7 +4559,7 @@ take_items(VALUE obj, long n)
     if (!NIL_P(result)) return rb_ary_subseq(result, 0, n);
     result = rb_ary_new2(n);
     args[0] = result; args[1] = (VALUE)n;
-    if (rb_check_block_call(obj, idEach, 0, 0, take_i, (VALUE)args) == Qundef)
+    if (UNDEF_P(rb_check_block_call(obj, idEach, 0, 0, take_i, (VALUE)args)))
         rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE" (must respond to :each)",
                  rb_obj_class(obj));
     return result;
@@ -5044,7 +5052,7 @@ rb_ary_fill(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
         ARY_SET_LEN(ary, end);
     }
 
-    if (item == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(item)) {
         VALUE v;
         long i;
 
@@ -5501,7 +5509,7 @@ rb_ary_cmp(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
     if (NIL_P(ary2)) return Qnil;
     if (ary1 == ary2) return INT2FIX(0);
     v = rb_exec_recursive_paired(recursive_cmp, ary1, ary2, ary2);
-    if (v != Qundef) return v;
+    if (!UNDEF_P(v)) return v;
     len = RARRAY_LEN(ary1) - RARRAY_LEN(ary2);
     if (len == 0) return INT2FIX(0);
     if (len > 0) return INT2FIX(1);
@@ -5583,7 +5591,7 @@ ary_recycle_hash(VALUE hash)
  *  Related: Array#difference.
  */
 
-static VALUE
+VALUE
 rb_ary_diff(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2)
 {
     VALUE ary3;
@@ -6052,7 +6060,6 @@ ary_max_opt_string(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmax)
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
     VALUE result = Qundef, v;
     VALUE num;
     long i;
@@ -6064,7 +6071,7 @@ rb_ary_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
         for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
            v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-           if (result == Qundef || rb_cmpint(rb_yield_values(2, v, result), v, result) > 0) {
+           if (UNDEF_P(result) || rb_cmpint(rb_yield_values(2, v, result), v, result) > 0) {
                result = v;
            }
         }
@@ -6072,13 +6079,13 @@ rb_ary_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     else if (n > 0) {
         result = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
         if (n > 1) {
-            if (FIXNUM_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, Integer)) {
+            if (FIXNUM_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(INTEGER)) {
                 return ary_max_opt_fixnum(ary, 1, result);
             }
-            else if (STRING_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, String)) {
+            else if (STRING_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(STRING)) {
                 return ary_max_opt_string(ary, 1, result);
             }
-            else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, Float)) {
+            else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(FLOAT)) {
                 return ary_max_opt_float(ary, 1, result);
             }
             else {
@@ -6086,7 +6093,7 @@ rb_ary_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
             }
         }
     }
-    if (result == Qundef) return Qnil;
+    if (UNDEF_P(result)) return Qnil;
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -6221,7 +6228,6 @@ ary_min_opt_string(VALUE ary, long i, VALUE vmin)
 static VALUE
 rb_ary_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
 {
-    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
     VALUE result = Qundef, v;
     VALUE num;
     long i;
@@ -6233,7 +6239,7 @@ rb_ary_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
         for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
            v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
-           if (result == Qundef || rb_cmpint(rb_yield_values(2, v, result), v, result) < 0) {
+           if (UNDEF_P(result) || rb_cmpint(rb_yield_values(2, v, result), v, result) < 0) {
                result = v;
            }
         }
@@ -6241,13 +6247,13 @@ rb_ary_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
     else if (n > 0) {
         result = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
         if (n > 1) {
-            if (FIXNUM_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, Integer)) {
+            if (FIXNUM_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(INTEGER)) {
                 return ary_min_opt_fixnum(ary, 1, result);
             }
-            else if (STRING_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, String)) {
+            else if (STRING_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(STRING)) {
                 return ary_min_opt_string(ary, 1, result);
             }
-            else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(cmp_opt, Float)) {
+            else if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(result) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(FLOAT)) {
                 return ary_min_opt_float(ary, 1, result);
             }
             else {
@@ -6255,7 +6261,7 @@ rb_ary_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
             }
         }
     }
-    if (result == Qundef) return Qnil;
+    if (UNDEF_P(result)) return Qnil;
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -8144,7 +8150,7 @@ finish_exact_sum(long n, VALUE r, VALUE v, int z)
 {
     if (n != 0)
         v = rb_fix_plus(LONG2FIX(n), v);
-    if (r != Qundef) {
+    if (!UNDEF_P(r)) {
         v = rb_rational_plus(r, v);
     }
     else if (!n && z) {
@@ -8223,7 +8229,7 @@ rb_ary_sum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE ary)
         else if (RB_BIGNUM_TYPE_P(e))
             v = rb_big_plus(e, v);
         else if (RB_TYPE_P(e, T_RATIONAL)) {
-            if (r == Qundef)
+            if (UNDEF_P(r))
                 r = e;
             else
                 r = rb_rational_plus(r, e);
@@ -8733,7 +8739,7 @@ rb_ary_deconstruct(VALUE ary)
  *
  *  - #pop: Removes and returns the last element.
  *  - #shift:  Removes and returns the first element.
- *  - #compact!: Removes all non-+nil+ elements.
+ *  - #compact!: Removes all +nil+ elements.
  *  - #delete: Removes elements equal to a given object.
  *  - #delete_at: Removes the element at a given offset.
  *  - #delete_if: Removes elements specified by a given block.
diff --git a/ast.c b/ast.c
index 42d4126a5b..adb7287ed3 100644
--- a/ast.c
+++ b/ast.c
@@ -64,8 +64,8 @@ ast_new_internal(rb_ast_t *ast, const NODE *node)
     return obj;
 }
 
-static VALUE rb_ast_parse_str(VALUE str, VALUE keep_script_lines);
-static VALUE rb_ast_parse_file(VALUE path, VALUE keep_script_lines);
+static VALUE rb_ast_parse_str(VALUE str, VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens);
+static VALUE rb_ast_parse_file(VALUE path, VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens);
 
 static VALUE
 ast_parse_new(void)
@@ -85,31 +85,33 @@ ast_parse_done(rb_ast_t *ast)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ast_s_parse(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE str, VALUE keep_script_lines)
+ast_s_parse(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE str, VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens)
 {
-    return rb_ast_parse_str(str, keep_script_lines);
+    return rb_ast_parse_str(str, keep_script_lines, error_tolerant, keep_tokens);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rb_ast_parse_str(VALUE str, VALUE keep_script_lines)
+rb_ast_parse_str(VALUE str, VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens)
 {
     rb_ast_t *ast = 0;
 
     StringValue(str);
     VALUE vparser = ast_parse_new();
     if (RTEST(keep_script_lines)) rb_parser_keep_script_lines(vparser);
+    if (RTEST(error_tolerant)) rb_parser_error_tolerant(vparser);
+    if (RTEST(keep_tokens)) rb_parser_keep_tokens(vparser);
     ast = rb_parser_compile_string_path(vparser, Qnil, str, 1);
     return ast_parse_done(ast);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ast_s_parse_file(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE path, VALUE keep_script_lines)
+ast_s_parse_file(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE path, VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens)
 {
-    return rb_ast_parse_file(path, keep_script_lines);
+    return rb_ast_parse_file(path, keep_script_lines, error_tolerant, keep_tokens);
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rb_ast_parse_file(VALUE path, VALUE keep_script_lines)
+rb_ast_parse_file(VALUE path, VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens)
 {
     VALUE f;
     rb_ast_t *ast = 0;
@@ -120,6 +122,8 @@ rb_ast_parse_file(VALUE path, VALUE keep_script_lines)
     rb_funcall(f, rb_intern("set_encoding"), 2, rb_enc_from_encoding(enc), rb_str_new_cstr("-"));
     VALUE vparser = ast_parse_new();
     if (RTEST(keep_script_lines)) rb_parser_keep_script_lines(vparser);
+    if (RTEST(error_tolerant))  rb_parser_error_tolerant(vparser);
+    if (RTEST(keep_tokens))  rb_parser_keep_tokens(vparser);
     ast = rb_parser_compile_file_path(vparser, Qnil, f, 1);
     rb_io_close(f);
     return ast_parse_done(ast);
@@ -139,13 +143,15 @@ lex_array(VALUE array, int index)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-rb_ast_parse_array(VALUE array, VALUE keep_script_lines)
+rb_ast_parse_array(VALUE array, VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens)
 {
     rb_ast_t *ast = 0;
 
     array = rb_check_array_type(array);
     VALUE vparser = ast_parse_new();
     if (RTEST(keep_script_lines)) rb_parser_keep_script_lines(vparser);
+    if (RTEST(error_tolerant)) rb_parser_error_tolerant(vparser);
+    if (RTEST(keep_tokens)) rb_parser_keep_tokens(vparser);
     ast = rb_parser_compile_generic(vparser, lex_array, Qnil, array, 1);
     return ast_parse_done(ast);
 }
@@ -193,7 +199,24 @@ script_lines(VALUE path)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ast_s_of(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE body, VALUE keep_script_lines)
+node_id_for_backtrace_location(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE location)
+{
+    int node_id;
+
+    if (!rb_frame_info_p(location)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "Thread::Backtrace::Location object expected");
+    }
+
+    node_id = rb_get_node_id_from_frame_info(location);
+    if (node_id == -1) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    return INT2NUM(node_id);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ast_s_of(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE body, VALUE keep_script_lines, VALUE error_tolerant, VALUE keep_tokens)
 {
     VALUE node, lines = Qnil;
     const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
@@ -232,13 +255,13 @@ ast_s_of(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE module, VALUE body, VALUE keep_script
     }
 
     if (!NIL_P(lines) || !NIL_P(lines = script_lines(path))) {
-        node = rb_ast_parse_array(lines, keep_script_lines);
+        node = rb_ast_parse_array(lines, keep_script_lines, error_tolerant, keep_tokens);
     }
     else if (e_option) {
-        node = rb_ast_parse_str(rb_e_script, keep_script_lines);
+        node = rb_ast_parse_str(rb_e_script, keep_script_lines, error_tolerant, keep_tokens);
     }
     else {
-        node = rb_ast_parse_file(path, keep_script_lines);
+        node = rb_ast_parse_file(path, keep_script_lines, error_tolerant, keep_tokens);
     }
 
     return node_find(node, node_id);
@@ -645,6 +668,8 @@ node_children(rb_ast_t *ast, const NODE *node)
                                         NEW_CHILD(ast, node->nd_pkwargs),
                                         kwrest);
         }
+      case NODE_ERROR:
+        return rb_ary_new_from_node_args(ast, 0);
       case NODE_ARGS_AUX:
       case NODE_LAST:
         break;
@@ -699,6 +724,15 @@ ast_node_last_column(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
 }
 
 static VALUE
+ast_node_all_tokens(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
+{
+    struct ASTNodeData *data;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct ASTNodeData, &rb_node_type, data);
+
+    return rb_ast_tokens(data->ast);
+}
+
+static VALUE
 ast_node_inspect(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE str;
diff --git a/ast.rb b/ast.rb
index f866bd23e5..f3f72c747f 100644
--- a/ast.rb
+++ b/ast.rb
@@ -20,21 +20,47 @@
 module RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree
 
   #  call-seq:
-  #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(string) -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
+  #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse(string, keep_script_lines: false, error_tolerant: false, keep_tokens: false) -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
   #
   #  Parses the given _string_ into an abstract syntax tree,
   #  returning the root node of that tree.
   #
-  #  SyntaxError is raised if the given _string_ is invalid syntax.
-  #
   #    RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("x = 1 + 2")
   #    # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:0-1:9>
-  def self.parse string, keep_script_lines: false
-    Primitive.ast_s_parse string, keep_script_lines
+  #
+  #  If <tt>keep_script_lines: true</tt> option is provided, the text of the parsed
+  #  source is associated with nodes and is available via Node#script_lines.
+  #
+  #  If <tt>keep_tokens: true</tt> option is provided, Node#tokens are populated.
+  #
+  #  SyntaxError is raised if the given _string_ is invalid syntax. To overwrite this
+  #  behavior, <tt>error_tolerant: true</tt> can be provided. In this case, the parser
+  #  will produce a tree where expressions with syntax errors would be represented by
+  #  Node with <tt>type=:ERROR</tt>.
+  #
+  #     root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("x = 1; p(x; y=2")
+  #     # <internal:ast>:33:in `parse': syntax error, unexpected ';', expecting ')' (SyntaxError)
+  #     # x = 1; p(x; y=2
+  #     #           ^
+  #
+  #     root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("x = 1; p(x; y=2", error_tolerant: true)
+  #     # (SCOPE@1:0-1:15
+  #     #  tbl: [:x, :y]
+  #     #  args: nil
+  #     #  body: (BLOCK@1:0-1:15 (LASGN@1:0-1:5 :x (LIT@1:4-1:5 1)) (ERROR@1:7-1:11) (LASGN@1:12-1:15 :y (LIT@1:14-1:15 2))))
+  #     root.children.last.children
+  #     # [(LASGN@1:0-1:5 :x (LIT@1:4-1:5 1)),
+  #     #  (ERROR@1:7-1:11),
+  #     #  (LASGN@1:12-1:15 :y (LIT@1:14-1:15 2))]
+  #
+  #  Note that parsing continues even after the errored expresion.
+  #
+  def self.parse string, keep_script_lines: false, error_tolerant: false, keep_tokens: false
+    Primitive.ast_s_parse string, keep_script_lines, error_tolerant, keep_tokens
   end
 
   #  call-seq:
-  #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse_file(pathname) -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
+  #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse_file(pathname, keep_script_lines: false, error_tolerant: false, keep_tokens: false) -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
   #
   #   Reads the file from _pathname_, then parses it like ::parse,
   #   returning the root node of the abstract syntax tree.
@@ -44,13 +70,15 @@ module RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree
   #
   #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse_file("my-app/app.rb")
   #     # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:0-31:3>
-  def self.parse_file pathname, keep_script_lines: false
-    Primitive.ast_s_parse_file pathname, keep_script_lines
+  #
+  #   See ::parse for explanation of keyword argument meaning and usage.
+  def self.parse_file pathname, keep_script_lines: false, error_tolerant: false, keep_tokens: false
+    Primitive.ast_s_parse_file pathname, keep_script_lines, error_tolerant, keep_tokens
   end
 
   #  call-seq:
-  #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(proc)   -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
-  #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method) -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
+  #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(proc, keep_script_lines: false, error_tolerant: false, keep_tokens: false)   -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
+  #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method, keep_script_lines: false, error_tolerant: false, keep_tokens: false) -> RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node
   #
   #   Returns AST nodes of the given _proc_ or _method_.
   #
@@ -63,8 +91,25 @@ module RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree
   #
   #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.of(method(:hello))
   #     # => #<RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node:SCOPE@1:0-3:3>
-  def self.of body, keep_script_lines: false
-    Primitive.ast_s_of body, keep_script_lines
+  #
+  #   See ::parse for explanation of keyword argument meaning and usage.
+  def self.of body, keep_script_lines: false, error_tolerant: false, keep_tokens: false
+    Primitive.ast_s_of body, keep_script_lines, error_tolerant, keep_tokens
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #     RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.node_id_for_backtrace_location(backtrace_location)   -> integer
+  #
+  #   Returns the node id for the given backtrace location.
+  #
+  #     begin
+  #       raise
+  #     rescue =>  e
+  #       loc = e.backtrace_locations.first
+  #       RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.node_id_for_backtrace_location(loc)
+  #     end # => 0
+  def self.node_id_for_backtrace_location backtrace_location
+    Primitive.node_id_for_backtrace_location backtrace_location
   end
 
   # RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree::Node instances are created by parse methods in
@@ -122,6 +167,47 @@ module RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree
     end
 
     #  call-seq:
+    #     node.tokens -> array
+    #
+    #  Returns tokens corresponding to the location of the node.
+    #  Returns +nil+ if +keep_tokens+ is not enabled when #parse method is called.
+    #
+    #    root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("x = 1 + 2", keep_tokens: true)
+    #    root.tokens # => [[0, :tIDENTIFIER, "x", [1, 0, 1, 1]], [1, :tSP, " ", [1, 1, 1, 2]], ...]
+    #    root.tokens.map{_1[2]}.join # => "x = 1 + 2"
+    #
+    #  Token is an array of:
+    #
+    #  - id
+    #  - token type
+    #  - source code text
+    #  - location [ first_lineno, first_column, last_lineno, last_column ]
+    def tokens
+      return nil unless all_tokens
+
+      all_tokens.each_with_object([]) do |token, a|
+        loc = token.last
+        if ([first_lineno, first_column] <=> [loc[0], loc[1]]) <= 0 &&
+           ([last_lineno, last_column]   <=> [loc[2], loc[3]]) >= 0
+           a << token
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    #  call-seq:
+    #     node.all_tokens -> array
+    #
+    #  Returns all tokens for the input script regardless the receiver node.
+    #  Returns +nil+ if +keep_tokens+ is not enabled when #parse method is called.
+    #
+    #    root = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.parse("x = 1 + 2", keep_tokens: true)
+    #    root.all_tokens # => [[0, :tIDENTIFIER, "x", [1, 0, 1, 1]], [1, :tSP, " ", [1, 1, 1, 2]], ...]
+    #    root.children[-1].all_tokens # => [[0, :tIDENTIFIER, "x", [1, 0, 1, 1]], [1, :tSP, " ", [1, 1, 1, 2]], ...]
+    def all_tokens
+      Primitive.ast_node_all_tokens
+    end
+
+    #  call-seq:
     #     node.children -> array
     #
     #  Returns AST nodes under this one.  Each kind of node
diff --git a/benchmark/array_sort_int.yml b/benchmark/array_sort_int.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b9027ebf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/array_sort_int.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+prelude: |
+  ary2 = 2.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary10 = 10.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary100 = 100.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary1000 = 1000.times.to_a.shuffle
+  ary10000 = 10000.times.to_a.shuffle
+
+benchmark:
+  ary2.sort: ary2.sort
+  ary10.sort: ary10.sort
+  ary100.sort: ary100.sort
+  ary1000.sort: ary1000.sort
+  ary10000.sort: ary10000.sort
+
+loop_count: 10000
diff --git a/benchmark/buffer_each.yml b/benchmark/buffer_each.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..417941104e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/buffer_each.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+  Warning[:experimental] = false
+  string = "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog."
+  array = string.bytes
+  buffer = IO::Buffer.for(string)
+benchmark:
+  string.each_byte: |
+    upcased = String.new
+    string.each_byte do |byte|
+      upcased << (byte ^ 32)
+    end
+  array.each: |
+    upcased = String.new
+    array.each do |byte|
+      upcased << (byte ^ 32)
+    end
+  buffer.each: |
+    upcased = String.new
+    buffer.each(:U8) do |offset, byte|
+      upcased << (byte ^ 32)
+    end
+  buffer.each_byte: |
+    upcased = String.new
+    buffer.each_byte do |byte|
+      upcased << (byte ^ 32)
+    end
diff --git a/benchmark/buffer_get.yml b/benchmark/buffer_get.yml
index bb9ca7e94a..9e1f99d64e 100644
--- a/benchmark/buffer_get.yml
+++ b/benchmark/buffer_get.yml
@@ -1,10 +1,25 @@
 prelude: |
   # frozen_string_literal: true
   Warning[:experimental] = false
-  buffer = IO::Buffer.new(32, IO::Buffer::MAPPED)
-  string = "\0" * 32
+  string = "The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog."
+  buffer = IO::Buffer.for(string)
+  format = [:U32, :U32, :U32, :U32]
 benchmark:
-  buffer.get_value: |
-    buffer.get_value(:U32, 0)
   string.unpack1: |
-    string.unpack1("N")
+    [
+      string.unpack1("N"),
+      string.unpack1("N", offset: 4),
+      string.unpack1("N", offset: 8),
+      string.unpack1("N", offset: 12),
+    ]
+  buffer.get_value: |
+    [
+      buffer.get_value(:U32, 0),
+      buffer.get_value(:U32, 4),
+      buffer.get_value(:U32, 8),
+      buffer.get_value(:U32, 12),
+    ]
+  buffer.get_values: |
+    buffer.get_values(format, 0)
+  string.unpack: |
+    string.unpack("NNNN")
diff --git a/benchmark/cgi_escape_html.yml b/benchmark/cgi_escape_html.yml
index af6abd08ac..655be9d7d8 100644
--- a/benchmark/cgi_escape_html.yml
+++ b/benchmark/cgi_escape_html.yml
@@ -1,32 +1,23 @@
-prelude: require 'cgi/escape'
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+  require 'cgi/escape'
 benchmark:
-  - name: escape_html_blank
-    prelude: str = ""
-    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+  - script: CGI.escapeHTML("")
     loop_count: 20000000
-  - name: escape_html_short_none
-    prelude: str = "abcde"
-    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+  - script: CGI.escapeHTML("abcde")
     loop_count: 20000000
-  - name: escape_html_short_one
-    prelude: str = "abcd<"
-    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+  - script: CGI.escapeHTML("abcd<")
     loop_count: 20000000
-  - name: escape_html_short_all
-    prelude: str = "'&\"<>"
-    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+  - script: CGI.escapeHTML("'&\"<>")
     loop_count: 5000000
-  - name: escape_html_long_none
-    prelude: str = "abcde" * 300
-    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+  - prelude: long_no_escape = "abcde" * 300
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(long_no_escape)
     loop_count: 1000000
-  - name: escape_html_long_all
-    prelude: str = "'&\"<>" * 10
-    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+  - prelude: long_all_escape = "'&\"<>" * 10
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(long_all_escape)
     loop_count: 1000000
-  - name: escape_html_real
-    prelude: | # http://example.com/
-      str = <<~HTML
+  - prelude: | # http://example.com/
+      example_html = <<~HTML
         <body>
         <div>
             <h1>Example Domain</h1>
@@ -36,5 +27,5 @@ benchmark:
         </div>
         </body>
       HTML
-    script: CGI.escapeHTML(str)
+    script: CGI.escapeHTML(example_html)
     loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_minmax.yml b/benchmark/enum_minmax.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9d01731abb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_minmax.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+prelude: |
+  set2 = 2.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+  set10 = 10.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+  set100 = 100.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+  set1000 = 1000.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+  set10000 = 10000.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+
+benchmark:
+  set2.min: set2.min
+  set10.min: set10.min
+  set100.min: set100.min
+  set1000.min: set1000.min
+  set10000.min: set10000.min
+  set2.max: set2.max
+  set10.max: set10.max
+  set100.max: set100.max
+  set1000.max: set1000.max
+  set10000.max: set10000.max
+  set2.minmax: set2.minmax
+  set10.minmax: set10.minmax
+  set100.minmax: set100.minmax
+  set1000.minmax: set1000.minmax
+  set10000.minmax: set10000.minmax
+
+loop_count: 10000
diff --git a/benchmark/enum_sort.yml b/benchmark/enum_sort.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6f26e748c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/enum_sort.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+prelude: |
+  set2 = 2.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+  set10 = 10.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+  set100 = 100.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+  set1000 = 1000.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+  set10000 = 10000.times.to_a.shuffle.to_set
+
+benchmark:
+  set2.sort_by: set2.sort_by { 0 }
+  set10.sort_by: set10.sort_by { 0 }
+  set100.sort_by: set100.sort_by { 0 }
+  set1000.sort_by: set1000.sort_by { 0 }
+  set10000.sort_by: set10000.sort_by { 0 }
+
+loop_count: 10000
diff --git a/benchmark/erb_escape_html.yml b/benchmark/erb_escape_html.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ca28d756e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/erb_escape_html.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+prelude: |
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+  require 'erb'
+benchmark:
+  - script: ERB::Util.html_escape("")
+    loop_count: 20000000
+  - script: ERB::Util.html_escape("abcde")
+    loop_count: 20000000
+  - script: ERB::Util.html_escape("abcd<")
+    loop_count: 20000000
+  - script: ERB::Util.html_escape("'&\"<>")
+    loop_count: 5000000
+  - prelude: long_no_escape = "abcde" * 300
+    script: ERB::Util.html_escape(long_no_escape)
+    loop_count: 1000000
+  - prelude: long_all_escape = "'&\"<>" * 10
+    script: ERB::Util.html_escape(long_all_escape)
+    loop_count: 1000000
+  - prelude: | # http://example.com/
+      example_html = <<~HTML
+        <body>
+        <div>
+            <h1>Example Domain</h1>
+            <p>This domain is established to be used for illustrative examples in documents. You may use this
+            domain in examples without prior coordination or asking for permission.</p>
+            <p><a href="http://www.iana.org/domains/example">More information...</a></p>
+        </div>
+        </body>
+      HTML
+    script: ERB::Util.html_escape(example_html)
+    loop_count: 1000000
diff --git a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit.rb b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit.rb
index 1d4693e8be..3a58a620de 100644
--- a/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit.rb
+++ b/benchmark/lib/benchmark_driver/runner/mjit.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ class BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Mjit < BenchmarkDriver::Runner::Ips
         job.prelude = "#{job.prelude}\n#{<<~EOS}"
           if defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled?
             __bmdv_ruby_i = 0
-            while __bmdv_ruby_i < 10000 # jit_min_calls
+            while __bmdv_ruby_i < 10000 # MJIT call threshold
               #{job.script}
               __bmdv_ruby_i += 1
             end
diff --git a/benchmark/numeric_methods.yml b/benchmark/numeric_methods.yml
index 433c2268a3..1384902935 100644
--- a/benchmark/numeric_methods.yml
+++ b/benchmark/numeric_methods.yml
@@ -10,4 +10,20 @@ benchmark:
     int.finite?
   infinite?: |
     int.infinite?
+  integer_real: |
+    int.real
+  float_real: |
+    flo.real
+  integr_imag: |
+    int.imag
+  float_imag: |
+    flo.imag
+  integer_conj: |
+    int.conj
+  float_conj: |
+    flo.conj
+  integer_numerator: |
+    int.numerator
+  integer_denominator: |
+    int.denominator
 loop_count: 20000000
diff --git a/benchmark/range_min.yml b/benchmark/range_min.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9e60dd7308
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/range_min.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+benchmark:
+  - (1..10).min
diff --git a/benchmark/string_concat.yml b/benchmark/string_concat.yml
index b8a69ed909..e65c00cca9 100644
--- a/benchmark/string_concat.yml
+++ b/benchmark/string_concat.yml
@@ -33,3 +33,13 @@ benchmark:
     buffer << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK
     buffer << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK
     buffer << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK << UCHUNK
+  interpolation: |
+    buffer = "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}" \
+      "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}" \
+      "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}" \
+      "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}" \
+      "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}" \
+      "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}" \
+      "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}" \
+      "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}" \
+      "#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}#{CHUNK}"
diff --git a/benchmark/time_parse.yml b/benchmark/time_parse.yml
index a6d6948b9c..6060b58bc6 100644
--- a/benchmark/time_parse.yml
+++ b/benchmark/time_parse.yml
@@ -6,3 +6,5 @@ benchmark:
   - Time.iso8601(iso8601)
   - Time.parse(iso8601)
   - Time.parse(inspect)
+  - Time.new(iso8601) rescue Time.iso8601(iso8601)
+  - Time.new(inspect) rescue Time.parse(inspect)
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_const.yml b/benchmark/vm_const.yml
index 6064d4eed0..8939ca0cd3 100644
--- a/benchmark/vm_const.yml
+++ b/benchmark/vm_const.yml
@@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
 prelude: |
   Const = 1
+  A = B = C = D = E = F = G = H = I = J = K = L = M = N = O = P = Q = R = S = T = U = V = W = X = Y = Z = 1
+  def foo
+    A; B; C; D; E; F; G; H; I; J; K; L; M; N; O; P; Q; R; S; T; U; V; W; X; Y; Z
+  end
 benchmark:
   vm_const: |
     j = Const
     k = Const
+  vm_const_many: |
+    foo
 loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_freezeobj.yml b/benchmark/vm_freezeobj.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..69a795a354
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_freezeobj.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+prelude: |
+ objs = 100000.times.map { Object.new }
+benchmark:
+  vm_freeze_obj: |
+    objs.map(&:freeze)
+loop_count: 600
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_get.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_get.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9174af6965
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_get.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+prelude: |
+  class Example
+    def initialize
+      @v0 = 1
+      @v1 = 2
+      @v3 = 3
+      @levar = 1
+    end
+
+    def get_value_loop
+      sum = 0
+
+      i = 0
+      while i < 1000000
+        # 10 times to de-emphasize loop overhead
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        sum += @levar
+        i += 1
+      end
+
+      return sum
+    end
+  end
+
+  obj = Example.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_ivar_get: |
+    obj.get_value_loop
+loop_count: 100
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_get_unintialized.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_get_unintialized.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a1ccfb06ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_get_unintialized.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+prelude: |
+  class Example
+    def read
+      @uninitialized
+    end
+  end
+
+  obj = Example.new
+benchmark:
+  vm_ivar_get_uninitialized: |
+    obj.read
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_ivar_lazy_set.yml b/benchmark/vm_ivar_lazy_set.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7372ffcfbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_ivar_lazy_set.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+prelude: |
+  class Example
+    def lazy_set
+      @uninitialized ||= 123
+    end
+  end
+
+  objs = 10000000.times.map { Example.new }
+benchmark:
+  vm_ivar_lazy_set: |
+    objs.each(&:lazy_set)
+loop_count: 1
diff --git a/benchmark/vm_lvar_cond_set.yml b/benchmark/vm_lvar_cond_set.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1845f9d12e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/benchmark/vm_lvar_cond_set.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+benchmark:
+  vm_lvar_cond_set: |
+    a ||= 1
+    b ||= 1
+    c ||= 1
+    d ||= 1
+    nil
+loop_count: 30000000
diff --git a/bignum.c b/bignum.c
index 9901a807b1..cb2c3b6f07 100644
--- a/bignum.c
+++ b/bignum.c
@@ -977,7 +977,7 @@ integer_unpack_num_bdigits_small(size_t numwords, size_t wordsize, size_t nails,
 {
     /* nlp_bits stands for number of leading padding bits */
     size_t num_bits = (wordsize * CHAR_BIT - nails) * numwords;
-    size_t num_bdigits = (num_bits + BITSPERDIG - 1) / BITSPERDIG;
+    size_t num_bdigits = roomof(num_bits, BITSPERDIG);
     *nlp_bits_ret = (int)(num_bdigits * BITSPERDIG - num_bits);
     return num_bdigits;
 }
@@ -987,7 +987,7 @@ integer_unpack_num_bdigits_generic(size_t numwords, size_t wordsize, size_t nail
 {
     /* BITSPERDIG = SIZEOF_BDIGIT * CHAR_BIT */
     /* num_bits = (wordsize * CHAR_BIT - nails) * numwords */
-    /* num_bdigits = (num_bits + BITSPERDIG - 1) / BITSPERDIG */
+    /* num_bdigits = roomof(num_bits, BITSPERDIG) */
 
     /* num_bits = CHAR_BIT * (wordsize * numwords) - nails * numwords = CHAR_BIT * num_bytes1 - nails * numwords */
     size_t num_bytes1 = wordsize * numwords;
@@ -4184,7 +4184,6 @@ rb_int_parse_cstr(const char *str, ssize_t len, char **endp, size_t *ndigits,
         }
         if (!c || ISSPACE(c)) --str;
         if (end) len = end - str;
-        ASSERT_LEN();
     }
     c = *str;
     c = conv_digit(c);
@@ -4587,11 +4586,14 @@ big_shift3(VALUE x, int lshift_p, size_t shift_numdigits, int shift_numbits)
 
     if (lshift_p) {
         if (LONG_MAX < shift_numdigits) {
-            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too big number");
+          too_big:
+            rb_raise(rb_eRangeError, "shift width too big");
         }
         s1 = shift_numdigits;
         s2 = shift_numbits;
+        if ((size_t)s1 != shift_numdigits) goto too_big;
         xn = BIGNUM_LEN(x);
+        if (LONG_MAX/SIZEOF_BDIGIT <= xn+s1) goto too_big;
         z = bignew(xn+s1+1, BIGNUM_SIGN(x));
         zds = BDIGITS(z);
         BDIGITS_ZERO(zds, s1);
diff --git a/bootstraptest/runner.rb b/bootstraptest/runner.rb
index 3d42390254..f9b3e919b8 100755
--- a/bootstraptest/runner.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/runner.rb
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ if !Dir.respond_to?(:mktmpdir)
 end
 
 # Configuration
-BT = Struct.new(:ruby,
+bt = Struct.new(:ruby,
                 :verbose,
                 :color,
                 :tty,
@@ -73,9 +73,78 @@ BT = Struct.new(:ruby,
                 :failed,
                 :reset,
                 :columns,
+                :window_width,
                 :width,
+                :indent,
                 :platform,
-                ).new
+                )
+BT = Class.new(bt) do
+  def indent=(n)
+    super
+    if (self.columns ||= 0) < n
+      $stderr.print(' ' * (n - self.columns))
+    end
+    self.columns = indent
+  end
+
+  def putc(c)
+    unless self.quiet
+      if self.window_width == nil
+        unless w = ENV["COLUMNS"] and (w = w.to_i) > 0
+          w = 80
+        end
+        w -= 1
+        self.window_width = w
+      end
+      if self.window_width and self.columns >= self.window_width
+        $stderr.print "\n", " " * (self.indent ||= 0)
+        self.columns = indent
+      end
+      $stderr.print c
+      $stderr.flush
+      self.columns += 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  def wn=(wn)
+    unless wn == 1
+      if /(?:\A|\s)--jobserver-(?:auth|fds)=(?:(\d+),(\d+)|fifo:((?:\\.|\S)+))/ =~ ENV.delete("MAKEFLAGS")
+        begin
+          if fifo = $3
+            fifo.gsub!(/\\(?=.)/, '')
+            r = File.open(fifo, IO::RDONLY|IO::NONBLOCK|IO::BINARY)
+            w = File.open(fifo, IO::WRONLY|IO::NONBLOCK|IO::BINARY)
+          else
+            r = IO.for_fd($1.to_i(10), "rb", autoclose: false)
+            w = IO.for_fd($2.to_i(10), "wb", autoclose: false)
+          end
+        rescue => e
+          r.close if r
+        else
+          r.close_on_exec = true
+          w.close_on_exec = true
+          tokens = r.read_nonblock(wn > 0 ? wn : 1024, exception: false)
+          r.close
+          if String === tokens
+            tokens.freeze
+            auth = w
+            w = nil
+            at_exit {auth << tokens; auth.close}
+            wn = tokens.size + 1
+          else
+            w.close
+            wn = 1
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      if wn <= 0
+        require 'etc'
+        wn = [Etc.nprocessors / 2, 1].max
+      end
+    end
+    super wn
+  end
+end.new
 
 BT_STATE = Struct.new(:count, :error).new
 
@@ -87,7 +156,7 @@ def main
   BT.color = nil
   BT.tty = nil
   BT.quiet = false
-  BT.wn = 1
+  # BT.wn = 1
   dir = nil
   quiet = false
   tests = nil
@@ -122,12 +191,7 @@ def main
       BT.quiet = true
       true
     when /\A-j(\d+)?/
-      wn = $1.to_i
-      if wn <= 0
-        require 'etc'
-        wn = [Etc.nprocessors / 2, 1].max
-      end
-      BT.wn = wn
+      BT.wn = $1.to_i
       true
     when /\A(-v|--v(erbose))\z/
       BT.verbose = true
@@ -154,8 +218,7 @@ End
     end
   }
   if tests and not ARGV.empty?
-    $stderr.puts "--tests and arguments are exclusive"
-    exit false
+    abort "--sets and arguments are exclusive"
   end
   tests ||= ARGV
   tests = Dir.glob("#{File.dirname($0)}/test_*.rb").sort if tests.empty?
@@ -164,6 +227,7 @@ End
   BT.progress = %w[- \\ | /]
   BT.progress_bs = "\b" * BT.progress[0].size
   BT.tty = $stderr.tty? if BT.tty.nil?
+  BT.wn ||= /-j(\d+)?/ =~ (ENV["MAKEFLAGS"] || ENV["MFLAGS"]) ? $1.to_i : 1
 
   case BT.color
   when nil
@@ -241,7 +305,7 @@ def concurrent_exec_test
     end
   end
 
-  $stderr.print ' ' unless BT.quiet
+  BT.indent = 1
   aq.close
   i = 1
   term_wn = 0
@@ -253,7 +317,7 @@ def concurrent_exec_test
         when BT.tty
           $stderr.print "#{BT.progress_bs}#{BT.progress[(i+=1) % BT.progress.size]}"
         else
-          $stderr.print '.'
+          BT.putc '.'
         end
       else
         term_wn += 1
@@ -275,7 +339,7 @@ def exec_test(pathes)
 
   # execute tests
   if BT.wn > 1
-    concurrent_exec_test if BT.wn > 1
+    concurrent_exec_test
   else
     prev_basename = nil
     Assertion.all.each do |basename, assertions|
@@ -428,7 +492,7 @@ class Assertion < Struct.new(:src, :path, :lineno, :proc)
       elsif BT.verbose
         $stderr.printf(". %.3f\n", t)
       else
-        $stderr.print '.'
+        BT.putc '.'
       end
     else
       $stderr.print "#{BT.failed}F"
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_attr.rb b/bootstraptest/test_attr.rb
index 721a847145..3cb9d3eb39 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_attr.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_attr.rb
@@ -34,3 +34,19 @@ assert_equal %{ok}, %{
     print "ok"
   end
 }, '[ruby-core:15120]'
+
+assert_equal %{ok}, %{
+  class Big
+    attr_reader :foo
+    def initialize
+      @foo = "ok"
+    end
+  end
+
+  obj = Big.new
+  100.times do |i|
+    obj.instance_variable_set(:"@ivar_\#{i}", i)
+  end
+
+  Big.new.foo
+}
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_io.rb b/bootstraptest/test_io.rb
index ff26497696..666e5a011b 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_io.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_io.rb
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ assert_finish 10, %q{
   end
 }, '[ruby-dev:32566]'
 
+/freebsd/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM or
 assert_finish 5, %q{
   r, w = IO.pipe
   Thread.new {
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb b/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb
index b29db7ab0e..67e66b03ee 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb
@@ -283,8 +283,9 @@ assert_equal 30.times.map { 'ok' }.to_s, %q{
   30.times.map{|i|
     test i
   }
-} unless ENV['RUN_OPTS'] =~ /--jit-min-calls=5/ || # This always fails with --jit-wait --jit-min-calls=5
-  (ENV.key?('TRAVIS') && ENV['TRAVIS_CPU_ARCH'] == 'arm64') # https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17878
+} unless ENV['RUN_OPTS'] =~ /--mjit-call-threshold=5/ || # This always fails with --mjit-wait --mjit-call-threshold=5
+  (ENV.key?('TRAVIS') && ENV['TRAVIS_CPU_ARCH'] == 'arm64') || # https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/17878
+  true # too flaky everywhere http://ci.rvm.jp/results/trunk@ruby-sp1/4321096
 
 # Exception for empty select
 assert_match /specify at least one ractor/, %q{
@@ -501,7 +502,7 @@ assert_equal '[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]', %q{
     rs.delete r
     n
   }.sort
-}
+} unless /mswin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM # randomly hangs on mswin https://github.com/ruby/ruby/actions/runs/3753871445/jobs/6377551069#step:20:131
 
 # Ractor.select also support multiple take, receive and yield
 assert_equal '[true, true, true]', %q{
@@ -1472,7 +1473,7 @@ assert_equal "#{N}#{N}", %Q{
 }
 
 # enc_table
-assert_equal "#{N/10}", %Q{
+assert_equal "100", %Q{
   Ractor.new do
     loop do
       Encoding.find("test-enc-#{rand(5_000)}").inspect
@@ -1481,7 +1482,7 @@ assert_equal "#{N/10}", %Q{
   end
 
   src = Encoding.find("UTF-8")
-  #{N/10}.times{|i|
+  100.times{|i|
     src.replicate("test-enc-\#{i}")
   }
 }
@@ -1579,4 +1580,49 @@ assert_equal "ok", %q{
   end
 }
 
+assert_equal "ok", %q{
+  module M
+    def foo
+      @foo
+    end
+  end
+
+  class A
+    include M
+
+    def initialize
+      100.times { |i| instance_variable_set(:"@var_#{i}", "bad: #{i}") }
+      @foo = 2
+    end
+  end
+
+  class B
+    include M
+
+    def initialize
+      @foo = 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  Ractor.new do
+    b = B.new
+    100_000.times do
+      raise unless b.foo == 1
+    end
+  end
+
+  a = A.new
+  100_000.times do
+    raise unless a.foo == 2
+  end
+
+  "ok"
+}
+
+assert_match /\Atest_ractor\.rb:1:\s+warning:\s+Ractor is experimental/, %q{
+  Warning[:experimental] = $VERBOSE = true
+  STDERR.reopen(STDOUT)
+  eval("Ractor.new{}.take", nil, "test_ractor.rb", 1)
+}
+
 end # if !ENV['GITHUB_WORKFLOW']
diff --git a/bootstraptest/test_yjit.rb b/bootstraptest/test_yjit.rb
index 966a5f3002..5c655b8f25 100644
--- a/bootstraptest/test_yjit.rb
+++ b/bootstraptest/test_yjit.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,33 @@
+# Regression test for yielding with autosplat to block with
+# optional parameters. https://github.com/Shopify/yjit/issues/313
+assert_equal '[:a, :b, :a, :b]', %q{
+  def yielder(arg) = yield(arg) + yield(arg)
+
+  yielder([:a, :b]) do |c = :c, d = :d|
+    [c, d]
+  end
+}
+
+# Regression test for GC mishap while doing shape transition
+assert_equal '[:ok]', %q{
+  # [Bug #19601]
+  class RegressionTest
+    def initialize
+      @a = @b = @fourth_ivar_does_shape_transition = nil
+    end
+
+    def extender
+      @first_extended_ivar = [:ok]
+    end
+  end
+
+  GC.stress = true
+
+  # Used to crash due to GC run in rb_ensure_iv_list_size()
+  # not marking the newly allocated [:ok].
+  RegressionTest.new.extender.itself
+}
+
 assert_equal 'true', %q{
   # regression test for tracking type of locals for too long
   def local_setting_cmp(five)
@@ -45,6 +75,29 @@ assert_normal_exit %q{
   Object.send(:remove_const, :Foo)
 }
 
+assert_normal_exit %q{
+  # Test to ensure send on overriden c functions
+  # doesn't corrupt the stack
+  class Bar
+    def bar(x)
+      x
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Foo
+    def bar
+      Bar.new
+    end
+  end
+
+  foo = Foo.new
+  # before this change, this line would error
+  # because "s" would still be on the stack
+  # String.to_s is the overridden method here
+  p foo.bar.bar("s".__send__(:to_s))
+}
+
+
 assert_equal '[nil, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil]', %q{
   [NilClass, TrueClass, FalseClass, Integer, Float, Symbol].each do |klass|
     klass.class_eval("def foo = @foo")
@@ -198,6 +251,8 @@ assert_equal 'string', %q{
 
 # Check that exceptions work when getting global variable
 assert_equal 'rescued', %q{
+  Warning[:deprecated] = true
+
   module Warning
     def warn(message)
       raise
@@ -1118,6 +1173,38 @@ assert_equal '42', %q{
   run
 }
 
+# splatting an empty array on a specialized method
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  def run
+    "ok".to_s(*[])
+  end
+
+  run
+  run
+}
+
+# splatting an single element array on a specialized method
+assert_equal '[1]', %q{
+  def run
+    [].<<(*[1])
+  end
+
+  run
+  run
+}
+
+# specialized method with wrong args
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  def run(x)
+    "bad".to_s(123) if x
+  rescue
+    :ok
+  end
+
+  run(false)
+  run(true)
+}
+
 # getinstancevariable on Symbol
 assert_equal '[nil, nil]', %q{
   # @foo to exercise the getinstancevariable instruction
@@ -2150,7 +2237,7 @@ assert_equal '[[:c_return, :String, :string_alias, "events_to_str"]]', %q{
   events.compiled(events)
 
   events
-}
+} unless defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled? # MJIT calls extra Ruby methods
 
 # test enabling a TracePoint that targets a particular line in a C method call
 assert_equal '[true]', %q{
@@ -2232,7 +2319,7 @@ assert_equal '[[:c_call, :itself]]', %q{
   tp.enable { shouldnt_compile }
 
   events
-}
+} unless defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled? # MJIT calls extra Ruby methods
 
 # test enabling c_return tracing before compiling
 assert_equal '[[:c_return, :itself, main]]', %q{
@@ -2247,6 +2334,26 @@ assert_equal '[[:c_return, :itself, main]]', %q{
   tp.enable { shouldnt_compile }
 
   events
+} unless defined?(RubyVM::MJIT) && RubyVM::MJIT.enabled? # MJIT calls extra Ruby methods
+
+# test c_call invalidation
+assert_equal '[[:c_call, :itself]]', %q{
+  # enable the event once to make sure invalidation
+  # happens the second time we enable it
+  TracePoint.new(:c_call) {}.enable{}
+
+  def compiled
+    itself
+  end
+
+  # assume first call compiles
+  compiled
+
+  events = []
+  tp = TracePoint.new(:c_call) { |tp| events << [tp.event, tp.method_id] }
+  tp.enable { compiled }
+
+  events
 }
 
 # test enabling tracing for a suspended fiber
@@ -2901,11 +3008,20 @@ assert_equal 'new', %q{
     foo
   end
 
+  def bar
+    :bar
+  end
+
+
   test
   test
 
   RubyVM::YJIT.simulate_oom! if defined?(RubyVM::YJIT)
 
+  # Old simulat_omm! leaves one byte of space and this fills it up
+  bar
+  bar
+
   def foo
     :new
   end
@@ -3066,3 +3182,349 @@ assert_equal '10', %q{
 
   a.length
 }
+
+# checktype
+assert_equal 'false', %q{
+    def function()
+        [1, 2] in [Integer, String]
+    end
+    function()
+}
+
+# opt_send_without_block (VM_METHOD_TYPE_ATTRSET)
+assert_equal 'foo', %q{
+    class Foo
+      attr_writer :foo
+
+      def foo()
+        self.foo = "foo"
+      end
+    end
+    foo = Foo.new
+    foo.foo
+}
+
+# anytostring, intern
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+    def foo()
+      :"#{true}"
+    end
+    foo()
+}
+
+# toregexp, objtostring
+assert_equal '/true/', %q{
+    def foo()
+      /#{true}/
+    end
+    foo().inspect
+}
+
+# concatstrings, objtostring
+assert_equal '9001', %q{
+    def foo()
+      "#{9001}"
+    end
+    foo()
+}
+
+# opt_send_without_block (VM_METHOD_TYPE_CFUNC)
+assert_equal 'nil', %q{
+    def foo
+      nil.inspect # argc: 0
+    end
+    foo
+}
+assert_equal '4', %q{
+    def foo
+      2.pow(2) # argc: 1
+    end
+    foo
+}
+assert_equal 'aba', %q{
+    def foo
+      "abc".tr("c", "a") # argc: 2
+    end
+    foo
+}
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+    def foo
+      respond_to?(:inspect) # argc: -1
+    end
+    foo
+}
+assert_equal '["a", "b"]', %q{
+    def foo
+      "a\nb".lines(chomp: true) # kwargs
+    end
+    foo
+}
+
+# invokebuiltin
+assert_equal '123', %q{
+  def foo(obj)
+    obj.foo = 123
+  end
+
+  struct = Struct.new(:foo)
+  obj = struct.new
+  foo(obj)
+}
+
+# invokebuiltin_delegate
+assert_equal '.', %q{
+  def foo(path)
+    Dir.open(path).path
+  end
+  foo(".")
+}
+
+# opt_invokebuiltin_delegate_leave
+assert_equal '[0]', %q{"\x00".unpack("c")}
+
+# opt_send_without_block (VM_METHOD_TYPE_ISEQ)
+assert_equal '1', %q{
+  def foo = 1
+  def bar = foo
+  bar
+}
+assert_equal '[1, 2, 3]', %q{
+  def foo(a, b) = [1, a, b]
+  def bar = foo(2, 3)
+  bar
+}
+assert_equal '[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]', %q{
+  def foo(a, b, c:, d:, e: 0, f: 6) = [a, b, c, d, e, f]
+  def bar = foo(1, 2, c: 3, d: 4, e: 5)
+  bar
+}
+assert_equal '[1, 2, 3, 4]', %q{
+  def foo(a, b = 2) = [a, b]
+  def bar = foo(1) + foo(3, 4)
+  bar
+}
+
+assert_equal '1', %q{
+  def foo(a) = a
+  def bar = foo(1) { 2 }
+  bar
+}
+assert_equal '[1, 2]', %q{
+  def foo(a, &block) = [a, block.call]
+  def bar = foo(1) { 2 }
+  bar
+}
+
+# opt_send_without_block (VM_METHOD_TYPE_IVAR)
+assert_equal 'foo', %q{
+  class Foo
+    attr_reader :foo
+
+    def initialize
+      @foo = "foo"
+    end
+  end
+  Foo.new.foo
+}
+
+# opt_send_without_block (VM_METHOD_TYPE_OPTIMIZED)
+assert_equal 'foo', %q{
+  Foo = Struct.new(:bar)
+  Foo.new("bar").bar = "foo"
+}
+assert_equal 'foo', %q{
+  Foo = Struct.new(:bar)
+  Foo.new("foo").bar
+}
+
+# getblockparamproxy
+assert_equal 'foo', %q{
+  def foo(&block)
+    block.call
+  end
+  foo { "foo" }
+}
+
+# getblockparam
+assert_equal 'foo', %q{
+  def foo(&block)
+    block
+  end
+  foo { "foo" }.call
+}
+
+assert_equal '[1, 2]', %q{
+  def foo
+    x = [2]
+    [1, *x]
+  end
+
+  foo
+  foo
+}
+
+# respond_to? with changing symbol
+assert_equal 'false', %q{
+  def foo(name)
+    :sym.respond_to?(name)
+  end
+  foo(:to_s)
+  foo(:to_s)
+  foo(:not_exist)
+}
+
+# respond_to? with method being defined
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  def foo
+    :sym.respond_to?(:not_yet_defined)
+  end
+  foo
+  foo
+  module Kernel
+    def not_yet_defined = true
+  end
+  foo
+}
+
+# respond_to? with undef method
+assert_equal 'false', %q{
+  module Kernel
+    def to_be_removed = true
+  end
+  def foo
+    :sym.respond_to?(:to_be_removed)
+  end
+  foo
+  foo
+  class Object
+    undef_method :to_be_removed
+  end
+  foo
+}
+
+# respond_to? with respond_to_missing?
+assert_equal 'true', %q{
+  class Foo
+  end
+  def foo(x)
+    x.respond_to?(:bar)
+  end
+  foo(Foo.new)
+  foo(Foo.new)
+  class Foo
+    def respond_to_missing?(*) = true
+  end
+  foo(Foo.new)
+}
+
+# bmethod
+assert_equal '[1, 2, 3]', %q{
+  one = 1
+  define_method(:foo) do
+    one
+  end
+
+  3.times.map { |i| foo + i }
+}
+
+# return inside bmethod
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  define_method(:foo) do
+    1.tap { return :ok }
+  end
+
+  foo
+}
+
+# bmethod optional and keywords
+assert_equal '[[1, nil, 2]]', %q{
+  define_method(:opt_and_kwargs) do |a = {}, b: nil, c: nil|
+    [a, b, c]
+  end
+
+  5.times.map { opt_and_kwargs(1, c: 2) }.uniq
+}
+
+# bmethod with forwarded block
+assert_equal '2', %q{
+  define_method(:foo) do |&block|
+    block.call
+  end
+
+  def bar(&block)
+    foo(&block)
+  end
+
+  bar { 1 }
+  bar { 2 }
+}
+
+# bmethod with forwarded block and arguments
+assert_equal '5', %q{
+  define_method(:foo) do |n, &block|
+    n + block.call
+  end
+
+  def bar(n, &block)
+    foo(n, &block)
+  end
+
+  bar(0) { 1 }
+  bar(3) { 2 }
+}
+
+# bmethod with forwarded unwanted block
+assert_equal '1', %q{
+  one = 1
+  define_method(:foo) do
+    one
+  end
+
+  def bar(&block)
+    foo(&block)
+  end
+
+  bar { }
+  bar { }
+}
+
+# test for return stub lifetime issue
+assert_equal '1', %q{
+  def foo(n)
+    if n == 2
+      return 1.times { Object.define_method(:foo) {} }
+    end
+
+    foo(n + 1)
+  end
+
+  foo(1)
+}
+
+# case-when with redefined ===
+assert_equal 'ok', %q{
+  class Symbol
+    def ===(a)
+      true
+    end
+  end
+
+  def cw(arg)
+    case arg
+    when :b
+      :ok
+    when 4
+      :ng
+    end
+  end
+
+  cw(4)
+}
+
+assert_normal_exit %{
+  class Bug20997
+    def foo(&) = self.class.name(&)
+
+    new.foo
+  end
+}
diff --git a/builtin.h b/builtin.h
index b827b28928..38ad5a1629 100644
--- a/builtin.h
+++ b/builtin.h
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ struct rb_builtin_function {
     const char * const name;
 
     // for jit
-    void (*compiler)(FILE *, long, unsigned, bool);
+    void (*compiler)(VALUE, long, unsigned, bool);
 };
 
 #define RB_BUILTIN_FUNCTION(_i, _name, _fname, _arity, _compiler) {\
-  .name = #_name, \
+  .name = _i < 0 ? NULL : #_name, \
   .func_ptr = (void *)_fname, \
   .argc = _arity, \
   .index = _i, \
diff --git a/ccan/check_type/check_type.h b/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
index e795ad71d0..659e1a5a83 100644
--- a/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
+++ b/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@
  *		 ((encl_type *)						\
  *		  ((char *)(mbr_ptr) - offsetof(enclosing_type, mbr))))
  */
-#if HAVE_TYPEOF
+#if defined(HAVE_TYPEOF) && HAVE_TYPEOF
 #define ccan_check_type(expr, type)			\
 	((typeof(expr) *)0 != (type *)0)
 
diff --git a/ccan/container_of/container_of.h b/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
index b30c347d57..872bb6ea6e 100644
--- a/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
+++ b/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ static inline char *container_of_or_null_(void *member_ptr, size_t offset)
  *		return i;
  *	}
  */
-#if HAVE_TYPEOF
+#if defined(HAVE_TYPEOF) && HAVE_TYPEOF
 #define ccan_container_of_var(member_ptr, container_var, member) \
 	ccan_container_of(member_ptr, typeof(*container_var), member)
 #else
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ static inline char *container_of_or_null_(void *member_ptr, size_t offset)
  * structure memory layout.
  *
  */
-#if HAVE_TYPEOF
+#if defined(HAVE_TYPEOF) && HAVE_TYPEOF
 #define ccan_container_off_var(var, member)		\
 	ccan_container_off(typeof(*var), member)
 #else
diff --git a/ccan/list/list.h b/ccan/list/list.h
index 91787bfdb3..30b2af04e9 100644
--- a/ccan/list/list.h
+++ b/ccan/list/list.h
@@ -770,7 +770,7 @@ static inline struct ccan_list_node *ccan_list_node_from_off_(void *ptr, size_t
 	(ccan_container_off_var(var, member) +		\
 	 ccan_check_type(var->member, struct ccan_list_node))
 
-#if HAVE_TYPEOF
+#if defined(HAVE_TYPEOF) && HAVE_TYPEOF
 #define ccan_list_typeof(var) typeof(var)
 #else
 #define ccan_list_typeof(var) void *
diff --git a/class.c b/class.c
index 5e57068f03..cf0b7b821f 100644
--- a/class.c
+++ b/class.c
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ push_subclass_entry_to_list(VALUE super, VALUE klass)
 void
 rb_class_subclass_add(VALUE super, VALUE klass)
 {
-    if (super && super != Qundef) {
+    if (super && !UNDEF_P(super)) {
         rb_subclass_entry_t *entry = push_subclass_entry_to_list(super, klass);
         RCLASS_SUBCLASS_ENTRY(klass) = entry;
     }
@@ -197,7 +197,7 @@ class_alloc(VALUE flags, VALUE klass)
 {
     size_t alloc_size = sizeof(struct RClass);
 
-#if USE_RVARGC
+#if RCLASS_EXT_EMBEDDED
     alloc_size += sizeof(rb_classext_t);
 #endif
 
@@ -206,17 +206,13 @@ class_alloc(VALUE flags, VALUE klass)
     if (RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_CLASS) flags |= FL_WB_PROTECTED;
     RVARGC_NEWOBJ_OF(obj, struct RClass, klass, flags, alloc_size);
 
-#if USE_RVARGC
+#if RCLASS_EXT_EMBEDDED
     memset(RCLASS_EXT(obj), 0, sizeof(rb_classext_t));
-# if SIZEOF_SERIAL_T != SIZEOF_VALUE
-    RCLASS(obj)->class_serial_ptr = ZALLOC(rb_serial_t);
-# endif
 #else
     obj->ptr = ZALLOC(rb_classext_t);
 #endif
 
     /* ZALLOC
-      RCLASS_IV_TBL(obj) = 0;
       RCLASS_CONST_TBL(obj) = 0;
       RCLASS_M_TBL(obj) = 0;
       RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(obj) = 0;
@@ -226,7 +222,6 @@ class_alloc(VALUE flags, VALUE klass)
       RCLASS_MODULE_SUBCLASSES(obj) = NULL;
      */
     RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN((VALUE)obj, (VALUE)obj);
-    RCLASS_SERIAL(obj) = rb_next_class_serial();
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(obj, &RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(obj), Qnil);
     RCLASS_ALLOCATOR(obj) = 0;
 
@@ -282,7 +277,7 @@ rb_class_update_superclasses(VALUE klass)
     VALUE super = RCLASS_SUPER(klass);
 
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(klass, T_CLASS)) return;
-    if (super == Qundef) return;
+    if (UNDEF_P(super)) return;
 
     // If the superclass array is already built
     if (RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES(klass))
@@ -331,7 +326,13 @@ rb_class_new(VALUE super)
 {
     Check_Type(super, T_CLASS);
     rb_check_inheritable(super);
-    return rb_class_boot(super);
+    VALUE klass = rb_class_boot(super);
+
+    if (super != rb_cObject && super != rb_cBasicObject) {
+        RCLASS_EXT(klass)->max_iv_count = RCLASS_EXT(super)->max_iv_count;
+    }
+
+    return klass;
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -403,28 +404,57 @@ class_init_copy_check(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
     }
 }
 
+struct cvc_table_copy_ctx {
+    VALUE clone;
+    struct rb_id_table * new_table;
+};
+
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+cvc_table_copy(ID id, VALUE val, void *data) {
+    struct cvc_table_copy_ctx *ctx = (struct cvc_table_copy_ctx *)data;
+    struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry * orig_entry;
+    orig_entry = (struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry *)val;
+
+    struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry *ent;
+
+    ent = ALLOC(struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry);
+    ent->class_value = ctx->clone;
+    ent->cref = orig_entry->cref;
+    ent->global_cvar_state = orig_entry->global_cvar_state;
+    rb_id_table_insert(ctx->new_table, id, (VALUE)ent);
+
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(ctx->clone, Qundef, ent->cref);
+
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
 static void
 copy_tables(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
 {
-    if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone)) {
-        st_free_table(RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone));
-        RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone) = 0;
-    }
     if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone)) {
         rb_free_const_table(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone));
         RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone) = 0;
     }
+    if (RCLASS_CVC_TBL(orig)) {
+        struct rb_id_table *rb_cvc_tbl = RCLASS_CVC_TBL(orig);
+        struct rb_id_table *rb_cvc_tbl_dup = rb_id_table_create(rb_id_table_size(rb_cvc_tbl));
+
+        struct cvc_table_copy_ctx ctx;
+        ctx.clone = clone;
+        ctx.new_table = rb_cvc_tbl_dup;
+        rb_id_table_foreach(rb_cvc_tbl, cvc_table_copy, &ctx);
+        RCLASS_CVC_TBL(clone) = rb_cvc_tbl_dup;
+    }
+    rb_id_table_free(RCLASS_M_TBL(clone));
     RCLASS_M_TBL(clone) = 0;
-    if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(orig)) {
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(clone, T_ICLASS)) {
         st_data_t id;
 
         rb_iv_tbl_copy(clone, orig);
         CONST_ID(id, "__tmp_classpath__");
-        st_delete(RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone), &id, 0);
+        rb_attr_delete(clone, id);
         CONST_ID(id, "__classpath__");
-        st_delete(RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone), &id, 0);
-        CONST_ID(id, "__classid__");
-        st_delete(RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone), &id, 0);
+        rb_attr_delete(clone, id);
     }
     if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(orig)) {
         struct clone_const_arg arg;
@@ -526,7 +556,6 @@ rb_mod_init_copy(VALUE clone, VALUE orig)
             prev_clone_p = clone_p;
             RCLASS_M_TBL(clone_p) = RCLASS_M_TBL(p);
             RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone_p) = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(p);
-            RCLASS_IV_TBL(clone_p) = RCLASS_IV_TBL(p);
             RCLASS_ALLOCATOR(clone_p) = RCLASS_ALLOCATOR(p);
             if (RB_TYPE_P(clone, T_CLASS)) {
                 RCLASS_SET_INCLUDER(clone_p, clone);
@@ -613,16 +642,14 @@ rb_singleton_class_clone_and_attach(VALUE obj, VALUE attach)
 
         RCLASS_SET_SUPER(clone, RCLASS_SUPER(klass));
         RCLASS_ALLOCATOR(clone) = RCLASS_ALLOCATOR(klass);
-        if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(klass)) {
-            rb_iv_tbl_copy(clone, klass);
-        }
+        rb_iv_tbl_copy(clone, klass);
         if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass)) {
             struct clone_const_arg arg;
             arg.tbl = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(clone) = rb_id_table_create(0);
             arg.klass = clone;
             rb_id_table_foreach(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass), clone_const_i, &arg);
         }
-        if (attach != Qundef) {
+        if (!UNDEF_P(attach)) {
             rb_singleton_class_attached(clone, attach);
         }
         RCLASS_M_TBL_INIT(clone);
@@ -931,7 +958,7 @@ rb_define_class_under(VALUE outer, const char *name, VALUE super)
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_define_class_id_under(VALUE outer, ID id, VALUE super)
+rb_define_class_id_under_no_pin(VALUE outer, ID id, VALUE super)
 {
     VALUE klass;
 
@@ -948,8 +975,6 @@ rb_define_class_id_under(VALUE outer, ID id, VALUE super)
                      " (%"PRIsVALUE" is given but was %"PRIsVALUE")",
                      outer, rb_id2str(id), RCLASS_SUPER(klass), super);
         }
-        /* Class may have been defined in Ruby and not pin-rooted */
-        rb_vm_add_root_module(klass);
 
         return klass;
     }
@@ -961,12 +986,19 @@ rb_define_class_id_under(VALUE outer, ID id, VALUE super)
     rb_set_class_path_string(klass, outer, rb_id2str(id));
     rb_const_set(outer, id, klass);
     rb_class_inherited(super, klass);
-    rb_vm_add_root_module(klass);
 
     return klass;
 }
 
 VALUE
+rb_define_class_id_under(VALUE outer, ID id, VALUE super)
+{
+    VALUE klass = rb_define_class_id_under_no_pin(outer, id, super);
+    rb_vm_add_root_module(klass);
+    return klass;
+}
+
+VALUE
 rb_module_s_alloc(VALUE klass)
 {
     VALUE mod = class_alloc(T_MODULE, klass);
@@ -1068,13 +1100,10 @@ rb_include_class_new(VALUE module, VALUE super)
         module = METACLASS_OF(module);
     }
     RUBY_ASSERT(!RB_TYPE_P(module, T_ICLASS));
-    if (!RCLASS_IV_TBL(module)) {
-        RCLASS_IV_TBL(module) = st_init_numtable();
-    }
     if (!RCLASS_CONST_TBL(module)) {
         RCLASS_CONST_TBL(module) = rb_id_table_create(0);
     }
-    RCLASS_IV_TBL(klass) = RCLASS_IV_TBL(module);
+
     RCLASS_CVC_TBL(klass) = RCLASS_CVC_TBL(module);
     RCLASS_CONST_TBL(klass) = RCLASS_CONST_TBL(module);
 
@@ -1116,8 +1145,8 @@ rb_include_module(VALUE klass, VALUE module)
             iclass = iclass->next;
         }
 
-        int do_include = 1;
         while (iclass) {
+            int do_include = 1;
             VALUE check_class = iclass->klass;
             /* During lazy sweeping, iclass->klass could be a dead object that
              * has not yet been swept. */
@@ -1184,7 +1213,7 @@ static int
 do_include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super, bool check_cyclic)
 {
     VALUE p, iclass, origin_stack = 0;
-    int method_changed = 0, add_subclass;
+    int method_changed = 0;
     long origin_len;
     VALUE klass_origin = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass);
     VALUE original_klass = klass;
@@ -1248,7 +1277,6 @@ do_include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super
         iclass = rb_include_class_new(module, super_class);
         c = RCLASS_SET_SUPER(c, iclass);
         RCLASS_SET_INCLUDER(iclass, klass);
-        add_subclass = TRUE;
         if (module != RCLASS_ORIGIN(module)) {
             if (!origin_stack) origin_stack = rb_ary_hidden_new(2);
             VALUE origin[2] = {iclass, RCLASS_ORIGIN(module)};
@@ -1259,14 +1287,11 @@ do_include_modules_at(const VALUE klass, VALUE c, VALUE module, int search_super
             RCLASS_SET_ORIGIN(RARRAY_AREF(origin_stack, (origin_len -= 2)), iclass);
             RICLASS_SET_ORIGIN_SHARED_MTBL(iclass);
             rb_ary_resize(origin_stack, origin_len);
-            add_subclass = FALSE;
         }
 
-        if (add_subclass) {
-            VALUE m = module;
-            if (BUILTIN_TYPE(m) == T_ICLASS) m = METACLASS_OF(m);
-            rb_module_add_to_subclasses_list(m, iclass);
-        }
+        VALUE m = module;
+        if (BUILTIN_TYPE(m) == T_ICLASS) m = METACLASS_OF(m);
+        rb_module_add_to_subclasses_list(m, iclass);
 
         if (BUILTIN_TYPE(klass) == T_MODULE && FL_TEST(klass, RMODULE_IS_REFINEMENT)) {
             VALUE refined_class =
@@ -1583,6 +1608,27 @@ class_descendants(VALUE klass, bool immediate_only)
  *     A.subclasses        #=> [D, B]
  *     B.subclasses        #=> [C]
  *     C.subclasses        #=> []
+ *
+ *  Anonymous subclasses (not associated with a constant) are
+ *  returned, too:
+ *
+ *     c = Class.new(A)
+ *     A.subclasses        # => [#<Class:0x00007f003c77bd78>, D, B]
+ *
+ *  Note that the parent does not hold references to subclasses
+ *  and doesn't prevent them from being garbage collected. This
+ *  means that the subclass might disappear when all references
+ *  to it are dropped:
+ *
+ *     # drop the reference to subclass, it can be garbage-collected now
+ *     c = nil
+ *
+ *     A.subclasses
+ *     # It can be
+ *     #  => [#<Class:0x00007f003c77bd78>, D, B]
+ *     # ...or just
+ *     #  => [D, B]
+ *     # ...depending on whether garbage collector was run
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -1591,6 +1637,33 @@ rb_class_subclasses(VALUE klass)
     return class_descendants(klass, true);
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     attached_object -> object
+ *
+ *  Returns the object for which the receiver is the singleton class.
+ *
+ *  Raises an TypeError if the class is not a singleton class.
+ *
+ *     class Foo; end
+ *
+ *     Foo.singleton_class.attached_object        #=> Foo
+ *     Foo.attached_object                        #=> TypeError: `Foo' is not a singleton class
+ *     Foo.new.singleton_class.attached_object    #=> #<Foo:0x000000010491a370>
+ *     TrueClass.attached_object                  #=> TypeError: `TrueClass' is not a singleton class
+ *     NilClass.attached_object                   #=> TypeError: `NilClass' is not a singleton class
+ */
+
+VALUE
+rb_class_attached_object(VALUE klass)
+{
+    if (!FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "`%"PRIsVALUE"' is not a singleton class", klass);
+    }
+
+    return rb_attr_get(klass, id_attached);
+}
+
 static void
 ins_methods_push(st_data_t name, st_data_t ary)
 {
@@ -1641,10 +1714,7 @@ ins_methods_pub_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t type, st_data_t ary)
 static int
 ins_methods_undef_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t type, st_data_t ary)
 {
-    if ((rb_method_visibility_t)type == METHOD_VISI_UNDEF) {
-        ins_methods_push(name, ary);
-    }
-    return ST_CONTINUE;
+    return ins_methods_type_i(name, type, ary, METHOD_VISI_UNDEF);
 }
 
 struct method_entry_arg {
@@ -2121,9 +2191,7 @@ singleton_class_of(VALUE obj)
     klass = METACLASS_OF(obj);
     if (!(FL_TEST(klass, FL_SINGLETON) &&
           rb_attr_get(klass, id_attached) == obj)) {
-        rb_serial_t serial = RCLASS_SERIAL(klass);
         klass = rb_make_metaclass(obj, klass);
-        RCLASS_SERIAL(klass) = serial;
     }
 
     RB_FL_SET_RAW(klass, RB_OBJ_FROZEN_RAW(obj));
@@ -2137,7 +2205,7 @@ rb_freeze_singleton_class(VALUE x)
     /* should not propagate to meta-meta-class, and so on */
     if (!(RBASIC(x)->flags & FL_SINGLETON)) {
         VALUE klass = RBASIC_CLASS(x);
-        if (klass && (klass = RCLASS_ORIGIN(klass)) != 0 &&
+        if (klass && // no class when hidden from ObjectSpace
             FL_TEST(klass, (FL_SINGLETON|FL_FREEZE)) == FL_SINGLETON) {
             OBJ_FREEZE_RAW(klass);
         }
diff --git a/common.mk b/common.mk
index 3d3976d5d5..126053c9c8 100644
--- a/common.mk
+++ b/common.mk
@@ -18,8 +18,10 @@ mflags = $(MFLAGS)
 gnumake_recursive =
 enable_shared = $(ENABLE_SHARED:no=)
 
-UNICODE_VERSION = 14.0.0
-UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION = 14.0
+UNICODE_VERSION = 15.0.0
+UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_0 = $(UNICODE_VERSION)///
+UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_1 = $(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_0:.0///=)
+UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION = $(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_1:///=)
 UNICODE_BETA = NO
 
 ### set the following environment variable or uncomment the line if
@@ -41,14 +43,14 @@ RUN_OPTS      = --disable-gems
 
 # GITPULLOPTIONS = --no-tags
 
-INCFLAGS = -I. -I$(arch_hdrdir) -I$(hdrdir) -I$(srcdir) -I$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)
+INCFLAGS = -I. -I$(arch_hdrdir) -I$(hdrdir) -I$(srcdir) -I$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR) $(incflags)
 
 GEM_HOME =
 GEM_PATH =
 GEM_VENDOR =
 
 BENCHMARK_DRIVER_GIT_URL = https://github.com/benchmark-driver/benchmark-driver
-BENCHMARK_DRIVER_GIT_REF = v0.15.18
+BENCHMARK_DRIVER_GIT_REF = v0.16.0
 SIMPLECOV_GIT_URL = https://github.com/colszowka/simplecov.git
 SIMPLECOV_GIT_REF = v0.17.0
 SIMPLECOV_HTML_GIT_URL = https://github.com/colszowka/simplecov-html.git
@@ -82,7 +84,7 @@ EXTSOLIBS     =
 MINIOBJS      = $(ARCHMINIOBJS) miniinit.$(OBJEXT) dmyext.$(OBJEXT)
 ENC_MK        = enc.mk
 MAKE_ENC      = -f $(ENC_MK) V="$(V)" UNICODE_HDR_DIR="$(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)" \
-		RUBY="$(MINIRUBY)" MINIRUBY="$(MINIRUBY)" $(mflags)
+		RUBY="$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY)" MINIRUBY="$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY)" $(mflags)
 
 COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		ast.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -113,7 +115,7 @@ COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		math.$(OBJEXT) \
 		memory_view.$(OBJEXT) \
 		mjit.$(OBJEXT) \
-		mjit_compiler.$(OBJEXT) \
+		mjit_c.$(OBJEXT) \
 		node.$(OBJEXT) \
 		numeric.$(OBJEXT) \
 		object.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -134,6 +136,7 @@ COMMONOBJS    = array.$(OBJEXT) \
 		regsyntax.$(OBJEXT) \
 		ruby.$(OBJEXT) \
 		scheduler.$(OBJEXT) \
+		shape.$(OBJEXT) \
 		signal.$(OBJEXT) \
 		sprintf.$(OBJEXT) \
 		st.$(OBJEXT) \
@@ -195,6 +198,7 @@ INSTRUBY_ARGS =	$(SCRIPT_ARGS) \
 INSTALL_PROG_MODE = 0755
 INSTALL_DATA_MODE = 0644
 
+BOOTSTRAPRUBY_COMMAND = $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY_OPT)
 TESTSDIR      = $(srcdir)/test
 TOOL_TESTSDIR = $(tooldir)/test
 TEST_EXCLUDES = --excludes-dir=$(TESTSDIR)/excludes --name=!/memory_leak/
@@ -216,12 +220,27 @@ MAKE_LINK = $(MINIRUBY) -rfileutils -e "include FileUtils::Verbose" \
 	  -e "noraise {ln(src, dest)} or" \
 	  -e "cp(src, dest)"
 
+# For release builds
+YJIT_RUSTC_ARGS = --crate-name=yjit \
+	--crate-type=staticlib \
+	--edition=2021 \
+	-g \
+	-C opt-level=3 \
+	-C overflow-checks=on \
+	'--out-dir=$(CARGO_TARGET_DIR)/release/' \
+	$(top_srcdir)/yjit/src/lib.rs
 
 all: $(SHOWFLAGS) main docs
 
 main: $(SHOWFLAGS) exts $(ENCSTATIC:static=lib)encs
 	@$(NULLCMD)
 
+main: $(srcdir)/lib/ruby_vm/mjit/instruction.rb
+srcs: $(srcdir)/lib/ruby_vm/mjit/instruction.rb
+$(srcdir)/lib/ruby_vm/mjit/instruction.rb: $(tooldir)/insns2vm.rb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/lib/ruby_vm/mjit/instruction.rb.erb $(srcdir)/insns.def
+	$(ECHO) generating $@
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -Ku $(tooldir)/insns2vm.rb --basedir="$(srcdir)" $(INSNS2VMOPT) $@
+
 mjit-headers: $(MJIT_SUPPORT)-mjit-headers
 no-mjit-headers: PHONY
 yes-mjit-headers: mjit_config.h PHONY
@@ -229,6 +248,9 @@ yes-mjit-headers: mjit_config.h PHONY
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): mjit_config.h
 mjit_config.h: Makefile
 
+.PHONY: mjit-bindgen
+mjit-bindgen:
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -rrubygems -C $(srcdir)/tool/mjit bindgen.rb $(CURDIR)
 
 # These rules using MJIT_HEADER_SUFFIX must be in common.mk, not
 # Makefile.in, in order to override the macro in defs/universal.mk.
@@ -270,6 +292,8 @@ showflags:
 	"	LC_ALL = $(LC_ALL)" \
 	"	LC_CTYPE = $(LC_CTYPE)" \
 	"	MFLAGS = $(MFLAGS)" \
+	"	RUSTC = $(RUSTC)" \
+	"	YJIT_RUSTC_ARGS = $(YJIT_RUSTC_ARGS)" \
 	$(MESSAGE_END)
 	-@$(CC_VERSION)
 
@@ -610,12 +634,13 @@ clear-installed-list: PHONY
 
 clean: clean-ext clean-enc clean-golf clean-docs clean-extout clean-local clean-platform clean-spec
 clean-local:: clean-runnable
-	$(Q)$(RM) $(OBJS) $(MINIOBJS) $(MAINOBJ) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(LIBRUBY_SO) $(LIBRUBY) $(LIBRUBY_ALIASES)
+	$(Q)$(RM) $(OBJS) $(MINIOBJS) $(INITOBJS) $(MAINOBJ) $(LIBRUBY_A) $(LIBRUBY_SO) $(LIBRUBY) $(LIBRUBY_ALIASES)
 	$(Q)$(RM) $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM) miniruby$(EXEEXT) dmyext.$(OBJEXT) dmyenc.$(OBJEXT) $(ARCHFILE) .*.time
 	$(Q)$(RM) y.tab.c y.output encdb.h transdb.h config.log rbconfig.rb $(ruby_pc) $(COROUTINE_H:/Context.h=/.time)
 	$(Q)$(RM) probes.h probes.$(OBJEXT) probes.stamp ruby-glommed.$(OBJEXT) ruby.imp ChangeLog $(STATIC_RUBY)$(EXEEXT)
 	$(Q)$(RM) GNUmakefile.old Makefile.old $(arch)-fake.rb bisect.sh $(ENC_TRANS_D) builtin_binary.inc
-	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) enc/jis enc/trans enc $(COROUTINE_H:/Context.h=) coroutine 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
+	-$(Q)$(RMALL) yjit/target
+	-$(Q) $(RMDIR) enc/jis enc/trans enc $(COROUTINE_H:/Context.h=) coroutine yjit 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
 
 bin/clean-runnable:: PHONY
 	$(Q)$(CHDIR) bin 2>$(NULL) && $(RM) $(PROGRAM) $(WPROGRAM) $(GORUBY)$(EXEEXT) bin/*.$(DLEXT) 2>$(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
@@ -741,7 +766,7 @@ clean-spec: PHONY
 	-$(Q) $(RMDIRS) $(RUBYSPEC_CAPIEXT) 2> $(NULL) || $(NULLCMD)
 	-$(Q) $(RMALL) rubyspec_temp
 
-check: main test test-tool test-all test-spec
+check: main $(DOT_WAIT) test $(DOT_WAIT) test-tool $(DOT_WAIT) test-all
 	$(ECHO) check succeeded
 	-$(Q) : : "run only on sh"; \
 	if [ x"$(GIT)" != x ] && $(CHDIR) "$(srcdir)" && \
@@ -755,26 +780,34 @@ fake: $(CROSS_COMPILING)-fake
 yes-fake: $(arch)-fake.rb $(RBCONFIG) PHONY
 no-fake -fake: PHONY
 
-# really doesn't depend on .o, just ensure newer than headers which
-# version.o depends on.
-$(arch)-fake.rb: $(srcdir)/template/fake.rb.in $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb version.$(OBJEXT) miniruby$(EXEEXT)
+$(HAVE_BASERUBY:no=)$(arch)-fake.rb: miniruby$(EXEEXT)
+
+# actually depending on other headers more.
+$(arch:noarch=ignore)-fake.rb: $(top_srcdir)/revision.h $(top_srcdir)/version.h $(srcdir)/version.c
+$(arch:noarch=ignore)-fake.rb: {$(VPATH)}id.h {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
+
+$(arch:noarch=ignore)-fake.rb: $(srcdir)/template/fake.rb.in $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
 	$(Q) $(CPP) -DRUBY_EXPORT $(INCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) "$(srcdir)/version.c" | \
 	$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb" -o $@ "$(srcdir)/template/fake.rb.in" \
-		i=- srcdir="$(srcdir)" BASERUBY="$(BASERUBY)"
+	    i=- srcdir="$(srcdir)" BASERUBY="$(BASERUBY)" \
+	    LIBPATHENV="$(LIBPATHENV)" PRELOADENV="$(PRELOADENV)" LIBRUBY_SO="$(LIBRUBY_SO)"
+
+noarch-fake.rb: # prerequisite of yes-fake
+	$(Q) exit > $@
 
 btest: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-btest
 no-btest: PHONY
 yes-btest: yes-fake miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
 	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
-	$(Q)$(exec) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bootstraptest/runner.rb" --ruby="$(BTESTRUBY) $(RUN_OPTS)" $(OPTS) $(TESTOPTS) $(BTESTS)
+	$(Q)$(gnumake_recursive)$(exec) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bootstraptest/runner.rb" --ruby="$(BTESTRUBY) $(RUN_OPTS)" $(OPTS) $(TESTOPTS) $(BTESTS)
 	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
 
 btest-ruby: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-btest-ruby
 no-btest-ruby: PHONY
 yes-btest-ruby: prog PHONY
 	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
-	$(Q)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bootstraptest/runner.rb" --ruby="$(PROGRAM) -I$(srcdir)/lib $(RUN_OPTS)" -q $(OPTS) $(TESTOPTS) $(BTESTS)
+	$(Q)$(gnumake_recursive)$(exec) $(RUNRUBY) "$(srcdir)/bootstraptest/runner.rb" --ruby="$(PROGRAM) -I$(srcdir)/lib $(RUN_OPTS)" $(OPTS) $(TESTOPTS) $(BTESTS)
 	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
 
 rtest: yes-fake miniruby$(EXEEXT) PHONY
@@ -812,7 +845,7 @@ yes-test-tool: prog PHONY
 no-test-tool: PHONY
 
 test-sample: test-basic # backward compatibility for mswin-build
-test-short: btest-ruby test-knownbug test-basic
+test-short: btest-ruby $(DOT_WAIT) test-knownbug $(DOT_WAIT) test-basic
 test: test-short
 
 # $ make test-all TESTOPTS="--help" displays more detail
@@ -839,7 +872,10 @@ extconf: $(PREP)
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(EXTCONFDIR)"
 	$(RUNRUBY) -C "$(EXTCONFDIR)" $(EXTCONF) $(EXTCONFARGS)
 
-$(RBCONFIG): $(tooldir)/mkconfig.rb config.status $(srcdir)/version.h
+rbconfig.rb: $(RBCONFIG)
+
+$(HAVE_BASERUBY:no=)$(RBCONFIG)$(HAVE_BASERUBY:no=): $(PREP)
+$(RBCONFIG): $(tooldir)/mkconfig.rb config.status $(srcdir)/version.h $(srcdir)/common.mk
 	$(Q)$(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) -n \
 	-e 'BEGIN{version=ARGV.shift;mis=ARGV.dup}' \
 	-e 'END{abort "UNICODE version mismatch: #{mis}" unless mis.empty?}' \
@@ -857,7 +893,7 @@ $(RBCONFIG): $(tooldir)/mkconfig.rb config.status $(srcdir)/version.h
 test-rubyspec: test-spec
 yes-test-rubyspec: yes-test-spec
 
-test-spec-precheck: programs
+test-spec-precheck: programs yes-fake
 
 test-spec: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-spec
 yes-test-spec: test-spec-precheck
@@ -867,6 +903,8 @@ yes-test-spec: test-spec-precheck
 	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
 no-test-spec:
 
+check: $(DOT_WAIT) test-spec
+
 RUNNABLE = $(LIBRUBY_RELATIVE:no=un)-runnable
 runnable: $(RUNNABLE) prog $(tooldir)/mkrunnable.rb PHONY
 	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/mkrunnable.rb -v $(EXTOUT)
@@ -885,9 +923,10 @@ libtrans trans: {$(VPATH)}transdb.h
 ENC_HEADERS = $(srcdir)/enc/jis/props.h
 # Use MINIRUBY which loads fake.rb for cross compiling
 $(ENC_MK): $(srcdir)/enc/make_encmake.rb $(srcdir)/enc/Makefile.in $(srcdir)/enc/depend \
-	   $(srcdir)/enc/encinit.c.erb $(ENC_HEADERS) $(srcdir)/lib/mkmf.rb $(RBCONFIG) fake
+	   $(srcdir)/enc/encinit.c.erb $(ENC_HEADERS) $(srcdir)/lib/mkmf.rb $(RBCONFIG) $(HAVE_BASERUBY)-fake
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/enc/make_encmake.rb --builtin-encs="$(BUILTIN_ENCOBJS)" --builtin-transes="$(BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS)" --module$(ENCSTATIC) $(ENCS) $@
+	$(Q) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY_COMMAND) $(srcdir)/enc/make_encmake.rb \
+	  --builtin-encs="$(BUILTIN_ENCOBJS)" --builtin-transes="$(BUILTIN_TRANSOBJS)" --module$(ENCSTATIC) $(ENCS) $@
 
 .PRECIOUS: $(MKFILES)
 
@@ -909,9 +948,7 @@ PHONY:
 
 {$(srcdir)}.y.c:
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q)$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/id2token.rb --path-separator=.$(PATH_SEPARATOR)./ --vpath=$(VPATH) id.h $(SRC_FILE) > parse.tmp.y
-	$(Q)$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/pure_parser.rb parse.tmp.y $(YACC)
-	$(Q)$(RM) parse.tmp.y.bak
+	$(Q)$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/id2token.rb $(SRC_FILE) > parse.tmp.y
 	$(Q)$(YACC) -d $(YFLAGS) -o y.tab.c parse.tmp.y
 	$(Q)$(RM) parse.tmp.y
 	$(Q)sed -f $(tooldir)/ytab.sed -e "/^#/s|parse\.tmp\.[iy]|$(SRC_FILE)|" -e "/^#/s!y\.tab\.c!$@!" y.tab.c > $@.new
@@ -923,11 +960,11 @@ $(PLATFORM_D):
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(PLATFORM_DIR) $(@D)
 	@$(NULLCMD) > $@
 
-exe/$(PROGRAM): ruby-runner.c ruby-runner.h exe/.time miniruby$(EXEEXT) {$(VPATH)}config.h
+exe/$(PROGRAM): ruby-runner.c ruby-runner.h exe/.time $(PREP) {$(VPATH)}config.h
 	$(Q) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(INCFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -DRUBY_INSTALL_NAME=$(@F) $(COUTFLAG)ruby-runner.$(OBJEXT) -c $(CSRCFLAG)$(srcdir)/ruby-runner.c
 	$(Q) $(PURIFY) $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) $(OUTFLAG)$@ ruby-runner.$(OBJEXT) $(LIBS)
 	$(Q) $(POSTLINK)
-	$(Q) ./miniruby$(EXEEXT) \
+	$(Q) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) \
 	    -e 'prog, dest, inst = ARGV; dest += "/ruby"' \
 	    -e 'exit unless prog==inst' \
 	    -e 'unless prog=="ruby"' \
@@ -1041,11 +1078,7 @@ $(srcs_vpath)insns_info.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/insns_info.inc.erb $(inc_c
 $(srcs_vpath)vmtc.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/vmtc.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers)
 $(srcs_vpath)vm.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/vm.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers) \
   $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_insn_entry.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_trace_instruction.erb
-$(srcs_vpath)mjit_compile.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/mjit_compile.inc.erb $(inc_common_headers) \
-  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_insn.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_send.erb \
-  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_ivar.erb \
-  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_insn_body.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_pc_and_sp.erb \
-  $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_invokebuiltin.erb $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/_mjit_compile_getinlinecache.erb
+$(srcs_vpath)mjit_sp_inc.inc: $(tooldir)/ruby_vm/views/mjit_sp_inc.inc.erb
 
 BUILTIN_RB_SRCS = \
 		$(srcdir)/ast.rb \
@@ -1055,12 +1088,14 @@ BUILTIN_RB_SRCS = \
 		$(srcdir)/io.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/marshal.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/mjit.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/mjit_c.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/pack.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/trace_point.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/warning.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/array.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/kernel.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/ractor.rb \
+		$(srcdir)/symbol.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/timev.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/thread_sync.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/nilclass.rb \
@@ -1072,7 +1107,7 @@ BUILTIN_RB_INCS = $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS:.rb=.rbinc)
 
 common-srcs: $(srcs_vpath)parse.c $(srcs_vpath)lex.c $(srcs_vpath)enc/trans/newline.c $(srcs_vpath)id.c \
 	     $(BUILTIN_RB_INCS) \
-	     srcs-lib srcs-ext incs
+	     srcs-lib srcs-ext incs preludes
 
 missing-srcs: $(srcdir)/missing/des_tables.c
 
@@ -1128,13 +1163,13 @@ node_name.inc: $(tooldir)/node_name.rb $(srcdir)/node.h
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
 	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) -n $(tooldir)/node_name.rb < $(srcdir)/node.h > $@
 
-encdb.h: $(PREP) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/encdb.h.tmpl
+encdb.h: $(RBCONFIG) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/encdb.h.tmpl
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/encdb.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/enc enc
+	$(Q) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/encdb.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/enc enc
 
-transdb.h: $(PREP) srcs-enc $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/transdb.h.tmpl
+transdb.h: $(RBCONFIG) srcs-enc $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/transdb.h.tmpl
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/transdb.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/enc/trans enc/trans
+	$(Q) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb -c -o $@ $(srcdir)/template/transdb.h.tmpl $(srcdir)/enc/trans enc/trans
 
 enc/encinit.c: $(ENC_MK) $(srcdir)/enc/encinit.c.erb
 
@@ -1184,25 +1219,19 @@ builtin_binary.inc: $(PREP) $(BUILTIN_RB_SRCS) $(srcdir)/template/builtin_binary
 
 $(BUILTIN_RB_INCS): $(top_srcdir)/tool/mk_builtin_loader.rb
 
-$(srcdir)/revision.h:
-$(srcdir)/revision.h$(gnumake:yes=-nongnumake):
-	$(Q)$(RM) $(@F)
-	$(Q)$(NULLCMD) > $@ || $(NULLCMD) > $(@F)
-
-revision.tmp::
-	$(Q) $(NULLCMD) > $@
-revision.$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=tmp):: $(srcdir)/version.h $(tooldir)/file2lastrev.rb $(REVISION_FORCE)
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/file2lastrev.rb -q --revision.h --srcdir="$(srcdir)" > $@
+$(srcdir)/revision.h$(no_baseruby:no=~disabled~): $(REVISION_H)
 
-$(REVISION_H): revision.tmp
-	$(Q)$(IFCHANGE) "--timestamp=$@" "$(srcdir)/revision.h" revision.tmp
+$(REVISION_H)$(no_baseruby:no=~disabled~):
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/file2lastrev.rb -q --revision.h --srcdir="$(srcdir)" --output=revision.h --timestamp=$@
+$(REVISION_H)$(yes_baseruby:yes=~disabled~):
+	$(Q) exit > $@
 
-$(srcdir)/ext/ripper/ripper.c: $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/tools/preproc.rb $(srcdir)/parse.y id.h $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/depend
+$(srcdir)/ext/ripper/ripper.c: $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/tools/preproc.rb $(srcdir)/parse.y $(srcdir)/defs/id.def $(srcdir)/ext/ripper/depend
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
 	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
-	sed -e 's/{\$$([^(){}]*)[^{}]*}//g' -e /AUTOGENERATED/q depend | \
+	$(CAT_DEPEND) depend | \
 	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
-		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) RM="$(RM1)" BISON=$(YACC) top_srcdir=../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../.. \
+		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) RM="$(RM1)" BISON="$(YACC)" top_srcdir=../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../.. \
 		RUBY="$(BASERUBY)" PATH_SEPARATOR="$(PATH_SEPARATOR)" LANG=C
 
 $(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/parser.c: $(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/parser.rl $(srcdir)/ext/json/parser/prereq.mk
@@ -1219,7 +1248,7 @@ $(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/sizes.c: $(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/depend \
 		$(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/sizes.c.tmpl $(srcdir)/configure.ac
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
 	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
-	sed '/AUTOGENERATED/q' depend | \
+	$(CAT_DEPEND) depend | \
 	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
 		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../../.. RUBY="$(BASERUBY)" $(@F)
 
@@ -1227,19 +1256,19 @@ $(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/limits.c: $(srcdir)/ext/rbconfig/sizeof/depend \
 		$(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb $(srcdir)/template/limits.c.tmpl
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
 	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
-	sed '/AUTOGENERATED/q' depend | \
+	$(CAT_DEPEND) depend | \
 	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
 		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../../.. RUBY="$(BASERUBY)" $(@F)
 
 $(srcdir)/ext/socket/constdefs.c: $(srcdir)/ext/socket/depend
 	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
-	sed '/AUTOGENERATED/q' depend | \
+	$(CAT_DEPEND) depend | \
 	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
 		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../.. RUBY="$(BASERUBY)"
 
 $(srcdir)/ext/etc/constdefs.h: $(srcdir)/ext/etc/depend
 	$(Q) $(CHDIR) $(@D) && \
-	sed '/AUTOGENERATED/q' depend | \
+	$(CAT_DEPEND) depend | \
 	$(exec) $(MAKE) -f - $(mflags) \
 		Q=$(Q) ECHO=$(ECHO) top_srcdir=../.. srcdir=. VPATH=../.. RUBY="$(BASERUBY)"
 
@@ -1311,7 +1340,7 @@ lldb-ruby: $(PROGRAM) PHONY
 DISTPKGS = gzip,zip,all
 PKGSDIR = tmp
 dist:
-	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/make-snapshot \
+	$(BASERUBY) $(V0:1=-v) $(tooldir)/make-snapshot \
 	-srcdir=$(srcdir) -packages=$(DISTPKGS) \
 	-unicode-version=$(UNICODE_VERSION) \
 	$(DISTOPTS) $(PKGSDIR) $(RELNAME)
@@ -1329,6 +1358,10 @@ after-update:: $(REVISION_H)
 after-update:: extract-extlibs
 after-update:: extract-gems
 
+update-src::
+	$(Q) $(RM) $(REVISION_H) revision.h "$(srcdir)/$(REVISION_H)" "$(srcdir)/revision.h"
+	$(Q) exit > "$(srcdir)/revision.h"
+
 update-remote:: update-src update-download
 update-download:: $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=update-unicode)
 update-download:: update-gems
@@ -1343,6 +1376,7 @@ update-config_files: PHONY
 
 refresh-gems: update-bundled_gems prepare-gems
 prepare-gems: $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=update-gems) $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=extract-gems)
+extract-gems: $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=update-gems)
 
 update-gems$(gnumake:yes=-sequential): PHONY
 	$(ECHO) Downloading bundled gem files...
@@ -1374,6 +1408,9 @@ extract-gems$(gnumake:yes=-sequential): PHONY
 	    -e 'end' \
 	    gems/bundled_gems
 
+outdate-bundled-gems: PHONY
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/$@.rb --make="$(MAKE)" --mflags="$(MFLAGS)" "$(srcdir)"
+
 update-bundled_gems: PHONY
 	$(Q) $(RUNRUBY) -rrubygems \
 	     $(tooldir)/update-bundled_gems.rb \
@@ -1400,7 +1437,7 @@ no-test-bundled-gems-prepare: no-test-bundled-gems-precheck
 yes-test-bundled-gems-prepare: yes-test-bundled-gems-precheck
 	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
 	$(XRUBY) -C "$(srcdir)" bin/gem install --no-document \
-		--install-dir .bundle --conservative "bundler" "minitest:~> 5" "test-unit" "rake" "hoe" "yard" "pry" "packnga" "rexml" "json-schema" "test-unit-rr"
+		--install-dir .bundle --conservative "bundler" "minitest:~> 5" "test-unit" "rake" "hoe" "rexml" "json-schema:5.1.0" "test-unit-rr"
 	$(ACTIONS_ENDGROUP)
 
 PREPARE_BUNDLED_GEMS = test-bundled-gems-prepare
@@ -1419,6 +1456,7 @@ test-syntax-suggest-precheck: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-syntax-suggest-precheck
 no-test-syntax-suggest-precheck:
 yes-test-syntax-suggest-precheck: main
 
+test-syntax-suggest-prepare: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-syntax-suggest-prepare
 no-test-syntax-suggest-prepare: no-test-syntax-suggest-precheck
 yes-test-syntax-suggest-prepare: yes-test-syntax-suggest-precheck
 	$(ACTIONS_GROUP)
@@ -1428,15 +1466,18 @@ yes-test-syntax-suggest-prepare: yes-test-syntax-suggest-precheck
 
 RSPECOPTS =
 SYNTAX_SUGGEST_SPECS =
+PREPARE_SYNTAX_SUGGEST = test-syntax-suggest-prepare
 test-syntax-suggest: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-syntax-suggest
-yes-test-syntax-suggest: yes-test-syntax-suggest-prepare
+yes-test-syntax-suggest: yes-$(PREPARE_SYNTAX_SUGGEST)
 	$(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ispec/syntax_suggest .bundle/bin/rspec \
 		--require spec_helper $(RSPECOPTS) spec/syntax_suggest/$(SYNTAX_SUGGEST_SPECS)
 no-test-syntax-suggest:
 
+check: $(DOT_WAIT) $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-$(PREPARE_SYNTAX_SUGGEST) test-syntax-suggest
+
 test-bundler-precheck: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler-precheck
 no-test-bundler-precheck:
-yes-test-bundler-precheck: main
+yes-test-bundler-precheck: main $(arch)-fake.rb
 
 no-test-bundler-prepare: no-test-bundler-precheck
 yes-test-bundler-prepare: yes-test-bundler-precheck
@@ -1453,14 +1494,18 @@ RSPECOPTS =
 BUNDLER_SPECS =
 test-bundler: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler
 yes-test-bundler: yes-test-bundler-prepare
-	$(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ispec/bundler .bundle/bin/rspec \
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(XRUBY) \
+		-r./$(arch)-fake \
+		-e "exec(*ARGV)" -- \
+		$(XRUBY) -C $(srcdir) -Ispec/bundler .bundle/bin/rspec \
 		--require spec_helper $(RSPECOPTS) spec/bundler/$(BUNDLER_SPECS)
 no-test-bundler:
 
 PARALLELRSPECOPTS = --runtime-log $(srcdir)/tmp/parallel_runtime_rspec.log
 test-bundler-parallel: $(TEST_RUNNABLE)-test-bundler-parallel
 yes-test-bundler-parallel: yes-test-bundler-prepare
-	$(XRUBY) \
+	$(gnumake_recursive)$(XRUBY) \
+		-r./$(arch)-fake \
 		-e "ARGV[-1] = File.expand_path(ARGV[-1])" \
 		-e "exec(*ARGV)" -- \
 		$(XRUBY) -I$(srcdir)/spec/bundler \
@@ -1519,60 +1564,54 @@ update-unicode: $(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES) \
 		$(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES) $(UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_FILES) $(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES)
 
 CACHE_DIR = $(srcdir)/.downloaded-cache
-UNICODE_DOWNLOAD = \
+UNICODE_DOWNLOADER_ALWAYS_UPDATE = $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=--always)
+UNICODE_DOWNLOADER = \
 	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/downloader.rb \
 	    --cache-dir=$(CACHE_DIR) \
-	    --unicode-beta $(UNICODE_BETA) \
+	    --exist $(UNICODE_DOWNLOADER_ALWAYS_UPDATE:no=) \
+	    unicode --unicode-beta=$(UNICODE_BETA)
+UNICODE_DOWNLOAD = \
+	$(UNICODE_DOWNLOADER) \
 	    -d $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR) \
-	    -p $(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd \
-	    -e $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=-a) unicode
+	    -p $(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd
 UNICODE_AUXILIARY_DOWNLOAD = \
-	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/downloader.rb \
-	    --cache-dir=$(CACHE_DIR) \
-	    --unicode-beta $(UNICODE_BETA) \
+	$(UNICODE_DOWNLOADER) \
 	    -d $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/auxiliary \
-	    -p $(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd/auxiliary \
-	    -e $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=-a) unicode
+	    -p $(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd/auxiliary
 UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD = \
-	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/downloader.rb \
-	    --cache-dir=$(CACHE_DIR) \
-	    --unicode-beta $(UNICODE_BETA) \
+	$(UNICODE_DOWNLOADER) \
 	    -d $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/emoji \
-	    -p $(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd/emoji \
-	    -e $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=-a) unicode
+	    -p $(UNICODE_VERSION)/ucd/emoji
 UNICODE_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD = \
-	$(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/downloader.rb \
-	    --cache-dir=$(CACHE_DIR) \
-	    --unicode-beta $(UNICODE_BETA) \
+	$(UNICODE_DOWNLOADER) \
 	    -d $(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR) \
-	    -p emoji/$(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION) \
-	    -e $(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=-a) unicode
+	    -p emoji/$(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION)
 
-$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES): update-unicode-files
-update-unicode-files:
+update-unicode-files: $(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES)
+$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES):
 	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode $(UNICODE_VERSION) data and property files...
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)"
 	$(Q) $(UNICODE_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES)
 
-$(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES): update-unicode-auxiliary-files
-update-unicode-auxiliary-files:
+update-unicode-auxiliary-files: $(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES)
+$(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES):
 	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode $(UNICODE_VERSION) auxiliary files...
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/auxiliary"
 	$(Q) $(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_AUXILIARY_FILES)
 
-$(UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_FILES): update-unicode-ucd-emoji-files
-update-unicode-ucd-emoji-files:
+update-unicode-ucd-emoji-files: $(UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_FILES)
+$(UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_FILES):
 	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode UCD emoji $(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION) files...
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/emoji"
 	$(Q) $(UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_UCD_EMOJI_FILES)
 
-$(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES): update-unicode-emoji-files
-update-unicode-emoji-files:
+update-unicode-emoji-files: $(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES)
+$(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES):
 	$(ECHO) Downloading Unicode emoji $(UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION) files...
 	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) "$(UNICODE_SRC_EMOJI_DATA_DIR)"
 	$(Q) $(UNICODE_EMOJI_DOWNLOAD) $(UNICODE_EMOJI_FILES)
 
-$(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=tables.rb): \
+$(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb: \
 	$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/$(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=.unicode-tables.time)
 
 $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=.unicode-tables.time): \
@@ -1581,13 +1620,25 @@ $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=.unicode-tables.time): \
 
 touch-unicode-files:
 	$(MAKEDIRS) $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)
-	touch $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time $(UNICODE_DATA_HEADERS)
+	$(Q) $(TOUCH) $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time $(UNICODE_DATA_HEADERS)
+
+UNICODE_TABLES_DATA_FILES = \
+	$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/UnicodeData.txt \
+	$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/CompositionExclusions.txt \
+	$(empty)
 
+UNICODE_TABLES_DEPENDENTS_1 = none$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE)
+UNICODE_TABLES_DEPENDENTS = $(UNICODE_TABLES_DEPENDENTS_1:noneyes=force)
 UNICODE_TABLES_TIMESTAMP = yes
-$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time: $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb \
+$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.$(UNICODE_TABLES_DEPENDENTS:none=time):
+	$(Q) $(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
+	$(Q) exit > $(@) || $(NULLCMD)
+$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.$(UNICODE_TABLES_DEPENDENTS:force=time): \
+		$(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb \
 		$(srcdir)/template/unicode_norm_gen.tmpl \
-		$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=update-unicode)
-	$(Q) $(MAKE) $(@D)
+		$(UNICODE_TABLES_DATA_FILES) \
+	$(order_only) \
+		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)
 	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/generic_erb.rb \
 		-c $(UNICODE_TABLES_TIMESTAMP:yes=-t$@) \
 		-o $(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb \
@@ -1613,19 +1664,19 @@ $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/name2ctype.h:
 	$(MV) $@.new $@
 
 # the next non-comment line was:
-# $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/casefold.h: $(srcdir)/enc/unicode/case-folding.rb \
+# $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/casefold.h: $(tooldir)/enc-case-folding.rb \
 # but was changed to make sure CI works on systems that don't have gperf
 unicode-up: $(UNICODE_DATA_HEADERS)
 
 $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/$(ALWAYS_UPDATE_UNICODE:yes=casefold.h): \
-		$(srcdir)/enc/unicode/case-folding.rb \
+		$(tooldir)/enc-case-folding.rb \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/UnicodeData.txt \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/SpecialCasing.txt \
 		$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/CaseFolding.txt
 
 $(UNICODE_HDR_DIR)/casefold.h:
 	$(MAKEDIRS) $(@D)
-	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(srcdir)/enc/unicode/case-folding.rb \
+	$(Q) $(BASERUBY) $(tooldir)/enc-case-folding.rb \
 		--output-file=$@ \
 		--mapping-data-directory=$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)
 
@@ -1721,6 +1772,9 @@ help: PHONY
 	"  https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/projects/ruby/wiki/DeveloperHowto" \
 	$(MESSAGE_END)
 
+$(CROSS_COMPILING:yes=)builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mini_builtin.c
+$(CROSS_COMPILING:yes=)builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}miniprelude.c
+
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
 addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}addr2line.c
 addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}addr2line.h
@@ -1778,6 +1832,7 @@ addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 addr2line.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -1793,6 +1848,7 @@ array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/proc.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/rational.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}array.c
@@ -1809,6 +1865,7 @@ array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
@@ -1971,6 +2028,7 @@ array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 array.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}transient_heap.h
@@ -1982,6 +2040,7 @@ ast.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
@@ -1989,6 +2048,7 @@ ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/parse.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
+ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -2006,9 +2066,11 @@ ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
@@ -2168,6 +2230,7 @@ ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 ast.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -2351,6 +2414,7 @@ bignum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 bignum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 bignum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 bignum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+bignum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 bignum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 bignum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 bignum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread.h
@@ -2361,11 +2425,13 @@ builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -2383,8 +2449,10 @@ builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.c
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin_binary.inc
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
@@ -2533,6 +2601,7 @@ builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 builtin.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -2545,6 +2614,7 @@ class.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+class.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/eval.h
@@ -2735,6 +2805,7 @@ class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -2742,6 +2813,7 @@ class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 class.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 compar.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+compar.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 compar.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compar.h
 compar.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 compar.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
@@ -2926,6 +2998,7 @@ compile.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -3138,6 +3211,7 @@ compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}re.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regex.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -3147,8 +3221,13 @@ compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_callinfo.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 compile.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -3156,15 +3235,18 @@ complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/complex.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/math.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/numeric.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/rational.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
@@ -3176,6 +3258,7 @@ complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}complex.c
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
@@ -3321,10 +3404,18 @@ complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
+complex.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
@@ -3332,13 +3423,18 @@ cont.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/cont.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/proc.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}$(COROUTINE_H)
@@ -3354,9 +3450,11 @@ cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}cont.c
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}eval_intern.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}fiber/scheduler.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.h
@@ -3434,6 +3532,15 @@ cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/core/rtypeddata.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/ctype.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dllexport.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/dosish.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/coderange.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/ctype.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/encoding.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/pathname.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/re.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/sprintf.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/string.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/symbol.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/encoding/transcode.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/error.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/eval.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/event.h
@@ -3504,14 +3611,18 @@ cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -3519,12 +3630,15 @@ cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
+cont.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}yjit.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
@@ -3532,6 +3646,7 @@ debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/signal.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -3546,6 +3661,7 @@ debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug.c
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
@@ -3716,6 +3832,7 @@ debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 debug.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.h
@@ -3900,6 +4017,7 @@ dir.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+dir.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -3914,6 +4032,7 @@ dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}dir.c
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}dir.rbinc
@@ -4076,6 +4195,7 @@ dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}io.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
+dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 dir.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread.h
@@ -5393,6 +5513,7 @@ encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/enc.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/encoding.h
+encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/inits.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/load.h
@@ -5400,6 +5521,7 @@ encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -5413,6 +5535,7 @@ encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encindex.h
@@ -5575,6 +5698,7 @@ encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regenc.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
@@ -5582,6 +5706,7 @@ encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 encoding.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -5599,6 +5724,7 @@ enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/rational.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/re.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -5612,6 +5738,7 @@ enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}enum.c
@@ -5772,14 +5899,21 @@ enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.h
 enum.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/enumerator.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
@@ -5797,6 +5931,7 @@ enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/struct.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
@@ -5811,6 +5946,7 @@ enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}enumerator.c
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
@@ -5962,18 +6098,27 @@ enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
+enumerator.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+error.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
@@ -6171,6 +6316,7 @@ error.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+error.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 error.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -6185,8 +6331,10 @@ eval.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+eval.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+eval.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/cont.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/eval.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
@@ -6392,6 +6540,7 @@ eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 eval.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -6432,6 +6581,7 @@ file.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
+file.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -6445,6 +6595,7 @@ file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}dln.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encindex.h
@@ -6607,6 +6758,7 @@ file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}io.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
+file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 file.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread.h
@@ -6618,6 +6770,7 @@ gc.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+gc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -6666,7 +6819,6 @@ gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}eval_intern.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.c
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.h
-gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.rb
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.rbinc
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
@@ -6823,6 +6975,7 @@ gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}io.h
+gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.h
@@ -6839,6 +6992,7 @@ gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regex.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regint.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 gc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.h
@@ -6859,11 +7013,13 @@ goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -6879,11 +7035,12 @@ goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}golf_prelude.c
-goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}golf_prelude.rb
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}goruby.c
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
@@ -6923,6 +7080,7 @@ goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonstring.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
@@ -7033,6 +7191,7 @@ goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -7040,8 +7199,13 @@ goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 goruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -7050,6 +7214,7 @@ hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/cont.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/proc.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
@@ -7058,9 +7223,11 @@ hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/time.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
@@ -7071,6 +7238,7 @@ hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
@@ -7228,20 +7396,28 @@ hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}transient_heap.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
+hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 hash.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
 inits.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 inits.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
@@ -7413,6 +7589,7 @@ io.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+io.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -7619,6 +7796,7 @@ io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread.h
@@ -7628,11 +7806,18 @@ io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
 io.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
+io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
+io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/numeric.h
+io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
+io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
 io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
 io_buffer.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
@@ -7813,6 +7998,7 @@ iseq.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+iseq.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compile.h
@@ -8019,6 +8205,7 @@ iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 iseq.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -8034,6 +8221,7 @@ load.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/dir.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
@@ -8231,6 +8419,7 @@ load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh
 load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 load.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -8729,8 +8918,13 @@ main.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 main.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 main.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 main.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -8740,6 +8934,7 @@ marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/numeric.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
@@ -8748,9 +8943,11 @@ marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/struct.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/util.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
@@ -8762,9 +8959,11 @@ marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encindex.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
@@ -8805,6 +9004,7 @@ marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonstring.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
@@ -8920,12 +9120,21 @@ marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}io.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}marshal.c
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}marshal.rbinc
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
+marshal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -8936,6 +9145,7 @@ math.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/math.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+math.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -8949,6 +9159,7 @@ math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
@@ -9095,15 +9306,20 @@ math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}math.c
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 math.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+memory_view.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+memory_view.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
+memory_view.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
+memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/inttypes.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/limits.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
@@ -9259,6 +9475,7 @@ memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}memory_view.c
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}memory_view.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 memory_view.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
@@ -9269,12 +9486,15 @@ miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(srcdir)/mjit_c.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}array.rb
@@ -9292,12 +9512,14 @@ miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}dir.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gem_prelude.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
@@ -9337,6 +9559,7 @@ miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonstring.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
@@ -9459,6 +9682,7 @@ miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}miniinit.c
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}miniprelude.c
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.rb
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit_c.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}nilclass.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}numeric.rb
@@ -9469,8 +9693,10 @@ miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}prelude.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
+miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.rb
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 miniinit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_sync.rb
@@ -9488,6 +9714,7 @@ mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/version.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/cmdlineopt.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compile.h
@@ -9500,6 +9727,7 @@ mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/process.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -9683,10 +9911,9 @@ mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.c
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.h
-mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.rb
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.rbinc
+mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit_c.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit_config.h
-mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit_unit.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
@@ -9694,6 +9921,7 @@ mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread.h
@@ -9706,214 +9934,220 @@ mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
 mjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}yjit.h
-mjit_compiler.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
-mjit_compiler.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
-mjit_compiler.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
-mjit_compiler.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
-mjit_compiler.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
-mjit_compiler.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
-mjit_compiler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
-mjit_compiler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
-mjit_compiler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compile.h
-mjit_compiler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
-mjit_compiler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
-mjit_compiler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
-mjit_compiler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
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-mjit_compiler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
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+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_callinfo.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_exec.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_insnhelper.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
+mjit_c.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}yjit.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+node.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
@@ -10087,6 +10321,7 @@ node.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.c
 node.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+node.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 node.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -10284,16 +10519,21 @@ numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}numeric.c
-numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}numeric.rb
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}numeric.rbinc
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 numeric.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -10302,6 +10542,7 @@ object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/eval.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/inits.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/numeric.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
@@ -10314,6 +10555,7 @@ object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
@@ -10481,22 +10723,32 @@ object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/value_type.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
-object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}kernel.rb
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}kernel.rbinc
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}nilclass.rbinc
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}object.c
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}variable.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
+object.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+pack.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
@@ -10674,6 +10926,7 @@ pack.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}pack.c
 pack.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}pack.rbinc
+pack.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 pack.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
@@ -10685,6 +10938,7 @@ parse.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compile.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/complex.h
+parse.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/encoding.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
@@ -10886,6 +11140,7 @@ parse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regenc.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regex.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+parse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 parse.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.h
@@ -10896,11 +11151,13 @@ proc.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/eval.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/proc.h
@@ -10908,6 +11165,7 @@ proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -10922,6 +11180,7 @@ proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}eval_intern.h
@@ -11088,6 +11347,7 @@ proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}proc.c
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 proc.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -11102,6 +11362,7 @@ process.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -11307,6 +11568,7 @@ process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}process.c
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 process.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread.h
@@ -11319,8 +11581,10 @@ ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
+ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
@@ -11337,6 +11601,7 @@ ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/struct.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
+ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -11352,6 +11617,7 @@ ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
@@ -11511,16 +11777,17 @@ ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.c
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
-ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.rb
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.rbinc
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 ractor.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread.h
@@ -11539,6 +11806,7 @@ random.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
+random.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/numeric.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/random.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
@@ -11710,12 +11978,14 @@ random.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}random.c
 random.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}random.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+random.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}siphash.c
 random.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}siphash.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 random.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+range.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compar.h
@@ -11902,6 +12172,7 @@ range.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}range.c
+range.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 range.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
@@ -11918,6 +12189,7 @@ rational.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/object.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/rational.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+rational.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -11931,6 +12203,7 @@ rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
@@ -12079,6 +12352,7 @@ rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}rational.c
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 rational.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
@@ -12087,6 +12361,7 @@ re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/encoding.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
@@ -12276,6 +12551,7 @@ re.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}re.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regenc.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regex.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regint.h
+re.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 re.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
@@ -13271,9 +13547,11 @@ ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/version.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/cmdlineopt.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/cont.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/file.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
@@ -13464,6 +13742,7 @@ ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}io.h
+ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}iseq.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.h
@@ -13473,6 +13752,7 @@ ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby.c
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 ruby.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread.h
@@ -13488,12 +13768,14 @@ scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
+scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -13508,10 +13790,12 @@ scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}fiber/scheduler.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
@@ -13673,6 +13957,7 @@ scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}scheduler.c
+scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 scheduler.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -13838,12 +14123,219 @@ setproctitle.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}setproctitle.c
 setproctitle.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 setproctitle.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 setproctitle.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/attributes.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/bool.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/gcc_version_since.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/inttypes.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/limits.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/anyargs.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/char.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/double.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/int.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/long.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/short.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+shape.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/assume.h
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 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/container_of/container_of.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/eval.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
@@ -13854,6 +14346,7 @@ signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/signal.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
+signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -13868,6 +14361,7 @@ signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
@@ -13913,6 +14407,7 @@ signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonstring.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
@@ -14034,6 +14529,7 @@ signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}signal.c
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 signal.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
@@ -14058,6 +14554,7 @@ sprintf.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
+sprintf.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -14071,6 +14568,7 @@ sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
@@ -14232,6 +14730,7 @@ sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}re.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regex.h
+sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}sprintf.c
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 sprintf.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
@@ -14399,11 +14898,13 @@ st.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/variable.h
 st.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 st.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 st.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
+st.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 st.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.c
 st.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 st.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 strftime.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 strftime.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+strftime.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/encoding.h
 strftime.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 strftime.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 strftime.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
@@ -14582,6 +15083,7 @@ strftime.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}timev.h
 strftime.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}util.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -14600,6 +15102,7 @@ string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/transcode.h
+string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -14614,6 +15117,7 @@ string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encindex.h
@@ -14660,6 +15164,7 @@ string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonstring.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
@@ -14781,6 +15286,7 @@ string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}re.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}regex.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}string.c
 string.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
@@ -14824,6 +15330,7 @@ struct.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
@@ -14837,6 +15344,7 @@ struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/struct.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
+struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -14852,6 +15360,7 @@ struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
@@ -15014,6 +15523,7 @@ struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}struct.c
 struct.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
@@ -15033,6 +15543,7 @@ symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -15045,7 +15556,9 @@ symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/limits.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
@@ -15093,6 +15606,7 @@ symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nodiscard.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noexcept.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noinline.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonnull.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/nonstring.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/noreturn.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/pure.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/attr/restrict.h
@@ -15211,10 +15725,13 @@ symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.dmyh
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.c
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.h
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.rb
+symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}symbol.rbinc
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_debug.h
 symbol.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/check_type/check_type.h
@@ -15224,6 +15741,7 @@ thread.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
@@ -15241,6 +15759,7 @@ thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/time.h
+thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -15256,6 +15775,7 @@ thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
@@ -15429,6 +15949,7 @@ thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread.c
@@ -15437,7 +15958,6 @@ thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).c
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_native.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_sync.c
-thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_sync.rb
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_sync.rbinc
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}timev.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_core.h
@@ -15446,12 +15966,14 @@ thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 thread.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compar.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
+time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/numeric.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/rational.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
@@ -15633,6 +16155,7 @@ time.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+time.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 time.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}time.c
@@ -15649,6 +16172,7 @@ transcode.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/transcode.h
+transcode.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/assume.h
@@ -15661,6 +16185,7 @@ transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
@@ -15819,6 +16344,7 @@ transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
+transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 transcode.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}transcode.c
@@ -15994,6 +16520,7 @@ transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/warning_push.h
 transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/xmalloc.h
 transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
+transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 transient_heap.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}transient_heap.c
@@ -16173,6 +16700,7 @@ variable.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+variable.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
@@ -16368,6 +16896,7 @@ variable.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+variable.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 variable.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -16388,14 +16917,16 @@ version.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/version.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/cmdlineopt.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
-version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/revision.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/version.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}atomic.h
@@ -16409,9 +16940,11 @@ version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
@@ -16558,8 +17091,10 @@ version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}method.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}missing.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}mjit.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}node.h
+version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}revision.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 version.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -16575,6 +17110,7 @@ vm.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bignum.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
@@ -16795,6 +17331,7 @@ vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 vm.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -16824,6 +17361,7 @@ vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
@@ -16831,6 +17369,7 @@ vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -16845,11 +17384,13 @@ vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}eval_intern.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
@@ -17009,6 +17550,7 @@ vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}onigmo.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 vm_backtrace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -17022,6 +17564,7 @@ vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
@@ -17199,6 +17742,7 @@ vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 vm_dump.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -17213,11 +17757,13 @@ vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -17232,6 +17778,7 @@ vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/long_long.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}gc.h
@@ -17386,6 +17933,7 @@ vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor_core.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 vm_sync.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -17402,6 +17950,7 @@ vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
@@ -17409,6 +17958,7 @@ vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/symbol.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}assert.h
@@ -17424,12 +17974,14 @@ vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdalign.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}backward/2/stdarg.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}builtin.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}config.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}constant.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}debug_counter.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}defines.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}encoding.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}eval_intern.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}id_table.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}intern.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}internal/abi.h
@@ -17591,6 +18143,7 @@ vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}oniguruma.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ractor.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 vm_trace.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -17606,9 +18159,11 @@ yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/list/list.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(CCAN_DIR)/str/str.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compile.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
+yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/cont.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
@@ -17806,6 +18361,7 @@ yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}probes_helper.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_assert.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}ruby_atomic.h
+yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}shape.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}st.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}subst.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}thread_$(THREAD_MODEL).h
@@ -17818,6 +18374,5 @@ yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_opts.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}vm_sync.h
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}yjit.c
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}yjit.h
-yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}yjit.rb
 yjit.$(OBJEXT): {$(VPATH)}yjit.rbinc
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/compar.c b/compar.c
index 00e79b5767..040f77975e 100644
--- a/compar.c
+++ b/compar.c
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ VALUE
 rb_invcmp(VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
     VALUE invcmp = rb_exec_recursive(invcmp_recursive, x, y);
-    if (invcmp == Qundef || NIL_P(invcmp)) {
+    if (NIL_OR_UNDEF_P(invcmp)) {
         return Qnil;
     }
     else {
diff --git a/compile.c b/compile.c
index e906bd1e10..0452305923 100644
--- a/compile.c
+++ b/compile.c
@@ -766,7 +766,7 @@ rb_iseq_compile_node(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *node)
                 end->rescued = LABEL_RESCUE_END;
 
                 ADD_TRACE(ret, RUBY_EVENT_B_CALL);
-                NODE dummy_line_node = generate_dummy_line_node(FIX2INT(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.first_lineno), -1);
+                NODE dummy_line_node = generate_dummy_line_node(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.first_lineno, -1);
                 ADD_INSN (ret, &dummy_line_node, nop);
                 ADD_LABEL(ret, start);
                 CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "block body", node->nd_body));
@@ -1243,6 +1243,32 @@ new_adjust_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LABEL *label, int line)
     return adjust;
 }
 
+static void
+iseq_insn_each_markable_object(INSN *insn, void (*func)(VALUE *, VALUE), VALUE data)
+{
+    const char *types = insn_op_types(insn->insn_id);
+    for (int j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
+        char type = types[j];
+        switch (type) {
+          case TS_CDHASH:
+          case TS_ISEQ:
+          case TS_VALUE:
+          case TS_IC: // constant path array
+          case TS_CALLDATA: // ci is stored.
+            func(&OPERAND_AT(insn, j), data);
+            break;
+          default:
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+iseq_insn_each_object_write_barrier(VALUE *obj_ptr, VALUE iseq)
+{
+    RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, *obj_ptr);
+}
+
 static INSN *
 new_insn_core(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *line_node,
               int insn_id, int argc, VALUE *argv)
@@ -1260,6 +1286,9 @@ new_insn_core(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *line_node,
     iobj->operands = argv;
     iobj->operand_size = argc;
     iobj->sc_state = 0;
+
+    iseq_insn_each_markable_object(iobj, iseq_insn_each_object_write_barrier, (VALUE)iseq);
+
     return iobj;
 }
 
@@ -1333,7 +1362,7 @@ new_child_iseq(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *const node,
     int isolated_depth = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->isolated_depth;
     ret_iseq = rb_iseq_new_with_opt(&ast, name,
                                     rb_iseq_path(iseq), rb_iseq_realpath(iseq),
-                                    INT2FIX(line_no), parent,
+                                    line_no, parent,
                                     isolated_depth ? isolated_depth + 1 : 0,
                                     type, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option);
     debugs("[new_child_iseq]< ---------------------------------------\n");
@@ -1349,7 +1378,7 @@ new_child_iseq_with_callback(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const struct rb_iseq_new_with_call
     debugs("[new_child_iseq_with_callback]> ---------------------------------------\n");
     ret_iseq = rb_iseq_new_with_callback(ifunc, name,
                                  rb_iseq_path(iseq), rb_iseq_realpath(iseq),
-                                 INT2FIX(line_no), parent, type, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option);
+                                 line_no, parent, type, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option);
     debugs("[new_child_iseq_with_callback]< ---------------------------------------\n");
     return ret_iseq;
 }
@@ -2058,20 +2087,7 @@ cdhash_set_label_i(VALUE key, VALUE val, VALUE ptr)
 static inline VALUE
 get_ivar_ic_value(rb_iseq_t *iseq,ID id)
 {
-    VALUE val;
-    struct rb_id_table *tbl = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ivar_cache_table;
-    if (tbl) {
-        if (rb_id_table_lookup(tbl,id,&val)) {
-            return val;
-        }
-    }
-    else {
-        tbl = rb_id_table_create(1);
-        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ivar_cache_table = tbl;
-    }
-    val = INT2FIX(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ivc_size++);
-    rb_id_table_insert(tbl,id,val);
-    return val;
+    return INT2FIX(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ivc_size++);
 }
 
 static inline VALUE
@@ -2251,6 +2267,30 @@ add_adjust_info(struct iseq_insn_info_entry *insns_info, unsigned int *positions
     return TRUE;
 }
 
+static ID *
+array_to_idlist(VALUE arr)
+{
+    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(arr, T_ARRAY));
+    long size = RARRAY_LEN(arr);
+    ID *ids = (ID *)ALLOC_N(ID, size + 1);
+    for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+        VALUE sym = RARRAY_AREF(arr, i);
+        ids[i] = SYM2ID(sym);
+    }
+    ids[size] = 0;
+    return ids;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+idlist_to_array(const ID *ids)
+{
+    VALUE arr = rb_ary_new();
+    while (*ids) {
+        rb_ary_push(arr, ID2SYM(*ids++));
+    }
+    return arr;
+}
+
 /**
   ruby insn object list -> raw instruction sequence
  */
@@ -2284,9 +2324,9 @@ iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
                 if (ISEQ_COVERAGE(iseq)) {
                     if (ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq) && (events & RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_LINE) &&
                         !(rb_get_coverage_mode() & COVERAGE_TARGET_ONESHOT_LINES)) {
-                        int line = iobj->insn_info.line_no;
-                        if (line >= 1) {
-                            RARRAY_ASET(ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq), line - 1, INT2FIX(0));
+                        int line = iobj->insn_info.line_no - 1;
+                        if (line >= 0 && line < RARRAY_LEN(ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq))) {
+                            RARRAY_ASET(ISEQ_LINE_COVERAGE(iseq), line, INT2FIX(0));
                         }
                     }
                     if (ISEQ_BRANCH_COVERAGE(iseq) && (events & RUBY_EVENT_COVERAGE_BRANCH)) {
@@ -2433,9 +2473,38 @@ iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
                         }
                       /* [ TS_IVC | TS_ICVARC | TS_ISE | TS_IC ] */
                       case TS_IC: /* inline cache: constants */
+                        {
+                            unsigned int ic_index = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ic_index++;
+                            IC ic = &ISEQ_IS_ENTRY_START(body, type)[ic_index].ic_cache;
+                            if (UNLIKELY(ic_index >= body->ic_size)) {
+                                BADINSN_DUMP(anchor, &iobj->link, 0);
+                                COMPILE_ERROR(iseq, iobj->insn_info.line_no,
+                                              "iseq_set_sequence: ic_index overflow: index: %d, size: %d",
+                                              ic_index, ISEQ_IS_SIZE(body));
+                            }
+
+                            ic->segments = array_to_idlist(operands[j]);
+
+                            generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)ic;
+                        }
+                        break;
+                      case TS_IVC: /* inline ivar cache */
+                        {
+                            unsigned int ic_index = FIX2UINT(operands[j]);
+
+                            IVC cache = ((IVC)&body->is_entries[ic_index]);
+
+                            if (insn == BIN(setinstancevariable)) {
+                                cache->iv_set_name = SYM2ID(operands[j - 1]);
+                            }
+                            else {
+                                cache->iv_set_name = 0;
+                            }
+
+                            vm_ic_attr_index_initialize(cache, INVALID_SHAPE_ID);
+                        }
                       case TS_ISE: /* inline storage entry: `once` insn */
                       case TS_ICVARC: /* inline cvar cache */
-                      case TS_IVC: /* inline ivar cache */
                         {
                             unsigned int ic_index = FIX2UINT(operands[j]);
                             IC ic = &ISEQ_IS_ENTRY_START(body, type)[ic_index].ic_cache;
@@ -2447,11 +2516,6 @@ iseq_set_sequence(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor)
                             }
                             generated_iseq[code_index + 1 + j] = (VALUE)ic;
 
-                            if (insn == BIN(opt_getinlinecache) && type == TS_IC) {
-                                // Store the instruction index for opt_getinlinecache on the IC for
-                                // YJIT to invalidate code when opt_setinlinecache runs.
-                                ic->get_insn_idx = (unsigned int)code_index;
-                            }
                             break;
                         }
                         case TS_CALLDATA:
@@ -2596,9 +2660,11 @@ iseq_set_exception_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     struct iseq_catch_table_entry *entry;
 
     ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->catch_table = NULL;
-    if (NIL_P(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary)) return COMPILE_OK;
-    tlen = (int)RARRAY_LEN(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary);
-    tptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary);
+
+    VALUE catch_table_ary = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary;
+    if (NIL_P(catch_table_ary)) return COMPILE_OK;
+    tlen = (int)RARRAY_LEN(catch_table_ary);
+    tptr = RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT(catch_table_ary);
 
     if (tlen > 0) {
         struct iseq_catch_table *table = xmalloc(iseq_catch_table_bytes(tlen));
@@ -2634,6 +2700,8 @@ iseq_set_exception_table(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
         RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->catch_table_ary, 0); /* free */
     }
 
+    RB_GC_GUARD(catch_table_ary);
+
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -2772,7 +2840,6 @@ remove_unreachable_chunk(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *i)
                 break;
             }
             else if ((lab = find_destination((INSN *)i)) != 0) {
-                if (lab->unremovable) break;
                 unref_counts[lab->label_no]++;
             }
         }
@@ -2789,8 +2856,7 @@ remove_unreachable_chunk(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *i)
             /* do nothing */
         }
         else if (IS_ADJUST(i)) {
-            LABEL *dest = ((ADJUST *)i)->label;
-            if (dest && dest->unremovable) return 0;
+            return 0;
         }
         end = i;
     } while ((i = i->next) != 0);
@@ -3537,6 +3603,15 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, dup)) {
         if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(&iobj->link, setlocal)) {
             LINK_ELEMENT *set1 = iobj->link.next, *set2 = NULL;
+
+            /*
+            *  dup
+            *  setlocal x, y
+            *  setlocal x, y
+            * =>
+            *  dup
+            *  setlocal x, y
+            */
             if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(set1, setlocal)) {
                 set2 = set1->next;
                 if (OPERAND_AT(set1, 0) == OPERAND_AT(set2, 0) &&
@@ -3545,6 +3620,16 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
                     ELEM_REMOVE(&iobj->link);
                 }
             }
+
+            /*
+            *  dup
+            *  setlocal x, y
+            *  dup
+            *  setlocal x, y
+            * =>
+            *  dup
+            *  setlocal x, y
+            */
             else if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(set1, dup) &&
                      IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(set1->next, setlocal)) {
                 set2 = set1->next->next;
@@ -3557,6 +3642,13 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
         }
     }
 
+    /*
+    *  getlocal x, y
+    *  dup
+    *  setlocal x, y
+    * =>
+    *  dup
+    */
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, getlocal)) {
         LINK_ELEMENT *niobj = &iobj->link;
         if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(niobj, dup)) {
@@ -3572,6 +3664,15 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
         }
     }
 
+    /*
+    *  opt_invokebuiltin_delegate
+    *  trace
+    *  leave
+    * =>
+    *  opt_invokebuiltin_delegate_leave
+    *  trace
+    *  leave
+    */
     if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, opt_invokebuiltin_delegate)) {
         if (IS_TRACE(iobj->link.next)) {
             if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(iobj->link.next, leave)) {
@@ -3580,6 +3681,19 @@ iseq_peephole_optimize(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ELEMENT *list, const int do_tailcal
         }
     }
 
+    /*
+    *  getblockparam
+    *  branchif / branchunless
+    * =>
+    *  getblockparamproxy
+    *  branchif / branchunless
+    */
+    if (IS_INSN_ID(iobj, getblockparam)) {
+        if (IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(&iobj->link, branchif) || IS_NEXT_INSN_ID(&iobj->link, branchunless)) {
+            iobj->insn_id = BIN(getblockparamproxy);
+        }
+    }
+
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -4506,7 +4620,12 @@ compile_array_1(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *node)
     }
     else {
         CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "array element", node, FALSE));
-        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
+        if (keyword_node_p(node)) {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, newarraykwsplat, INT2FIX(1));
+        }
+        else {
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
+        }
     }
 
     return 1;
@@ -4747,7 +4866,7 @@ when_vals(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const cond_seq, const NODE *vals,
         const NODE *val = vals->nd_head;
         VALUE lit = rb_node_case_when_optimizable_literal(val);
 
-        if (lit == Qundef) {
+        if (UNDEF_P(lit)) {
             only_special_literals = 0;
         }
         else if (NIL_P(rb_hash_lookup(literals, lit))) {
@@ -4957,12 +5076,17 @@ compile_massign_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const pre, LINK_ANCHOR *const
 
         CHECK(COMPILE_POPPED(pre, "masgn lhs (NODE_ATTRASGN)", node));
 
+        bool safenav_call = false;
         LINK_ELEMENT *insn_element = LAST_ELEMENT(pre);
         iobj = (INSN *)get_prev_insn((INSN *)insn_element); /* send insn */
         ASSUME(iobj);
-        ELEM_REMOVE(LAST_ELEMENT(pre));
-        ELEM_REMOVE((LINK_ELEMENT *)iobj);
-        pre->last = iobj->link.prev;
+        ELEM_REMOVE(insn_element);
+        if (!IS_INSN_ID(iobj, send)) {
+            safenav_call = true;
+            iobj = (INSN *)get_prev_insn(iobj);
+            ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&iobj->link, insn_element);
+        }
+        (pre->last = iobj->link.prev)->next = 0;
 
         const struct rb_callinfo *ci = (struct rb_callinfo *)OPERAND_AT(iobj, 0);
         int argc = vm_ci_argc(ci) + 1;
@@ -4981,7 +5105,9 @@ compile_massign_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const pre, LINK_ANCHOR *const
             return COMPILE_NG;
         }
 
-        ADD_ELEM(lhs, (LINK_ELEMENT *)iobj);
+        iobj->link.prev = lhs->last;
+        lhs->last->next = &iobj->link;
+        for (lhs->last = &iobj->link; lhs->last->next; lhs->last = lhs->last->next);
         if (vm_ci_flag(ci) & VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT) {
             int argc = vm_ci_argc(ci);
             ci = ci_argc_set(iseq, ci, argc - 1);
@@ -4990,9 +5116,11 @@ compile_massign_lhs(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const pre, LINK_ANCHOR *const
             INSERT_BEFORE_INSN1(iobj, line_node, newarray, INT2FIX(1));
             INSERT_BEFORE_INSN(iobj, line_node, concatarray);
         }
-        ADD_INSN(lhs, line_node, pop);
-        if (argc != 1) {
+        if (!safenav_call) {
             ADD_INSN(lhs, line_node, pop);
+            if (argc != 1) {
+                ADD_INSN(lhs, line_node, pop);
+            }
         }
         for (int i=0; i < argc; i++) {
             ADD_INSN(post, line_node, pop);
@@ -5233,6 +5361,29 @@ compile_massign(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node,
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+collect_const_segments(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *node)
+{
+    VALUE arr = rb_ary_new();
+    for (;;) {
+        switch (nd_type(node)) {
+          case NODE_CONST:
+            rb_ary_unshift(arr, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
+            return arr;
+          case NODE_COLON3:
+            rb_ary_unshift(arr, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
+            rb_ary_unshift(arr, ID2SYM(idNULL));
+            return arr;
+          case NODE_COLON2:
+            rb_ary_unshift(arr, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
+            node = node->nd_head;
+            break;
+          default:
+            return Qfalse;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
 static int
 compile_const_prefix(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *const node,
                      LINK_ANCHOR *const pref, LINK_ANCHOR *const body)
@@ -7298,7 +7449,7 @@ compile_loop(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, in
     ADD_LABEL(ret, end_label);
     ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, adjust_label);
 
-    if (node->nd_state == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(node->nd_state)) {
         /* ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putundef); */
         COMPILE_ERROR(ERROR_ARGS "unsupported: putundef");
         return COMPILE_NG;
@@ -7353,7 +7504,30 @@ compile_iter(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, in
                            ISEQ_TYPE_BLOCK, line);
         CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "iter caller", node->nd_iter));
     }
-    ADD_LABEL(ret, retry_end_l);
+
+    {
+        // We need to put the label "retry_end_l" immediately after the last "send" instruction.
+        // This because vm_throw checks if the break cont is equal to the index of next insn of the "send".
+        // (Otherwise, it is considered "break from proc-closure". See "TAG_BREAK" handling in "vm_throw_start".)
+        //
+        // Normally, "send" instruction is at the last.
+        // However, qcall under branch coverage measurement adds some instructions after the "send".
+        //
+        // Note that "invokesuper" appears instead of "send".
+        INSN *iobj;
+        LINK_ELEMENT *last_elem = LAST_ELEMENT(ret);
+        iobj = IS_INSN(last_elem) ? (INSN*) last_elem : (INSN*) get_prev_insn((INSN*) last_elem);
+        while (INSN_OF(iobj) != BIN(send) && INSN_OF(iobj) != BIN(invokesuper)) {
+            iobj = (INSN*) get_prev_insn(iobj);
+        }
+        ELEM_INSERT_NEXT(&iobj->link, (LINK_ELEMENT*) retry_end_l);
+
+        // LINK_ANCHOR has a pointer to the last element, but ELEM_INSERT_NEXT does not update it
+        // even if we add an insn to the last of LINK_ANCHOR. So this updates it manually.
+        if (&iobj->link == LAST_ELEMENT(ret)) {
+            ret->last = (LINK_ELEMENT*) retry_end_l;
+        }
+    }
 
     if (popped) {
         ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, pop);
@@ -7483,7 +7657,6 @@ compile_next(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, in
         add_ensure_iseq(ret, iseq, 0);
         ADD_INSNL(ret, line_node, jump, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->end_label);
         ADD_ADJUST_RESTORE(ret, splabel);
-        splabel->unremovable = FALSE;
 
         if (!popped) {
             ADD_INSN(ret, line_node, putnil);
@@ -8126,7 +8299,7 @@ compile_builtin_mandatory_only_method(rb_iseq_t *iseq, const NODE *node, const N
     ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->mandatory_only_iseq =
       rb_iseq_new_with_opt(&ast, rb_iseq_base_label(iseq),
                            rb_iseq_path(iseq), rb_iseq_realpath(iseq),
-                           INT2FIX(nd_line(line_node)), NULL, 0,
+                           nd_line(line_node), NULL, 0,
                            ISEQ_TYPE_METHOD, ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option);
 
     GET_VM()->builtin_inline_index = prev_inline_index;
@@ -8558,6 +8731,17 @@ compile_op_asgn2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node
       lfin:       # o ?
       pop       # o
 
+      # or (popped)
+      if lcfin  # r
+      eval v    # r v
+      send a=   # ?
+      jump lfin # ?
+
+      lcfin:      # r
+
+      lfin:       # ?
+      pop       #
+
       # and
       dup       # r o o
       unless lcfin
@@ -8586,32 +8770,32 @@ compile_op_asgn2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node
     ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, vid, INT2FIX(0), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
 
     if (atype == idOROP || atype == idANDOP) {
-        ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
+        }
         if (atype == idOROP) {
             ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchif, lcfin);
         }
         else { /* idANDOP */
             ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchunless, lcfin);
         }
-        ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        }
         CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN2 val", node->nd_value));
-        ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
-        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, topn, INT2FIX(1));
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, topn, INT2FIX(1));
+        }
         ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, aid, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
         ADD_INSNL(ret, node, jump, lfin);
 
         ADD_LABEL(ret, lcfin);
-        ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
+        if (!popped) {
+            ADD_INSN(ret, node, swap);
+        }
 
         ADD_LABEL(ret, lfin);
-        ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-        if (lskip) {
-            ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
-        }
-        if (popped) {
-            /* we can apply more optimize */
-            ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-        }
     }
     else {
         CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN2 val", node->nd_value));
@@ -8621,13 +8805,13 @@ compile_op_asgn2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node
             ADD_INSN1(ret, node, topn, INT2FIX(1));
         }
         ADD_SEND_WITH_FLAG(ret, node, aid, INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(asgnflag));
-        if (lskip && popped) {
-            ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
-        }
-        ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-        if (lskip && !popped) {
-            ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
-        }
+    }
+    if (lskip && popped) {
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
+    }
+    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+    if (lskip && !popped) {
+        ADD_LABEL(ret, lskip);
     }
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
@@ -8726,7 +8910,10 @@ compile_op_log(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node,
     }
 
     CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN_AND/OR#nd_head", node->nd_head));
-    ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
+
+    if (!popped) {
+        ADD_INSN(ret, node, dup);
+    }
 
     if (type == NODE_OP_ASGN_AND) {
         ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchunless, lfin);
@@ -8735,15 +8922,13 @@ compile_op_log(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node,
         ADD_INSNL(ret, node, branchif, lfin);
     }
 
-    ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
-    ADD_LABEL(ret, lassign);
-    CHECK(COMPILE(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN_AND/OR#nd_value", node->nd_value));
-    ADD_LABEL(ret, lfin);
-
-    if (popped) {
-        /* we can apply more optimize */
+    if (!popped) {
         ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
     }
+
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, lassign);
+    CHECK(COMPILE_(ret, "NODE_OP_ASGN_AND/OR#nd_value", node->nd_value, popped));
+    ADD_LABEL(ret, lfin);
     return COMPILE_OK;
 }
 
@@ -8970,37 +9155,32 @@ compile_match(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, i
 static int
 compile_colon2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
 {
-    const int line = nd_line(node);
     if (rb_is_const_id(node->nd_mid)) {
         /* constant */
-        LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-        int ic_index = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ic_size++;
-
-        DECL_ANCHOR(pref);
-        DECL_ANCHOR(body);
-
-        INIT_ANCHOR(pref);
-        INIT_ANCHOR(body);
-        CHECK(compile_const_prefix(iseq, node, pref, body));
-        if (LIST_INSN_SIZE_ZERO(pref)) {
-            if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
-                ADD_INSN2(ret, node, opt_getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
-            }
-            else {
+        VALUE segments;
+        if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache &&
+                (segments = collect_const_segments(iseq, node))) {
+            ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ic_size++;
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, opt_getconstant_path, segments);
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, segments);
+        }
+        else {
+            /* constant */
+            DECL_ANCHOR(pref);
+            DECL_ANCHOR(body);
+
+            INIT_ANCHOR(pref);
+            INIT_ANCHOR(body);
+            CHECK(compile_const_prefix(iseq, node, pref, body));
+            if (LIST_INSN_SIZE_ZERO(pref)) {
                 ADD_INSN(ret, node, putnil);
+                ADD_SEQ(ret, body);
             }
-
-            ADD_SEQ(ret, body);
-
-            if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
-                ADD_INSN1(ret, node, opt_setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
-                ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
+            else {
+                ADD_SEQ(ret, pref);
+                ADD_SEQ(ret, body);
             }
         }
-        else {
-            ADD_SEQ(ret, pref);
-            ADD_SEQ(ret, body);
-        }
     }
     else {
         /* function call */
@@ -9017,25 +9197,19 @@ compile_colon2(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node,
 static int
 compile_colon3(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node, int popped)
 {
-    const int line = nd_line(node);
-    LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-    int ic_index = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ic_size++;
-
     debugi("colon3#nd_mid", node->nd_mid);
 
     /* add cache insn */
     if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
-        ADD_INSN2(ret, node, opt_getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
-        ADD_INSN(ret, node, pop);
+        ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ic_size++;
+        VALUE segments = rb_ary_new_from_args(2, ID2SYM(idNULL), ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, opt_getconstant_path, segments);
+        RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, segments);
     }
-
-    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, rb_cObject);
-    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, Qtrue);
-    ADD_INSN1(ret, node, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
-
-    if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
-        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, opt_setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
-        ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
+    else {
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, rb_cObject);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, Qtrue);
+        ADD_INSN1(ret, node, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_mid));
     }
 
     if (popped) {
@@ -9147,7 +9321,8 @@ compile_attrasgn(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const node
     /* optimization shortcut
      *   obj["literal"] = value -> opt_aset_with(obj, "literal", value)
      */
-    if (mid == idASET && !private_recv_p(node) && node->nd_args &&
+    if (!ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->in_masgn &&
+        mid == idASET && !private_recv_p(node) && node->nd_args &&
         nd_type_p(node->nd_args, NODE_LIST) && node->nd_args->nd_alen == 2 &&
         nd_type_p(node->nd_args->nd_head, NODE_STR) &&
         ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->current_block == NULL &&
@@ -9345,7 +9520,10 @@ iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const no
       }
 
       case NODE_MASGN:{
+        bool prev_in_masgn = ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->in_masgn;
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->in_masgn = true;
         compile_massign(iseq, ret, node, popped);
+        ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->in_masgn = prev_in_masgn;
         break;
       }
 
@@ -9537,14 +9715,10 @@ iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const no
         debugi("nd_vid", node->nd_vid);
 
         if (ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->option->inline_const_cache) {
-            LABEL *lend = NEW_LABEL(line);
-            int ic_index = body->ic_size++;
-
-            ADD_INSN2(ret, node, opt_getinlinecache, lend, INT2FIX(ic_index));
-            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, Qtrue);
-            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, getconstant, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
-            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, opt_setinlinecache, INT2FIX(ic_index));
-            ADD_LABEL(ret, lend);
+            body->ic_size++;
+            VALUE segments = rb_ary_new_from_args(1, ID2SYM(node->nd_vid));
+            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, opt_getconstant_path, segments);
+            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, segments);
         }
         else {
             ADD_INSN(ret, node, putnil);
@@ -9591,7 +9765,12 @@ iseq_compile_each0(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const ret, const NODE *const no
       case NODE_LIT:{
         debugp_param("lit", node->nd_lit);
         if (!popped) {
-            ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, node->nd_lit);
+            if (UNLIKELY(node->nd_lit == rb_mRubyVMFrozenCore)) {
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putspecialobject, INT2FIX(VM_SPECIAL_OBJECT_VMCORE)); // [Bug #20569]
+            }
+            else {
+                ADD_INSN1(ret, node, putobject, node->nd_lit);
+            }
             RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, node->nd_lit);
         }
         break;
@@ -10032,10 +10211,16 @@ insn_data_to_s_detail(INSN *iobj)
                 rb_str_concat(str, opobj_inspect(OPERAND_AT(iobj, j)));
                 break;
               case TS_IC:	/* inline cache */
+                rb_str_concat(str, opobj_inspect(OPERAND_AT(iobj, j)));
+                break;
               case TS_IVC:	/* inline ivar cache */
+                rb_str_catf(str, "<ivc:%d>", FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(iobj, j)));
+                break;
               case TS_ICVARC:   /* inline cvar cache */
+                rb_str_catf(str, "<icvarc:%d>", FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(iobj, j)));
+                break;
               case TS_ISE:	/* inline storage entry */
-                rb_str_catf(str, "<ic:%d>", FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(iobj, j)));
+                rb_str_catf(str, "<ise:%d>", FIX2INT(OPERAND_AT(iobj, j)));
                 break;
               case TS_CALLDATA: /* we store these as call infos at compile time */
                 {
@@ -10431,9 +10616,20 @@ iseq_build_from_ary_body(rb_iseq_t *iseq, LINK_ANCHOR *const anchor,
                         }
                         break;
                       case TS_IC:
-                        argv[j] = op;
-                        if (NUM2UINT(op) >= ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ic_size) {
-                            ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ic_size = NUM2INT(op) + 1;
+                        {
+                            VALUE segments = rb_ary_new();
+                            op = rb_to_array_type(op);
+
+                            for (int i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(op); i++) {
+                                VALUE sym = RARRAY_AREF(op, i);
+                                sym = rb_to_symbol_type(sym);
+                                rb_ary_push(segments, sym);
+                            }
+
+                            RB_GC_GUARD(op);
+                            argv[j] = segments;
+                            RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(iseq, Qundef, segments);
+                            ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ic_size++;
                         }
                         break;
                       case TS_IVC:  /* inline ivar cache */
@@ -10592,6 +10788,12 @@ iseq_build_kw(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE params, VALUE keywords)
     return keyword;
 }
 
+static void
+iseq_insn_each_object_mark(VALUE *obj_ptr, VALUE _)
+{
+    rb_gc_mark(*obj_ptr);
+}
+
 void
 rb_iseq_mark_insn_storage(struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage)
 {
@@ -10618,28 +10820,7 @@ rb_iseq_mark_insn_storage(struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage)
             iobj = (INSN *)&storage->buff[pos];
 
             if (iobj->operands) {
-                int j;
-                const char *types = insn_op_types(iobj->insn_id);
-
-                for (j = 0; types[j]; j++) {
-                    char type = types[j];
-                    switch (type) {
-                      case TS_CDHASH:
-                      case TS_ISEQ:
-                      case TS_VALUE:
-                      case TS_CALLDATA: // ci is stored.
-                        {
-                            VALUE op = OPERAND_AT(iobj, j);
-
-                            if (!SPECIAL_CONST_P(op)) {
-                                rb_gc_mark(op);
-                            }
-                        }
-                        break;
-                      default:
-                        break;
-                    }
-                }
+                iseq_insn_each_markable_object(iobj, iseq_insn_each_object_mark, (VALUE)0);
             }
             pos += (int)size;
         }
@@ -11255,6 +11436,12 @@ ibf_dump_code(struct ibf_dump *dump, const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
                 wv = (VALUE)ibf_dump_iseq(dump, (const rb_iseq_t *)op);
                 break;
               case TS_IC:
+                {
+                    IC ic = (IC)op;
+                    VALUE arr = idlist_to_array(ic->segments);
+                    wv = ibf_dump_object(dump, arr);
+                }
+                break;
               case TS_ISE:
               case TS_IVC:
               case TS_ICVARC:
@@ -11299,6 +11486,7 @@ ibf_load_code(const struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t bytecod
 
     struct rb_iseq_constant_body *load_body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
     struct rb_call_data *cd_entries = load_body->call_data;
+    int ic_index = 0;
 
     iseq_bits_t * mark_offset_bits;
 
@@ -11315,7 +11503,6 @@ ibf_load_code(const struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t bytecod
     for (code_index=0; code_index<iseq_size;) {
         /* opcode */
         const VALUE insn = code[code_index] = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
-        const unsigned int insn_index = code_index;
         const char *types = insn_op_types(insn);
         int op_index;
 
@@ -11370,6 +11557,16 @@ ibf_load_code(const struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t bytecod
                     break;
                 }
               case TS_IC:
+                {
+                    VALUE op = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+                    VALUE arr = ibf_load_object(load, op);
+
+                    IC ic = &ISEQ_IS_IC_ENTRY(load_body, ic_index++);
+                    ic->segments = array_to_idlist(arr);
+
+                    code[code_index] = (VALUE)ic;
+                }
+                break;
               case TS_ISE:
               case TS_ICVARC:
               case TS_IVC:
@@ -11379,11 +11576,20 @@ ibf_load_code(const struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t bytecod
                     ISE ic = ISEQ_IS_ENTRY_START(load_body, operand_type) + op;
                     code[code_index] = (VALUE)ic;
 
-                    if (insn == BIN(opt_getinlinecache) && operand_type == TS_IC) {
-                        // Store the instruction index for opt_getinlinecache on the IC for
-                        // YJIT to invalidate code when opt_setinlinecache runs.
-                        ic->ic_cache.get_insn_idx = insn_index;
+                    if (operand_type == TS_IVC) {
+                        IVC cache = (IVC)ic;
+
+                        if (insn == BIN(setinstancevariable)) {
+                            ID iv_name = (ID)code[code_index - 1];
+                            cache->iv_set_name = iv_name;
+                        }
+                        else {
+                            cache->iv_set_name = 0;
+                        }
+
+                        vm_ic_attr_index_initialize(cache, INVALID_SHAPE_ID);
                     }
+
                 }
                 break;
               case TS_CALLDATA:
@@ -12001,7 +12207,7 @@ ibf_load_iseq_each(struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t offset)
     const VALUE location_pathobj_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
     const VALUE location_base_label_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
     const VALUE location_label_index = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
-    const VALUE location_first_lineno = ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
+    const int location_first_lineno = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
     const int location_node_id = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
     const int location_code_location_beg_pos_lineno = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
     const int location_code_location_beg_pos_column = (int)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
@@ -12031,6 +12237,40 @@ ibf_load_iseq_each(struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t offset)
     const char catch_except_p = (char)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
     const bool builtin_inline_p = (bool)ibf_load_small_value(load, &reading_pos);
 
+    // setup fname and dummy frame
+    VALUE path = ibf_load_object(load, location_pathobj_index);
+    {
+        VALUE realpath = Qnil;
+
+        if (RB_TYPE_P(path, T_STRING)) {
+            realpath = path = rb_fstring(path);
+        }
+        else if (RB_TYPE_P(path, T_ARRAY)) {
+            VALUE pathobj = path;
+            if (RARRAY_LEN(pathobj) != 2) {
+                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "path object size mismatch");
+            }
+            path = rb_fstring(RARRAY_AREF(pathobj, 0));
+            realpath = RARRAY_AREF(pathobj, 1);
+            if (!NIL_P(realpath)) {
+                if (!RB_TYPE_P(realpath, T_STRING)) {
+                    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unexpected realpath %"PRIxVALUE
+                             "(%x), path=%+"PRIsVALUE,
+                             realpath, TYPE(realpath), path);
+                }
+                realpath = rb_fstring(realpath);
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unexpected path object");
+        }
+        rb_iseq_pathobj_set(iseq, path, realpath);
+    }
+
+    // push dummy frame
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    VALUE dummy_frame = rb_vm_push_frame_fname(ec, path);
+
 #undef IBF_BODY_OFFSET
 
     load_body->type = type;
@@ -12099,33 +12339,6 @@ ibf_load_iseq_each(struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t offset)
     load->current_buffer = &load->global_buffer;
 #endif
 
-    {
-        VALUE realpath = Qnil, path = ibf_load_object(load, location_pathobj_index);
-        if (RB_TYPE_P(path, T_STRING)) {
-            realpath = path = rb_fstring(path);
-        }
-        else if (RB_TYPE_P(path, T_ARRAY)) {
-            VALUE pathobj = path;
-            if (RARRAY_LEN(pathobj) != 2) {
-                rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "path object size mismatch");
-            }
-            path = rb_fstring(RARRAY_AREF(pathobj, 0));
-            realpath = RARRAY_AREF(pathobj, 1);
-            if (!NIL_P(realpath)) {
-                if (!RB_TYPE_P(realpath, T_STRING)) {
-                    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "unexpected realpath %"PRIxVALUE
-                             "(%x), path=%+"PRIsVALUE,
-                             realpath, TYPE(realpath), path);
-                }
-                realpath = rb_fstring(realpath);
-            }
-        }
-        else {
-            rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "unexpected path object");
-        }
-        rb_iseq_pathobj_set(iseq, path, realpath);
-    }
-
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->location.base_label,    ibf_load_location_str(load, location_base_label_index));
     RB_OBJ_WRITE(iseq, &load_body->location.label,         ibf_load_location_str(load, location_label_index));
 
@@ -12133,6 +12346,9 @@ ibf_load_iseq_each(struct ibf_load *load, rb_iseq_t *iseq, ibf_offset_t offset)
     load->current_buffer = saved_buffer;
 #endif
     verify_call_cache(iseq);
+
+    RB_GC_GUARD(dummy_frame);
+    rb_vm_pop_frame_no_int(ec);
 }
 
 struct ibf_dump_iseq_list_arg
@@ -12883,7 +13099,7 @@ ibf_dump_memsize(const void *ptr)
 static const rb_data_type_t ibf_dump_type = {
     "ibf_dump",
     {ibf_dump_mark, ibf_dump_free, ibf_dump_memsize,},
-    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_WB_PROTECTED | RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+    0, 0, RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
 };
 
 static void
diff --git a/complex.c b/complex.c
index ae40fa7355..a227cb0a58 100644
--- a/complex.c
+++ b/complex.c
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ f_negative_p(VALUE x)
 
 #define f_positive_p(x) (!f_negative_p(x))
 
-inline static int
+inline static bool
 f_zero_p(VALUE x)
 {
     if (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(x)) {
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@ f_zero_p(VALUE x)
         const VALUE num = RRATIONAL(x)->num;
         return FIXNUM_ZERO_P(num);
     }
-    return (int)rb_equal(x, ZERO);
+    return rb_equal(x, ZERO) != 0;
 }
 
 #define f_nonzero_p(x) (!f_zero_p(x))
@@ -421,15 +421,22 @@ f_complex_new_bang2(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
     return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, x, y);
 }
 
-inline static void
+WARN_UNUSED_RESULT(inline static VALUE nucomp_real_check(VALUE num));
+inline static VALUE
 nucomp_real_check(VALUE num)
 {
     if (!RB_INTEGER_TYPE_P(num) &&
         !RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(num) &&
         !RB_TYPE_P(num, T_RATIONAL)) {
+        if (RB_TYPE_P(num, T_COMPLEX) && nucomp_real_p(num)) {
+            VALUE real = RCOMPLEX(num)->real;
+            assert(!RB_TYPE_P(real, T_COMPLEX));
+            return real;
+        }
         if (!k_numeric_p(num) || !f_real_p(num))
             rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "not a real");
     }
+    return num;
 }
 
 inline static VALUE
@@ -480,22 +487,26 @@ nucomp_s_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 
     switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &real, &imag)) {
       case 1:
-        nucomp_real_check(real);
+        real = nucomp_real_check(real);
         imag = ZERO;
         break;
       default:
-        nucomp_real_check(real);
-        nucomp_real_check(imag);
+        real = nucomp_real_check(real);
+        imag = nucomp_real_check(imag);
         break;
     }
 
-    return nucomp_s_canonicalize_internal(klass, real, imag);
+    return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, real, imag);
 }
 
 inline static VALUE
 f_complex_new2(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    assert(!RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX));
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX)) {
+        get_dat1(x);
+        x = dat->real;
+        y = f_add(dat->imag, y);
+    }
     return nucomp_s_canonicalize_internal(klass, x, y);
 }
 
@@ -550,7 +561,7 @@ nucomp_f_complex(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
     if (!NIL_P(opts)) {
         raise = rb_opts_exception_p(opts, raise);
     }
-    if (argc > 0 && CLASS_OF(a1) == rb_cComplex && a2 == Qundef) {
+    if (argc > 0 && CLASS_OF(a1) == rb_cComplex && UNDEF_P(a2)) {
         return a1;
     }
     return nucomp_convert(rb_cComplex, a1, a2, raise);
@@ -607,10 +618,8 @@ m_sin(VALUE x)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-f_complex_polar(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
+f_complex_polar_real(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
 {
-    assert(!RB_TYPE_P(x, T_COMPLEX));
-    assert(!RB_TYPE_P(y, T_COMPLEX));
     if (f_zero_p(x) || f_zero_p(y)) {
         return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, x, RFLOAT_0);
     }
@@ -646,6 +655,14 @@ f_complex_polar(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
                                           f_mul(x, m_sin(y)));
 }
 
+static VALUE
+f_complex_polar(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE y)
+{
+    x = nucomp_real_check(x);
+    y = nucomp_real_check(y);
+    return f_complex_polar_real(klass, x, y);
+}
+
 #ifdef HAVE___COSPI
 # define cospi(x) __cospi(x)
 #else
@@ -694,24 +711,15 @@ nucomp_s_polar(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
     VALUE abs, arg;
 
-    switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &abs, &arg)) {
-      case 1:
-        nucomp_real_check(abs);
-        return nucomp_s_new_internal(klass, abs, ZERO);
-      default:
-        nucomp_real_check(abs);
-        nucomp_real_check(arg);
-        break;
+    argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &abs, &arg);
+    abs = nucomp_real_check(abs);
+    if (argc == 2) {
+        arg = nucomp_real_check(arg);
     }
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(abs, T_COMPLEX)) {
-        get_dat1(abs);
-        abs = dat->real;
-    }
-    if (RB_TYPE_P(arg, T_COMPLEX)) {
-        get_dat1(arg);
-        arg = dat->real;
+    else {
+        arg = ZERO;
     }
-    return f_complex_polar(klass, abs, arg);
+    return f_complex_polar_real(klass, abs, arg);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -832,7 +840,7 @@ rb_complex_minus(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-safe_mul(VALUE a, VALUE b, int az, int bz)
+safe_mul(VALUE a, VALUE b, bool az, bool bz)
 {
     double v;
     if (!az && bz && RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a) && (v = RFLOAT_VALUE(a), !isnan(v))) {
@@ -847,10 +855,10 @@ safe_mul(VALUE a, VALUE b, int az, int bz)
 static void
 comp_mul(VALUE areal, VALUE aimag, VALUE breal, VALUE bimag, VALUE *real, VALUE *imag)
 {
-    int arzero = f_zero_p(areal);
-    int aizero = f_zero_p(aimag);
-    int brzero = f_zero_p(breal);
-    int bizero = f_zero_p(bimag);
+    bool arzero = f_zero_p(areal);
+    bool aizero = f_zero_p(aimag);
+    bool brzero = f_zero_p(breal);
+    bool bizero = f_zero_p(bimag);
     *real = f_sub(safe_mul(areal, breal, arzero, brzero),
                   safe_mul(aimag, bimag, aizero, bizero));
     *imag = f_add(safe_mul(areal, bimag, arzero, bizero),
@@ -1101,7 +1109,7 @@ static bool
 nucomp_real_p(VALUE self)
 {
     get_dat1(self);
-    return(f_zero_p(dat->imag) ? true : false);
+    return f_zero_p(dat->imag);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1124,15 +1132,23 @@ nucomp_cmp(VALUE self, VALUE other)
     if (!k_numeric_p(other)) {
         return rb_num_coerce_cmp(self, other, idCmp);
     }
-    if (nucomp_real_p(self)) {
-        if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX) && nucomp_real_p(other)) {
+    if (!nucomp_real_p(self)) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(other, T_COMPLEX)) {
+        if (nucomp_real_p(other)) {
             get_dat2(self, other);
             return rb_funcall(adat->real, idCmp, 1, bdat->real);
         }
-        else if (f_real_p(other)) {
-            get_dat1(self);
+    }
+    else {
+        get_dat1(self);
+        if (f_real_p(other)) {
             return rb_funcall(dat->real, idCmp, 1, other);
         }
+        else {
+            return rb_num_coerce_cmp(dat->real, other, idCmp);
+        }
     }
     return Qnil;
 }
@@ -1735,9 +1751,9 @@ read_digits(const char **s, int strict,
 
     while (isdecimal(**s) || **s == '_') {
         if (**s == '_') {
-            if (strict) {
-                if (us)
-                    return 0;
+            if (us) {
+                if (strict) return 0;
+                break;
             }
             us = 1;
         }
@@ -2016,6 +2032,12 @@ string_to_c_strict(VALUE self, int raise)
  *    '1/2+3/4i'.to_c    #=> ((1/2)+(3/4)*i)
  *    'ruby'.to_c        #=> (0+0i)
  *
+ * Polar form:
+ *    include Math
+ *    "1.0@0".to_c        #=> (1+0.0i)
+ *    "1.0@#{PI/2}".to_c  #=> (0.0+1i)
+ *    "1.0@#{PI}".to_c    #=> (-1+0.0i)
+ *
  * See Kernel.Complex.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -2085,17 +2107,20 @@ nucomp_convert(VALUE klass, VALUE a1, VALUE a2, int raise)
     }
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(a1, T_COMPLEX)) {
-        if (a2 == Qundef || (k_exact_zero_p(a2)))
+        if (UNDEF_P(a2) || (k_exact_zero_p(a2)))
             return a1;
     }
 
-    if (a2 == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(a2)) {
         if (k_numeric_p(a1) && !f_real_p(a1))
             return a1;
         /* should raise exception for consistency */
         if (!k_numeric_p(a1)) {
-            if (!raise)
-                return rb_protect(to_complex, a1, NULL);
+            if (!raise) {
+                a1 = rb_protect(to_complex, a1, NULL);
+                rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
+                return a1;
+            }
             return to_complex(a1);
         }
     }
@@ -2111,7 +2136,7 @@ nucomp_convert(VALUE klass, VALUE a1, VALUE a2, int raise)
         int argc;
         VALUE argv2[2];
         argv2[0] = a1;
-        if (a2 == Qundef) {
+        if (UNDEF_P(a2)) {
             argv2[1] = Qnil;
             argc = 1;
         }
@@ -2139,31 +2164,6 @@ nucomp_s_convert(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    num.real  ->  self
- *
- * Returns self.
- */
-static VALUE
-numeric_real(VALUE self)
-{
-    return self;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *    num.imag       ->  0
- *    num.imaginary  ->  0
- *
- * Returns zero.
- */
-static VALUE
-numeric_imag(VALUE self)
-{
-    return INT2FIX(0);
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
  *    num.abs2  ->  real
  *
  * Returns square of self.
@@ -2235,19 +2235,6 @@ numeric_polar(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    num.conj       ->  self
- *    num.conjugate  ->  self
- *
- * Returns self.
- */
-static VALUE
-numeric_conj(VALUE self)
-{
-    return self;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
  *    flo.arg    ->  0 or float
  *    flo.angle  ->  0 or float
  *    flo.phase  ->  0 or float
@@ -2411,9 +2398,6 @@ Init_Complex(void)
 
     rb_define_private_method(CLASS_OF(rb_cComplex), "convert", nucomp_s_convert, -1);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "real", numeric_real, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "imaginary", numeric_imag, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "imag", numeric_imag, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "abs2", numeric_abs2, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "arg", numeric_arg, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "angle", numeric_arg, 0);
@@ -2421,8 +2405,6 @@ Init_Complex(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "rectangular", numeric_rect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "rect", numeric_rect, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "polar", numeric_polar, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "conjugate", numeric_conj, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cNumeric, "conj", numeric_conj, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "arg", float_arg, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFloat, "angle", float_arg, 0);
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
index 0f4a31af7e..220392d120 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -64,14 +64,22 @@ AC_ARG_WITH(baseruby,
 	[
 		AC_PATH_PROG([BASERUBY], [ruby], [false])
 	])
+# BASERUBY must be >= 2.2.0. Note that `"2.2.0" > "2.2"` is true.
 AS_IF([test "$HAVE_BASERUBY" != no -a "`RUBYOPT=- $BASERUBY --disable=gems -e 'print 42 if RUBY_VERSION > "2.2"' 2>/dev/null`" = 42], [
+    AS_CASE(["$build_os"], [mingw*], [
+        # Can MSys shell run a command with a drive letter?
+        RUBYOPT=- `cygpath -ma "$BASERUBY"` --disable=gems -e exit 2>/dev/null || HAVE_BASERUBY=no
+    ])
     BASERUBY="$BASERUBY --disable=gems"
     BASERUBY_VERSION=`$BASERUBY -v`
     $BASERUBY -C "$srcdir" tool/downloader.rb -d tool -e gnu config.guess config.sub >&AS_MESSAGE_FD
 ], [
-    BASERUBY="echo executable host ruby is required.  use --with-baseruby option.; false"
     HAVE_BASERUBY=no
 ])
+AS_IF([test "$HAVE_BASERUBY" = no], [
+    AS_IF([test "$cross_compiling" = yes], [AC_MSG_ERROR([executable host ruby is required for cross-compiling])])
+    BASERUBY="echo executable host ruby is required.  use --with-baseruby option.; false"
+])
 AC_SUBST(BASERUBY)
 AC_SUBST(HAVE_BASERUBY)
 
@@ -125,9 +133,12 @@ AC_CANONICAL_TARGET
 AS_CASE(["$target_cpu-$target_os"],
     [aarch64-darwin*], [
         target_cpu=arm64
-        AS_CASE(["$target_vendor"], [unknown], [target_vendor=apple target=${target/-unknown-/-apple-}])
-        target="${target/aarch64/arm64}"
-        target_alias="${target_alias/aarch64/arm64}"
+        AS_CASE(["$target_vendor"], [unknown], [
+            target_vendor=apple
+            target=${target%%-unknown-*}-apple-${target@%:@*-unknown-}
+        ])
+        target="arm64-${target@%:@aarch64-}"
+        AS_IF([test -n "$target_alias"], [target_alias="arm64-${target_alias@%:@aarch64-}"])
     ])
 
 AC_ARG_PROGRAM
@@ -203,15 +214,23 @@ AS_CASE(["/${rb_CC} "],
 [*clang*],            [
     # Ditto for LLVM.  Note however that llvm-as is a LLVM-IR to LLVM bitcode
     # assembler that does not target your machine native binary.
-    : ${LD:="${CC}"}         # ... try -fuse-ld=lld ?
-    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([AR],      [s/clang/llvm-ar/])
-#   RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([AS],      [s/clang/llvm-as/])
+
+    # Xcode has its own version tools that may be incompatible with
+    # genuine LLVM tools, use the tools in the same directory.
+
+    AS_IF([$rb_CC -E -dM -xc - < /dev/null | grep -F __apple_build_version__ > /dev/null],
+          [llvm_prefix=], [llvm_prefix=llvm-])
+    # AC_PREPROC_IFELSE cannot be used before AC_USE_SYSTEM_EXTENSIONS
+
+    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([LD],      [s/clang/ld/]) # ... maybe try lld ?
+    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([AR],      [s/clang/${llvm_prefix}ar/])
+#   RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([AS],      [s/clang/${llvm_prefix}as/])
     RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([CXX],     [s/clang/clang++/])
-    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([NM],      [s/clang/llvm-nm/])
-    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([OBJCOPY], [s/clang/llvm-objcopy/])
-    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([OBJDUMP], [s/clang/llvm-objdump/])
-    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([RANLIB],  [s/clang/llvm-ranlib/])
-    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([STRIP],   [s/clang/llvm-strip/])
+    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([NM],      [s/clang/${llvm_prefix}nm/])
+    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([OBJCOPY], [s/clang/${llvm_prefix}objcopy/])
+    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([OBJDUMP], [s/clang/${llvm_prefix}objdump/])
+    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([RANLIB],  [s/clang/${llvm_prefix}ranlib/])
+    RUBY_CHECK_PROG_FOR_CC([STRIP],   [s/clang/${llvm_prefix}strip/])
 ])
 AS_UNSET(rb_CC)
 AS_UNSET(rb_dummy)
@@ -355,12 +374,6 @@ AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
 	[AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)],
 	[AC_MSG_RESULT(no)
 	AC_MSG_ERROR([Unsupported OS X version is required])])
-    AC_CACHE_CHECK([if thread-local storage is supported], [rb_cv_tls_supported],
-	[AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[int __thread conftest;]])],
-	    [rb_cv_tls_supported=yes],
-	    [rb_cv_tls_supported=no])])
-    AS_IF([test x"$rb_cv_tls_supported" != xyes],
-	[AC_DEFINE(RB_THREAD_LOCAL_SPECIFIER_IS_UNSUPPORTED)])
 ])
 
 RUBY_MINGW32
@@ -380,6 +393,13 @@ AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
     AS_IF([test "$gcc_major" -lt 4], [
         AC_MSG_ERROR([too old GCC: $gcc_major.$gcc_minor])
     ])
+
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK([if thread-local storage is supported], [rb_cv_tls_supported],
+        [AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[int __thread conftest;]])],
+            [rb_cv_tls_supported=yes],
+            [rb_cv_tls_supported=no])])
+    AS_IF([test x"$rb_cv_tls_supported" != xyes],
+        [AC_DEFINE(RB_THREAD_LOCAL_SPECIFIER_IS_UNSUPPORTED)])
 ], [
     linker_flag=
 ])
@@ -490,6 +510,7 @@ AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
 	AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(RUBY_MSVCRT_VERSION, $RT_VER)
 	sysconfdir=
     ])
+    rb_cv_binary_elf=no
     : ${enable_shared=yes}
     ],
 [hiuxmpp*], [AC_DEFINE(__HIUX_MPP__)])    # by TOYODA Eizi <toyoda@npd.kishou.go.jp>
@@ -512,11 +533,16 @@ AS_IF([test "$cross_compiling:$ac_cv_prog_DTRACE" = no: -a -n "$ac_tool_prefix"]
 AC_CHECK_PROGS(DOT, dot)
 AC_CHECK_PROGS(DOXYGEN, doxygen)
 
-for prog in ${ac_tool_prefix:+${ac_tool_prefix}pkg-config} pkg-config; do
-    AC_CHECK_PROG(PKG_CONFIG, $prog, [$prog], [], [],
-        [`"$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext" --print-errors --version > /dev/null 2>&1 || echo "$as_dir/$ac_word$ac_exec_ext"`])
-    test -z "${PKG_CONFIG}" || break
-done
+tool_warned=$ac_tool_warned ac_tool_warned=no
+AC_CHECK_TOOL(PKG_CONFIG, pkg-config)
+ac_tool_warned=$tool_warned
+AS_IF([test -z "$PKG_CONFIG"], [],
+["$PKG_CONFIG" --print-errors --version > /dev/null 2>&1], [],
+[
+    unset ac_cv_prog_PKG_CONFIG
+    PKG_CONFIG=
+    AC_MSG_WARN([$PKG_CONFIG does not work; ignore])
+])
 
 AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether it is Android])
 AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
@@ -599,22 +625,39 @@ RUBY_WERROR_FLAG([
     cd .. && rm -fr tmp.$$.try_link
 ])
 
-: ${RPATHFLAG=''}
-rpathflag=''
-AS_IF([test x"${RPATHFLAG}" = x], [
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+: "rpath" && {
+    AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether ELF binaries are produced, rb_cv_binary_elf,
+        [AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[]], [[]])],[
+            AS_CASE(["`head -1 conftest$EXEEXT | tr -dc '\177ELF' | tr '\177' .`"],
+            [.ELF*], [rb_cv_binary_elf=yes], [rb_cv_binary_elf=no])],
+            [rb_cv_binary_elf=no])])
+
+    rpathflag=''
+    AS_IF([test x"${RPATHFLAG=}" = x], [
+	AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
 	[aix*], [rpathflag='-blibpath:'],
-	[for rpathflag in -R "-rpath "; do
+	[for rpathflag in "-rpath " -R; do
 	    AS_CASE("$rpathflag",
 		    [*" "], [AS_CASE(["${linker_flag}"],
 				     [*,], [rpathflag=`echo "$rpathflag" | tr ' ' ,`])])
 	    rpathflag="${linker_flag}${rpathflag}"
 	    RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([${rpathflag}.], [], [rpathflag=])
-	    AS_IF([test "x${rpathflag}" != x], [])
+	    AS_IF([test "x${rpathflag}" != x], [break])
         done])
-], [
-    rpathflag=`echo "$RPATHFLAG" | sed 's/%.*//'`
-])
+    ], [
+        rpathflag=`echo "$RPATHFLAG" | sed 's/%.*//'`
+    ])
+
+    AC_ARG_ENABLE(rpath,
+        AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-rpath], [embed run path into extension libraries.
+        enabled by default on ELF platforms]),
+        [enable_rpath=$enableval], [enable_rpath="$rb_cv_binary_elf"])
+
+    AS_IF([test "$enable_rpath:${RPATHFLAG}" = yes:], [
+        RPATHFLAG="${rpathflag:+ ${rpathflag}%1\$-s}"
+    ])
+    AS_CASE([${RPATHFLAG}],[*'%1$'*],[: ${LIBPATHFLAG=' -L%1$-s'}],[: ${LIBPATHFLAG=' -L%s'}])
+}
 
 RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS(-fdeclspec, [fdeclspec=yes], [fdeclspec=no])
 AS_IF([test "$fdeclspec" = yes], [
@@ -757,7 +800,8 @@ AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
 				 [disable -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 option, which causes link error on mingw]),
 		  [fortify_source=$enableval])
     AS_IF([test "x$fortify_source" != xno], [
-        RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS([$optflags -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2], [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2)], [],
+        RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS([$optflags -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2],
+                        [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -U_FORTIFY_SOURCE -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2)], [],
                         [@%:@include <stdio.h>])
     ])
 
@@ -765,7 +809,7 @@ AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
 
     # -fstack-protector
     AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [mingw*|emscripten*|wasi*], [
+    [emscripten*|wasi*], [
 	stack_protector=no
     ])
     AS_IF([test -z "${stack_protector+set}"], [
@@ -777,6 +821,8 @@ AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
 	    AS_IF([test "x$stack_protector" = xyes], [stack_protector=option; break])
 	])
     ])
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([for -fstack-protector])
+    AC_MSG_RESULT(["$stack_protector"])
     AS_CASE(["$stack_protector"], [-*], [
 	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, $stack_protector)
 	RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XLDFLAGS, $stack_protector)
@@ -842,33 +888,6 @@ AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
       # need lgamma_r()
     ])
 
-    # ANSI (no XCFLAGS because this is C only)
-    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-    [solaris*], [
-      # Because "-std=gnu99" affects existence of functions on Solaris,
-      # "-std=gnu99" will be appended to CPPFLAGS.
-	for ansi_options in -std=gnu99; do
-	    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(${ansi_options}, [
-		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(CPPFLAGS, ${ansi_options})
-	    ], [ansi_options=])
-	    test "x${ansi_options}" = x || break
-	done
-    ],
-    [
-      # ANSI (no XCFLAGS because this is C only)
-      rb_tmp_std_check=`echo $CC $CFLAGS $optflags $warnflags $debugflags | fgrep std= | tr -d  '\015'`
-      AS_IF([test "x$rb_tmp_std_check" = "x"],
-      [
-	for ansi_options in -std=gnu99; do
-	    RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(${ansi_options}, [
-		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(warnflags, ${ansi_options})
-		RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(strict_warnflags, ${ansi_options})
-	    ], [ansi_options=])
-	    test "x${ansi_options}" = x || break
-	done
-      ])
-    ])
-
     # suppress annoying -Wstrict-overflow warnings
     RUBY_TRY_CFLAGS(-fno-strict-overflow, [RUBY_APPEND_OPTION(XCFLAGS, -fno-strict-overflow)])
 
@@ -931,17 +950,35 @@ AS_CASE(["$target_cpu"], [[i[3-6]86*]], [
     AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_gcc_compiler_cas" = i486], [ARCH_FLAG="-march=i486"])
 ])
 
+OPT_DIR=
+AC_ARG_WITH([gmp-dir],
+  AS_HELP_STRING([--with-gmp-dir=DIR],
+                 [specify the prefix directory where gmp is installed]),
+  [OPT_DIR="${OPT_DIR:+$OPT_DIR$PATH_SEPARATOR}$withval"], [])
+AC_ARG_WITH([gmp],
+  [AS_HELP_STRING([--without-gmp],
+                  [disable GNU GMP to accelerate Bignum operations])],
+  [], [with_gmp=yes])
+
 AC_ARG_WITH(opt-dir,
 	AS_HELP_STRING([--with-opt-dir=DIR-LIST],
 		       [add optional headers and libraries directories separated by $PATH_SEPARATOR]),
-	[
-		val=`echo "$PATH_SEPARATOR$withval" | sed "s|$PATH_SEPARATOR\([[^$PATH_SEPARATOR]*]\)| -I\1/include|g;s/^ //"`
-		CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS $val"
-		val=`echo "$PATH_SEPARATOR$withval" | sed "s|$PATH_SEPARATOR\([[^$PATH_SEPARATOR]*]\)| -L\1/lib${rpathflag:+ $rpathflag\\\\1/lib}|g;s/^ //"`
-		LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS $val"
-		LDFLAGS_OPTDIR="$val"
-		OPT_DIR="$withval"
-	], [OPT_DIR=])
+	[OPT_DIR="${OPT_DIR:+$OPT_DIR$PATH_SEPARATOR}$withval"], [])
+
+AS_IF([test "x$OPT_DIR" != x], [
+    val=`IFS="$PATH_SEPARATOR"
+        for dir in $OPT_DIR; do
+            test -z "$dir" && continue
+            echo x ${LIBPATHFLAG} ${RPATHFLAG} |
+            sed "s/^x *//;s${IFS}"'%1\\$-s'"${IFS}${dir}/lib${IFS}g;s${IFS}%s${IFS}${dir}/lib${IFS}g"
+        done | tr '\012' ' ' | sed 's/ *$//'`
+    LDFLAGS="${LDFLAGS:+$LDFLAGS }$val"
+    DLDFLAGS="${DLDFLAGS:+$DLDFLAGS }$val"
+    LDFLAGS_OPTDIR="$val"
+    INCFLAGS="${INCFLAGS:+$INCFLAGS }"`echo "$OPT_DIR" | tr "${PATH_SEPARATOR}" '\012' |
+        sed '/^$/d;s|^|-I|;s|$|/include|' | tr '\012' ' ' | sed 's/ *$//'`
+])
+AC_SUBST(incflags, "$INCFLAGS")
 
 test -z "${ac_env_CFLAGS_set}" -a -n "${cflags+set}" && eval CFLAGS="\"$cflags $ARCH_FLAG\""
 test -z "${ac_env_CXXFLAGS_set}" -a -n "${cxxflags+set}" && eval CXXFLAGS="\"$cxxflags $ARCH_FLAG\""
@@ -1160,15 +1197,12 @@ main()
 		ac_cv_func_getpgrp_void=no
 		ac_cv_func_memcmp_working=yes
 		ac_cv_lib_dl_dlopen=no
-		rb_cv_binary_elf=no
 		rb_cv_negative_time_t=yes
 		ac_cv_func_fcntl=yes
 		ac_cv_func_flock=yes
 		ac_cv_func_gmtime_r=yes
 		rb_cv_large_fd_select=yes
 		ac_cv_type_struct_timeval=yes
-                ac_cv_func_clock_gettime=yes
-                ac_cv_func_clock_getres=yes
 		ac_cv_func_malloc_usable_size=no
 		ac_cv_type_off_t=yes
 		ac_cv_sizeof_off_t=8
@@ -1263,6 +1297,11 @@ dnl AC_HEADER_STDC has been checked in AC_USE_SYSTEM_EXTENSIONS
 AC_HEADER_STDBOOL
 AC_HEADER_SYS_WAIT
 
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS([afunix.h], [], [],
+[#ifdef _WIN32
+# include <winsock2.h>
+#endif
+])
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS(atomic.h)
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS(copyfile.h)
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS(direct.h)
@@ -1309,16 +1348,13 @@ AC_CHECK_HEADERS(syscall.h)
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS(time.h)
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS(ucontext.h)
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS(utime.h)
+AC_CHECK_HEADERS(stdatomic.h)
+
 AS_CASE("$target_cpu", [x64|x86_64|i[3-6]86*], [
   AC_CHECK_HEADERS(x86intrin.h)
 ])
 RUBY_UNIVERSAL_CHECK_HEADER([x86_64, i386], x86intrin.h)
 
-AC_ARG_WITH([gmp],
-  [AS_HELP_STRING([--without-gmp],
-    [disable GNU GMP to accelerate Bignum operations])],
-  [],
-  [with_gmp=yes])
 AS_IF([test "x$with_gmp" != xno],
   [AC_CHECK_HEADERS(gmp.h)
    AS_IF([test "x$ac_cv_header_gmp_h" != xno],
@@ -1330,6 +1366,8 @@ AC_ARG_WITH([jemalloc],
   [with_jemalloc=$withval], [with_jemalloc=no])
 AS_IF([test "x$with_jemalloc" != xno],[
   # find jemalloc header first
+  save_CPPFLAGS="${CPPFLAGS}"
+  CPPFLAGS="${INCFLAGS} ${CPPFLAGS}"
   malloc_header=
   AC_CHECK_HEADER(jemalloc/jemalloc.h, [malloc_header=jemalloc/jemalloc.h], [
     AC_CHECK_HEADER(jemalloc.h, [malloc_header=jemalloc.h])
@@ -1361,6 +1399,8 @@ AS_IF([test "x$with_jemalloc" != xno],[
       done
     done
   ])
+  CPPFLAGS="${save_CPPFLAGS}"
+  unset save_CPPFLAGS
   with_jemalloc=${rb_cv_jemalloc_library}
   AS_CASE(["$with_jemalloc"],
   [no],
@@ -1890,8 +1930,8 @@ AS_CASE(["${target_cpu}-${target_os}:${target_archs}"],
 [universal-darwin*:*ppc*], [
   AC_LIBSOURCES(alloca.c)
   AC_SUBST([ALLOCA], [\${LIBOBJDIR}alloca.${ac_objext}])
-  RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __powerpc__], C_ALLOCA, 1)
-  RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __powerpc__], alloca, alloca)
+  RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __POWERPC__], C_ALLOCA, 1) # Darwin defines __POWERPC__ for ppc and ppc64 both
+  RUBY_DEFINE_IF([defined __POWERPC__], alloca, alloca)
   ],
 [
   AC_FUNC_ALLOCA
@@ -1971,6 +2011,7 @@ AC_CHECK_FUNCS(_longjmp)		# used for AC_ARG_WITH(setjmp-type)
 test x$ac_cv_func__longjmp = xno && ac_cv_func__setjmp=no
 AC_CHECK_FUNCS(arc4random_buf)
 AC_CHECK_FUNCS(atan2l atan2f)
+AC_CHECK_DECLS(atomic_signal_fence, [], [], [#include <stdatomic.h>])
 AC_CHECK_FUNCS(chmod)
 AC_CHECK_FUNCS(chown)
 AC_CHECK_FUNCS(chroot)
@@ -2561,10 +2602,13 @@ AS_CASE([$coroutine_type], [yes|''], [
         [arm64-darwin*], [
             coroutine_type=arm64
         ],
-        [powerpc-darwin*], [
+        # Correct target name is powerpc*-, but Ruby seems to prefer ppc*-.
+        # Notice that Darwin PPC ABI differs from AIX and ELF.
+        # Adding PPC targets for AIX, *BSD and *Linux will require separate implementations.
+        [powerpc-darwin*|ppc-darwin*], [
             coroutine_type=ppc
         ],
-        [powerpc64-darwin*], [
+        [powerpc64-darwin*|ppc64-darwin*], [
             coroutine_type=ppc64
         ],
         [x*64-linux*], [
@@ -2870,12 +2914,6 @@ AC_ARG_WITH(dln-a-out,
 	])
 ])
 
-AC_CACHE_CHECK(whether ELF binaries are produced, rb_cv_binary_elf,
-[AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[]], [[]])],[
-AS_CASE(["`head -1 conftest$EXEEXT | tr -dc '\177ELF' | tr '\177' .`"],
-[.ELF*], [rb_cv_binary_elf=yes], [rb_cv_binary_elf=no])],
-rb_cv_binary_elf=no)])
-
 AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_binary_elf" = yes], [
   AC_DEFINE(USE_ELF)
   AC_CHECK_HEADERS([elf.h elf_abi.h])
@@ -2952,13 +2990,25 @@ STATIC=
   ])
 }
 
-: "rpath" && {
-  AC_ARG_ENABLE(rpath,
-       AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-rpath], [embed run path into extension libraries.
-       enabled by default on ELF platforms]),
-       [enable_rpath=$enableval], [enable_rpath="$rb_cv_binary_elf"])
+EXTSTATIC=
+AC_SUBST(EXTSTATIC)dnl
+AC_ARG_WITH(static-linked-ext,
+	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-static-linked-ext], [link external modules statically]),
+            [AS_CASE([$withval],[yes],[STATIC=;EXTSTATIC=static],[no],[],[EXTSTATIC="$withval"])])
+AS_CASE([",$EXTSTATIC,"], [,static,|*,enc,*], [
+  ENCOBJS='enc/encinit.$(OBJEXT) enc/libenc.$(LIBEXT) enc/libtrans.$(LIBEXT)'
+  EXTOBJS='ext/extinit.$(OBJEXT)'
+  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(EXTSTATIC, 1)
+  AC_SUBST(ENCSTATIC, static)
+], [
+  ENCOBJS='dmyenc.$(OBJEXT)'
+  EXTOBJS='dmyext.$(OBJEXT)'
+])
+AC_SUBST(ENCOBJS)
+AC_SUBST(EXTOBJS)
 
-  AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
+: "rpath" && {
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
 	[solaris*], [	AS_IF([test "$GCC" = yes], [
 			    : ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
 			    AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_prog_gnu_ld" = yes], [
@@ -2998,7 +3048,6 @@ STATIC=
 			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
 	[interix*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
 			XLDFLAGS="$XLDFLAGS -Wl,-E"
-			LIBPATHFLAG=" -L%1\$-s"
 			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
 	[freebsd*|dragonfly*], [
 			: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
@@ -3017,7 +3066,7 @@ STATIC=
 	[darwin*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -dynamic -bundle'}
 			: ${DLDSHARED='$(CC) -dynamiclib'}
 			: ${LDFLAGS=""}
-			: ${LIBPATHENV=DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH}
+			: ${LIBPATHENV=DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH}
 			: ${PRELOADENV=DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES}
                         AS_IF([test x"$enable_shared" = xyes], [
                             # Resolve symbols from libruby.dylib when --enable-shared
@@ -3058,30 +3107,35 @@ STATIC=
 	[atheos*], [	: ${LDSHARED='$(CC) -shared'}
 			rb_cv_dlopen=yes],
 	[	: ${LDSHARED='$(LD)'}])
-  AC_MSG_RESULT($rb_cv_dlopen)
+    AC_MSG_RESULT($rb_cv_dlopen)
+}
 
-  AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_dlopen" = yes], [
+AS_IF([test "$rb_cv_dlopen" = yes], [
     AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-      [darwin*], [
+    [darwin*], [
+        AC_SUBST(ADDITIONAL_DLDFLAGS, "")
 	for flag in \
-	  "-undefined dynamic_lookup" \
 	  "-multiply_defined suppress" \
+	  "-undefined dynamic_lookup" \
 	  ; do
-	  test "x${linker_flag}" = x || flag="${linker_flag}`echo ${flag} | tr ' ' ,`"
-	  RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([$flag], [], [flag=])
-	  AS_IF([test "x$flag" != x], [
-	    RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(DLDFLAGS, [$flag])
-	  ])
+            test "x${linker_flag}" = x || flag="${linker_flag}`echo ${flag} | tr ' ' ,`"
+            RUBY_TRY_LDFLAGS([$flag], [], [flag=])
+            AS_IF([test x"$flag" = x], [continue])
+
+            AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether $flag is accepted for bundle])
+            : > conftest.c
+            AS_IF([${LDSHARED%%'$(CC)'*}$CC${LDSHARED@%:@*'$(CC)'} -o conftest.bundle $flag conftest.c >/dev/null 2>conftest.err &&
+                test ! -s conftest.err], [
+                AC_MSG_RESULT([yes])
+                RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(DLDFLAGS, [$flag])
+            ], [
+                AC_MSG_RESULT([no])
+                RUBY_APPEND_OPTIONS(ADDITIONAL_DLDFLAGS, [$flag])
+            ])
+            rm -fr conftest.*
 	done
-      ])
-  ])
-
-  AS_IF([test "$enable_rpath:${RPATHFLAG}" = yes:], [
-      AS_IF([test "x$rpathflag" != x], [
-	  RPATHFLAG=" ${rpathflag}%1\$-s"
-      ])
-  ])
-}
+    ])
+])
 
 AS_IF([test "${LDSHAREDXX}" = ""], [
     AS_CASE(["${LDSHARED}"],
@@ -3097,7 +3151,6 @@ AS_IF([test "${LDSHAREDXX}" = ""], [
 	[ld" "*], [
 	    ])
 ])
-AS_CASE([${RPATHFLAG}],[*'%1$'*],[: ${LIBPATHFLAG=' -L%1$-s'}],[: ${LIBPATHFLAG=' -L%s'}])
 
 AC_SUBST(LINK_SO)
 AC_SUBST(LIBPATHFLAG)
@@ -3106,23 +3159,6 @@ AC_SUBST(LIBPATHENV, "${LIBPATHENV-LD_LIBRARY_PATH}")
 AC_SUBST(PRELOADENV, "${PRELOADENV-LD_PRELOAD}")
 AC_SUBST(TRY_LINK)
 
-AS_IF([test "x$OPT_DIR" != x], [
-    pat=`echo "${LDFLAGS_OPTDIR}" | sed ['s/[][\\.*|]/\\\\&/']`
-    LDFLAGS=`echo "${LDFLAGS}" | sed "s| ${pat}||"`
-    val=`IFS="$PATH_SEPARATOR"
-        for dir in $OPT_DIR; do
-            echo x ${LIBPATHFLAG} ${RPATHFLAG} |
-            sed "s/^x *//;s${IFS}"'%1\\$-s'"${IFS}${dir}/lib${IFS}g;s${IFS}%s${IFS}${dir}/lib${IFS}g"
-        done | tr '\012' ' ' | sed 's/ *$//'`
-    AS_IF([test x"$val" != x], [
-	test x"${LDFLAGS}" = x || LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS "
-	LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS$val"
-	test x"${DLDFLAGS}" = x || DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS "
-	DLDFLAGS="$DLDFLAGS$val"
-    ])
-    LDFLAGS_OPTDIR="$val"
-])
-
 AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
 [freebsd*], [
     AC_CHECK_LIB([procstat], [procstat_open_sysctl])
@@ -3275,23 +3311,6 @@ AC_ARG_WITH(ext,
 AC_ARG_WITH(out-ext,
             AS_HELP_STRING([--with-out-ext=EXTS],
                            [pass to --without-ext option of extmk.rb]))
-EXTSTATIC=
-AC_SUBST(EXTSTATIC)dnl
-AC_ARG_WITH(static-linked-ext,
-	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-static-linked-ext], [link external modules statically]),
-            [AS_CASE([$withval],[yes],[STATIC=;EXTSTATIC=static],[no],[],[EXTSTATIC="$withval"])])
-AS_CASE([",$EXTSTATIC,"], [,static,|*,enc,*], [
-  ENCOBJS='enc/encinit.$(OBJEXT) enc/libenc.$(LIBEXT) enc/libtrans.$(LIBEXT)'
-  EXTOBJS='ext/extinit.$(OBJEXT)'
-  AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(EXTSTATIC, 1)
-  AC_SUBST(ENCSTATIC, static)
-], [
-  ENCOBJS='dmyenc.$(OBJEXT)'
-  EXTOBJS='dmyext.$(OBJEXT)'
-])
-AC_SUBST(ENCOBJS)
-AC_SUBST(EXTOBJS)
-
 AC_ARG_WITH(setup,
 	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-setup=SETUP], [use extension libraries setup]),
 	    [setup=$withval])
@@ -3341,7 +3360,6 @@ for var in bindir includedir libdir rubylibprefix; do
 done
 
 BTESTRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'
-BOOTSTRAPRUBY='$(BASERUBY)'
 AS_IF([test x"$cross_compiling" = xyes], [
   test x"$MINIRUBY" = x && MINIRUBY="${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -I`$CHDIR .; pwd` "-r'$(arch)-fake'
   XRUBY_LIBDIR=`${RUBY-$BASERUBY} -rrbconfig -e ['puts RbConfig::CONFIG["libdir"]']`
@@ -3351,6 +3369,10 @@ AS_IF([test x"$cross_compiling" = xyes], [
   AC_SUBST(XRUBY_RUBYLIBDIR)
   AC_SUBST(XRUBY_RUBYHDRDIR)
   PREP='$(arch)-fake.rb'
+  AS_CASE(["$enable_shared:$EXTSTATIC:$target_os"], [no::darwin*], [
+    # darwin target requires miniruby for linking ext bundles
+    PREP="$PREP"' miniruby$(EXEEXT)'
+  ])
   RUNRUBY_COMMAND='$(MINIRUBY) -I`cd $(srcdir)/lib; pwd`'
   RUNRUBY='$(RUNRUBY_COMMAND)'
   XRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'
@@ -3364,7 +3386,6 @@ AS_IF([test x"$cross_compiling" = xyes], [
   RUNRUBY_COMMAND='$(MINIRUBY) $(tooldir)/runruby.rb --extout=$(EXTOUT) $(RUNRUBYOPT)'
   RUNRUBY='$(RUNRUBY_COMMAND) --'
   XRUBY='$(RUNRUBY)'
-  AS_CASE(["$HAVE_BASERUBY:$build_os"], [no:*|*:mingw*], [BOOTSTRAPRUBY='$(MINIRUBY)'])
   TEST_RUNNABLE=yes
   CROSS_COMPILING=no
 ])
@@ -3376,7 +3397,6 @@ AC_SUBST(PREP)
 AC_SUBST(RUNRUBY_COMMAND)
 AC_SUBST(RUNRUBY)
 AC_SUBST(XRUBY)
-AC_SUBST(BOOTSTRAPRUBY)
 AC_SUBST(EXTOUT, [${EXTOUT=.ext}])
 
 FIRSTMAKEFILE=""
@@ -3615,7 +3635,7 @@ AS_CASE("$cross_compiling:${LIBPATHENV}", [yes:* | no:], [], [
     AC_MSG_CHECKING(whether wrapper for $LIBPATHENV is needed)
     AS_IF([env ${LIBPATHENV}=/lib /bin/sh -c ': ${'${LIBPATHENV}'?}' 2>/dev/null],
 	[AC_MSG_RESULT(no)],
-	[PREP="$PREP"' exe/$(PROGRAM)'
+	[AC_SUBST(XRUBY_LIBPATHENV_WRAPPER, 'exe/$(PROGRAM)')
 	AC_MSG_RESULT(yes)]
     )
 ])
@@ -3733,7 +3753,7 @@ AC_ARG_ENABLE(jit-support,
     AS_HELP_STRING([--disable-jit-support], [disable JIT features]),
     [MJIT_SUPPORT=$enableval],
     [AS_CASE(["$target_os"],
-        [wasi | mingw*], [MJIT_SUPPORT=no],
+        [wasi | mingw* | solaris*], [MJIT_SUPPORT=no],
         [MJIT_SUPPORT=yes]
     )])
 
@@ -3743,10 +3763,58 @@ AS_IF([test x"$MJIT_SUPPORT" = "xyes"],
 
 AC_SUBST(MJIT_SUPPORT)
 
+AC_CHECK_PROG(RUSTC, [rustc], [rustc], [no]) dnl no ac_tool_prefix
+
+dnl check if rustc is recent enough to build YJIT (rustc >= 1.58.0)
+YJIT_RUSTC_OK=no
+AS_IF([test "$RUSTC" != "no"],
+    AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether ${RUSTC} works for YJIT])
+    YJIT_TARGET_ARCH=
+    AS_CASE(["$target_cpu"],
+        [arm64|aarch64], [YJIT_TARGET_ARCH=aarch64],
+        [x86_64], [YJIT_TARGET_ARCH=x86_64],
+    )
+    dnl Fails in case rustc target doesn't match ruby target.
+    dnl Can happen on Rosetta, for example.
+    AS_IF([echo "#[cfg(target_arch = \"$YJIT_TARGET_ARCH\")] fn main() { let x = 1; format!(\"{x}\"); }" |
+            $RUSTC - --emit asm=/dev/null 2>/dev/null],
+        [YJIT_RUSTC_OK=yes]
+    )
+    AC_MSG_RESULT($YJIT_RUSTC_OK)
+)
+
+dnl check if we can build YJIT on this target platform
+dnl we can't easily cross-compile with rustc so we don't support that
+YJIT_TARGET_OK=no
+AS_IF([test "$cross_compiling" = no],
+    AS_CASE(["$target_cpu-$target_os"],
+        [*android*], [
+            YJIT_TARGET_OK=no
+        ],
+        [arm64-darwin*|aarch64-darwin*|x86_64-darwin*], [
+            YJIT_TARGET_OK=yes
+        ],
+        [arm64-*linux*|aarch64-*linux*|x86_64-*linux*], [
+            YJIT_TARGET_OK=yes
+        ],
+        [arm64-*bsd*|aarch64-*bsd*|x86_64-*bsd*], [
+            YJIT_TARGET_OK=yes
+        ]
+    )
+)
+
+dnl build YJIT in release mode if rustc >= 1.58.0 is present and we are on a supported platform
 AC_ARG_ENABLE(yjit,
-        AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-yjit],
-        [enable experimental in-process JIT compiler that requires Rust build tools [default=no]]),
-        [YJIT_SUPPORT=$enableval], [YJIT_SUPPORT=no])
+    AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-yjit],
+    [enable in-process JIT compiler that requires Rust build tools. enabled by default on supported platforms if rustc 1.58.0+ is available]),
+    [YJIT_SUPPORT=$enableval],
+    [AS_CASE(["$enable_jit_support:$YJIT_TARGET_OK:$YJIT_RUSTC_OK"],
+        [yes:yes:yes|:yes:yes], [
+            YJIT_SUPPORT=yes
+        ],
+        [YJIT_SUPPORT=no]
+    )]
+)
 
 CARGO=
 CARGO_BUILD_ARGS=
@@ -3756,7 +3824,6 @@ AS_CASE(["${YJIT_SUPPORT}"],
     AS_IF([test x"$enable_jit_support" = "xno"],
         AC_MSG_ERROR([--disable-jit-support but --enable-yjit. YJIT requires JIT support])
     )
-    AC_CHECK_TOOL(RUSTC, [rustc], [no])
     AS_IF([test x"$RUSTC" = "xno"],
         AC_MSG_ERROR([rustc is required. Installation instructions available at https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install])
     )
@@ -3767,16 +3834,17 @@ AS_CASE(["${YJIT_SUPPORT}"],
     ],
     [dev], [
 	rb_rust_target_subdir=debug
-	CARGO_BUILD_ARGS='--features stats,disasm,asm_comments'
+	CARGO_BUILD_ARGS='--features stats,disasm'
 	AC_DEFINE(RUBY_DEBUG, 1)
     ],
     [dev_nodebug], [
 	rb_rust_target_subdir=dev_nodebug
-	CARGO_BUILD_ARGS='--profile dev_nodebug --features stats,disasm,asm_comments'
+	CARGO_BUILD_ARGS='--profile dev_nodebug --features stats,disasm'
     ],
     [stats], [
 	rb_rust_target_subdir=stats
 	CARGO_BUILD_ARGS='--profile stats --features stats'
+	AC_DEFINE(YJIT_STATS, 1)
     ])
 
     AS_IF([test -n "${CARGO_BUILD_ARGS}"], [
@@ -3786,11 +3854,17 @@ AS_CASE(["${YJIT_SUPPORT}"],
              ]))
 
     YJIT_LIBS="yjit/target/${rb_rust_target_subdir}/libyjit.a"
+    AS_CASE(["$target_os"],[openbsd*],[
+        # Link libc++abi (which requires libpthread) for _Unwind_* functions needed by yjit
+        LDFLAGS="$LDFLAGS -lpthread -lc++abi"
+    ])
     YJIT_OBJ='yjit.$(OBJEXT)'
+    AS_IF([test x"$YJIT_SUPPORT" != "xyes" ], [
+        AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(YJIT_SUPPORT, [$YJIT_SUPPORT])
+    ])
     AC_DEFINE(USE_YJIT, 1)
 ], [AC_DEFINE(USE_YJIT, 0)])
 
-
 dnl These variables end up in ::RbConfig::CONFIG
 AC_SUBST(YJIT_SUPPORT)dnl what flavor of YJIT the Ruby build includes
 AC_SUBST(RUSTC)dnl Rust compiler command
@@ -4362,6 +4436,14 @@ AC_SUBST(XCC_WRAPPER)
 
 AS_CASE([" $CPP "], [*" $CC "*], [CPP=`echo " $CPP " | sed "s| $CC |"' $(CC) |;s/^ *//;s/  *$//'`])
 
+AS_IF([test ! -f "$srcdir/revision.h"], [
+    AS_IF([test "x$HAVE_BASERUBY" = xyes], [
+	${BASERUBY} -C "$srcdir" tool/file2lastrev.rb -q --revision.h > "$srcdir/revision.h"
+    ], [
+	touch "$srcdir/revision.h"
+    ])
+])
+
 AS_IF([test x"$firstmf" != x], [
     AC_CONFIG_FILES($firstmf:$firsttmpl, [], [firstmf="$firstmf" firsttmpl="$firsttmpl"])
 ])
@@ -4378,17 +4460,24 @@ AC_CONFIG_FILES(Makefile:template/Makefile.in, [
 	AS_CASE("$VCS",
 		['$(GIT)'|git], [VCSUP='$(VCS) pull --rebase $(GITPULLOPTIONS)'],
 		[VCSUP='$(VCS)'])
-	sed -n \
-	    -e '[/^@%:@define \(RUBY_RELEASE_[A-Z]*\) \([0-9][0-9]*\)/]{' \
-	    -e   's//\1 = \2/' \
-	    -e   '[s/ \([0-9]\)$/ 0\1/]' \
-	    -e   p \
-	    -e '}' "$srcdir/version.h"
+	for f in "$srcdir/version.h" "$srcdir/revision.h"; do
+            test -f "$f" || continue
+	    sed -n \
+	        -e '[/^@%:@define \(RUBY_RELEASE_[A-Z]*\) \([0-9][0-9]*\)/]{' \
+	        -e   's//\1 = \2/' \
+	        -e   '[s/ \([0-9]\)$/ 0\1/]' \
+	        -e   p \
+	        -e '}' "$f"
+        done
 	sed '/^MISSING/s/\$U\././g;/^VCS *=/s#@VCS@#'"$VCS"'#;/^VCSUP *=/s#@VCSUP@#'"$VCSUP"'#' Makefile
 	echo; test x"$EXEEXT" = x || echo 'miniruby: miniruby$(EXEEXT)'
 	AS_IF([test "$gnumake" != yes], [
 	    echo ['$(MKFILES): $(srcdir)/common.mk']
 	    sed ['s/{\$([^(){}]*)[^{}]*}//g'] ${srcdir}/common.mk
+            AS_IF([test "$YJIT_SUPPORT" = yes], [
+                cat ${srcdir}/yjit/not_gmake.mk
+                echo ['$(MKFILES): ${srcdir}/yjit/not_gmake.mk']
+            ])
 	], [
 	    echo 'distclean-local::; @$(RM) GNUmakefile uncommon.mk'
 	])
@@ -4406,7 +4495,7 @@ AC_CONFIG_FILES(Makefile:template/Makefile.in, [
 	echo 'ruby: $(PROGRAM);' >> $tmpmk
 	test "$tmpmk" = "$tmpgmk" || rm -f "$tmpgmk"
     ]) && mv -f $tmpmk Makefile],
-[EXEEXT='$EXEEXT' MAKE='${MAKE-make}' gnumake='$gnumake' GIT='$GIT'])
+[EXEEXT='$EXEEXT' MAKE='${MAKE-make}' gnumake='$gnumake' GIT='$GIT' YJIT_SUPPORT='$YJIT_SUPPORT'])
 
 AC_ARG_WITH([ruby-pc],
 	    AS_HELP_STRING([--with-ruby-pc=FILENAME], [pc file basename]),
diff --git a/cont.c b/cont.c
index 8a9aded713..5375d1945b 100644
--- a/cont.c
+++ b/cont.c
@@ -29,11 +29,15 @@ extern int madvise(caddr_t, size_t, int);
 #include "gc.h"
 #include "internal.h"
 #include "internal/cont.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
 #include "internal/proc.h"
+#include "internal/sanitizers.h"
 #include "internal/warnings.h"
 #include "ruby/fiber/scheduler.h"
 #include "mjit.h"
+#include "yjit.h"
 #include "vm_core.h"
+#include "vm_sync.h"
 #include "id_table.h"
 #include "ractor_core.h"
 
@@ -66,6 +70,8 @@ static VALUE rb_cFiberPool;
 #define FIBER_POOL_ALLOCATION_FREE
 #endif
 
+#define jit_cont_enabled (mjit_enabled || rb_yjit_enabled_p())
+
 enum context_type {
     CONTINUATION_CONTEXT = 0,
     FIBER_CONTEXT = 1
@@ -194,6 +200,15 @@ struct fiber_pool {
     size_t vm_stack_size;
 };
 
+// Continuation contexts used by JITs
+struct rb_jit_cont {
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec; // continuation ec
+    struct rb_jit_cont *prev, *next; // used to form lists
+};
+
+// Doubly linked list for enumerating all on-stack ISEQs.
+static struct rb_jit_cont *first_jit_cont;
+
 typedef struct rb_context_struct {
     enum context_type type;
     int argc;
@@ -211,8 +226,7 @@ typedef struct rb_context_struct {
     rb_execution_context_t saved_ec;
     rb_jmpbuf_t jmpbuf;
     rb_ensure_entry_t *ensure_array;
-    /* Pointer to MJIT info about the continuation.  */
-    struct mjit_cont *mjit_cont;
+    struct rb_jit_cont *jit_cont; // Continuation contexts for JITs
 } rb_context_t;
 
 
@@ -258,7 +272,7 @@ struct rb_fiber_struct {
 
 static struct fiber_pool shared_fiber_pool = {NULL, NULL, 0, 0, 0, 0};
 
-static ID fiber_initialize_keywords[2] = {0};
+static ID fiber_initialize_keywords[3] = {0};
 
 /*
  * FreeBSD require a first (i.e. addr) argument of mmap(2) is not NULL
@@ -680,21 +694,36 @@ fiber_pool_stack_free(struct fiber_pool_stack * stack)
 
     if (DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "fiber_pool_stack_free: %p+%"PRIuSIZE" [base=%p, size=%"PRIuSIZE"]\n", base, size, stack->base, stack->size);
 
-#if VM_CHECK_MODE > 0 && defined(MADV_DONTNEED)
+    // The pages being used by the stack can be returned back to the system.
+    // That doesn't change the page mapping, but it does allow the system to
+    // reclaim the physical memory.
+    // Since we no longer care about the data itself, we don't need to page
+    // out to disk, since that is costly. Not all systems support that, so
+    // we try our best to select the most efficient implementation.
+    // In addition, it's actually slightly desirable to not do anything here,
+    // but that results in higher memory usage.
+
+#ifdef __wasi__
+    // WebAssembly doesn't support madvise, so we just don't do anything.
+#elif VM_CHECK_MODE > 0 && defined(MADV_DONTNEED)
     // This immediately discards the pages and the memory is reset to zero.
     madvise(base, size, MADV_DONTNEED);
-#elif defined(POSIX_MADV_DONTNEED)
-    posix_madvise(base, size, POSIX_MADV_DONTNEED);
 #elif defined(MADV_FREE_REUSABLE)
+    // Darwin / macOS / iOS.
     // Acknowledge the kernel down to the task info api we make this
     // page reusable for future use.
     // As for MADV_FREE_REUSE below we ensure in the rare occasions the task was not
     // completed at the time of the call to re-iterate.
     while (madvise(base, size, MADV_FREE_REUSABLE) == -1 && errno == EAGAIN);
 #elif defined(MADV_FREE)
+    // Recent Linux.
     madvise(base, size, MADV_FREE);
 #elif defined(MADV_DONTNEED)
+    // Old Linux.
     madvise(base, size, MADV_DONTNEED);
+#elif defined(POSIX_MADV_DONTNEED)
+    // Solaris?
+    posix_madvise(base, size, POSIX_MADV_DONTNEED);
 #elif defined(_WIN32)
     VirtualAlloc(base, size, MEM_RESET, PAGE_READWRITE);
     // Not available in all versions of Windows.
@@ -999,6 +1028,8 @@ fiber_is_root_p(const rb_fiber_t *fiber)
 }
 #endif
 
+static void jit_cont_free(struct rb_jit_cont *cont);
+
 static void
 cont_free(void *ptr)
 {
@@ -1019,9 +1050,9 @@ cont_free(void *ptr)
 
     RUBY_FREE_UNLESS_NULL(cont->saved_vm_stack.ptr);
 
-    if (mjit_enabled) {
-        VM_ASSERT(cont->mjit_cont != NULL);
-        mjit_cont_free(cont->mjit_cont);
+    if (jit_cont_enabled) {
+        VM_ASSERT(cont->jit_cont != NULL);
+        jit_cont_free(cont->jit_cont);
     }
     /* free rb_cont_t or rb_fiber_t */
     ruby_xfree(ptr);
@@ -1126,7 +1157,9 @@ fiber_memsize(const void *ptr)
      */
     if (saved_ec->local_storage && fiber != th->root_fiber) {
         size += rb_id_table_memsize(saved_ec->local_storage);
+        size += rb_obj_memsize_of(saved_ec->storage);
     }
+
     size += cont_memsize(&fiber->cont);
     return size;
 }
@@ -1161,6 +1194,7 @@ cont_save_machine_stack(rb_thread_t *th, rb_context_t *cont)
     }
 
     FLUSH_REGISTER_WINDOWS;
+    asan_unpoison_memory_region(cont->machine.stack_src, size, false);
     MEMCPY(cont->machine.stack, cont->machine.stack_src, VALUE, size);
 }
 
@@ -1185,12 +1219,103 @@ cont_save_thread(rb_context_t *cont, rb_thread_t *th)
     sec->machine.stack_end = NULL;
 }
 
+static rb_nativethread_lock_t jit_cont_lock;
+
+// Register a new continuation with execution context `ec`. Return JIT info about
+// the continuation.
+static struct rb_jit_cont *
+jit_cont_new(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
+{
+    struct rb_jit_cont *cont;
+
+    // We need to use calloc instead of something like ZALLOC to avoid triggering GC here.
+    // When this function is called from rb_thread_alloc through rb_threadptr_root_fiber_setup,
+    // the thread is still being prepared and marking it causes SEGV.
+    cont = calloc(1, sizeof(struct rb_jit_cont));
+    if (cont == NULL)
+        rb_memerror();
+    cont->ec = ec;
+
+    rb_native_mutex_lock(&jit_cont_lock);
+    if (first_jit_cont == NULL) {
+        cont->next = cont->prev = NULL;
+    }
+    else {
+        cont->prev = NULL;
+        cont->next = first_jit_cont;
+        first_jit_cont->prev = cont;
+    }
+    first_jit_cont = cont;
+    rb_native_mutex_unlock(&jit_cont_lock);
+
+    return cont;
+}
+
+// Unregister continuation `cont`.
+static void
+jit_cont_free(struct rb_jit_cont *cont)
+{
+    if (!cont) return;
+
+    rb_native_mutex_lock(&jit_cont_lock);
+    if (cont == first_jit_cont) {
+        first_jit_cont = cont->next;
+        if (first_jit_cont != NULL)
+            first_jit_cont->prev = NULL;
+    }
+    else {
+        cont->prev->next = cont->next;
+        if (cont->next != NULL)
+            cont->next->prev = cont->prev;
+    }
+    rb_native_mutex_unlock(&jit_cont_lock);
+
+    free(cont);
+}
+
+// Call a given callback against all on-stack ISEQs.
+void
+rb_jit_cont_each_iseq(rb_iseq_callback callback, void *data)
+{
+    struct rb_jit_cont *cont;
+    for (cont = first_jit_cont; cont != NULL; cont = cont->next) {
+        if (cont->ec->vm_stack == NULL)
+            continue;
+
+        const rb_control_frame_t *cfp;
+        for (cfp = RUBY_VM_END_CONTROL_FRAME(cont->ec) - 1; ; cfp = RUBY_VM_NEXT_CONTROL_FRAME(cfp)) {
+            const rb_iseq_t *iseq;
+            if (cfp->pc && (iseq = cfp->iseq) != NULL && imemo_type((VALUE)iseq) == imemo_iseq) {
+                callback(iseq, data);
+            }
+
+            if (cfp == cont->ec->cfp)
+                break; // reached the most recent cfp
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Finish working with jit_cont.
+void
+rb_jit_cont_finish(void)
+{
+    if (!jit_cont_enabled)
+        return;
+
+    struct rb_jit_cont *cont, *next;
+    for (cont = first_jit_cont; cont != NULL; cont = next) {
+        next = cont->next;
+        free(cont); // Don't use xfree because it's allocated by calloc.
+    }
+    rb_native_mutex_destroy(&jit_cont_lock);
+}
+
 static void
-cont_init_mjit_cont(rb_context_t *cont)
+cont_init_jit_cont(rb_context_t *cont)
 {
-    VM_ASSERT(cont->mjit_cont == NULL);
-    if (mjit_enabled) {
-        cont->mjit_cont = mjit_cont_new(&(cont->saved_ec));
+    VM_ASSERT(cont->jit_cont == NULL);
+    if (jit_cont_enabled) {
+        cont->jit_cont = jit_cont_new(&(cont->saved_ec));
     }
 }
 
@@ -1209,7 +1334,7 @@ cont_init(rb_context_t *cont, rb_thread_t *th)
     cont->saved_ec.local_storage = NULL;
     cont->saved_ec.local_storage_recursive_hash = Qnil;
     cont->saved_ec.local_storage_recursive_hash_for_trace = Qnil;
-    cont_init_mjit_cont(cont);
+    cont_init_jit_cont(cont);
 }
 
 static rb_context_t *
@@ -1238,11 +1363,15 @@ rb_fiberptr_blocking(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber)
     return fiber->blocking;
 }
 
-// This is used for root_fiber because other fibers call cont_init_mjit_cont through cont_new.
+// Start working with jit_cont.
 void
-rb_fiber_init_mjit_cont(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber)
+rb_jit_cont_init(void)
 {
-    cont_init_mjit_cont(&fiber->cont);
+    if (!jit_cont_enabled)
+        return;
+
+    rb_native_mutex_initialize(&jit_cont_lock);
+    cont_init_jit_cont(&GET_EC()->fiber_ptr->cont);
 }
 
 #if 0
@@ -1452,7 +1581,7 @@ cont_restore_1(rb_context_t *cont)
     cont_restore_thread(cont);
 
     /* restore machine stack */
-#ifdef _M_AMD64
+#if defined(_M_AMD64) && !defined(__MINGW64__)
     {
         /* workaround for x64 SEH */
         jmp_buf buf;
@@ -1707,7 +1836,7 @@ rollback_ensure_stack(VALUE self,rb_ensure_list_t *current,rb_ensure_entry_t *ta
     /* push ensure stack */
     for (j = 0; j < i; j++) {
         func = lookup_rollback_func(target[i - j - 1].e_proc);
-        if ((VALUE)func != Qundef) {
+        if (!UNDEF_P((VALUE)func)) {
             (*func)(target[i - j - 1].data2);
         }
     }
@@ -1832,7 +1961,7 @@ rb_cont_call(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE contval)
  *  the current thread, blocking and non-blocking fibers' behavior is identical.
  *
  *  Ruby doesn't provide a scheduler class: it is expected to be implemented by
- *  the user and correspond to Fiber::SchedulerInterface.
+ *  the user and correspond to Fiber::Scheduler.
  *
  *  There is also Fiber.schedule method, which is expected to immediately perform
  *  the given block in a non-blocking manner. Its actual implementation is up to
@@ -1883,11 +2012,207 @@ fiber_t_alloc(VALUE fiber_value, unsigned int blocking)
     return fiber;
 }
 
+static rb_fiber_t *
+root_fiber_alloc(rb_thread_t *th)
+{
+    VALUE fiber_value = fiber_alloc(rb_cFiber);
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
+
+    VM_ASSERT(DATA_PTR(fiber_value) == NULL);
+    VM_ASSERT(fiber->cont.type == FIBER_CONTEXT);
+    VM_ASSERT(FIBER_RESUMED_P(fiber));
+
+    th->root_fiber = fiber;
+    DATA_PTR(fiber_value) = fiber;
+    fiber->cont.self = fiber_value;
+
+    coroutine_initialize_main(&fiber->context);
+
+    return fiber;
+}
+
+static inline rb_fiber_t*
+fiber_current(void)
+{
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    if (ec->fiber_ptr->cont.self == 0) {
+        root_fiber_alloc(rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec));
+    }
+    return ec->fiber_ptr;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+current_fiber_storage(void)
+{
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    return ec->storage;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+inherit_fiber_storage(void)
+{
+    return rb_obj_dup(current_fiber_storage());
+}
+
+static inline void
+fiber_storage_set(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber, VALUE storage)
+{
+    fiber->cont.saved_ec.storage = storage;
+}
+
+static inline VALUE
+fiber_storage_get(rb_fiber_t *fiber)
+{
+    VALUE storage = fiber->cont.saved_ec.storage;
+    if (storage == Qnil) {
+        storage = rb_hash_new();
+        fiber_storage_set(fiber, storage);
+    }
+    return storage;
+}
+
+static void
+storage_access_must_be_from_same_fiber(VALUE self)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_ptr(self);
+    rb_fiber_t *current = fiber_current();
+    if (fiber != current) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Fiber storage can only be accessed from the Fiber it belongs to");
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+ *  call-seq: fiber.storage -> hash (dup)
+ *
+ *  Returns a copy of the storage hash for the fiber. The method can only be called on the
+ *  Fiber.current.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_storage_get(VALUE self)
+{
+    storage_access_must_be_from_same_fiber(self);
+    return rb_obj_dup(fiber_storage_get(fiber_ptr(self)));
+}
+
+static int
+fiber_storage_validate_each(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE _argument)
+{
+    Check_Type(key, T_SYMBOL);
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+fiber_storage_validate(VALUE value)
+{
+    // nil is an allowed value and will be lazily initialized.
+    if (value == Qnil) return;
+
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(value, T_HASH)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "storage must be a hash");
+    }
+
+    if (RB_OBJ_FROZEN(value)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eFrozenError, "storage must not be frozen");
+    }
+
+    rb_hash_foreach(value, fiber_storage_validate_each, Qundef);
+}
+
+/**
+ *  call-seq: fiber.storage = hash
+ *
+ *  Sets the storage hash for the fiber. This feature is experimental
+ *  and may change in the future. The method can only be called on the
+ *  Fiber.current.
+ *
+ *  You should be careful about using this method as you may inadvertently clear
+ *  important fiber-storage state. You should mostly prefer to assign specific
+ *  keys in the storage using Fiber::[]=.
+ *
+ *  You can also use <tt>Fiber.new(storage: nil)</tt> to create a fiber with an empty
+ *  storage.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *
+ *    while request = request_queue.pop
+ *      # Reset the per-request state:
+ *      Fiber.current.storage = nil
+ *      handle_request(request)
+ *    end
+ */
 static VALUE
-fiber_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE proc, struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool, unsigned int blocking)
+rb_fiber_storage_set(VALUE self, VALUE value)
 {
+    if (rb_warning_category_enabled_p(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_EXPERIMENTAL)) {
+        rb_category_warn(RB_WARN_CATEGORY_EXPERIMENTAL,
+          "Fiber#storage= is experimental and may be removed in the future!");
+    }
+
+    storage_access_must_be_from_same_fiber(self);
+    fiber_storage_validate(value);
+
+    fiber_ptr(self)->cont.saved_ec.storage = rb_obj_dup(value);
+    return value;
+}
+
+/**
+ *  call-seq: Fiber[key] -> value
+ *
+ *  Returns the value of the fiber storage variable identified by +key+.
+ *
+ *  The +key+ must be a symbol, and the value is set by Fiber#[]= or
+ *  Fiber#store.
+ *
+ *  See also Fiber::[]=.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_storage_aref(VALUE class, VALUE key)
+{
+    Check_Type(key, T_SYMBOL);
+
+    VALUE storage = fiber_storage_get(fiber_current());
+
+    if (storage == Qnil) return Qnil;
+
+    return rb_hash_aref(storage, key);
+}
+
+/**
+ *  call-seq: Fiber[key] = value
+ *
+ *  Assign +value+ to the fiber storage variable identified by +key+.
+ *  The variable is created if it doesn't exist.
+ *
+ *  +key+ must be a Symbol, otherwise a TypeError is raised.
+ *
+ *  See also Fiber::[].
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_fiber_storage_aset(VALUE class, VALUE key, VALUE value)
+{
+    Check_Type(key, T_SYMBOL);
+
+    VALUE storage = fiber_storage_get(fiber_current());
+
+    return rb_hash_aset(storage, key, value);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+fiber_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE proc, struct fiber_pool * fiber_pool, unsigned int blocking, VALUE storage)
+{
+    if (storage == Qundef || storage == Qtrue) {
+        // The default, inherit storage (dup) from the current fiber:
+        storage = inherit_fiber_storage();
+    }
+    else /* nil, hash, etc. */ {
+        fiber_storage_validate(storage);
+        storage = rb_obj_dup(storage);
+    }
+
     rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_t_alloc(self, blocking);
 
+    fiber->cont.saved_ec.storage = storage;
     fiber->first_proc = proc;
     fiber->stack.base = NULL;
     fiber->stack.pool = fiber_pool;
@@ -1920,54 +2245,90 @@ rb_fiber_pool_default(VALUE pool)
     return &shared_fiber_pool;
 }
 
+VALUE rb_fiber_inherit_storage(struct rb_execution_context_struct *ec, struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber)
+{
+    VALUE storage = rb_obj_dup(ec->storage);
+    fiber->cont.saved_ec.storage = storage;
+    return storage;
+}
+
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
 rb_fiber_initialize_kw(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self, int kw_splat)
 {
     VALUE pool = Qnil;
     VALUE blocking = Qfalse;
+    VALUE storage = Qundef;
 
     if (kw_splat != RB_NO_KEYWORDS) {
         VALUE options = Qnil;
-        VALUE arguments[2] = {Qundef};
+        VALUE arguments[3] = {Qundef};
 
         argc = rb_scan_args_kw(kw_splat, argc, argv, ":", &options);
-        rb_get_kwargs(options, fiber_initialize_keywords, 0, 2, arguments);
+        rb_get_kwargs(options, fiber_initialize_keywords, 0, 3, arguments);
 
-        if (arguments[0] != Qundef) {
+        if (!UNDEF_P(arguments[0])) {
             blocking = arguments[0];
         }
 
-        if (arguments[1] != Qundef) {
+        if (!UNDEF_P(arguments[1])) {
             pool = arguments[1];
         }
+
+        storage = arguments[2];
     }
 
-    return fiber_initialize(self, rb_block_proc(), rb_fiber_pool_default(pool), RTEST(blocking));
+    return fiber_initialize(self, rb_block_proc(), rb_fiber_pool_default(pool), RTEST(blocking), storage);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     Fiber.new(blocking: false) { |*args| ... } -> fiber
+ *     Fiber.new(blocking: false, storage: true) { |*args| ... } -> fiber
  *
- *  Creates new Fiber. Initially, the fiber is not running and can be resumed with
- *  #resume. Arguments to the first #resume call will be passed to the block:
+ *  Creates new Fiber. Initially, the fiber is not running and can be resumed
+ *  with #resume. Arguments to the first #resume call will be passed to the
+ *  block:
  *
- *      f = Fiber.new do |initial|
- *         current = initial
- *         loop do
- *           puts "current: #{current.inspect}"
- *           current = Fiber.yield
- *         end
- *      end
- *      f.resume(100)     # prints: current: 100
- *      f.resume(1, 2, 3) # prints: current: [1, 2, 3]
- *      f.resume          # prints: current: nil
- *      # ... and so on ...
- *
- *  If <tt>blocking: false</tt> is passed to <tt>Fiber.new</tt>, _and_ current thread
- *  has a Fiber.scheduler defined, the Fiber becomes non-blocking (see "Non-blocking
- *  Fibers" section in class docs).
+ *    f = Fiber.new do |initial|
+ *       current = initial
+ *       loop do
+ *         puts "current: #{current.inspect}"
+ *         current = Fiber.yield
+ *       end
+ *    end
+ *    f.resume(100)     # prints: current: 100
+ *    f.resume(1, 2, 3) # prints: current: [1, 2, 3]
+ *    f.resume          # prints: current: nil
+ *    # ... and so on ...
+ *
+ *  If <tt>blocking: false</tt> is passed to <tt>Fiber.new</tt>, _and_ current
+ *  thread has a Fiber.scheduler defined, the Fiber becomes non-blocking (see
+ *  "Non-blocking Fibers" section in class docs).
+ *
+ *  If the <tt>storage</tt> is unspecified, the default is to inherit a copy of
+ *  the storage from the current fiber. This is the same as specifying
+ *  <tt>storage: true</tt>.
+ *
+ *    Fiber[:x] = 1
+ *    Fiber.new do
+ *      Fiber[:x] # => 1
+ *      Fiber[:x] = 2
+ *    end.resume
+ *    Fiber[:x] # => 1
+ *
+ *  If the given <tt>storage</tt> is <tt>nil</tt>, this function will lazy
+ *  initialize the internal storage, which starts as an empty hash.
+ *
+ *    Fiber[:x] = "Hello World"
+ *    Fiber.new(storage: nil) do
+ *      Fiber[:x] # nil
+ *    end
+ *
+ *  Otherwise, the given <tt>storage</tt> is used as the new fiber's storage,
+ *  and it must be an instance of Hash.
+ *
+ *  Explicitly using <tt>storage: true</tt> is currently experimental and may
+ *  change in the future.
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_fiber_initialize(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
@@ -1976,9 +2337,15 @@ rb_fiber_initialize(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
 }
 
 VALUE
+rb_fiber_new_storage(rb_block_call_func_t func, VALUE obj, VALUE storage)
+{
+    return fiber_initialize(fiber_alloc(rb_cFiber), rb_proc_new(func, obj), rb_fiber_pool_default(Qnil), 0, storage);
+}
+
+VALUE
 rb_fiber_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, VALUE obj)
 {
-    return fiber_initialize(fiber_alloc(rb_cFiber), rb_proc_new(func, obj), rb_fiber_pool_default(Qnil), 1);
+    return rb_fiber_new_storage(func, obj, Qtrue);
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1989,7 +2356,7 @@ rb_fiber_s_schedule_kw(int argc, VALUE* argv, int kw_splat)
     VALUE fiber = Qnil;
 
     if (scheduler != Qnil) {
-        fiber = rb_funcall_passing_block_kw(scheduler, rb_intern("fiber"), argc, argv, kw_splat);
+        fiber = rb_fiber_scheduler_fiber(scheduler, argc, argv, kw_splat);
     }
     else {
         rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "No scheduler is available!");
@@ -2032,7 +2399,7 @@ rb_fiber_s_schedule_kw(int argc, VALUE* argv, int kw_splat)
  *
  *  Note that the behavior described above is how the method is <em>expected</em>
  *  to behave, actual behavior is up to the current scheduler's implementation of
- *  Fiber::SchedulerInterface#fiber method. Ruby doesn't enforce this method to
+ *  Fiber::Scheduler#fiber method. Ruby doesn't enforce this method to
  *  behave in any particular way.
  *
  *  If the scheduler is not set, the method raises
@@ -2051,7 +2418,7 @@ rb_fiber_s_schedule(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
  *
  *  Returns the Fiber scheduler, that was last set for the current thread with Fiber.set_scheduler.
  *  Returns +nil+ if no scheduler is set (which is the default), and non-blocking fibers'
- #  behavior is the same as blocking.
+ *  behavior is the same as blocking.
  *  (see "Non-blocking fibers" section in class docs for details about the scheduler concept).
  *
  */
@@ -2085,7 +2452,7 @@ rb_fiber_current_scheduler(VALUE klass)
  *  thread will call scheduler's +close+ method on finalization (allowing the scheduler to
  *  properly manage all non-finished fibers).
  *
- *  +scheduler+ can be an object of any class corresponding to Fiber::SchedulerInterface. Its
+ *  +scheduler+ can be an object of any class corresponding to Fiber::Scheduler. Its
  *  implementation is up to the user.
  *
  *  See also the "Non-blocking fibers" section in class docs.
@@ -2152,25 +2519,7 @@ rb_fiber_start(rb_fiber_t *fiber)
     rb_fiber_terminate(fiber, need_interrupt, err);
 }
 
-static rb_fiber_t *
-root_fiber_alloc(rb_thread_t *th)
-{
-    VALUE fiber_value = fiber_alloc(rb_cFiber);
-    rb_fiber_t *fiber = th->ec->fiber_ptr;
-
-    VM_ASSERT(DATA_PTR(fiber_value) == NULL);
-    VM_ASSERT(fiber->cont.type == FIBER_CONTEXT);
-    VM_ASSERT(fiber->status == FIBER_RESUMED);
-
-    th->root_fiber = fiber;
-    DATA_PTR(fiber_value) = fiber;
-    fiber->cont.self = fiber_value;
-
-    coroutine_initialize_main(&fiber->context);
-
-    return fiber;
-}
-
+// Set up a "root fiber", which is the fiber that every Ractor has.
 void
 rb_threadptr_root_fiber_setup(rb_thread_t *th)
 {
@@ -2185,9 +2534,11 @@ rb_threadptr_root_fiber_setup(rb_thread_t *th)
     fiber->blocking = 1;
     fiber_status_set(fiber, FIBER_RESUMED); /* skip CREATED */
     th->ec = &fiber->cont.saved_ec;
-    // This skips mjit_cont_new for the initial thread because mjit_enabled is always false
-    // at this point. mjit_init calls rb_fiber_init_mjit_cont again for this root_fiber.
-    rb_fiber_init_mjit_cont(fiber);
+    // When rb_threadptr_root_fiber_setup is called for the first time, mjit_enabled and
+    // rb_yjit_enabled_p() are still false. So this does nothing and rb_jit_cont_init() that is
+    // called later will take care of it. However, you still have to call cont_init_jit_cont()
+    // here for other Ractors, which are not initialized by rb_jit_cont_init().
+    cont_init_jit_cont(&fiber->cont);
 }
 
 void
@@ -2222,16 +2573,6 @@ rb_threadptr_root_fiber_terminate(rb_thread_t *th)
 }
 
 static inline rb_fiber_t*
-fiber_current(void)
-{
-    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
-    if (ec->fiber_ptr->cont.self == 0) {
-        root_fiber_alloc(rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec));
-    }
-    return ec->fiber_ptr;
-}
-
-static inline rb_fiber_t*
 return_fiber(bool terminate)
 {
     rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_current();
@@ -2408,7 +2749,60 @@ rb_fiber_transfer(VALUE fiber_value, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
 VALUE
 rb_fiber_blocking_p(VALUE fiber)
 {
-    return RBOOL(fiber_ptr(fiber)->blocking != 0);
+    return RBOOL(fiber_ptr(fiber)->blocking);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+fiber_blocking_yield(VALUE fiber_value)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_ptr(fiber_value);
+    rb_thread_t * volatile th = fiber->cont.saved_ec.thread_ptr;
+
+    // fiber->blocking is `unsigned int : 1`, so we use it as a boolean:
+    fiber->blocking = 1;
+
+    // Once the fiber is blocking, and current, we increment the thread blocking state:
+    th->blocking += 1;
+
+    return rb_yield(fiber_value);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+fiber_blocking_ensure(VALUE fiber_value)
+{
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_ptr(fiber_value);
+    rb_thread_t * volatile th = fiber->cont.saved_ec.thread_ptr;
+
+    // We are no longer blocking:
+    fiber->blocking = 0;
+    th->blocking -= 1;
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *     Fiber.blocking{|fiber| ...} -> result
+ *
+ *  Forces the fiber to be blocking for the duration of the block. Returns the
+ *  result of the block.
+ *
+ *  See the "Non-blocking fibers" section in class docs for details.
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_fiber_blocking(VALUE class)
+{
+    VALUE fiber_value = rb_fiber_current();
+    rb_fiber_t *fiber = fiber_ptr(fiber_value);
+
+    // If we are already blocking, this is essentially a no-op:
+    if (fiber->blocking) {
+        return rb_yield(fiber_value);
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_ensure(fiber_blocking_yield, fiber_value, fiber_blocking_ensure, fiber_value);
+    }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2946,329 +3340,6 @@ rb_fiber_pool_initialize(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
  *     fiber.resume #=> FiberError: dead fiber called
  */
 
-/*
- *  Document-class: Fiber::SchedulerInterface
- *
- *  This is not an existing class, but documentation of the interface that Scheduler
- *  object should comply to in order to be used as argument to Fiber.scheduler and handle non-blocking
- *  fibers. See also the "Non-blocking fibers" section in Fiber class docs for explanations
- *  of some concepts.
- *
- *  Scheduler's behavior and usage are expected to be as follows:
- *
- *  * When the execution in the non-blocking Fiber reaches some blocking operation (like
- *    sleep, wait for a process, or a non-ready I/O), it calls some of the scheduler's
- *    hook methods, listed below.
- *  * Scheduler somehow registers what the current fiber is waiting on, and yields control
- *    to other fibers with Fiber.yield (so the fiber would be suspended while expecting its
- *    wait to end, and other fibers in the same thread can perform)
- *  * At the end of the current thread execution, the scheduler's method #close is called
- *  * The scheduler runs into a wait loop, checking all the blocked fibers (which it has
- *    registered on hook calls) and resuming them when the awaited resource is ready
- *    (e.g. I/O ready or sleep time elapsed).
- *
- *  A typical implementation would probably rely for this closing loop on a gem like
- *  EventMachine[https://github.com/eventmachine/eventmachine] or
- *  Async[https://github.com/socketry/async].
- *
- *  This way concurrent execution will be achieved transparently for every
- *  individual Fiber's code.
- *
- *  Hook methods are:
- *
- *  * #io_wait, #io_read, and #io_write
- *  * #process_wait
- *  * #kernel_sleep
- *  * #timeout_after
- *  * #address_resolve
- *  * #block and #unblock
- *  * (the list is expanded as Ruby developers make more methods having non-blocking calls)
- *
- *  When not specified otherwise, the hook implementations are mandatory: if they are not
- *  implemented, the methods trying to call hook will fail. To provide backward compatibility,
- *  in the future hooks will be optional (if they are not implemented, due to the scheduler
- *  being created for the older Ruby version, the code which needs this hook will not fail,
- *  and will just behave in a blocking fashion).
- *
- *  It is also strongly recommended that the scheduler implements the #fiber method, which is
- *  delegated to by Fiber.schedule.
- *
- *  Sample _toy_ implementation of the scheduler can be found in Ruby's code, in
- *  <tt>test/fiber/scheduler.rb</tt>
- *
- */
-
-#if 0 /* for RDoc */
-/*
- *
- *  Document-method: Fiber::SchedulerInterface#close
- *
- *  Called when the current thread exits. The scheduler is expected to implement this
- *  method in order to allow all waiting fibers to finalize their execution.
- *
- *  The suggested pattern is to implement the main event loop in the #close method.
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_close(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#process_wait
- *  call-seq: process_wait(pid, flags)
- *
- *  Invoked by Process::Status.wait in order to wait for a specified process.
- *  See that method description for arguments description.
- *
- *  Suggested minimal implementation:
- *
- *      Thread.new do
- *        Process::Status.wait(pid, flags)
- *      end.value
- *
- *  This hook is optional: if it is not present in the current scheduler,
- *  Process::Status.wait will behave as a blocking method.
- *
- *  Expected to return a Process::Status instance.
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_process_wait(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#io_wait
- *  call-seq: io_wait(io, events, timeout)
- *
- *  Invoked by IO#wait, IO#wait_readable, IO#wait_writable to ask whether the
- *  specified descriptor is ready for specified events within
- *  the specified +timeout+.
- *
- *  +events+ is a bit mask of <tt>IO::READABLE</tt>, <tt>IO::WRITABLE</tt>, and
- *  <tt>IO::PRIORITY</tt>.
- *
- *  Suggested implementation should register which Fiber is waiting for which
- *  resources and immediately calling Fiber.yield to pass control to other
- *  fibers. Then, in the #close method, the scheduler might dispatch all the
- *  I/O resources to fibers waiting for it.
- *
- *  Expected to return the subset of events that are ready immediately.
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_io_wait(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#io_read
- *  call-seq: io_read(io, buffer, length) -> read length or -errno
- *
- *  Invoked by IO#read to read +length+ bytes from +io+ into a specified
- *  +buffer+ (see IO::Buffer).
- *
- *  The +length+ argument is the "minimum length to be read".
- *  If the IO buffer size is 8KiB, but the +length+ is +1024+ (1KiB), up to
- *  8KiB might be read, but at least 1KiB will be.
- *  Generally, the only case where less data than +length+ will be read is if
- *  there is an error reading the data.
- *
- *  Specifying a +length+ of 0 is valid and means try reading at least once
- *  and return any available data.
- *
- *  Suggested implementation should try to read from +io+ in a non-blocking
- *  manner and call #io_wait if the +io+ is not ready (which will yield control
- *  to other fibers).
- *
- *  See IO::Buffer for an interface available to return data.
- *
- *  Expected to return number of bytes read, or, in case of an error, <tt>-errno</tt>
- *  (negated number corresponding to system's error code).
- *
- *  The method should be considered _experimental_.
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_io_read(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#io_write
- *  call-seq: io_write(io, buffer, length) -> written length or -errno
- *
- *  Invoked by IO#write to write +length+ bytes to +io+ from
- *  from a specified +buffer+ (see IO::Buffer).
- *
- *  The +length+ argument is the "(minimum) length to be written".
- *  If the IO buffer size is 8KiB, but the +length+ specified is 1024 (1KiB),
- *  at most 8KiB will be written, but at least 1KiB will be.
- *  Generally, the only case where less data than +length+ will be written is if
- *  there is an error writing the data.
- *
- *  Specifying a +length+ of 0 is valid and means try writing at least once,
- *  as much data as possible.
- *
- *  Suggested implementation should try to write to +io+ in a non-blocking
- *  manner and call #io_wait if the +io+ is not ready (which will yield control
- *  to other fibers).
- *
- *  See IO::Buffer for an interface available to get data from buffer efficiently.
- *
- *  Expected to return number of bytes written, or, in case of an error, <tt>-errno</tt>
- *  (negated number corresponding to system's error code).
- *
- *  The method should be considered _experimental_.
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_io_write(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#kernel_sleep
- *  call-seq: kernel_sleep(duration = nil)
- *
- *  Invoked by Kernel#sleep and Mutex#sleep and is expected to provide
- *  an implementation of sleeping in a non-blocking way. Implementation might
- *  register the current fiber in some list of "which fiber wait until what
- *  moment", call Fiber.yield to pass control, and then in #close resume
- *  the fibers whose wait period has elapsed.
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_kernel_sleep(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#address_resolve
- *  call-seq: address_resolve(hostname) -> array_of_strings or nil
- *
- *  Invoked by any method that performs a non-reverse DNS lookup. The most
- *  notable method is Addrinfo.getaddrinfo, but there are many other.
- *
- *  The method is expected to return an array of strings corresponding to ip
- *  addresses the +hostname+ is resolved to, or +nil+ if it can not be resolved.
- *
- *  Fairly exhaustive list of all possible call-sites:
- *
- *  - Addrinfo.getaddrinfo
- *  - Addrinfo.tcp
- *  - Addrinfo.udp
- *  - Addrinfo.ip
- *  - Addrinfo.new
- *  - Addrinfo.marshal_load
- *  - SOCKSSocket.new
- *  - TCPServer.new
- *  - TCPSocket.new
- *  - IPSocket.getaddress
- *  - TCPSocket.gethostbyname
- *  - UDPSocket#connect
- *  - UDPSocket#bind
- *  - UDPSocket#send
- *  - Socket.getaddrinfo
- *  - Socket.gethostbyname
- *  - Socket.pack_sockaddr_in
- *  - Socket.sockaddr_in
- *  - Socket.unpack_sockaddr_in
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_address_resolve(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#timeout_after
- *  call-seq: timeout_after(duration, exception_class, *exception_arguments, &block) -> result of block
- *
- *  Invoked by Timeout.timeout to execute the given +block+ within the given
- *  +duration+. It can also be invoked directly by the scheduler or user code.
- *
- *  Attempt to limit the execution time of a given +block+ to the given
- *  +duration+ if possible. When a non-blocking operation causes the +block+'s
- *  execution time to exceed the specified +duration+, that non-blocking
- *  operation should be interrupted by raising the specified +exception_class+
- *  constructed with the given +exception_arguments+.
- *
- *  General execution timeouts are often considered risky. This implementation
- *  will only interrupt non-blocking operations. This is by design because it's
- *  expected that non-blocking operations can fail for a variety of
- *  unpredictable reasons, so applications should already be robust in handling
- *  these conditions and by implication timeouts.
- *
- *  However, as a result of this design, if the +block+ does not invoke any
- *  non-blocking operations, it will be impossible to interrupt it. If you
- *  desire to provide predictable points for timeouts, consider adding
- *  +sleep(0)+.
- *
- *  If the block is executed successfully, its result will be returned.
- *
- *  The exception will typically be raised using Fiber#raise.
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_timeout_after(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#block
- *  call-seq: block(blocker, timeout = nil)
- *
- *  Invoked by methods like Thread.join, and by Mutex, to signify that current
- *  Fiber is blocked until further notice (e.g. #unblock) or until +timeout+ has
- *  elapsed.
- *
- *  +blocker+ is what we are waiting on, informational only (for debugging and
- *  logging). There are no guarantee about its value.
- *
- *  Expected to return boolean, specifying whether the blocking operation was
- *  successful or not.
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_block(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#unblock
- *  call-seq: unblock(blocker, fiber)
- *
- *  Invoked to wake up Fiber previously blocked with #block (for example, Mutex#lock
- *  calls #block and Mutex#unlock calls #unblock). The scheduler should use
- *  the +fiber+ parameter to understand which fiber is unblocked.
- *
- *  +blocker+ is what was awaited for, but it is informational only (for debugging
- *  and logging), and it is not guaranteed to be the same value as the +blocker+ for
- *  #block.
- *
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_unblock(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-
-/*
- *  Document-method: SchedulerInterface#fiber
- *  call-seq: fiber(&block)
- *
- *  Implementation of the Fiber.schedule. The method is <em>expected</em> to immediately
- *  run the given block of code in a separate non-blocking fiber, and to return that Fiber.
- *
- *  Minimal suggested implementation is:
- *
- *     def fiber(&block)
- *       fiber = Fiber.new(blocking: false, &block)
- *       fiber.resume
- *       fiber
- *     end
- */
-static VALUE
-rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_fiber(VALUE self)
-{
-}
-#endif
-
 void
 Init_Cont(void)
 {
@@ -3290,6 +3361,7 @@ Init_Cont(void)
 
     fiber_initialize_keywords[0] = rb_intern_const("blocking");
     fiber_initialize_keywords[1] = rb_intern_const("pool");
+    fiber_initialize_keywords[2] = rb_intern_const("storage");
 
     const char *fiber_shared_fiber_pool_free_stacks = getenv("RUBY_SHARED_FIBER_POOL_FREE_STACKS");
     if (fiber_shared_fiber_pool_free_stacks) {
@@ -3301,8 +3373,14 @@ Init_Cont(void)
     rb_eFiberError = rb_define_class("FiberError", rb_eStandardError);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "yield", rb_fiber_s_yield, -1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "current", rb_fiber_s_current, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "blocking", rb_fiber_blocking, 0);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "[]", rb_fiber_storage_aref, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "[]=", rb_fiber_storage_aset, 2);
+
     rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "initialize", rb_fiber_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "blocking?", rb_fiber_blocking_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "storage", rb_fiber_storage_get, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "storage=", rb_fiber_storage_set, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "resume", rb_fiber_m_resume, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "raise", rb_fiber_m_raise, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cFiber, "backtrace", rb_fiber_backtrace, -1);
@@ -3319,21 +3397,6 @@ Init_Cont(void)
 
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFiber, "schedule", rb_fiber_s_schedule, -1);
 
-#if 0 /* for RDoc */
-    rb_cFiberScheduler = rb_define_class_under(rb_cFiber, "SchedulerInterface", rb_cObject);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "close", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_close, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "process_wait", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_process_wait, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "io_wait", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_io_wait, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "io_read", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_io_read, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "io_write", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_io_write, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "kernel_sleep", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_kernel_sleep, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "address_resolve", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_address_resolve, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "timeout_after", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_timeout_after, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "block", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_block, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "unblock", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_unblock, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFiberScheduler, "fiber", rb_fiber_scheduler_interface_fiber, 0);
-#endif
-
 #ifdef RB_EXPERIMENTAL_FIBER_POOL
     rb_cFiberPool = rb_define_class_under(rb_cFiber, "Pool", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cFiberPool, fiber_pool_alloc);
diff --git a/coroutine/asyncify/Context.h b/coroutine/asyncify/Context.h
index 7dba829a1d..71791a4004 100644
--- a/coroutine/asyncify/Context.h
+++ b/coroutine/asyncify/Context.h
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 #include <stddef.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
 #include "wasm/asyncify.h"
 #include "wasm/machine.h"
 #include "wasm/fiber.h"
@@ -47,10 +48,13 @@ static inline void coroutine_initialize_main(struct coroutine_context * context)
 
 static inline void coroutine_initialize(struct coroutine_context *context, coroutine_start start, void *stack, size_t size)
 {
-    if (ASYNCIFY_CORO_DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "[%s] entry (context = %p, stack = %p ... %p)\n", __func__, context, stack, (char *)stack + size);
+    // Linear stack pointer must be always aligned down to 16 bytes.
+    // https://github.com/WebAssembly/tool-conventions/blob/c74267a5897c1bdc9aa60adeaf41816387d3cd12/BasicCABI.md#the-linear-stack
+    uintptr_t sp = ((uintptr_t)stack + size) & ~0xF;
+    if (ASYNCIFY_CORO_DEBUG) fprintf(stderr, "[%s] entry (context = %p, stack = %p ... %p)\n", __func__, context, stack, (char *)sp);
     rb_wasm_init_context(&context->fc, coroutine_trampoline, start, context);
     // record the initial stack pointer position to restore it after resumption
-    context->current_sp = (char *)stack + size;
+    context->current_sp = (char *)sp;
     context->stack_base = stack;
     context->size = size;
 }
diff --git a/coroutine/ppc/Context.S b/coroutine/ppc/Context.S
index fe28390df0..cdda93e179 100644
--- a/coroutine/ppc/Context.S
+++ b/coroutine/ppc/Context.S
@@ -1,73 +1,90 @@
+; Based on the code by Samuel Williams. Created by Sergey Fedorov on 04/06/2022.
+; Credits to Samuel Williams, Rei Odaira and Iain Sandoe. Errors, if any, are mine.
+; Some relevant examples: https://github.com/gcc-mirror/gcc/blob/master/libphobos/libdruntime/config/powerpc/switchcontext.S
+; https://github.com/gcc-mirror/gcc/blob/master/libgcc/config/rs6000/darwin-gpsave.S
+; https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/7.2?topic=epilogs-saving-gprs-only
+; ppc32 version may be re-written compactly with stmw/lwm, but the code wonʼt be faster, see: https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5927#issuecomment-1139730541
+
+; Notice that this code is only for Darwin (macOS). Darwin ABI differs from AIX and ELF.
+; To add support for AIX, *BSD or *Linux, please make separate implementations.
+
 #define TOKEN_PASTE(x,y) x##y
 #define PREFIXED_SYMBOL(prefix,name) TOKEN_PASTE(prefix,name)
 
+.machine ppc7400 ; = G4, Rosetta
 .text
-.align 2
 
 .globl PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer)
+.align 2
+
 PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer):
-	# Make space on the stack for caller registers
-	addi r1,r1,-80
+	; Make space on the stack for caller registers
+	; (Should we rather use red zone? See libphobos example.)
+	subi r1,r1,80
+
+	; Get LR
+	mflr r0
 
-	# Save caller registers
-	stw r13,0(r1)
-	stw r14,4(r1)
-	stw r15,8(r1)
-	stw r16,12(r1)
-	stw r17,16(r1)
-	stw r18,20(r1)
-	stw r19,24(r1)
-	stw r20,28(r1)
-	stw r21,32(r1)
+	; Save caller registers
+	stw r31,0(r1)
+	stw r30,4(r1)
+	stw r29,8(r1)
+	stw r28,12(r1)
+	stw r27,16(r1)
+	stw r26,20(r1)
+	stw r25,24(r1)
+	stw r24,28(r1)
+	stw r23,32(r1)
 	stw r22,36(r1)
-	stw r23,40(r1)
-	stw r24,44(r1)
-	stw r25,48(r1)
-	stw r26,52(r1)
-	stw r27,56(r1)
-	stw r28,60(r1)
-	stw r29,64(r1)
-	stw r30,68(r1)
-	stw r31,72(r1)
+	stw r21,40(r1)
+	stw r20,44(r1)
+	stw r19,48(r1)
+	stw r18,52(r1)
+	stw r17,56(r1)
+	stw r16,60(r1)
+	stw r15,64(r1)
+	stw r14,68(r1)
+	stw r13,72(r1)
 
-	# Save return address
-	mflr r0
+	; Save return address
+	; Possibly should rather be saved into linkage area, see libphobos and IBM docs
 	stw r0,76(r1)
 
-	# Save stack pointer to first argument
+	; Save stack pointer to first argument
 	stw r1,0(r3)
 
-	# Load stack pointer from second argument
+	; Load stack pointer from second argument
 	lwz r1,0(r4)
 
-	# Restore caller registers
-	lwz r13,0(r1)
-	lwz r14,4(r1)
-	lwz r15,8(r1)
-	lwz r16,12(r1)
-	lwz r17,16(r1)
-	lwz r18,20(r1)
-	lwz r19,24(r1)
-	lwz r20,28(r1)
-	lwz r21,32(r1)
+	; Load return address
+	lwz r0,76(r1)
+
+	; Restore caller registers
+	lwz r13,72(r1)
+	lwz r14,68(r1)
+	lwz r15,64(r1)
+	lwz r16,60(r1)
+	lwz r17,56(r1)
+	lwz r18,52(r1)
+	lwz r19,48(r1)
+	lwz r20,44(r1)
+	lwz r21,40(r1)
 	lwz r22,36(r1)
-	lwz r23,40(r1)
-	lwz r24,44(r1)
-	lwz r25,48(r1)
-	lwz r26,52(r1)
-	lwz r27,56(r1)
-	lwz r28,60(r1)
-	lwz r29,64(r1)
-	lwz r30,68(r1)
-	lwz r31,72(r1)
+	lwz r23,32(r1)
+	lwz r24,28(r1)
+	lwz r25,24(r1)
+	lwz r26,20(r1)
+	lwz r27,16(r1)
+	lwz r28,12(r1)
+	lwz r29,8(r1)
+	lwz r30,4(r1)
+	lwz r31,0(r1)
 
-	# Load return address
-	lwz r0,76(r1)
+	; Set LR
 	mtlr r0
 
-	# Pop stack frame
+	; Pop stack frame
 	addi r1,r1,80
 
-	# Jump to return address
+	; Jump to return address
 	blr
-
diff --git a/coroutine/ppc/Context.h b/coroutine/ppc/Context.h
index 9f69390388..1fce112579 100644
--- a/coroutine/ppc/Context.h
+++ b/coroutine/ppc/Context.h
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include <string.h>
 
 #define COROUTINE __attribute__((noreturn)) void
+#define COROUTINE_LIMITED_ADDRESS_SPACE
 
 enum {
   COROUTINE_REGISTERS =
diff --git a/coroutine/ppc64/Context.S b/coroutine/ppc64/Context.S
index 1bd9268f93..f8561e0e7d 100644
--- a/coroutine/ppc64/Context.S
+++ b/coroutine/ppc64/Context.S
@@ -1,70 +1,89 @@
+; Based on the code by Samuel Williams. Created by Sergey Fedorov on 04/06/2022.
+; Credits to Samuel Williams, Rei Odaira and Iain Sandoe. Errors, if any, are mine.
+; Some relevant examples: https://github.com/gcc-mirror/gcc/blob/master/libphobos/libdruntime/config/powerpc/switchcontext.S
+; https://github.com/gcc-mirror/gcc/blob/master/libgcc/config/rs6000/darwin-gpsave.S
+; https://www.ibm.com/docs/en/aix/7.2?topic=epilogs-saving-gprs-only
+
+; Notice that this code is only for Darwin (macOS). Darwin ABI differs from AIX and ELF.
+; To add support for AIX, *BSD or *Linux, please make separate implementations.
+
 #define TOKEN_PASTE(x,y) x##y
 #define PREFIXED_SYMBOL(prefix,name) TOKEN_PASTE(prefix,name)
 
+.machine ppc64 ; = G5
 .text
-.align 3
 
 .globl PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer)
-PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer):
-	# Make space on the stack for caller registers
-	addi r1,r1,-152
+.align 2
 
-	# Save caller registers
-	std r14,0(r1)
-	std r15,8(r1)
-	std r16,16(r1)
-	std r17,24(r1)
-	std r18,32(r1)
-	std r19,40(r1)
-	std r20,48(r1)
-	std r21,56(r1)
-	std r22,64(r1)
-	std r23,72(r1)
-	std r24,80(r1)
-	std r25,88(r1)
-	std r26,96(r1)
-	std r27,104(r1)
-	std r28,112(r1)
-	std r29,120(r1)
-	std r30,128(r1)
-	std r31,136(r1)
+PREFIXED_SYMBOL(SYMBOL_PREFIX,coroutine_transfer):
+	; Make space on the stack for caller registers
+	; (Should we rather use red zone? See libphobos example.)
+	subi r1,r1,160
 
-	# Save return address
+	; Get LR
 	mflr r0
-	std r0,144(r1)
 
-	# Save stack pointer to first argument
+	; Save caller registers
+	std r31,0(r1)
+	std r30,8(r1)
+	std r29,16(r1)
+	std r28,24(r1)
+	std r27,32(r1)
+	std r26,40(r1)
+	std r25,48(r1)
+	std r24,56(r1)
+	std r23,64(r1)
+	std r22,72(r1)
+	std r21,80(r1)
+	std r20,88(r1)
+	std r19,96(r1)
+	std r18,104(r1)
+	std r17,112(r1)
+	std r16,120(r1)
+	std r15,128(r1)
+	std r14,136(r1)
+	std r13,144(r1)
+
+	; Save return address
+	; Possibly should rather be saved into linkage area, see libphobos and IBM docs
+	std r0,152(r1)
+
+	; Save stack pointer to first argument
 	std r1,0(r3)
 
-	# Load stack pointer from second argument
+	; Load stack pointer from second argument
 	ld r1,0(r4)
 
-	# Restore caller registers
-	ld r14,0(r1)
-	ld r15,8(r1)
-	ld r16,16(r1)
-	ld r17,24(r1)
-	ld r18,32(r1)
-	ld r19,40(r1)
-	ld r20,48(r1)
-	ld r21,56(r1)
-	ld r22,64(r1)
-	ld r23,72(r1)
-	ld r24,80(r1)
-	ld r25,88(r1)
-	ld r26,96(r1)
-	ld r27,104(r1)
-	ld r28,112(r1)
-	ld r29,120(r1)
-	ld r30,128(r1)
-	ld r31,136(r1)
+	; Load return address
+	ld r0,152(r1)
+
+	; Restore caller registers
+	ld r13,144(r1)
+	ld r14,136(r1)
+	ld r15,128(r1)
+	ld r16,120(r1)
+	ld r17,112(r1)
+	ld r18,104(r1)
+	ld r19,96(r1)
+	ld r20,88(r1)
+	ld r21,80(r1)
+	ld r22,72(r1)
+	ld r23,64(r1)
+	ld r24,56(r1)
+	ld r25,48(r1)
+	ld r26,40(r1)
+	ld r27,32(r1)
+	ld r28,24(r1)
+	ld r29,16(r1)
+	ld r30,8(r1)
+	ld r31,0(r1)
 
-	# Load return address
-	ld r0,144(r1)
+	; Set LR
 	mtlr r0
 
-	# Pop stack frame
-	addi r1,r1,152
+	; Pop stack frame
+	addi r1,r1,160
 
-	# Jump to return address
+	; Jump to return address
 	blr
diff --git a/coroutine/ppc64/Context.h b/coroutine/ppc64/Context.h
index 5b47511b9c..3e6f77f55a 100644
--- a/coroutine/ppc64/Context.h
+++ b/coroutine/ppc64/Context.h
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 enum {
   COROUTINE_REGISTERS =
-  19  /* 18 general purpose registers (r14–r31) and 1 return address */
+  20  /* 19 general purpose registers (r13–r31) and 1 return address */
   + 4  /* space for fiber_entry() to store the link register */
 };
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ static inline void coroutine_initialize(
     memset(context->stack_pointer, 0, sizeof(void*) * COROUTINE_REGISTERS);
 
     /* Skip a global prologue that sets the TOC register */
-    context->stack_pointer[18] = ((char*)start) + 8;
+    context->stack_pointer[19] = ((char*)start) + 8;
 }
 
 struct coroutine_context * coroutine_transfer(struct coroutine_context * current, struct coroutine_context * target);
diff --git a/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in b/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
index da00b8aa3c..f342d2fcf7 100644
--- a/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
+++ b/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
@@ -2,15 +2,17 @@ gnumake = yes
 
 include Makefile
 
-ENABLE_SHARED=@ENABLE_SHARED@
-DLLWRAP = @DLLWRAP@ --target=@target_os@ --driver-name="$(CC)"
+MUNICODE_FLAG := $(if $(filter mingw%,$(target_os)),-municode)
+override EXE_LDFLAGS += $(MUNICODE_FLAG)
+
+DLLWRAP = @DLLWRAP@ --target=$(target_os) --driver-name="$(CC)"
 windres-cpp := $(CPP) -xc
 windres-cpp := --preprocessor=$(firstword $(windres-cpp)) \
 	$(addprefix --preprocessor-arg=,$(wordlist 2,$(words $(windres-cpp)),$(windres-cpp)))
 WINDRES = @WINDRES@ $(windres-cpp) -DRC_INVOKED
 STRIP = @STRIP@
 
-ifeq (@target_os@,cygwin)
+ifeq ($(target_os),cygwin)
   DLL_BASE_NAME := $(LIBRUBY_SO:.dll=)
 else
   DLL_BASE_NAME := $(RUBY_SO_NAME)
@@ -38,7 +40,7 @@ WPROGRAM = $(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME)$(EXEEXT)
 
 include $(srcdir)/template/GNUmakefile.in
 
-SOLIBS := $(DLL_BASE_NAME).res.@OBJEXT@ $(SOLIBS)
+SOLIBS := $(DLL_BASE_NAME).res.$(OBJEXT) $(SOLIBS)
 override EXTOBJS += $(if $(filter-out $(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME),$(@:$(EXEEXT)=)),$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME),$(@:$(EXEEXT)=)).res.$(OBJEXT)
 RCFILES = $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).rc $(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME).rc $(DLL_BASE_NAME).rc
 RUBYDEF = $(DLL_BASE_NAME).def
@@ -47,26 +49,26 @@ ruby: $(PROGRAM)
 rubyw: $(WPROGRAM)
 
 $(LIBRUBY): $(RUBY_EXP) $(LIBRUBY_SO)
-$(RUBY_EXP) $(LIBRUBY_SO): $(DLL_BASE_NAME).res.@OBJEXT@
+$(RUBY_EXP) $(LIBRUBY_SO): $(DLL_BASE_NAME).res.$(OBJEXT)
 
-%.res.@OBJEXT@: %.rc
+%.res.$(OBJEXT): %.rc
 	$(ECHO) compiling $@
 	$(Q) $(WINDRES) --include-dir . --include-dir $(<D) --include-dir $(srcdir)/win32 $< $@
 
-%.rc: $(RBCONFIG) $(srcdir)/revision.h $(srcdir)/win32/resource.rb
+%.rc: $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY_FAKE) $(RBCONFIG) $(srcdir)/revision.h $(srcdir)/win32/resource.rb
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/win32/resource.rb \
+	$(Q) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY_COMMAND) $(srcdir)/win32/resource.rb \
 	  -ruby_name=$(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME) -rubyw_name=$(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME) \
 	  -so_name=$(DLL_BASE_NAME) -output=$(*F) \
 	  . $(icondirs) $(srcdir)/win32
 
-$(PROGRAM): $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).res.@OBJEXT@
-$(WPROGRAM): $(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME).res.@OBJEXT@
+$(PROGRAM): $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).res.$(OBJEXT)
+$(WPROGRAM): $(RUBYW_INSTALL_NAME).res.$(OBJEXT)
 	@rm -f $@
 	$(ECHO) linking $@
-	$(Q) $(PURIFY) $(CC) -mwindows -e $(SYMBOL_PREFIX)mainCRTStartup $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) \
+	$(Q) $(PURIFY) $(CC) $(MUNICODE_FLAG) -mwindows -e $(SYMBOL_PREFIX)mainCRTStartup $(LDFLAGS) $(XLDFLAGS) \
 	  $(MAINOBJ) $(EXTOBJS) $(LIBRUBYARG) $(LIBS) -o $@
-$(STUBPROGRAM): $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).res.@OBJEXT@
+$(STUBPROGRAM): $(RUBY_INSTALL_NAME).res.$(OBJEXT)
 
 $(RUBY_EXP): $(LIBRUBY_A)
 	$(ECHO) creating $@
@@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ $(RUBY_EXP): $(LIBRUBY_A)
 
 GNUmakefile:	$(srcdir)/cygwin/GNUmakefile.in
 
-ifeq (@target_os@,mingw32)
+ifeq ($(target_os),mingw32)
 $(OBJS) $(MAINOBJ): win32.h
 
 dir.$(OBJEXT) win32/win32.$(OBJEXT): win32/dir.h
@@ -95,11 +97,11 @@ endif
 
 $(LIBRUBY_SO): $(RUBYDEF)
 
-$(RUBYDEF): $(LIBRUBY_A) $(PREP) $(RBCONFIG)
+$(RUBYDEF): $(LIBRUBY_A) $(PREP) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY_FAKE) $(RBCONFIG)
 	$(ECHO) generating $@
-	$(Q) $(MINIRUBY) $(srcdir)/win32/mkexports.rb -output=$@ $(LIBRUBY_A)
+	$(Q) $(BOOTSTRAPRUBY_COMMAND) $(srcdir)/win32/mkexports.rb -output=$@ $(LIBRUBY_A)
 
 clean-local::
 	@$(RM) $(RUBYDEF)
-	@$(RM) $(RUBY_EXP) $(RCFILES:.rc=.res.@OBJEXT@)
+	@$(RM) $(RUBY_EXP) $(RCFILES:.rc=.res.$(OBJEXT))
 	@$(RM) $(RCFILES)
diff --git a/debug.c b/debug.c
index 3af7f26275..3dd0f71906 100644
--- a/debug.c
+++ b/debug.c
@@ -499,6 +499,7 @@ pretty_filename(const char *path)
     return path;
 }
 
+#undef ruby_debug_log
 void
 ruby_debug_log(const char *file, int line, const char *func_name, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
diff --git a/debug_counter.c b/debug_counter.c
index 0fd0e20c6d..463bebf849 100644
--- a/debug_counter.c
+++ b/debug_counter.c
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 #if USE_DEBUG_COUNTER
 
-static const char *const debug_counter_names[] = {
+const char *const rb_debug_counter_names[] = {
 #define DEBUG_COUNTER_NAME_EMPTY "" /* Suppress -Wstring-concatenation */
     DEBUG_COUNTER_NAME_EMPTY
 #undef DEBUG_COUNTER_NAME_EMPTY
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ static const char *const debug_counter_names[] = {
 };
 
 MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
-size_t rb_debug_counter[numberof(debug_counter_names)];
+size_t rb_debug_counter[numberof(rb_debug_counter_names)];
 void rb_debug_counter_add_atomic(enum rb_debug_counter_type type, int add);
 MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
@@ -56,17 +56,7 @@ void
 ruby_debug_counter_reset(void)
 {
     for (int i = 0; i < RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX; i++) {
-        switch (i) {
-          case RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_unit_queue:
-          case RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_active_units:
-          case RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_compact_units:
-          case RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_mjit_length_stale_units:
-            // These counters may be decreased and should not be reset.
-            break;
-          default:
-            rb_debug_counter[i] = 0;
-            break;
-        }
+        rb_debug_counter[i] = 0;
     }
 }
 
@@ -77,7 +67,7 @@ ruby_debug_counter_get(const char **names_ptr, size_t *counters_ptr)
     int i;
     if (names_ptr != NULL) {
         for (i=0; i<RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX; i++) {
-            names_ptr[i] = debug_counter_names[i];
+            names_ptr[i] = rb_debug_counter_names[i];
         }
     }
     if (counters_ptr != NULL) {
@@ -107,7 +97,7 @@ rb_debug_counter_show_results(const char *msg)
         fprintf(stderr, "[RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER]\t%d %s\n", getpid(), msg);
         for (i=0; i<RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_MAX; i++) {
             fprintf(stderr, "[RUBY_DEBUG_COUNTER]\t%-30s\t%'14"PRIuSIZE"\n",
-                    debug_counter_names[i],
+                    rb_debug_counter_names[i],
                     rb_debug_counter[i]);
         }
     }
diff --git a/debug_counter.h b/debug_counter.h
index c6f4176e97..6e0b8dee60 100644
--- a/debug_counter.h
+++ b/debug_counter.h
@@ -130,7 +130,6 @@ RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_C2R)
 /* instance variable counts
  *
  * * ivar_get_ic_hit/miss: ivar_get inline cache (ic) hit/miss counts (VM insn)
- * * ivar_get_ic_miss_serial: ivar_get ic miss reason by serial (VM insn)
  * * ivar_get_ic_miss_unset:                      ... by unset (VM insn)
  * * ivar_get_ic_miss_noobject:                   ... by "not T_OBJECT" (VM insn)
  * * ivar_set_...: same counts with ivar_set (VM insn)
@@ -140,17 +139,17 @@ RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(frame_C2R)
  */
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_hit)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss_serial)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss_unset)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss_noobject)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_hit)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss_serial)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss_unset)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss_iv_hit)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_ic_miss_noobject)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_base)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_set_base)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss_set)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_cc_miss_set)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_ic_miss_unset)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(ivar_get_cc_miss_unset)
 
 /* local variable counts
  *
@@ -244,6 +243,7 @@ RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_wb_unprotect)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_obj_embed)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_obj_transient)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_obj_ptr)
+RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_obj_too_complex)
 
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_str_ptr)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(obj_str_embed)
@@ -347,41 +347,6 @@ RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(vm_sync_lock_enter_nb)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(vm_sync_lock_enter_cr)
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(vm_sync_barrier)
 
-/* jit_exec() counts */
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(jit_exec)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_exec_not_added)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_exec_not_ready)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_exec_not_compiled)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_exec_call_func)
-
-/* MJIT enqueue / unload */
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_add_iseq_to_process)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_unload_units)
-
-/* MJIT <-> VM frame push counts */
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_frame_VM2VM)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_frame_VM2JT)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_frame_JT2JT)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_frame_JT2VM)
-
-/* MJIT cancel counters */
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_ivar_inline)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_exivar_inline)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_send_inline)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_opt_insn) /* CALL_SIMPLE_METHOD */
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_invalidate_all)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_cancel_leave)
-
-/* rb_mjit_unit_list length */
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_length_unit_queue)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_length_active_units)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_length_compact_units)
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_length_stale_units)
-
-/* Other MJIT counters */
-RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(mjit_compile_failures)
-
 /* load (not implemented yet) */
 /*
 RB_DEBUG_COUNTER(load_files)
diff --git a/defs/gmake.mk b/defs/gmake.mk
index af4d27a5a2..54fef6685f 100644
--- a/defs/gmake.mk
+++ b/defs/gmake.mk
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ INSTRUBY_ENV += SDKROOT=
 endif
 INSTRUBY_ARGS += --gnumake
 
+ifeq ($(DOT_WAIT),)
 CHECK_TARGETS := great exam love check test check% test% btest%
 # expand test targets, and those dependents
 TEST_TARGETS := $(filter $(CHECK_TARGETS),$(MAKECMDGOALS))
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out commit $(TEST_TARGETS),$(MAKECMDGOALS))
 TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst great,exam,$(TEST_TARGETS))
 TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out great $(TEST_TARGETS),$(TEST_DEPENDS))
 TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst exam,check,$(TEST_TARGETS))
-TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst check,test-spec test-all test-tool test-short,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst check,test-syntax-suggest test-spec test-all test-tool test-short,$(TEST_TARGETS))
 TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-rubyspec,test-spec,$(TEST_TARGETS))
 TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out exam check test-spec $(TEST_TARGETS),$(TEST_DEPENDS))
 TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst love,check,$(TEST_TARGETS))
@@ -39,15 +40,13 @@ TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-short,btest-ruby test-knownbug test-basic,$(TEST
 TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-bundled-gems,test-bundled-gems-run,$(TEST_TARGETS))
 TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-bundled-gems-run,test-bundled-gems-run $(PREPARE_BUNDLED_GEMS),$(TEST_TARGETS))
 TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-bundled-gems-prepare,test-bundled-gems-prepare $(PRECHECK_BUNDLED_GEMS) test-bundled-gems-fetch,$(TEST_TARGETS))
+TEST_TARGETS := $(patsubst test-syntax-suggest,test-syntax-suggest $(PREPARE_SYNTAX_SUGGEST),$(TEST_TARGETS))
 TEST_DEPENDS := $(filter-out test-short $(TEST_TARGETS),$(TEST_DEPENDS))
 TEST_DEPENDS += $(if $(filter great exam love check,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),all exts)
+endif
 
 in-srcdir := $(if $(filter-out .,$(srcdir)),$(CHDIR) $(srcdir) &&)
 
-ifneq ($(filter -O0 -Od,$(optflags)),)
-override XCFLAGS := $(filter-out -D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=%,$(XCFLAGS))
-endif
-
 ifeq ($(if $(filter all main exts enc trans libencs libenc libtrans \
 		    prog program ruby ruby$(EXEEXT) \
 		    wprogram rubyw rubyw$(EXEEXT) \
@@ -75,6 +74,7 @@ $(foreach arch,$(arch_flags),\
 	$(eval $(call archcmd,$(patsubst -arch=%,%,$(value arch)),$(patsubst -arch=%,-arch %,$(value arch)))))
 endif
 
+ifeq ($(DOT_WAIT),)
 .PHONY: $(addprefix yes-,$(TEST_TARGETS))
 
 ifneq ($(filter-out btest%,$(TEST_TARGETS)),)
@@ -84,7 +84,8 @@ endif
 ORDERED_TEST_TARGETS := $(filter $(TEST_TARGETS), \
 	btest-ruby test-knownbug test-basic \
 	test-testframework test-tool test-ruby test-all \
-	test-spec test-bundler-prepare test-bundler test-bundler-parallel \
+	test-spec test-syntax-suggest-prepare test-syntax-suggest \
+	test-bundler-prepare test-bundler test-bundler-parallel \
 	test-bundled-gems-precheck test-bundled-gems-fetch \
 	test-bundled-gems-prepare test-bundled-gems-run \
 	)
@@ -92,6 +93,7 @@ prev_test := $(if $(filter test-spec,$(ORDERED_TEST_TARGETS)),test-spec-precheck
 $(foreach test,$(ORDERED_TEST_TARGETS), \
 	$(eval yes-$(value test) no-$(value test): $(value prev_test)); \
 	$(eval prev_test := $(value test)))
+endif
 
 ifneq ($(if $(filter install,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),$(filter uninstall,$(MAKECMDGOALS))),)
 install-targets := $(filter install uninstall,$(MAKECMDGOALS))
@@ -137,7 +139,7 @@ config.status: $(wildcard config.cache)
 STUBPROGRAM = rubystub$(EXEEXT)
 IGNOREDPATTERNS = %~ .% %.orig %.rej \#%\#
 SCRIPTBINDIR := $(if $(EXEEXT),,exec/)
-SCRIPTPROGRAMS = $(addprefix $(SCRIPTBINDIR),$(addsuffix $(EXEEXT),$(filter-out $(IGNOREDPATTERNS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(srcdir)/libexec/*)))))
+SCRIPTPROGRAMS = $(addprefix $(SCRIPTBINDIR),$(addsuffix $(EXEEXT),$(filter-out $(IGNOREDPATTERNS),$(notdir $(wildcard $(srcdir)/bin/*)))))
 
 stub: $(STUBPROGRAM)
 scriptbin: $(SCRIPTPROGRAMS)
@@ -163,9 +165,8 @@ $(SCRIPTBINDIR)%$(EXEEXT): bin/% $(STUBPROGRAM) \
 	$(Q) chmod +x $@
 	$(Q) $(POSTLINK)
 
-$(TIMESTAMPDIR)/.exec.time:
-	$(Q) mkdir exec
-	$(Q) exit > $@
+$(SCRIPTBINDIR):
+	$(Q) mkdir $@
 
 .PHONY: commit
 commit: $(if $(filter commit,$(MAKECMDGOALS)),$(filter-out commit,$(MAKECMDGOALS))) up
@@ -269,8 +270,6 @@ HELP_EXTRA_TASKS = \
 	"  update-github:         merge master branch and push it to Pull Request [PR=1234]" \
 	""
 
-extract-gems: $(HAVE_BASERUBY:yes=update-gems)
-
 # 1. squeeze spaces
 # 2. strip and skip comment/empty lines
 # 3. "gem x.y.z URL xxxxxx" -> "gem|x.y.z|xxxxxx|URL"
@@ -287,8 +286,18 @@ bundled-gems := $(shell sed \
 bundled-gems-rev := $(filter-out $(subst |,,$(bundled-gems)),$(bundled-gems))
 bundled-gems := $(filter-out $(bundled-gems-rev),$(bundled-gems))
 
+# calls $(1) with name, version, revision, URL
+foreach-bundled-gems-rev = \
+    $(foreach g,$(bundled-gems-rev),$(call foreach-bundled-gems-rev-0,$(1),$(subst |, ,$(value g))))
+foreach-bundled-gems-rev-0 = \
+    $(call $(1),$(word 1,$(2)),$(word 2,$(2)),$(word 3,$(2)),$(word 4,$(2)))
+bundled-gem-gemfile = $(srcdir)/gems/$(1)-$(2).gem
+bundled-gem-srcdir = $(srcdir)/gems/src/$(1)
+bundled-gem-extracted = $(srcdir)/.bundle/gems/$(1)-$(2)
+
 update-gems: | $(patsubst %,$(srcdir)/gems/%.gem,$(bundled-gems))
-update-gems: | $(foreach g,$(bundled-gems-rev),$(srcdir)/gems/src/$(word 1,$(subst |, ,$(value g))))
+update-gems: | $(call foreach-bundled-gems-rev,bundled-gem-gemfile)
+update-gems: | $(call foreach-bundled-gems-rev,bundled-gem-srcdir)
 
 test-bundler-precheck: | $(srcdir)/.bundle/cache
 
@@ -308,8 +317,7 @@ $(srcdir)/gems/%.gem:
 	    -e 'FileUtils.rm_rf(old.map{'"|n|"'n.chomp(".gem")})'
 
 extract-gems: | $(patsubst %,$(srcdir)/.bundle/gems/%,$(bundled-gems))
-extract-gems: | $(foreach g,$(bundled-gems-rev), \
-	$(srcdir)/.bundle/gems/$(word 1,$(subst |, ,$(value g)))-$(word 2,$(subst |, ,$(value g))))
+extract-gems: | $(call foreach-bundled-gems-rev,bundled-gem-extracted)
 
 $(srcdir)/.bundle/gems/%: $(srcdir)/gems/%.gem | .bundle/gems
 	$(ECHO) Extracting bundle gem $*...
@@ -334,10 +342,10 @@ $(srcdir)/.bundle/gems/$(1)-$(2): | $(srcdir)/gems/src/$(1) .bundle/gems
 
 endef
 define copy-gem-0
-$(call copy-gem,$(word 1,$(1)),$(word 2,$(1)),$(word 3,$(1)),$(word 4,$(1)))
+$(eval $(call copy-gem,$(1),$(2),$(3),$(4)))
 endef
 
-$(foreach g,$(bundled-gems-rev),$(eval $(call copy-gem-0,$(subst |, ,$(value g)))))
+$(call foreach-bundled-gems-rev,copy-gem-0)
 
 $(srcdir)/gems/src:
 	$(MAKEDIRS) $@
@@ -377,28 +385,22 @@ $(MJIT_MIN_HEADER): $(mjit_min_headers) $(PREP)
 
 endif
 
-ifeq ($(if $(wildcard $(filter-out .,$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES))),,\
-	   $(wildcard $(srcdir)/lib/unicode_normalize/tables.rb)),)
-# Needs the dependency when any Unicode data file exists, or
-# normalization tables script doesn't.  Otherwise, when the target
-# only exists, use it as-is.
-.PHONY: $(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time
-UNICODE_TABLES_TIMESTAMP =
-$(UNICODE_SRC_DATA_DIR)/.unicode-tables.time: \
-	$(UNICODE_FILES) $(UNICODE_PROPERTY_FILES)
-endif
+.SECONDARY: update-unicode-files
+.SECONDARY: update-unicode-auxiliary-files
+.SECONDARY: update-unicode-ucd-emoji-files
+.SECONDARY: update-unicode-emoji-files
 
-ifeq ($(wildcard $(srcdir)/revision.h),)
-REVISION_IN_HEADER := none
-REVISION_LATEST := update
-else
-REVISION_IN_HEADER := $(shell sed -n 's/^\#define RUBY_FULL_REVISION "\(.*\)"/\1/p' $(srcdir)/revision.h 2>/dev/null)
+ifeq ($(HAVE_GIT),yes)
 REVISION_LATEST := $(shell $(CHDIR) $(srcdir) && $(GIT) log -1 --format=%H 2>/dev/null)
+else
+REVISION_LATEST := update
+endif
+REVISION_IN_HEADER := $(shell sed -n 's/^\#define RUBY_FULL_REVISION "\(.*\)"/\1/p' $(wildcard $(srcdir)/revision.h revision.h) /dev/null 2>/dev/null)
+ifeq ($(REVISION_IN_HEADER),)
+REVISION_IN_HEADER := none
 endif
 ifneq ($(REVISION_IN_HEADER),$(REVISION_LATEST))
-# GNU make treat the target as unmodified when its dependents get
-# updated but it is not updated, while others may not.
-$(srcdir)/revision.h: $(REVISION_H)
+$(REVISION_H): PHONY
 endif
 
 include $(top_srcdir)/yjit/yjit.mk
diff --git a/defs/id.def b/defs/id.def
index 097e34e405..ebf00506ea 100644
--- a/defs/id.def
+++ b/defs/id.def
@@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ firstline, predefined = __LINE__+1, %[\
   quo
   name
   nil
+  path
 
   _                                                     UScore
 
@@ -75,6 +76,7 @@ firstline, predefined = __LINE__+1, %[\
   "/*NULL*/"                                            NULL
   empty?
   eql?
+  default
   respond_to?                                           Respond_to
   respond_to_missing?                                   Respond_to_missing
   <IFUNC>
@@ -194,13 +196,14 @@ predefined.split(/^/).each_with_index do |line, num|
   end << token
   predefined_ids[token] = name
 end
+index = 127
 token_ops.split(/^/).each do |line|
   next if /^#/ =~ line
   line.sub!(/\s+#.*/, '')
   id, op, token = line.split
   next unless id and op
   token ||= (id unless /\A\W\z/ =~ op)
-  token_op_ids << [id, op, token]
+  token_op_ids << [id, op, token, (index += 1 if token)]
 end
 {
   "LOCAL" => local_ids,
@@ -212,4 +215,5 @@ end
   :preserved => preserved_ids,
   :predefined => predefined_ids,
   :token_op => token_op_ids,
+  :last_token => index,
 }
diff --git a/defs/keywords b/defs/keywords
index fc30ec2d15..a1b1f4f60f 100644
--- a/defs/keywords
+++ b/defs/keywords
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 struct kwtable {short name, id[2], state;};
 const struct kwtable *rb_reserved_word(const char *, unsigned int);
 #ifndef RIPPER
-static const struct kwtable *reserved_word(/*!ANSI{*/const char *, unsigned int/*}!ANSI*/);
+static const struct kwtable *reserved_word(register const char *str, register size_t len);
 #define rb_reserved_word(str, len) reserved_word(str, len)
 %}
 
diff --git a/defs/lex.c.src b/defs/lex.c.src
index fc30ec2d15..a1b1f4f60f 100644
--- a/defs/lex.c.src
+++ b/defs/lex.c.src
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 struct kwtable {short name, id[2], state;};
 const struct kwtable *rb_reserved_word(const char *, unsigned int);
 #ifndef RIPPER
-static const struct kwtable *reserved_word(/*!ANSI{*/const char *, unsigned int/*}!ANSI*/);
+static const struct kwtable *reserved_word(register const char *str, register size_t len);
 #define rb_reserved_word(str, len) reserved_word(str, len)
 %}
 
diff --git a/dir.c b/dir.c
index a3ea5eea50..3f73f83fc5 100644
--- a/dir.c
+++ b/dir.c
@@ -2305,7 +2305,7 @@ glob_helper(
 #endif
             break;
           case BRACE:
-            if (!recursive) {
+            if (!recursive || strchr(p->str, '/')) {
                 brace = 1;
             }
             break;
@@ -2932,7 +2932,7 @@ dir_globs(VALUE args, VALUE base, int flags)
 static VALUE
 dir_glob_option_base(VALUE base)
 {
-    if (base == Qundef || NIL_P(base)) {
+    if (NIL_OR_UNDEF_P(base)) {
         return Qnil;
     }
 #if USE_OPENDIR_AT
@@ -3343,7 +3343,7 @@ rb_dir_s_empty_p(VALUE obj, VALUE dirname)
 
     result = (VALUE)rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_dir_empty_p, (void *)path,
                                             RUBY_UBF_IO, 0);
-    if (result == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(result)) {
         rb_sys_fail_path(orig);
     }
     return result;
diff --git a/dln.c b/dln.c
index b14ba63c44..0edd709bbe 100644
--- a/dln.c
+++ b/dln.c
@@ -41,6 +41,10 @@ static void dln_loaderror(const char *format, ...);
 # include <strings.h>
 #endif
 
+#if defined __APPLE__
+# include <AvailabilityMacros.h>
+#endif
+
 #ifndef xmalloc
 void *xmalloc();
 void *xcalloc();
@@ -58,7 +62,7 @@ void *xrealloc();
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 
 #ifndef S_ISDIR
-#   define S_ISDIR(m) (((m) & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR)
+# define S_ISDIR(m) (((m) & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR)
 #endif
 
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H
@@ -298,15 +302,15 @@ COMPILER_WARNING_POP
 /* assume others than old Mac OS X have no problem */
 # define dln_disable_dlclose() false
 
-#elif MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_11
-/* targeting newer versions only */
-# define dln_disable_dlclose() false
-
 #elif !defined(MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_11) || \
     (MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MAX_ALLOWED < MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_11)
 /* targeting older versions only */
 # define dln_disable_dlclose() true
 
+#elif MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_11
+/* targeting newer versions only */
+# define dln_disable_dlclose() false
+
 #else
 /* support both versions, and check at runtime */
 # include <sys/sysctl.h>
diff --git a/doc/.document b/doc/.document
index 5ef2d99651..f589dda07c 100644
--- a/doc/.document
+++ b/doc/.document
@@ -6,3 +6,4 @@ NEWS
 syntax
 optparse
 rdoc
+yjit
diff --git a/doc/ChangeLog-2.3.0 b/doc/ChangeLog-2.3.0
index 629fd9c4ec..94996cffd0 100644
--- a/doc/ChangeLog-2.3.0
+++ b/doc/ChangeLog-2.3.0
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ Tue Dec 22 14:31:28 2015  Toru Iwase  <tietew@tietew.net>
 	  should return unfrozen new string.
 	  [ruby-core:72426] [Bug #11858]
 
-Tue Dec 22 05:39:58 2015  Takashi Kokubun  <takashikkbn@gmail.com>
+Tue Dec 22 05:39:58 2015  Takashi Kokubun  <k0kubun@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* ext/cgi/escape/escape.c (preserve_original_state): Preserve
 	  original state for tainted and frozen.  [Fix GH-1166]
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ Mon Dec 21 09:33:17 2015  Karol Bucek  <kares@users.noreply.github.com>
 	* ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb (OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket): fix
 	  NotImplementedError typo.  [Fix GH-1165]
 
-Sun Dec 20 20:54:51 2015  Takashi Kokubun  <takashikkbn@gmail.com>
+Sun Dec 20 20:54:51 2015  Takashi Kokubun  <k0kubun@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* cgi/escape/escape.c: Optimize CGI.escapeHTML for
 	  ASCII-compatible encodings.  [Fix GH-1164]
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ Tue Dec 15 17:57:57 2015  Martin Duerst  <duerst@it.aoyama.ac.jp>
 	  to the correct one in the IANA registry (IBM037)
 	  and added an alias (ebcdic-cp-us)
 
-Tue Dec 15 16:19:26 2015  Takashi Kokubun  <takashikkbn@gmail.com>
+Tue Dec 15 16:19:26 2015  Takashi Kokubun  <k0kubun@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib/erb.rb: Render erb with array buffer for function call optimization.
 	  [fix GH-1143]
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@ Tue Dec 15 13:50:05 2015  Nobuyoshi Nakada  <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
 	* string.c (rb_str_oct): [DOC] mention radix indicators.
 	  [ruby-core:71310] [Bug #11648]
 
-Tue Dec 15 12:20:30 2015  Takashi Kokubun  <takashikkbn@gmail.com>
+Tue Dec 15 12:20:30 2015  Takashi Kokubun  <k0kubun@ruby-lang.org>
 
 	* lib/erb.rb: Simplify regexp to optimize erb scanner.
 	  [fix GH-1144]
@@ -2670,7 +2670,7 @@ Sat Nov  7 09:51:38 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
 	* vm_trace.c (rb_threadptr_exec_event_hooks_orig):
 	  maintain trace_running counter on internal events.
 
-	  This patch is made by Takashi Kokubun <takashikkbn@gmail.com>.
+	  This patch is made by Takashi Kokubun <k0kubun@ruby-lang.org>.
 	  [Bug #11603] https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1059
 
 Sat Nov  7 03:32:27 2015  Koichi Sasada  <ko1@atdot.net>
diff --git a/doc/NEWS/NEWS-3.0.0.md b/doc/NEWS/NEWS-3.0.0.md
index 00c26fe585..bdbd47327b 100644
--- a/doc/NEWS/NEWS-3.0.0.md
+++ b/doc/NEWS/NEWS-3.0.0.md
@@ -512,6 +512,18 @@ Outstanding ones only.
 
     * This version is Ractor compatible.
 
+* URI
+
+    * URI.escape and URI.unescape have been removed.
+      Instead, use the following methods depending on your specific use case.
+
+        * CGI.escape
+        * URI.encode_www_form
+        * URI.encode_www_form_component
+        * CGI.unescape
+        * URI.decode_www_form
+        * URI.decode_www_form_component
+
 ## Compatibility issues
 
 Excluding feature bug fixes.
diff --git a/doc/command_injection.rdoc b/doc/command_injection.rdoc
index 8f1303bcf7..af09be23f0 100644
--- a/doc/command_injection.rdoc
+++ b/doc/command_injection.rdoc
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ They should not be called with unknown or unsanitized commands.
 These methods include:
 
 - Kernel.system
-- {`command` (backtick method)}[rdoc-ref:Kernel#`]
+- {\`command` (backtick method)}[rdoc-ref:Kernel#`]
   (also called by the expression <tt>%x[command]</tt>).
 - IO.popen(command).
 - IO.read(command).
diff --git a/doc/contributing/building_ruby.md b/doc/contributing/building_ruby.md
index 52d6042ec3..469c9d8361 100644
--- a/doc/contributing/building_ruby.md
+++ b/doc/contributing/building_ruby.md
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
     * C compiler
     * autoconf - 2.67 or later
-    * bison - 2.0 or later
+    * bison - 3.0 or later
     * gperf - 3.0.3 or later
     * ruby - 2.7 or later
 
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
     * libffi
     * libyaml
     * libexecinfo (FreeBSD)
+    * rustc - 1.58.0 or later (if you wish to build [YJIT](/doc/yjit/yjit.md))
 
 3. Checkout the CRuby source code:
 
@@ -25,23 +26,54 @@
     git clone https://github.com/ruby/ruby.git
     ```
 
-4. Generate the configuration files and build. It's generally advisable to use a build directory:
+4. Generate the configure file:
 
     ```
     ./autogen.sh
-    mkdir build && cd build # it's good practice to build outside of source dir
-    mkdir ~/.rubies # we will install to .rubies/ruby-master in our home dir
+    ```
+
+5. Create a `build` directory outside of the source directory:
+
+    ```
+    mkdir build && cd build
+    ```
+
+    While it's not necessary to build in a separate directory, it's good practice to do so.
+
+6. We'll install Ruby in `~/.rubies/ruby-master`, so create the directory:
+
+    ```
+    mkdir ~/.rubies
+    ```
+
+7. Run configure:
+
+    ```
     ../configure --prefix="${HOME}/.rubies/ruby-master"
-    make install
     ```
 
-5. Optional: If you are frequently building Ruby, disabling documentation will reduce the time it takes to `make`:
+    - If you are frequently building Ruby, add the `--disable-install-doc` flag to not build documentation which will speed up the build process.
 
-    ``` shell
-    ../configure --disable-install-doc
+8. Build Ruby:
+
+    ```
+    make install
     ```
 
-6. [Run tests](testing_ruby.md) to confirm your build succeeded
+    - If you're on macOS and installed \OpenSSL through Homebrew, you may encounter failure to build \OpenSSL that look like this:
+
+        ```
+        openssl:
+            Could not be configured. It will not be installed.
+            ruby/ext/openssl/extconf.rb: OpenSSL library could not be found. You might want to use --with-openssl-dir=<dir> option to specify the prefix where OpenSSL is installed.
+            Check ext/openssl/mkmf.log for more details.
+        ```
+
+        Adding `--with-openssl-dir=$(brew --prefix openssl)` to the list of options passed to configure may solve the issue.
+
+        Remember to delete your `build` directory and start again from the configure step.
+
+9. [Run tests](testing_ruby.md) to confirm your build succeeded.
 
 ### Unexplainable Build Errors
 
diff --git a/doc/contributing/documentation_guide.md b/doc/contributing/documentation_guide.md
index df67747710..9cfd59d629 100644
--- a/doc/contributing/documentation_guide.md
+++ b/doc/contributing/documentation_guide.md
@@ -137,6 +137,19 @@ or [list](rdoc-ref:RDoc::Markup@Simple+Lists)
 should be preceded by and followed by a blank line.
 This is unnecessary for the HTML output, but helps in the `ri` output.
 
+### \Method Names
+
+For a method name in text:
+
+- For a method in the current class or module,
+  use a double-colon for a singleton method,
+  or a hash mark for an instance method:
+  <tt>::bar</tt>, <tt>#baz</tt>.
+- Otherwise, include the class or module name
+  and use a dot for a singleton method,
+  or a hash mark for an instance method:
+  <tt>Foo.bar</tt>, <tt>Foo#baz</tt>.
+
 ### Auto-Linking
 
 In general, \RDoc's auto-linking should not be suppressed.
@@ -151,6 +164,28 @@ We might consider whether to suppress when:
 - The same reference is repeated many times
   (e.g., _RDoc_ on this page).
 
+### HTML Tags
+
+In general, avoid using HTML tags (even in formats where it's allowed)
+because `ri` (the Ruby Interactive reference tool)
+may not render them properly.
+
+### Tables
+
+In particular, avoid building tables with HTML tags
+(<tt><table></tt>, etc.).
+
+Alternatives are:
+
+- The GFM (GitHub Flavored Markdown) table extension,
+  which is enabled by default. See
+  {GFM tables extension}[https://github.github.com/gfm/#tables-extension-].
+
+- A {verbatim text block}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Verbatim+Text+Blocks],
+  using spaces and punctuation to format the text.
+  Note that {text markup}[rdoc-ref:RDoc::MarkupReference@Text+Markup]
+  will not be honored.
+
 ## Documenting Classes and Modules
 
 The general structure of the class or module documentation should be:
diff --git a/doc/encodings.rdoc b/doc/encodings.rdoc
index c61ab11e9a..1f3c54d740 100644
--- a/doc/encodings.rdoc
+++ b/doc/encodings.rdoc
@@ -467,12 +467,13 @@ These keyword-value pairs specify encoding options:
     with a carriage-return character (<tt>"\r"</tt>).
   - <tt>:crlf_newline: true</tt>: Replace each line-feed character (<tt>"\n"</tt>)
     with a carriage-return/line-feed string (<tt>"\r\n"</tt>).
-  - <tt>:universal_newline: true</tt>: Replace each carriage-return/line-feed string
+  - <tt>:universal_newline: true</tt>: Replace each carriage-return
+    character (<tt>"\r"</tt>) and each carriage-return/line-feed string
     (<tt>"\r\n"</tt>) with a line-feed character (<tt>"\n"</tt>).
 
   Examples:
 
-    s = "\n \r\n"                              # => "\n \r\n"
-    s.encode('ASCII', cr_newline: true)        # => "\r \r\r"
-    s.encode('ASCII', crlf_newline: true)      # => "\r\n \r\r\n"
-    s.encode('ASCII', universal_newline: true) # => "\n \n"
+    s = "\n \r \r\n"                           # => "\n \r \r\n"
+    s.encode('ASCII', cr_newline: true)        # => "\r \r \r\r"
+    s.encode('ASCII', crlf_newline: true)      # => "\r\n \r \r\r\n"
+    s.encode('ASCII', universal_newline: true) # => "\n \n \n"
diff --git a/doc/examples/files.rdoc b/doc/examples/files.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f736132770
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/examples/files.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# English text with newlines.
+text = <<~EOT
+  First line
+  Second line
+
+  Fourth line
+  Fifth line
+EOT
+
+# Russian text.
+russian = "\u{442 435 441 442}" # => "тест"
+
+# Binary data.
+data = "\u9990\u9991\u9992\u9993\u9994"
+
+# Text file.
+File.write('t.txt', text)
+
+# File with Russian text.
+File.write('t.rus', russian)
+
+# File with binary data.
+f = File.new('t.dat', 'wb:UTF-16')
+f.write(data)
+f.close
+
diff --git a/doc/mjit/mjit.md b/doc/mjit/mjit.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6f19ab3ea7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/mjit/mjit.md
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# MJIT
+
+This document has some tips that might be useful when you work on MJIT.
+
+## Supported platforms
+
+The following platforms are either tested on CI or assumed to work.
+
+* OS: Linux, macOS
+* Arch: x86\_64, aarch64, arm64, i686, i386
+
+### Not supported
+
+The MJIT support for the following platforms is no longer maintained.
+
+* OS: Windows (mswin, MinGW), Solaris
+* Arch: SPARC, s390x
+
+## Developing MJIT
+
+### Bindgen
+
+If you see an "MJIT bindgen" GitHub Actions failure, please commit the `git diff` shown on the failed job.
+
+For doing the same thing locally, run `make mjit-bindgen` after installing libclang.
+macOS seems to have libclang by default. On Ubuntu, you can install it with `apt install libclang1`.
+
+### Always run make install
+
+Always run `make install` before running MJIT. It could easily cause a SEGV if you don't.
+MJIT looks for the installed header for security reasons.
+
+### --mjit-debug vs --mjit-debug=-ggdb3
+
+`--mjit-debug=[flags]` allows you to specify arbitrary flags while keeping other compiler flags like `-O3`,
+which is useful for profiling benchmarks.
+
+`--mjit-debug` alone, on the other hand, disables `-O3` and adds debug flags.
+If you're debugging MJIT, what you need to use is not `--mjit-debug=-ggdb3` but `--mjit-debug`.
diff --git a/doc/net-http/examples.rdoc b/doc/net-http/examples.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c1366e7ad1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/net-http/examples.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+Examples here assume that <tt>net/http</tt> has been required
+(which also requires +uri+):
+
+  require 'net/http'
+
+Many code examples here use these example websites:
+
+- https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com.
+- http://example.com.
+
+Some examples also assume these variables:
+
+  uri = URI('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/')
+  uri.freeze # Examples may not modify.
+  hostname = uri.hostname # => "jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"
+  path = uri.path         # => "/"
+  port = uri.port         # => 443
+
+So that example requests may be written as:
+
+  Net::HTTP.get(uri)
+  Net::HTTP.get(hostname, '/index.html')
+  Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
+    http.get('/todos/1')
+    http.get('/todos/2')
+  end
+
+An example that needs a modified URI first duplicates +uri+, then modifies the duplicate:
+
+  _uri = uri.dup
+  _uri.path = '/todos/1'
diff --git a/doc/net-http/included_getters.rdoc b/doc/net-http/included_getters.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7ac327f4b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/net-http/included_getters.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+This class also includes (indirectly) module Net::HTTPHeader,
+which gives access to its
+{methods for getting headers}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTPHeader@Getters].
diff --git a/doc/packed_data.rdoc b/doc/packed_data.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ec13b24c69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/packed_data.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,590 @@
+== Packed \Data
+
+Certain Ruby core methods deal with packing and unpacking data:
+
+- \Method Array#pack:
+  Formats each element in array +self+ into a binary string;
+  returns that string.
+- \Method String#unpack:
+  Extracts data from string +self+,
+  forming objects that become the elements of a new array;
+  returns that array.
+- \Method String#unpack1:
+  Does the same, but unpacks and returns only the first extracted object.
+
+Each of these methods accepts a string +template+,
+consisting of zero or more _directive_ characters,
+each followed by zero or more _modifier_ characters.
+
+Examples (directive <tt>'C'</tt> specifies 'unsigned character'):
+
+  [65].pack('C')      # => "A"  # One element, one directive.
+  [65, 66].pack('CC') # => "AB" # Two elements, two directives.
+  [65, 66].pack('C')  # => "A"  # Extra element is ignored.
+  [65].pack('')       # => ""   # No directives.
+  [65].pack('CC')               # Extra directive raises ArgumentError.
+
+  'A'.unpack('C')   # => [65]      # One character, one directive.
+  'AB'.unpack('CC') # => [65, 66]  # Two characters, two directives.
+  'AB'.unpack('C')  # => [65]      # Extra character is ignored.
+  'A'.unpack('CC')  # => [65, nil] # Extra directive generates nil.
+  'AB'.unpack('')   # => []        # No directives.
+
+The string +template+ may contain any mixture of valid directives
+(directive <tt>'c'</tt> specifies 'signed character'):
+
+  [65, -1].pack('cC')  # => "A\xFF"
+  "A\xFF".unpack('cC') # => [65, 255]
+
+The string +template+ may contain whitespace (which is ignored)
+and comments, each of which begins with character <tt>'#'</tt>
+and continues up to and including the next following newline:
+
+  [0,1].pack("  C  #foo \n  C  ")    # => "\x00\x01"
+  "\0\1".unpack("  C  #foo \n  C  ") # => [0, 1]
+
+Any directive may be followed by either of these modifiers:
+
+- <tt>'*'</tt> - The directive is to be applied as many times as needed:
+
+    [65, 66].pack('C*') # => "AB"
+    'AB'.unpack('C*')   # => [65, 66]
+
+- Integer +count+ - The directive is to be applied +count+ times:
+
+    [65, 66].pack('C2') # => "AB"
+    [65, 66].pack('C3') # Raises ArgumentError.
+    'AB'.unpack('C2')   # => [65, 66]
+    'AB'.unpack('C3')   # => [65, 66, nil]
+
+  Note: Directives in <tt>%w[A a Z m]</tt> use +count+ differently;
+  see {String Directives}[rdoc-ref:packed_data.rdoc@String+Directives].
+
+If elements don't fit the provided directive, only least significant bits are encoded:
+
+    [257].pack("C").unpack("C") # => [1]
+
+=== Packing \Method
+
+\Method Array#pack accepts optional keyword argument
++buffer+ that specifies the target string (instead of a new string):
+
+  [65, 66].pack('C*', buffer: 'foo') # => "fooAB"
+
+The method can accept a block:
+
+  # Packed string is passed to the block.
+  [65, 66].pack('C*') {|s| p s }    # => "AB"
+
+=== Unpacking Methods
+
+Methods String#unpack and String#unpack1 each accept
+an optional keyword argument +offset+ that specifies an offset
+into the string:
+
+  'ABC'.unpack('C*', offset: 1)  # => [66, 67]
+  'ABC'.unpack1('C*', offset: 1) # => 66
+
+Both methods can accept a block:
+
+  # Each unpacked object is passed to the block.
+  ret = []
+  "ABCD".unpack("C*") {|c| ret << c }
+  ret # => [65, 66, 67, 68]
+
+  # The single unpacked object is passed to the block.
+  'AB'.unpack1('C*') {|ele| p ele } # => 65
+
+=== \Integer Directives
+
+Each integer directive specifies the packing or unpacking
+for one element in the input or output array.
+
+==== 8-Bit \Integer Directives
+
+- <tt>'c'</tt> - 8-bit signed integer
+  (like C <tt>signed char</tt>):
+
+    [0, 1, 255].pack('c*')  # => "\x00\x01\xFF"
+    s = [0, 1, -1].pack('c*') # => "\x00\x01\xFF"
+    s.unpack('c*') # => [0, 1, -1]
+
+- <tt>'C'</tt> - 8-bit signed integer
+  (like C <tt>unsigned char</tt>):
+
+    [0, 1, 255].pack('C*')    # => "\x00\x01\xFF"
+    s = [0, 1, -1].pack('C*') # => "\x00\x01\xFF"
+    s.unpack('C*')            # => [0, 1, 255]
+
+==== 16-Bit \Integer Directives
+
+- <tt>'s'</tt> - 16-bit signed integer, native-endian
+  (like C <tt>int16_t</tt>):
+
+    [513, -514].pack('s*')      # => "\x01\x02\xFE\xFD"
+    s = [513, 65022].pack('s*') # => "\x01\x02\xFE\xFD"
+    s.unpack('s*')              # => [513, -514]
+
+- <tt>'S'</tt> - 16-bit unsigned integer, native-endian
+  (like C <tt>uint16_t</tt>):
+
+    [513, -514].pack('S*')      # => "\x01\x02\xFE\xFD"
+    s = [513, 65022].pack('S*') # => "\x01\x02\xFE\xFD"
+    s.unpack('S*')              # => [513, 65022]
+
+- <tt>'n'</tt> - 16-bit network integer, big-endian:
+
+    s = [0, 1, -1, 32767, -32768, 65535].pack('n*')
+    # => "\x00\x00\x00\x01\xFF\xFF\x7F\xFF\x80\x00\xFF\xFF"
+    s.unpack('n*')
+    # => [0, 1, 65535, 32767, 32768, 65535]
+
+- <tt>'v'</tt> - 16-bit VAX integer, little-endian:
+
+    s = [0, 1, -1, 32767, -32768, 65535].pack('v*')
+    # => "\x00\x00\x01\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\x7F\x00\x80\xFF\xFF"
+    s.unpack('v*')
+    # => [0, 1, 65535, 32767, 32768, 65535]
+
+==== 32-Bit \Integer Directives
+
+- <tt>'l'</tt> - 32-bit signed integer, native-endian
+  (like C <tt>int32_t</tt>):
+
+    s = [67305985, -50462977].pack('l*')
+    # => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC"
+    s.unpack('l*')
+    # => [67305985, -50462977]
+
+- <tt>'L'</tt> - 32-bit unsigned integer, native-endian
+  (like C <tt>uint32_t</tt>):
+
+    s = [67305985, 4244504319].pack('L*')
+    # => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC"
+    s.unpack('L*')
+    # => [67305985, 4244504319]
+
+- <tt>'N'</tt> - 32-bit network integer, big-endian:
+
+    s = [0,1,-1].pack('N*')
+    # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF"
+    s.unpack('N*')
+    # => [0, 1, 4294967295]
+
+- <tt>'V'</tt> - 32-bit VAX integer, little-endian:
+
+    s = [0,1,-1].pack('V*')
+    # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF"
+    s.unpack('v*')
+    # => [0, 0, 1, 0, 65535, 65535]
+
+==== 64-Bit \Integer Directives
+
+- <tt>'q'</tt> - 64-bit signed integer, native-endian
+  (like C <tt>int64_t</tt>):
+
+    s = [578437695752307201, -506097522914230529].pack('q*')
+    # => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\a\b\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC\xFB\xFA\xF9\xF8"
+    s.unpack('q*')
+    # => [578437695752307201, -506097522914230529]
+
+- <tt>'Q'</tt> - 64-bit unsigned integer, native-endian
+  (like C <tt>uint64_t</tt>):
+
+    s = [578437695752307201, 17940646550795321087].pack('Q*')
+    # => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\a\b\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC\xFB\xFA\xF9\xF8"
+    s.unpack('Q*')
+    # => [578437695752307201, 17940646550795321087]
+
+==== Platform-Dependent \Integer Directives
+
+- <tt>'i'</tt> - Platform-dependent width signed integer,
+  native-endian (like C <tt>int</tt>):
+
+    s = [67305985, -50462977].pack('i*')
+    # => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC"
+    s.unpack('i*')
+    # => [67305985, -50462977]
+
+- <tt>'I'</tt> - Platform-dependent width unsigned integer,
+  native-endian (like C <tt>unsigned int</tt>):
+
+    s = [67305985, -50462977].pack('I*')
+    # => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC"
+    s.unpack('I*')
+    # => [67305985, 4244504319]
+
+==== Pointer Directives
+
+- <tt>'j'</tt> - 64-bit pointer-width signed integer,
+  native-endian (like C <tt>intptr_t</tt>):
+
+    s = [67305985, -50462977].pack('j*')
+    # => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF"
+    s.unpack('j*')
+    # => [67305985, -50462977]
+
+- <tt>'j'</tt> - 64-bit pointer-width unsigned integer,
+  native-endian (like C <tt>uintptr_t</tt>):
+
+    s = [67305985, 4244504319].pack('J*')
+    # => "\x01\x02\x03\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\xFF\xFE\xFD\xFC\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+    s.unpack('J*')
+    # => [67305985, 4244504319]
+
+==== Other \Integer Directives
+:
+- <tt>'U'</tt> - UTF-8 character:
+
+    s = [4194304].pack('U*')
+    # => "\xF8\x90\x80\x80\x80"
+    s.unpack('U*')
+    # => [4194304]
+
+- <tt>'w'</tt> - BER-encoded integer
+  (see {BER enocding}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.690#BER_encoding]):
+
+    s = [1073741823].pack('w*')
+    # => "\x83\xFF\xFF\xFF\x7F"
+    s.unpack('w*')
+    # => [1073741823]
+
+==== Modifiers for \Integer Directives
+
+For directives in
+<tt>'i'</tt>,
+<tt>'I'</tt>,
+<tt>'s'</tt>,
+<tt>'S'</tt>,
+<tt>'l'</tt>,
+<tt>'L'</tt>,
+<tt>'q'</tt>,
+<tt>'Q'</tt>,
+<tt>'j'</tt>, and
+<tt>'J'</tt>,
+these modifiers may be suffixed:
+
+- <tt>'!'</tt> or <tt>'_'</tt> - Underlying platform’s native size.
+- <tt>'>'</tt> - Big-endian.
+- <tt>'<'</tt> - Little-endian.
+
+=== \Float Directives
+
+Each float directive specifies the packing or unpacking
+for one element in the input or output array.
+
+==== Single-Precision \Float Directives
+
+- <tt>'F'</tt> or <tt>'f'</tt> - Native format:
+
+    s = [3.0].pack('F') # => "\x00\x00@@"
+    s.unpack('F')       # => [3.0]
+
+- <tt>'e'</tt> - Little-endian:
+
+    s = [3.0].pack('e') # => "\x00\x00@@"
+    s.unpack('e')       # => [3.0]
+
+- <tt>'g'</tt> - Big-endian:
+
+    s = [3.0].pack('g') # => "@@\x00\x00"
+    s.unpack('g')       # => [3.0]
+
+==== Double-Precision \Float Directives
+
+- <tt>'D'</tt> or <tt>'d'</tt> - Native format:
+
+    s = [3.0].pack('D') # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\b@"
+    s.unpack('D')       # => [3.0]
+
+- <tt>'E'</tt> - Little-endian:
+
+    s = [3.0].pack('E') # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\b@"
+    s.unpack('E')       # => [3.0]
+
+- <tt>'G'</tt> - Big-endian:
+
+    s = [3.0].pack('G') # => "@\b\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+    s.unpack('G')       # => [3.0]
+
+A float directive may be infinity or not-a-number:
+
+  inf = 1.0/0.0                  # => Infinity
+  [inf].pack('f')                # => "\x00\x00\x80\x7F"
+  "\x00\x00\x80\x7F".unpack('f') # => [Infinity]
+
+  nan = inf/inf                  # => NaN
+  [nan].pack('f')                # => "\x00\x00\xC0\x7F"
+  "\x00\x00\xC0\x7F".unpack('f') # => [NaN]
+
+=== \String Directives
+
+Each string directive specifies the packing or unpacking
+for one byte in the input or output string.
+
+==== Binary \String Directives
+
+- <tt>'A'</tt> - Arbitrary binary string (space padded; count is width);
+  +nil+ is treated as the empty string:
+
+    ['foo'].pack('A')    # => "f"
+    ['foo'].pack('A*')   # => "foo"
+    ['foo'].pack('A2')   # => "fo"
+    ['foo'].pack('A4')   # => "foo "
+    [nil].pack('A')      # => " "
+    [nil].pack('A*')     # => ""
+    [nil].pack('A2')     # => "  "
+    [nil].pack('A4')     # => "    "
+
+    "foo\0".unpack('A')      # => ["f"]
+    "foo\0".unpack('A4')     # => ["foo"]
+    "foo\0bar".unpack('A10') # => ["foo\x00bar"] # Reads past "\0".
+    "foo ".unpack('A')       # => ["f"]
+    "foo ".unpack('A4')      # => ["foo"]
+    "foo".unpack('A4')       # => ["foo"]
+
+    russian = "\u{442 435 441 442}" # => "тест"
+    russian.size         # => 4
+    russian.bytesize     # => 8
+    [russian].pack('A')  # => "\xD1"
+    [russian].pack('A*') # => "\xD1\x82\xD0\xB5\xD1\x81\xD1\x82"
+    russian.unpack('A')  # => ["\xD1"]
+    russian.unpack('A2') # => ["\xD1\x82"]
+    russian.unpack('A4') # => ["\xD1\x82\xD0\xB5"]
+    russian.unpack('A*') # => ["\xD1\x82\xD0\xB5\xD1\x81\xD1\x82"]
+
+- <tt>'a'</tt> - Arbitrary binary string (null padded; count is width):
+
+    ["foo"].pack('a')    # => "f"
+    ["foo"].pack('a*')   # => "foo"
+    ["foo"].pack('a2')   # => "fo"
+    ["foo\0"].pack('a4') # => "foo\x00"
+    [nil].pack('a')      # => "\x00"
+    [nil].pack('a*')     # => ""
+    [nil].pack('a2')     # => "\x00\x00"
+    [nil].pack('a4')     # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+
+    "foo\0".unpack('a')     # => ["f"]
+    "foo\0".unpack('a4')    # => ["foo\x00"]
+    "foo ".unpack('a4')     # => ["foo "]
+    "foo".unpack('a4')      # => ["foo"]
+    "foo\0bar".unpack('a4') # => ["foo\x00"] # Reads past "\0".
+
+- <tt>'Z'</tt> - Same as <tt>'a'</tt>,
+  except that null is added or ignored with <tt>'*'</tt>:
+
+    ["foo"].pack('Z*')   # => "foo\x00"
+    [nil].pack('Z*')     # => "\x00"
+
+    "foo\0".unpack('Z*')    # => ["foo"]
+    "foo".unpack('Z*')      # => ["foo"]
+    "foo\0bar".unpack('Z*') # => ["foo"] # Does not read past "\0".
+
+==== Bit \String Directives
+
+- <tt>'B'</tt> - Bit string (high byte first):
+
+    ['11111111' + '00000000'].pack('B*') # => "\xFF\x00"
+    ['10000000' + '01000000'].pack('B*') # => "\x80@"
+
+    ['1'].pack('B0') # => ""
+    ['1'].pack('B1') # => "\x80"
+    ['1'].pack('B2') # => "\x80\x00"
+    ['1'].pack('B3') # => "\x80\x00"
+    ['1'].pack('B4') # => "\x80\x00\x00"
+    ['1'].pack('B5') # => "\x80\x00\x00"
+    ['1'].pack('B6') # => "\x80\x00\x00\x00"
+
+    "\xff\x00".unpack("B*") # => ["1111111100000000"]
+    "\x01\x02".unpack("B*") # => ["0000000100000010"]
+
+    "".unpack("B0")     # => [""]
+    "\x80".unpack("B1") # => ["1"]
+    "\x80".unpack("B2") # => ["10"]
+    "\x80".unpack("B3") # => ["100"]
+
+- <tt>'b'</tt> - Bit string (low byte first):
+
+    ['11111111' + '00000000'].pack('b*') # => "\xFF\x00"
+    ['10000000' + '01000000'].pack('b*') # => "\x01\x02"
+
+    ['1'].pack('b0') # => ""
+    ['1'].pack('b1') # => "\x01"
+    ['1'].pack('b2') # => "\x01\x00"
+    ['1'].pack('b3') # => "\x01\x00"
+    ['1'].pack('b4') # => "\x01\x00\x00"
+    ['1'].pack('b5') # => "\x01\x00\x00"
+    ['1'].pack('b6') # => "\x01\x00\x00\x00"
+
+    "\xff\x00".unpack("b*") # => ["1111111100000000"]
+    "\x01\x02".unpack("b*") # => ["1000000001000000"]
+
+    "".unpack("b0")     # => [""]
+    "\x01".unpack("b1") # => ["1"]
+    "\x01".unpack("b2") # => ["10"]
+    "\x01".unpack("b3") # => ["100"]
+
+==== Hex \String Directives
+
+- <tt>'H'</tt> - Hex string (high nibble first):
+
+    ['10ef'].pack('H*')    # => "\x10\xEF"
+    ['10ef'].pack('H0')    # => ""
+    ['10ef'].pack('H3')    # => "\x10\xE0"
+    ['10ef'].pack('H5')    # => "\x10\xEF\x00"
+
+    ['fff'].pack('H3')    # => "\xFF\xF0"
+    ['fff'].pack('H4')    # => "\xFF\xF0"
+    ['fff'].pack('H5')    # => "\xFF\xF0\x00"
+    ['fff'].pack('H6')    # => "\xFF\xF0\x00"
+    ['fff'].pack('H7')    # => "\xFF\xF0\x00\x00"
+    ['fff'].pack('H8')    # => "\xFF\xF0\x00\x00"
+
+    "\x10\xef".unpack('H*')    # => ["10ef"]
+    "\x10\xef".unpack('H0')    # => [""]
+    "\x10\xef".unpack('H1')    # => ["1"]
+    "\x10\xef".unpack('H2')    # => ["10"]
+    "\x10\xef".unpack('H3')    # => ["10e"]
+    "\x10\xef".unpack('H4')    # => ["10ef"]
+    "\x10\xef".unpack('H5')    # => ["10ef"]
+
+- <tt>'h'</tt> - Hex string (low nibble first):
+
+    ['10ef'].pack('h*') # => "\x01\xFE"
+    ['10ef'].pack('h0') # => ""
+    ['10ef'].pack('h3') # => "\x01\x0E"
+    ['10ef'].pack('h5') # => "\x01\xFE\x00"
+
+    ['fff'].pack('h3') # => "\xFF\x0F"
+    ['fff'].pack('h4') # => "\xFF\x0F"
+    ['fff'].pack('h5') # => "\xFF\x0F\x00"
+    ['fff'].pack('h6') # => "\xFF\x0F\x00"
+    ['fff'].pack('h7') # => "\xFF\x0F\x00\x00"
+    ['fff'].pack('h8') # => "\xFF\x0F\x00\x00"
+
+    "\x01\xfe".unpack('h*') # => ["10ef"]
+    "\x01\xfe".unpack('h0') # => [""]
+    "\x01\xfe".unpack('h1') # => ["1"]
+    "\x01\xfe".unpack('h2') # => ["10"]
+    "\x01\xfe".unpack('h3') # => ["10e"]
+    "\x01\xfe".unpack('h4') # => ["10ef"]
+    "\x01\xfe".unpack('h5') # => ["10ef"]
+
+==== Pointer \String Directives
+
+- <tt>'P'</tt> - Pointer to a structure (fixed-length string):
+
+    s = ['abc'].pack('P')  # => "\xE0O\x7F\xE5\xA1\x01\x00\x00"
+    s.unpack('P*')         # => ["abc"]
+    ".".unpack("P")        # => []
+    ("\0" * 8).unpack("P") # => [nil]
+    [nil].pack("P")        # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+
+- <tt>'p'</tt> - Pointer to a null-terminated string:
+
+    s = ['abc'].pack('p')  # => "(\xE4u\xE5\xA1\x01\x00\x00"
+    s.unpack('p*')         # => ["abc"]
+    ".".unpack("p")        # => []
+    ("\0" * 8).unpack("p") # => [nil]
+    [nil].pack("p")        # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+
+==== Other \String Directives
+
+- <tt>'M'</tt> - Quoted printable, MIME encoding;
+  text mode, but input must use LF and output LF;
+  (see {RFC 2045}[https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2045.txt]):
+
+    ["a b c\td \ne"].pack('M') # => "a b c\td =\n\ne=\n"
+    ["\0"].pack('M')           # => "=00=\n"
+
+    ["a"*1023].pack('M') == ("a"*73+"=\n")*14+"a=\n"     # => true
+    ("a"*73+"=\na=\n").unpack('M') == ["a"*74]           # => true
+    (("a"*73+"=\n")*14+"a=\n").unpack('M') == ["a"*1023] # => true
+
+    "a b c\td =\n\ne=\n".unpack('M')    # => ["a b c\td \ne"]
+    "=00=\n".unpack('M')    # => ["\x00"]
+
+    "pre=31=32=33after".unpack('M') # => ["pre123after"]
+    "pre=\nafter".unpack('M')       # => ["preafter"]
+    "pre=\r\nafter".unpack('M')     # => ["preafter"]
+    "pre=".unpack('M')              # => ["pre="]
+    "pre=\r".unpack('M')            # => ["pre=\r"]
+    "pre=hoge".unpack('M')          # => ["pre=hoge"]
+    "pre==31after".unpack('M')      # => ["pre==31after"]
+    "pre===31after".unpack('M')     # => ["pre===31after"]
+
+- <tt>'m'</tt> - Base64 encoded string;
+  count specifies input bytes between each newline,
+  rounded down to nearest multiple of 3;
+  if count is zero, no newlines are added;
+  (see {RFC 4648}[https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4648.txt]):
+
+    [""].pack('m')             # => ""
+    ["\0"].pack('m')           # => "AA==\n"
+    ["\0\0"].pack('m')         # => "AAA=\n"
+    ["\0\0\0"].pack('m')       # => "AAAA\n"
+    ["\377"].pack('m')         # => "/w==\n"
+    ["\377\377"].pack('m')     # => "//8=\n"
+    ["\377\377\377"].pack('m') # => "////\n"
+
+    "".unpack('m')       # => [""]
+    "AA==\n".unpack('m') # => ["\x00"]
+    "AAA=\n".unpack('m') # => ["\x00\x00"]
+    "AAAA\n".unpack('m') # => ["\x00\x00\x00"]
+    "/w==\n".unpack('m') # => ["\xFF"]
+    "//8=\n".unpack('m') # => ["\xFF\xFF"]
+    "////\n".unpack('m') # => ["\xFF\xFF\xFF"]
+    "A\n".unpack('m')    # => [""]
+    "AA\n".unpack('m')   # => ["\x00"]
+    "AA=\n".unpack('m')  # => ["\x00"]
+    "AAA\n".unpack('m')  # => ["\x00\x00"]
+
+    [""].pack('m0')             # => ""
+    ["\0"].pack('m0')           # => "AA=="
+    ["\0\0"].pack('m0')         # => "AAA="
+    ["\0\0\0"].pack('m0')       # => "AAAA"
+    ["\377"].pack('m0')         # => "/w=="
+    ["\377\377"].pack('m0')     # => "//8="
+    ["\377\377\377"].pack('m0') # => "////"
+
+    "".unpack('m0')     # => [""]
+    "AA==".unpack('m0') # => ["\x00"]
+    "AAA=".unpack('m0') # => ["\x00\x00"]
+    "AAAA".unpack('m0') # => ["\x00\x00\x00"]
+    "/w==".unpack('m0') # => ["\xFF"]
+    "//8=".unpack('m0') # => ["\xFF\xFF"]
+    "////".unpack('m0') # => ["\xFF\xFF\xFF"]
+
+- <tt>'u'</tt> - UU-encoded string:
+
+    [0].pack("U")          # => "\u0000"
+    [0x3fffffff].pack("U") # => "\xFC\xBF\xBF\xBF\xBF\xBF"
+    [0x40000000].pack("U") # => "\xFD\x80\x80\x80\x80\x80"
+    [0x7fffffff].pack("U") # => "\xFD\xBF\xBF\xBF\xBF\xBF"
+
+=== Offset Directives
+
+- <tt>'@'</tt> - Begin packing at the given byte offset;
+  for packing, null fill if necessary:
+
+    [1, 2].pack("C@0C") # => "\x02"
+    [1, 2].pack("C@1C") # => "\x01\x02"
+    [1, 2].pack("C@5C") # => "\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x02"
+
+    "\x01\x00\x00\x02".unpack("C@3C") # => [1, 2]
+    "\x00".unpack("@1C")              # => [nil]
+
+- <tt>'X'</tt> - Back up a byte:
+
+    [0, 1, 2].pack("CCXC")    # => "\x00\x02"
+    [0, 1, 2].pack("CCX2C")   # => "\x02"
+    "\x00\x02".unpack("CCXC") # => [0, 2, 2]
+
+=== Null Byte Direcive
+
+- <tt>'x'</tt> - Null byte:
+
+    [].pack("x0")                # => ""
+    [].pack("x")                 # => "\x00"
+    [].pack("x8")                # => "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
+    "\x00\x00\x02".unpack("CxC") # => [0, 2]
diff --git a/doc/regexp.rdoc b/doc/regexp.rdoc
index f3844d5729..92c7ecf66e 100644
--- a/doc/regexp.rdoc
+++ b/doc/regexp.rdoc
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Specifically, <tt>/st/</tt> requires that the string contains the letter
 _s_ followed by the letter _t_, so it matches _haystack_, also.
 
 Note that any Regexp matching will raise a RuntimeError if timeout is set and
-exceeded. See "Timeout" section in detail.
+exceeded. See {"Timeout"}[#label-Timeout] section in detail.
 
 == \Regexp Interpolation
 
@@ -550,12 +550,16 @@ characters, <i>anchoring</i> the match to a specific position.
 * <tt>(?<!</tt><i>pat</i><tt>)</tt> - <i>Negative lookbehind</i>
   assertion: ensures that the preceding characters do not match
   <i>pat</i>, but doesn't include those characters in the matched text
-* <tt>\K</tt> - Uses an positive lookbehind of the content preceding
-  <tt>\K</tt> in the regexp.  For example, the following two regexps are
-  almost equivalent:
 
-      /ab\Kc/
-      /(?<=ab)c/
+* <tt>\K</tt> - <i>Match reset</i>: the matched content preceding
+  <tt>\K</tt> in the regexp is excluded from the result.  For example,
+  the following two regexps are almost equivalent:
+
+      /ab\Kc/ =~ "abc"     #=> 0
+      /(?<=ab)c/ =~ "abc"  #=> 2
+
+  These match same string and <i>$&</i> equals <tt>"c"</tt>, while the
+  matched position is different.
 
   As are the following two regexps:
 
@@ -777,7 +781,7 @@ with <i>a{0,29}</i>:
 
 == Timeout
 
-There are two APIs to set timeout. One is Timeout.timeout=, which is
+There are two APIs to set timeout. One is Regexp.timeout=, which is
 process-global configuration of timeout for Regexp matching.
 
     Regexp.timeout = 3
@@ -792,6 +796,6 @@ The other is timeout keyword of Regexp.new.
 
 When using Regexps to process untrusted input, you should use the timeout
 feature to avoid excessive backtracking. Otherwise, a malicious user can
-provide input to Regexp causing Denail-of-Service attack.
+provide input to Regexp causing Denial-of-Service attack.
 Note that the timeout is not set by default because an appropriate limit
 highly depends on an application requirement and context.
diff --git a/doc/syntax/literals.rdoc b/doc/syntax/literals.rdoc
index 5e10e6a140..b641433249 100644
--- a/doc/syntax/literals.rdoc
+++ b/doc/syntax/literals.rdoc
@@ -277,6 +277,12 @@ the content.  Note that empty lines and lines consisting solely of literal tabs
 and spaces will be ignored for the purposes of determining indentation, but
 escaped tabs and spaces are considered non-indentation characters.
 
+For the purpose of measuring an indentation, a horizontal tab is regarded as a
+sequence of one to eight spaces such that the column position corresponding to
+its end is a multiple of eight.  The amount to be removed is counted in terms
+of the number of spaces.  If the boundary appears in the middle of a tab, that
+tab is not removed.
+
 A heredoc allows interpolation and escaped characters.  You may disable
 interpolation and escaping by surrounding the opening identifier with single
 quotes:
diff --git a/doc/timezone_specifiers.rdoc b/doc/timezone_specifiers.rdoc
deleted file mode 100644
index a6d57a1b21..0000000000
--- a/doc/timezone_specifiers.rdoc
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-=== Timezone Specifiers
-
-Certain methods in class Time accept arguments that specify timezones:
-
-- Time.at: keyword argument +in:+.
-- Time.new: positional argument +zone+ or keyword argument +in:+.
-- Time.now: keyword argument +in:+.
-- Time#getlocal: positional argument +zone+.
-- Time#localtime: positional argument +zone+.
-
-The value given with any of these must be one of the following:
-
-- A string offset from UTC in the form <tt>'+HH:MM'</tt> or <tt>-HH:MM</tt>,
-  where:
-
-  - +HH+ is the 2-digit hour in the range <tt>0..23</tt>.
-  - +MM+ is the 2-digit minute in the range <tt>0..59</tt>.
-
-  Examples:
-
-    t = Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 20, 15, 1) # => 2000-01-01 20:15:01 UTC
-    Time.at(t, in: '-23:59')            # => 1999-12-31 20:16:01 -2359
-    Time.at(t, in: '+23:59')            # => 2000-01-02 20:14:01 +2359
-
-- A letter in the range <tt>'A'..'I'</tt> or <tt>'K'..'Z'</tt>;
-  see {List of military time zones}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_time_zones]:
-
-    t = Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 20, 15, 1) # => 2000-01-01 20:15:01 UTC
-    Time.at(t, in: 'A')                 # => 2000-01-01 21:15:01 +0100
-    Time.at(t, in: 'I')                 # => 2000-01-02 05:15:01 +0900
-    Time.at(t, in: 'K')                 # => 2000-01-02 06:15:01 +1000
-    Time.at(t, in: 'Y')                 # => 2000-01-01 08:15:01 -1200
-    Time.at(t, in: 'Z')                 # => 2000-01-01 20:15:01 UTC
-
-- An integer number of seconds in the range <tt>-86399..86399</tt>:
-
-    t = Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 20, 15, 1) # => 2000-01-01 20:15:01 UTC
-    Time.at(t, in: -86399)              # => 1999-12-31 20:15:02 -235959
-    Time.at(t, in: 86399)               # => 2000-01-02 20:15:00 +235959
-
---
-TODO:  Pull in and revise the text at the link,
-then add the example class TZ from the tests.
-++
-- A timezone object;
-  see {Timezone Argument}[rdoc-ref:Time@Timezone+Argument] for details.
diff --git a/doc/timezones.rdoc b/doc/timezones.rdoc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c3aae88fde
--- /dev/null
+++ b/doc/timezones.rdoc
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+== Timezones
+
+=== Timezone Specifiers
+
+Certain \Time methods accept arguments that specify timezones:
+
+- Time.at: keyword argument +in:+.
+- Time.new: positional argument +zone+ or keyword argument +in:+.
+- Time.now: keyword argument +in:+.
+- Time#getlocal: positional argument +zone+.
+- Time#localtime: positional argument +zone+.
+
+The value given with any of these must be one of the following
+(each detailed below):
+
+- {Hours/minutes offset}[rdoc-ref:timezones.rdoc@Hours-2FMinutes+Offsets].
+- {Single-letter offset}[rdoc-ref:timezones.rdoc@Single-Letter+Offsets].
+- {Integer offset}[rdoc-ref:timezones.rdoc@Integer+Offsets].
+- {Timezone object}[rdoc-ref:timezones.rdoc@Timezone+Objects].
+
+==== Hours/Minutes Offsets
+
+The zone value may be a string offset from UTC
+in the form <tt>'+HH:MM'</tt> or <tt>'-HH:MM'</tt>,
+where:
+
+- +HH+ is the 2-digit hour in the range <tt>0..23</tt>.
+- +MM+ is the 2-digit minute in the range <tt>0..59</tt>.
+
+Examples:
+
+  t = Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 20, 15, 1) # => 2000-01-01 20:15:01 UTC
+  Time.at(t, in: '-23:59')            # => 1999-12-31 20:16:01 -2359
+  Time.at(t, in: '+23:59')            # => 2000-01-02 20:14:01 +2359
+
+==== Single-Letter Offsets
+
+The zone value may be a  letter in the range <tt>'A'..'I'</tt>
+or <tt>'K'..'Z'</tt>;
+see {List of military time zones}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_time_zones]:
+
+  t = Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 20, 15, 1) # => 2000-01-01 20:15:01 UTC
+  Time.at(t, in: 'A')                 # => 2000-01-01 21:15:01 +0100
+  Time.at(t, in: 'I')                 # => 2000-01-02 05:15:01 +0900
+  Time.at(t, in: 'K')                 # => 2000-01-02 06:15:01 +1000
+  Time.at(t, in: 'Y')                 # => 2000-01-01 08:15:01 -1200
+  Time.at(t, in: 'Z')                 # => 2000-01-01 20:15:01 UTC
+
+==== \Integer Offsets
+
+The zone value may be an integer number of seconds
+in the range <tt>-86399..86399</tt>:
+
+  t = Time.utc(2000, 1, 1, 20, 15, 1) # => 2000-01-01 20:15:01 UTC
+  Time.at(t, in: -86399)              # => 1999-12-31 20:15:02 -235959
+  Time.at(t, in: 86399)               # => 2000-01-02 20:15:00 +235959
+
+==== Timezone Objects
+
+In most cases, the zone value may be an object
+responding to certain timezone methods.
+
+\Exceptions (timezone object not allowed):
+
+- Time.new with positional argument +zone+.
+- Time.now with keyword argument +in:+.
+
+The timezone methods are:
+
+- +local_to_utc+:
+
+  - Called when Time.new is invoked with +tz+
+    as the value of positional argument +zone+ or keyword argument +in:+.
+  - Argument: a <tt>Time::tm</tt> object.
+  - Returns: a \Time-like object in the UTC timezone.
+
+- +utc_to_local+:
+
+  - Called when Time.at or Time.now is invoked with +tz+
+    as the value for keyword argument +in:+,
+    and when Time#getlocal or Time#localtime is called with +tz+
+    as the value for positional argument +zone+.
+  - Argument: a <tt>Time::tm</tt> object.
+  - Returns: a \Time-like object in the local timezone.
+
+A custom timezone class may have these instance methods,
+which will be called if defined:
+
+- +abbr+:
+
+  - Called when Time#strftime is invoked with a format involving <tt>%Z</tt>.
+  - Argument: a <tt>Time::tm</tt> object.
+  - Returns: a string abbreviation for the timezone name.
+
+- +dst?+:
+
+  - Called when Time.at or Time.now is invoked with +tz+
+    as the value for keyword argument +in:+,
+    and when Time#getlocal or Time#localtime is called with +tz+
+    as the value for positional argument +zone+.
+  - Argument: a <tt>Time::tm</tt> object.
+  - Returns: whether the time is daylight saving time.
+
+- +name+:
+
+  - Called when <tt>Marshal.dump(t) is invoked
+  - Argument: none.
+  - Returns: the string name of the timezone.
diff --git a/doc/yjit/yjit.md b/doc/yjit/yjit.md
index f879e227ad..67b2ffa5f0 100644
--- a/doc/yjit/yjit.md
+++ b/doc/yjit/yjit.md
@@ -8,46 +8,54 @@
 YJIT - Yet Another Ruby JIT
 ===========================
 
-**DISCLAIMER: Please note that this project is experimental. It is very much a work in progress, it may cause your software to crash, and current performance results will vary widely, especially on larger applications.**
-
 YJIT is a lightweight, minimalistic Ruby JIT built inside CRuby.
-It lazily compiles code using a Basic Block Versioning (BBV) architecture. The target use case is that of servers running
-Ruby on Rails, an area where MJIT has not yet managed to deliver speedups.
-To simplify development, we currently support only macOS and Linux on x86-64, but an ARM64 backend
-is part of future plans.
+It lazily compiles code using a Basic Block Versioning (BBV) architecture.
+The target use case is that of servers running Ruby on Rails.
+YJIT is currently supported for macOS, Linux and BSD on x86-64 and arm64/aarch64 CPUs.
 This project is open source and falls under the same license as CRuby.
 
+<p align="center"><b>
+    If you're using YJIT in production, please
+    <a href="mailto:maxime.chevalierboisvert@shopify.com">share your success stories with us!</a>
+ </b></p>
+
 If you wish to learn more about the approach taken, here are some conference talks and publications:
+- RubyKaigi 2022 keynote: [Stories from developing YJIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EMchdR9C8XM)
+- RubyKaigi 2022 talk: [Building a Lightweight IR and Backend for YJIT](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BbLGqTxTRp0)
 - RubyKaigi 2021 talk: [YJIT: Building a New JIT Compiler Inside CRuby](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PBVLf3yfMs8)
 - Blog post: [YJIT: Building a New JIT Compiler Inside CRuby](https://pointersgonewild.com/2021/06/02/yjit-building-a-new-jit-compiler-inside-cruby/)
+- VMIL 2021 paper: [YJIT: A Basic Block Versioning JIT Compiler for CRuby](https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3486606.3486781)
 - MoreVMs 2021 talk: [YJIT: Building a New JIT Compiler Inside CRuby](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vucLAqv7qpc)
 - ECOOP 2016 talk: [Interprocedural Type Specialization of JavaScript Programs Without Type Analysis](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRNBY7Ss97A)
 - ECOOP 2016 paper: [Interprocedural Type Specialization of JavaScript Programs Without Type Analysis](https://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2016/6101/pdf/LIPIcs-ECOOP-2016-7.pdf)
 - ECOOP 2015 talk: [Simple and Effective Type Check Removal through Lazy Basic Block Versioning](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-aHBuoiYE0)
 - ECOOP 2015 paper: [Simple and Effective Type Check Removal through Lazy Basic Block Versioning](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1411.0352.pdf)
 
-To cite this repository in your publications, please use this bibtex snippet:
-
-```
-@misc{yjit_ruby_jit,
-  author = {Chevalier-Boisvert, Maxime and Wu, Alan and Patterson, Aaron},
-  title = {YJIT - Yet Another Ruby JIT},
-  year = {2021},
-  publisher = {GitHub},
-  journal = {GitHub repository},
-  howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/Shopify/yjit}},
+To cite YJIT in your publications, please cite the VMIL 2021 paper:
+
+```
+@inproceedings{yjit_vmil2021,
+author = {Chevalier-Boisvert, Maxime and Gibbs, Noah and Boussier, Jean and Wu, Si Xing (Alan) and Patterson, Aaron and Newton, Kevin and Hawthorn, John},
+title = {YJIT: A Basic Block Versioning JIT Compiler for CRuby},
+year = {2021},
+isbn = {9781450391092},
+publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
+address = {New York, NY, USA},
+url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3486606.3486781},
+doi = {10.1145/3486606.3486781},
+booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th ACM SIGPLAN International Workshop on Virtual Machines and Intermediate Languages},
+pages = {25–32},
+numpages = {8},
+keywords = {ruby, dynamically typed, compiler, optimization, just-in-time, bytecode},
+location = {Chicago, IL, USA},
+series = {VMIL 2021}
 }
 ```
 
 ## Current Limitations
 
-YJIT is a work in progress and as such may not yet be mature enough for mission-critical software. Below is a list of known limitations, all of which we plan to eventually address:
-
-- No garbage collection for generated code.
-- Currently supports only macOS and Linux.
-- Currently supports only x86-64 CPUs.
-
-Because there is no GC for generated code yet, your software could run out of executable memory if it is large enough. You can change how much executable memory is allocated using [YJIT's command-line options](#command-line-options).
+YJIT may not be suitable for certain applications. It currently only supports macOS and Linux on x86-64 and arm64/aarch64 CPUs. YJIT will use more memory than the Ruby interpreter because the JIT compiler needs to generate machine code in memory and maintain additional state information.
+You can change how much executable memory is allocated using [YJIT's command-line options](#command-line-options). There is a slight performance tradeoff because allocating less executable memory could result in the generated machine code being collected more often.
 
 ## Installation
 
@@ -57,6 +65,7 @@ You will need to install:
 - A C compiler such as GCC or Clang
 - GNU Make and Autoconf
 - The Rust compiler `rustc` and Cargo (if you want to build in dev/debug mode)
+  - The Rust version must be [>= 1.58.0](../../yjit/Cargo.toml).
 
 To install the Rust build toolchain, we suggest following the [recommended installation method][rust-install]. Rust also provides first class [support][editor-tools] for many source code editors.
 
@@ -67,51 +76,62 @@ To install the Rust build toolchain, we suggest following the [recommended insta
 
 Start by cloning the `ruby/ruby` repository:
 
-```
+```sh
 git clone https://github.com/ruby/ruby yjit
 cd yjit
 ```
 
-The YJIT `ruby` binary can be built with either GCC or Clang. It can be built either in dev (debug) mode or in release mode. For maximum performance, compile YJIT in release mode with GCC. More detailed build instructions are provided in the [Ruby README](https://github.com/ruby/ruby#how-to-compile-and-install).
+The YJIT `ruby` binary can be built with either GCC or Clang. It can be built either in dev (debug) mode or in release mode. For maximum performance, compile YJIT in release mode with GCC. More detailed build instructions are provided in the [Ruby README](https://github.com/ruby/ruby#how-to-build).
 
-```
+```sh
 # Configure in release mode for maximum performance, build and install
 ./autogen.sh
-./configure --enable-yjit --prefix=$HOME/.rubies/ruby-yjit --disable-install-doc --disable--install-rdoc
-make -j install
+./configure --enable-yjit --prefix=$HOME/.rubies/ruby-yjit --disable-install-doc
+make -j && make install
 ```
 
 or
 
+```sh
+# Configure in lower-performance dev (debug) mode for development, build and install
+./autogen.sh
+./configure --enable-yjit=dev --prefix=$HOME/.rubies/ruby-yjit --disable-install-doc
+make -j && make install
 ```
-# Configure in dev (debug) mode for development, build and install
+
+Dev mode includes extended YJIT statistics, but can be slow. For only statistics you can configure in stats mode:
+
+```sh
+# Configure in extended-stats mode without slow runtime checks, build and install
 ./autogen.sh
-./configure --enable-yjit=dev --prefix=$HOME/.rubies/ruby-yjit --disable-install-doc --disable--install-rdoc
-make -j install
+./configure --enable-yjit=stats --prefix=$HOME/.rubies/ruby-yjit --disable-install-doc
+make -j && make install
 ```
 
 On macOS, you may need to specify where to find some libraries:
 
-```
+```sh
 # Install dependencies
 brew install openssl readline libyaml
 
 # Configure in dev (debug) mode for development, build and install
 ./autogen.sh
-./configure --enable-yjit=dev --prefix=$HOME/.rubies/ruby-yjit --disable-install-doc --disable--install-rdoc --with-opt-dir="$(brew --prefix openssl):$(brew --prefix readline):$(brew --prefix libyaml)"
-make -j install
+./configure --enable-yjit=dev --prefix=$HOME/.rubies/ruby-yjit --disable-install-doc --with-opt-dir="$(brew --prefix openssl):$(brew --prefix readline):$(brew --prefix libyaml)"
+make -j && make install
 ```
 
 Typically configure will choose the default C compiler. To specify the C compiler, use
-```
+
+```sh
 # Choosing a specific c compiler
 export CC=/path/to/my/chosen/c/compiler
 ```
+
 before running `./configure`.
 
 You can test that YJIT works correctly by running:
 
-```
+```sh
 # Quick tests found in /bootstraptest
 make btest
 
@@ -126,71 +146,111 @@ make -j test-all
 Once YJIT is built, you can either use `./miniruby` from within your build directory, or switch to the YJIT version of `ruby`
 by using the `chruby` tool:
 
-```
+```sh
 chruby ruby-yjit
 ruby myscript.rb
 ```
 
 You can dump statistics about compilation and execution by running YJIT with the `--yjit-stats` command-line option:
 
-```
+```sh
 ./miniruby --yjit-stats myscript.rb
 ```
 
 The machine code generated for a given method can be printed by adding `puts RubyVM::YJIT.disasm(method(:method_name))` to a Ruby script. Note that no code will be generated if the method is not compiled.
 
-
 ### Command-Line Options
 
 YJIT supports all command-line options supported by upstream CRuby, but also adds a few YJIT-specific options:
 
 - `--yjit`: enable YJIT (disabled by default)
-- `--yjit-call-threshold=N`: number of calls after which YJIT begins to compile a function (default 2)
-- `--yjit-exec-mem-size=N`: size of the executable memory block to allocate, in MiB (default 256 MiB)
-- `--yjit-stats`: produce statistics after the execution of a program (must compile with `cppflags=-DRUBY_DEBUG` to use this)
-- `--yjit-max-versions=N`: maximum number of versions to generate per basic block (default 4)
-- `--yjit-greedy-versioning`: greedy versioning mode (disabled by default, may increase code size)
+- `--yjit-call-threshold=N`: number of calls after which YJIT begins to compile a function (default 30)
+- `--yjit-exec-mem-size=N`: size of the executable memory block to allocate, in MiB (default 64 MiB)
+- `--yjit-stats`: print statistics after the execution of a program (incurs a run-time cost)
+- `--yjit-trace-exits`: produce a Marshal dump of backtraces from specific exits. Automatically enables `--yjit-stats`
+
+Note that there is also an environment variable `RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE` which can be used to enable YJIT.
+This can be useful for some deployment scripts where specifying an extra command-line option to Ruby is not practical.
 
 ### Benchmarking
 
 We have collected a set of benchmarks and implemented a simple benchmarking harness in the [yjit-bench](https://github.com/Shopify/yjit-bench) repository. This benchmarking harness is designed to disable CPU frequency scaling, set process affinity and disable address space randomization so that the variance between benchmarking runs will be as small as possible. Please kindly note that we are at an early stage in this project.
 
-### Performance Tips
+## Performance Tips for Production Deployments
+
+While YJIT options default to what we think would work well for most workloads,
+they might not necessarily be the best configuration for your application.
+
+This section covers tips on improving YJIT performance in case YJIT does not
+speed up your application in production.
+
+### Increasing --yjit-exec-mem-size
+
+When JIT code size (`RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats[:code_region_size]`) reaches this value,
+YJIT triggers "code GC" that frees all JIT code and starts recompiling everything.
+Compiling code takes some time, so scheduling code GC too frequently slows down your application.
+Increasing `--yjit-exec-mem-size` may speed up your application if `RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats[:code_gc_count]` is not 0 or 1.
+
+### Running workers as long as possible
+
+It's helpful to call the same code as many times as possible before a process restarts.
+If a process is killed too frequently, the time taken for compiling methods may outweigh
+the speedup obtained by compiling them.
+
+You should monitor the number of requests each process has served.
+If you're periodically killing worker processes, e.g. with `unicorn-worker-killer` or `puma_worker_killer`,
+you may want to reduce the killing frequency or increase the limit.
+
+## Saving YJIT Memory Usage
+
+YJIT allocates memory for JIT code and metadata. Enabling YJIT generally results in more memory usage.
 
-This section contains tips on writing Ruby code that will run as fast as possible on YJIT. Some of this advice is based on current limitations of YJIT, while other advice is broadly applicable. It probably won't be practical to apply these tips everywhere in your codebase, but you can profile your code using a tool such as [stackprof](https://github.com/tmm1/stackprof) and refactor the specific methods that make up the largest fractions of the execution time.
+This section goes over tips on minimizing YJIT memory usage in case it uses more than your capacity.
 
-- Use exceptions for error recovery only, not as part of normal control-flow
+### Increasing --yjit-call-threshold
+
+As of Ruby 3.2, `--yjit-call-threshold` defaults to 30. With this default, some applications end up
+compiling methods that are used only during the application boot. Increasing this option may help
+you reduce the size of JIT code and metadata. It's worth trying different values like `--yjit-call-threshold=100`.
+
+Note that increasing the value too much may result in compiling code too late.
+You should monitor how many requests each worker processes before it's restarted. For example,
+if each process only handles 1000 requests, `--yjit-call-threshold=1000` might be too large for your application.
+
+### Decreasing --yjit-exec-mem-size
+
+`--yjit-exec-mem-size` specifies the JIT code size, but YJIT also uses memory for its metadata,
+which often consumes more memory than JIT code. Generally, YJIT adds memory overhead by roughly
+3-4x of `--yjit-exec-mem-size` in production as of Ruby 3.2. You should multiply that by the number
+of worker processes to estimate the worst case memory overhead.
+
+Running code GC adds overhead, but it could be still faster than recovering from a whole process killed by OOM.
+
+## Code Optimization Tips
+
+This section contains tips on writing Ruby code that will run as fast as possible on YJIT. Some of this advice is based on current limitations of YJIT, while other advice is broadly applicable. It probably won't be practical to apply these tips everywhere in your codebase. You should ideally start by profiling your application using a tool such as [stackprof](https://github.com/tmm1/stackprof) so that you can determine which methods make up most of the execution time. You can then refactor the specific methods that make up the largest fractions of the execution time. We do not recommend modifying your entire codebase based on the current limitations of YJIT.
+
+- Avoid using `OpenStruct`
 - Avoid redefining basic integer operations (i.e. +, -, <, >, etc.)
 - Avoid redefining the meaning of `nil`, equality, etc.
 - Avoid allocating objects in the hot parts of your code
-- Use while loops if you can, instead of `integer.times`
 - Minimize layers of indirection
   - Avoid classes that wrap objects if you can
   - Avoid methods that just call another method, trivial one liner methods
-- CRuby method calls are costly. Favor larger methods over smaller methods.
 - Try to write code so that the same variables always have the same type
+- Use `while` loops if you can, instead of C methods like `Array#each`
+  - This is not idiomatic Ruby, but could help in hot methods
+- CRuby method calls are costly. Avoid things such as methods that only return a value from a hash or return a constant.
 
-You can also compile YJIT in debug mode and use the `--yjit-stats` command-line option to see which bytecodes cause YJIT to exit, and refactor your code to avoid using these instructions in the hottest methods of your code.
-
-### Memory Statistics
-
-YJIT, including in production configuration, keeps track of the size of generated code. If you check YJIT.runtime_stats you can see them:
-
-```
-$ RUBYOPT="--yjit" irb
-irb(main):001:0> RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats
-=> {:inline_code_size=>331945, :outlined_code_size=>272980}
-```
-
-These are the size in bytes of generated inlined code and generated outlined code. If the combined sizes for generated code are very close to the total YJIT exec-mem-size (see above), YJIT will stop generating code once the limit is reached. Try to make sure you have enough exec-mem-size for the program you're running. By default YJIT will allocate 268,435,456 bytes (256 MiB) of space for generated inlined and outlined code.
+You can also use the `--yjit-stats` command-line option to see which bytecodes cause YJIT to exit, and refactor your code to avoid using these instructions in the hottest methods of your code.
 
 ### Other Statistics
 
-If you compile Ruby with RUBY_DEBUG and/or YJIT_STATS defined and run with "--yjit --yjit-stats", YJIT will track and return performance statistics in RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats.
+If you run `ruby` with `--yjit --yjit-stats`, YJIT will track and return performance statistics in `RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats`.
 
-```
+```rb
 $ RUBYOPT="--yjit --yjit-stats" irb
-irb(main):001:0> YJIT.runtime_stats
+irb(main):001:0> RubyVM::YJIT.runtime_stats
 =>
 {:inline_code_size=>340745,
  :outlined_code_size=>297664,
@@ -204,16 +264,24 @@ irb(main):001:0> YJIT.runtime_stats
 
 Some of the counters include:
 
-:exec_instruction - how many Ruby bytecode instructions have been executed
-:binding_allocations - number of bindings allocated
-:binding_set - number of variables set via a binding
-:vm_insns_count - number of instructions executed by the Ruby interpreter
-:compiled_iseq_count - number of bytecode sequences compiled
+* :exec_instruction - how many Ruby bytecode instructions have been executed
+* :binding_allocations - number of bindings allocated
+* :binding_set - number of variables set via a binding
+* :code_gc_count - number of garbage collections of compiled code since process start
+* :vm_insns_count - number of instructions executed by the Ruby interpreter
+* :compiled_iseq_count - number of bytecode sequences compiled
+* :inline_code_size - size in bytes of compiled YJIT blocks
+* :outline_code_size - size in bytes of YJIT error-handling compiled code
+* :side_exit_count - number of side exits taken at runtime
+* :total_exit_count - number of exits, including side exits, taken at runtime
+* :avg_len_in_yjit - avg. number of instructions in compiled blocks before exiting to interpreter
 
 Counters starting with "exit_" show reasons for YJIT code taking a side exit (return to the interpreter.) See yjit_hacking.md for more details.
 
 Performance counter names are not guaranteed to remain the same between Ruby versions. If you're curious what one does, it's usually best to search the source code for it &mdash; but it may change in a later Ruby version.
 
+The printed text after a --yjit-stats run includes other information that may be named differently than the information in runtime_stats.
+
 ## Contributing
 
 We welcome open source contributors. You should feel free to open new issues to report bugs or just to ask questions.
@@ -241,8 +309,6 @@ The YJIT source code is divided between:
 - `yjit/src/options.rs`: handling of command-line options
 - `yjit/bindgen/src/main.rs`: C bindings exposed to the Rust codebase through bindgen
 - `yjit/src/cruby.rs`: C bindings manually exposed to the Rust codebase
-- `misc/test_yjit_asm.sh`: script to compile and run the in-memory assembler tests
-- `misc/yjit_asm_tests.c`: tests for the in-memory assembler
 
 The core of CRuby's interpreter logic is found in:
 - `insns.def`: defines Ruby's bytecode instructions (gets compiled into `vm.inc`)
@@ -273,49 +339,49 @@ There are 3 test suites:
 
 The tests can be run in parallel like this:
 
-```
+```sh
 make -j test-all RUN_OPTS="--yjit-call-threshold=1"
 ```
 
 Or single-threaded like this, to more easily identify which specific test is failing:
 
-```
+```sh
 make test-all TESTOPTS=--verbose RUN_OPTS="--yjit-call-threshold=1"
 ```
 
 To debug a single test in `test-all`:
 
-```
+```sh
 make test-all TESTS='test/-ext-/marshal/test_usrmarshal.rb' RUNRUBYOPT=--debugger=lldb RUN_OPTS="--yjit-call-threshold=1"
 ```
 
 You can also run one specific test in `btest`:
 
-```
+```sh
 make btest BTESTS=bootstraptest/test_ractor.rb RUN_OPTS="--yjit-call-threshold=1"
 ```
 
 There are shortcuts to run/debug your own test/repro in `test.rb`:
 
-```
+```sh
 make run  # runs ./miniruby test.rb
 make lldb # launches ./miniruby test.rb in lldb
 ```
 
 You can use the Intel syntax for disassembly in LLDB, keeping it consistent with YJIT's disassembly:
 
-```
+```sh
 echo "settings set target.x86-disassembly-flavor intel" >> ~/.lldbinit
 ```
 
-## Running YJIT on M1
+## Running x86 YJIT on Apple's Rosetta
 
-It is possible to run YJIT on an Apple M1 via Rosetta.  You can find basic
+For development purposes, it is possible to run x86 YJIT on an Apple M1 via Rosetta.  You can find basic
 instructions below, but there are a few caveats listed further down.
 
 First, install Rosetta:
 
-```
+```sh
 $ softwareupdate --install-rosetta
 ```
 
@@ -323,13 +389,13 @@ Now any command can be run with Rosetta via the `arch` command line tool.
 
 Then you can start your shell in an x86 environment:
 
-```
+```sh
 $ arch -x86_64 zsh
 ```
 
 You can double check your current architecture via the `arch` command:
 
-```
+```sh
 $ arch -x86_64 zsh
 $ arch
 i386
@@ -337,13 +403,13 @@ i386
 
 You may need to set the default target for `rustc` to x86-64, e.g.
 
-```
+```sh
 $ rustup default stable-x86_64-apple-darwin
 ```
 
 While in your i386 shell, install Cargo and Homebrew, then hack away!
 
-### M1 Caveats
+### Rosetta Caveats
 
 1. You must install a version of Homebrew for each architecture
 2. Cargo will install in $HOME/.cargo by default, and I don't know a good way to change architectures after install
diff --git a/enc/Makefile.in b/enc/Makefile.in
index dd8ca1b528..9d0c367134 100644
--- a/enc/Makefile.in
+++ b/enc/Makefile.in
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ optflags = @optflags@
 debugflags = @debugflags@
 warnflags = @warnflags@
 CCDLFLAGS = @CCDLFLAGS@
-INCFLAGS = -I. -I$(arch_hdrdir) -I$(hdrdir) -I$(top_srcdir)
+INCFLAGS = -I. -I$(arch_hdrdir) -I$(hdrdir) -I$(top_srcdir) @incflags@
 DEFS = @DEFS@
 CPPFLAGS = @CPPFLAGS@ -DONIG_ENC_REGISTER=rb_enc_register
 LDFLAGS = @LDFLAGS@
diff --git a/enc/cesu_8.c b/enc/cesu_8.c
index decbb928f4..75f62df280 100644
--- a/enc/cesu_8.c
+++ b/enc/cesu_8.c
@@ -42,6 +42,8 @@
 #define VALID_CODE_LIMIT  0x0010ffff
 
 #define utf8_islead(c)     ((UChar )((c) & 0xc0) != 0x80)
+#define utf16_is_high_surrogate(v) ((v >> 10) == 0x36)
+#define utf16_is_low_surrogate(v)  ((v >> 10) == 0x37)
 
 static const int EncLen_CESU8[] = {
   1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1,
@@ -283,6 +285,12 @@ is_mbc_newline(const UChar* p, const UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc)
   return 0;
 }
 
+static int
+utf8_decode_3byte_sequence(const UChar* p)
+{
+    return ((p[0] & 0xF) << 12) | ((p[1] & 0x3f) << 6) | (p[2] & 0x3f);
+}
+
 static OnigCodePoint
 mbc_to_code(const UChar* p, const UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc)
 {
@@ -295,11 +303,11 @@ mbc_to_code(const UChar* p, const UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc)
     case 2:
       return ((p[0] & 0x1F)  << 6) | (p[1] & 0x3f);
     case 3:
-      return ((p[0] & 0xF) << 12) | ((p[1] & 0x3f) << 6) | (p[2] & 0x3f);
+      return utf8_decode_3byte_sequence(p);
     case 6:
       {
-          int high = ((p[0] & 0xF) << 12) | ((p[1] & 0x3f) << 6) | (p[2] & 0x3f);
-          int low  = ((p[3] & 0xF) << 12) | ((p[4] & 0x3f) << 6) | (p[5] & 0x3f);
+          int high = utf8_decode_3byte_sequence(p);
+          int low  = utf8_decode_3byte_sequence(p + 3);
           return ((high & 0x03ff) << 10) + (low & 0x03ff) + 0x10000;
       }
   }
@@ -410,7 +418,6 @@ get_ctype_code_range(OnigCtype ctype, OnigCodePoint *sb_out,
   return onigenc_unicode_ctype_code_range(ctype, ranges);
 }
 
-
 static UChar*
 left_adjust_char_head(const UChar* start, const UChar* s, const UChar* end, OnigEncoding enc ARG_UNUSED)
 {
@@ -420,6 +427,14 @@ left_adjust_char_head(const UChar* start, const UChar* s, const UChar* end, Onig
   p = s;
 
   while (!utf8_islead(*p) && p > start) p--;
+
+  if (p > start && s - p == 2 && utf16_is_low_surrogate(utf8_decode_3byte_sequence(p))) {
+    const UChar *p_surrogate_pair = p - 1;
+    while (!utf8_islead(*p_surrogate_pair) && p_surrogate_pair > start) p_surrogate_pair--;
+    if (p - p_surrogate_pair == 3 && utf16_is_high_surrogate(utf8_decode_3byte_sequence(p_surrogate_pair))) {
+      return (UChar* )p_surrogate_pair;
+    }
+  }
   return (UChar* )p;
 }
 
diff --git a/enc/depend b/enc/depend
index 60c5a3ebb2..973ad93010 100644
--- a/enc/depend
+++ b/enc/depend
@@ -7018,6 +7018,7 @@ enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nodiscard.h
 enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noexcept.h
 enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noinline.h
 enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nonnull.h
+enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/nonstring.h
 enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/noreturn.h
 enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/pure.h
 enc/trans/iso2022.$(OBJEXT): internal/attr/restrict.h
diff --git a/enc/encdb.c b/enc/encdb.c
index a1936df804..8247e9ff6a 100644
--- a/enc/encdb.c
+++ b/enc/encdb.c
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
 #define ENC_DEFINE(name) rb_encdb_declare(name)
 #define ENC_SET_BASE(name, orig) rb_enc_set_base((name), (orig))
 #define ENC_SET_DUMMY(name, orig) rb_enc_set_dummy(name)
-#define ENC_DUMMY_UNICODE(name) rb_encdb_set_unicode(rb_enc_set_dummy(ENC_REPLICATE((name), name "BE")))
+#define ENC_DUMMY_UNICODE(name) ENC_DUMMY(name)
 
 void
 Init_encdb(void)
diff --git a/enc/jis/props.h.blt b/enc/jis/props.h.blt
index 54aa94f8bc..508a084449 100644
--- a/enc/jis/props.h.blt
+++ b/enc/jis/props.h.blt
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ struct enc_property {
     unsigned char ctype;
 };
 
-static const struct enc_property *onig_jis_property(/*const char *str, unsigned int len*/);
+static const struct enc_property *onig_jis_property(register const char *str, register size_t len);
 #line 43 "enc/jis/props.kwd"
 struct enc_property;
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ struct enc_property;
 
 #ifndef GPERF_DOWNCASE
 #define GPERF_DOWNCASE 1
-static unsigned char gperf_downcase[256] =
+static const unsigned char gperf_downcase[256] =
   {
       0,   1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   8,   9,  10,  11,  12,  13,  14,
      15,  16,  17,  18,  19,  20,  21,  22,  23,  24,  25,  26,  27,  28,  29,
diff --git a/enc/jis/props.kwd b/enc/jis/props.kwd
index 659cf0aff4..9606828459 100644
--- a/enc/jis/props.kwd
+++ b/enc/jis/props.kwd
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ struct enc_property {
     unsigned char ctype;
 };
 
-static const struct enc_property *onig_jis_property(/*!ANSI{*/const char *str, unsigned int len/*}!ANSI*/);
+static const struct enc_property *onig_jis_property(register const char *str, register size_t len);
 %}
 
 struct enc_property;
diff --git a/enc/jis/props.src b/enc/jis/props.src
index 659cf0aff4..9606828459 100644
--- a/enc/jis/props.src
+++ b/enc/jis/props.src
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ struct enc_property {
     unsigned char ctype;
 };
 
-static const struct enc_property *onig_jis_property(/*!ANSI{*/const char *str, unsigned int len/*}!ANSI*/);
+static const struct enc_property *onig_jis_property(register const char *str, register size_t len);
 %}
 
 struct enc_property;
diff --git a/enc/make_encmake.rb b/enc/make_encmake.rb
index bc0597e3f4..fcfc2c9267 100755
--- a/enc/make_encmake.rb
+++ b/enc/make_encmake.rb
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ else
 end
 mkin = File.read(File.join($srcdir, "Makefile.in"))
 mkin.gsub!(/@(#{CONFIG.keys.join('|')})@/) {CONFIG[$1]}
-open(ARGV[0], 'wb') {|f|
+File.open(ARGV[0], 'wb') {|f|
   f.puts mkin, dep
 }
 if MODULE_TYPE == :static
diff --git a/enc/unicode/14.0.0/casefold.h b/enc/unicode/15.0.0/casefold.h
index d387cff628..51120d867d 100644
--- a/enc/unicode/14.0.0/casefold.h
+++ b/enc/unicode/15.0.0/casefold.h
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 /* DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE. */
-/* Generated by enc/unicode/case-folding.rb */
+/* Generated by enc-case-folding.rb */
 
 #if defined ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING && !( \
-      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR == 14 && \
+      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR == 15 && \
       ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MINOR == 0 && \
       ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_TEENY == 0 && \
       1)
 # error ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING mismatch
 #endif
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING "14.0.0"
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR 14
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING "15.0.0"
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR 15
 #define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MINOR 0
 #define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_TEENY 0
 
diff --git a/enc/unicode/14.0.0/name2ctype.h b/enc/unicode/15.0.0/name2ctype.h
index 99a3eeca19..a2c996423d 100644
--- a/enc/unicode/14.0.0/name2ctype.h
+++ b/enc/unicode/15.0.0/name2ctype.h
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_NEWLINE[] = {
 
 /* 'Alpha': [[:Alpha:]] */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
-	722,
+	732,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
@@ -178,8 +178,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0x0bca, 0x0bcc,
 	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
 	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c0c,
 	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
 	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
 	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
@@ -202,7 +201,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
 	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
 	0x0d00, 0x0d0c,
 	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
 	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
@@ -240,7 +239,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
 	0x0f40, 0x0f47,
 	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f81,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f83,
 	0x0f88, 0x0f97,
 	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
 	0x1000, 0x1036,
@@ -542,7 +541,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0x10fe0, 0x10ff6,
 	0x11000, 0x11045,
 	0x11071, 0x11075,
-	0x11082, 0x110b8,
+	0x11080, 0x110b8,
 	0x110c2, 0x110c2,
 	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
 	0x11100, 0x11132,
@@ -557,7 +556,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0x11200, 0x11211,
 	0x11213, 0x11234,
 	0x11237, 0x11237,
-	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x1123e, 0x11241,
 	0x11280, 0x11286,
 	0x11288, 0x11288,
 	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
@@ -637,12 +636,16 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0x11d93, 0x11d96,
 	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef6,
+	0x11f00, 0x11f10,
+	0x11f12, 0x11f3a,
+	0x11f3e, 0x11f40,
 	0x11fb0, 0x11fb0,
 	0x12000, 0x12399,
 	0x12400, 0x1246e,
 	0x12480, 0x12543,
 	0x12f90, 0x12ff0,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x13000, 0x1342f,
+	0x13441, 0x13446,
 	0x14400, 0x14646,
 	0x16800, 0x16a38,
 	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
@@ -666,7 +669,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
 	0x1b000, 0x1b122,
+	0x1b132, 0x1b132,
 	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b155, 0x1b155,
 	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
 	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
 	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
@@ -705,16 +710,20 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
 	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
 	0x1df00, 0x1df1e,
+	0x1df25, 0x1df2a,
 	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
 	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
 	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
 	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
 	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
+	0x1e08f, 0x1e08f,
 	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
 	0x1e137, 0x1e13d,
 	0x1e14e, 0x1e14e,
 	0x1e290, 0x1e2ad,
 	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2eb,
+	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4eb,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -760,12 +769,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alpha[] = {
 	0x1f150, 0x1f169,
 	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b738,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
 	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
 	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
+	0x31350, 0x323af,
 }; /* CR_Alpha */
 
 /* 'Blank': [[:Blank:]] */
@@ -790,7 +800,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cntrl[] = {
 
 /* 'Digit': [[:Digit:]] */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Digit[] = {
-	62,
+	64,
 	0x0030, 0x0039,
 	0x0660, 0x0669,
 	0x06f0, 0x06f9,
@@ -845,19 +855,21 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Digit[] = {
 	0x11c50, 0x11c59,
 	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11f50, 0x11f59,
 	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
 	0x16ac0, 0x16ac9,
 	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
 	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
 	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
 	0x1e2f0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e4f0, 0x1e4f9,
 	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
 	0x1fbf0, 0x1fbf9,
 }; /* CR_Digit */
 
 /* 'Graph': [[:Graph:]] */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
-	703,
+	712,
 	0x0021, 0x007e,
 	0x00a1, 0x0377,
 	0x037a, 0x037f,
@@ -980,7 +992,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
 	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
 	0x0d00, 0x0d0c,
 	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
 	0x0d12, 0x0d44,
@@ -1010,7 +1022,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x0ea7, 0x0ebd,
 	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
 	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ece,
 	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
 	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
 	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
@@ -1285,7 +1297,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
 	0x10eab, 0x10ead,
 	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
-	0x10f00, 0x10f27,
+	0x10efd, 0x10f27,
 	0x10f30, 0x10f59,
 	0x10f70, 0x10f89,
 	0x10fb0, 0x10fcb,
@@ -1302,7 +1314,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x11180, 0x111df,
 	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
 	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x1123e,
+	0x11213, 0x11241,
 	0x11280, 0x11286,
 	0x11288, 0x11288,
 	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
@@ -1355,6 +1367,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x11a00, 0x11a47,
 	0x11a50, 0x11aa2,
 	0x11ab0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11b00, 0x11b09,
 	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
 	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
 	0x11c38, 0x11c45,
@@ -1376,6 +1389,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11f00, 0x11f10,
+	0x11f12, 0x11f3a,
+	0x11f3e, 0x11f59,
 	0x11fb0, 0x11fb0,
 	0x11fc0, 0x11ff1,
 	0x11fff, 0x12399,
@@ -1383,8 +1399,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x12470, 0x12474,
 	0x12480, 0x12543,
 	0x12f90, 0x12ff2,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x13430, 0x13438,
+	0x13000, 0x13455,
 	0x14400, 0x14646,
 	0x16800, 0x16a38,
 	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
@@ -1411,7 +1426,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
 	0x1b000, 0x1b122,
+	0x1b132, 0x1b132,
 	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b155, 0x1b155,
 	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
 	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
 	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
@@ -1426,6 +1443,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
 	0x1d129, 0x1d1ea,
 	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d2c0, 0x1d2d3,
 	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
 	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
 	0x1d360, 0x1d378,
@@ -1453,11 +1471,14 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
 	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
 	0x1df00, 0x1df1e,
+	0x1df25, 0x1df2a,
 	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
 	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
 	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
 	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
 	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
+	0x1e08f, 0x1e08f,
 	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
 	0x1e130, 0x1e13d,
 	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
@@ -1465,6 +1486,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x1e290, 0x1e2ae,
 	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
 	0x1e2ff, 0x1e2ff,
+	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4f9,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -1523,10 +1545,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
 	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
 	0x1f300, 0x1f6d7,
-	0x1f6dd, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6ec,
 	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fc,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1f780, 0x1f7d8,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f776,
+	0x1f77b, 0x1f7d9,
 	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
 	0x1f7f0, 0x1f7f0,
 	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
@@ -1537,25 +1559,24 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 	0x1f8b0, 0x1f8b1,
 	0x1f900, 0x1fa53,
 	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
-	0x1fa70, 0x1fa74,
-	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7c,
-	0x1fa80, 0x1fa86,
-	0x1fa90, 0x1faac,
-	0x1fab0, 0x1faba,
-	0x1fac0, 0x1fac5,
-	0x1fad0, 0x1fad9,
-	0x1fae0, 0x1fae7,
-	0x1faf0, 0x1faf6,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa88,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fabd,
+	0x1fabf, 0x1fac5,
+	0x1face, 0x1fadb,
+	0x1fae0, 0x1fae8,
+	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
 	0x1fb00, 0x1fb92,
 	0x1fb94, 0x1fbca,
 	0x1fbf0, 0x1fbf9,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b738,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
 	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
 	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
+	0x31350, 0x323af,
 	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
 	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
 	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
@@ -1565,7 +1586,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Graph[] = {
 
 /* 'Lower': [[:Lower:]] */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lower[] = {
-	664,
+	671,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
 	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
@@ -1842,7 +1863,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lower[] = {
 	0x052f, 0x052f,
 	0x0560, 0x0588,
 	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
-	0x10fd, 0x10ff,
+	0x10fc, 0x10ff,
 	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
 	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
 	0x1d00, 0x1dbf,
@@ -2182,10 +2203,11 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lower[] = {
 	0xa7d5, 0xa7d5,
 	0xa7d7, 0xa7d7,
 	0xa7d9, 0xa7d9,
+	0xa7f2, 0xa7f4,
 	0xa7f6, 0xa7f6,
 	0xa7f8, 0xa7fa,
 	0xab30, 0xab5a,
-	0xab5c, 0xab68,
+	0xab5c, 0xab69,
 	0xab70, 0xabbf,
 	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
 	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
@@ -2196,6 +2218,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lower[] = {
 	0x105a3, 0x105b1,
 	0x105b3, 0x105b9,
 	0x105bb, 0x105bc,
+	0x10780, 0x10780,
+	0x10783, 0x10785,
+	0x10787, 0x107b0,
+	0x107b2, 0x107ba,
 	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
 	0x118c0, 0x118df,
 	0x16e60, 0x16e7f,
@@ -2229,12 +2255,14 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lower[] = {
 	0x1d7cb, 0x1d7cb,
 	0x1df00, 0x1df09,
 	0x1df0b, 0x1df1e,
+	0x1df25, 0x1df2a,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
 	0x1e922, 0x1e943,
 }; /* CR_Lower */
 
 /* 'Print': [[:Print:]] */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
-	700,
+	709,
 	0x0020, 0x007e,
 	0x00a0, 0x0377,
 	0x037a, 0x037f,
@@ -2357,7 +2385,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
 	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
 	0x0d00, 0x0d0c,
 	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
 	0x0d12, 0x0d44,
@@ -2387,7 +2415,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x0ea7, 0x0ebd,
 	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
 	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ece,
 	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
 	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
 	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
@@ -2659,7 +2687,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
 	0x10eab, 0x10ead,
 	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
-	0x10f00, 0x10f27,
+	0x10efd, 0x10f27,
 	0x10f30, 0x10f59,
 	0x10f70, 0x10f89,
 	0x10fb0, 0x10fcb,
@@ -2676,7 +2704,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x11180, 0x111df,
 	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
 	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x1123e,
+	0x11213, 0x11241,
 	0x11280, 0x11286,
 	0x11288, 0x11288,
 	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
@@ -2729,6 +2757,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x11a00, 0x11a47,
 	0x11a50, 0x11aa2,
 	0x11ab0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11b00, 0x11b09,
 	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
 	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
 	0x11c38, 0x11c45,
@@ -2750,6 +2779,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11f00, 0x11f10,
+	0x11f12, 0x11f3a,
+	0x11f3e, 0x11f59,
 	0x11fb0, 0x11fb0,
 	0x11fc0, 0x11ff1,
 	0x11fff, 0x12399,
@@ -2757,8 +2789,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x12470, 0x12474,
 	0x12480, 0x12543,
 	0x12f90, 0x12ff2,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x13430, 0x13438,
+	0x13000, 0x13455,
 	0x14400, 0x14646,
 	0x16800, 0x16a38,
 	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
@@ -2785,7 +2816,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
 	0x1b000, 0x1b122,
+	0x1b132, 0x1b132,
 	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b155, 0x1b155,
 	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
 	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
 	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
@@ -2800,6 +2833,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
 	0x1d129, 0x1d1ea,
 	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d2c0, 0x1d2d3,
 	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
 	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
 	0x1d360, 0x1d378,
@@ -2827,11 +2861,14 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
 	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
 	0x1df00, 0x1df1e,
+	0x1df25, 0x1df2a,
 	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
 	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
 	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
 	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
 	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
+	0x1e08f, 0x1e08f,
 	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
 	0x1e130, 0x1e13d,
 	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
@@ -2839,6 +2876,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x1e290, 0x1e2ae,
 	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
 	0x1e2ff, 0x1e2ff,
+	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4f9,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -2897,10 +2935,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
 	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
 	0x1f300, 0x1f6d7,
-	0x1f6dd, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6ec,
 	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fc,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1f780, 0x1f7d8,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f776,
+	0x1f77b, 0x1f7d9,
 	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
 	0x1f7f0, 0x1f7f0,
 	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
@@ -2911,25 +2949,24 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 	0x1f8b0, 0x1f8b1,
 	0x1f900, 0x1fa53,
 	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
-	0x1fa70, 0x1fa74,
-	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7c,
-	0x1fa80, 0x1fa86,
-	0x1fa90, 0x1faac,
-	0x1fab0, 0x1faba,
-	0x1fac0, 0x1fac5,
-	0x1fad0, 0x1fad9,
-	0x1fae0, 0x1fae7,
-	0x1faf0, 0x1faf6,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa88,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fabd,
+	0x1fabf, 0x1fac5,
+	0x1face, 0x1fadb,
+	0x1fae0, 0x1fae8,
+	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
 	0x1fb00, 0x1fb92,
 	0x1fb94, 0x1fbca,
 	0x1fbf0, 0x1fbf9,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b738,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
 	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
 	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
+	0x31350, 0x323af,
 	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
 	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
 	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
@@ -2939,7 +2976,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Print[] = {
 
 /* 'XPosixPunct': [[:Punct:]] */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_XPosixPunct[] = {
-	184,
+	186,
 	0x0021, 0x002f,
 	0x003a, 0x0040,
 	0x005b, 0x0060,
@@ -3109,9 +3146,11 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XPosixPunct[] = {
 	0x11a3f, 0x11a46,
 	0x11a9a, 0x11a9c,
 	0x11a9e, 0x11aa2,
+	0x11b00, 0x11b09,
 	0x11c41, 0x11c45,
 	0x11c70, 0x11c71,
 	0x11ef7, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11f43, 0x11f4f,
 	0x11fff, 0x11fff,
 	0x12470, 0x12474,
 	0x12ff1, 0x12ff2,
@@ -3807,7 +3846,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XDigit[] = {
 
 /* 'Word': [[:Word:]] */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
-	758,
+	770,
 	0x0030, 0x0039,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x005f, 0x005f,
@@ -3965,7 +4004,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
 	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
 	0x0d00, 0x0d0c,
 	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
 	0x0d12, 0x0d44,
@@ -3998,7 +4037,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x0ea7, 0x0ebd,
 	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
 	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ece,
 	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
 	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
 	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
@@ -4311,7 +4350,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
 	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
-	0x10f00, 0x10f1c,
+	0x10efd, 0x10f1c,
 	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
 	0x10f30, 0x10f50,
 	0x10f70, 0x10f85,
@@ -4334,7 +4373,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
 	0x11200, 0x11211,
 	0x11213, 0x11237,
-	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x1123e, 0x11241,
 	0x11280, 0x11286,
 	0x11288, 0x11288,
 	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
@@ -4415,12 +4454,17 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef6,
+	0x11f00, 0x11f10,
+	0x11f12, 0x11f3a,
+	0x11f3e, 0x11f42,
+	0x11f50, 0x11f59,
 	0x11fb0, 0x11fb0,
 	0x12000, 0x12399,
 	0x12400, 0x1246e,
 	0x12480, 0x12543,
 	0x12f90, 0x12ff0,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x13000, 0x1342f,
+	0x13440, 0x13455,
 	0x14400, 0x14646,
 	0x16800, 0x16a38,
 	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
@@ -4448,7 +4492,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
 	0x1b000, 0x1b122,
+	0x1b132, 0x1b132,
 	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b155, 0x1b155,
 	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
 	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
 	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
@@ -4502,17 +4548,21 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
 	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
 	0x1df00, 0x1df1e,
+	0x1df25, 0x1df2a,
 	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
 	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
 	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
 	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
 	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
+	0x1e08f, 0x1e08f,
 	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
 	0x1e130, 0x1e13d,
 	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
 	0x1e14e, 0x1e14e,
 	0x1e290, 0x1e2ae,
 	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4f9,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -4559,18 +4609,19 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Word[] = {
 	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
 	0x1fbf0, 0x1fbf9,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b738,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
 	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
 	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
+	0x31350, 0x323af,
 	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
 }; /* CR_Word */
 
 /* 'Alnum': [[:Alnum:]] */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
-	760,
+	772,
 	0x0030, 0x0039,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
@@ -4709,8 +4760,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
 	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
 	0x0be6, 0x0bef,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
-	0x0c05, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c0c,
 	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
 	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
 	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
@@ -4735,7 +4785,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
 	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
 	0x0d00, 0x0d0c,
 	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
 	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
@@ -4778,7 +4828,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x0f20, 0x0f29,
 	0x0f40, 0x0f47,
 	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f81,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f83,
 	0x0f88, 0x0f97,
 	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
 	0x1000, 0x1036,
@@ -5088,7 +5138,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x11000, 0x11045,
 	0x11066, 0x1106f,
 	0x11071, 0x11075,
-	0x11082, 0x110b8,
+	0x11080, 0x110b8,
 	0x110c2, 0x110c2,
 	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
 	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
@@ -5104,7 +5154,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x11200, 0x11211,
 	0x11213, 0x11234,
 	0x11237, 0x11237,
-	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x1123e, 0x11241,
 	0x11280, 0x11286,
 	0x11288, 0x11288,
 	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
@@ -5194,12 +5244,17 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef6,
+	0x11f00, 0x11f10,
+	0x11f12, 0x11f3a,
+	0x11f3e, 0x11f40,
+	0x11f50, 0x11f59,
 	0x11fb0, 0x11fb0,
 	0x12000, 0x12399,
 	0x12400, 0x1246e,
 	0x12480, 0x12543,
 	0x12f90, 0x12ff0,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x13000, 0x1342f,
+	0x13441, 0x13446,
 	0x14400, 0x14646,
 	0x16800, 0x16a38,
 	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
@@ -5226,7 +5281,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
 	0x1b000, 0x1b122,
+	0x1b132, 0x1b132,
 	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b155, 0x1b155,
 	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
 	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
 	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
@@ -5266,11 +5323,14 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
 	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
 	0x1df00, 0x1df1e,
+	0x1df25, 0x1df2a,
 	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
 	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
 	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
 	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
 	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
+	0x1e08f, 0x1e08f,
 	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
 	0x1e137, 0x1e13d,
 	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
@@ -5278,6 +5338,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x1e290, 0x1e2ad,
 	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2eb,
 	0x1e2f0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4eb,
+	0x1e4f0, 0x1e4f9,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -5325,12 +5387,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Alnum[] = {
 	0x1f170, 0x1f189,
 	0x1fbf0, 0x1fbf9,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b738,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
 	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
 	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
+	0x31350, 0x323af,
 }; /* CR_Alnum */
 
 /* 'ASCII': [[:ASCII:]] */
@@ -5341,7 +5404,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ASCII[] = {
 
 /* 'Punct' */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Punct[] = {
-	189,
+	191,
 	0x0021, 0x0023,
 	0x0025, 0x002a,
 	0x002c, 0x002f,
@@ -5516,9 +5579,11 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Punct[] = {
 	0x11a3f, 0x11a46,
 	0x11a9a, 0x11a9c,
 	0x11a9e, 0x11aa2,
+	0x11b00, 0x11b09,
 	0x11c41, 0x11c45,
 	0x11c70, 0x11c71,
 	0x11ef7, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11f43, 0x11f4f,
 	0x11fff, 0x11fff,
 	0x12470, 0x12474,
 	0x12ff1, 0x12ff2,
@@ -5542,7 +5607,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Any[] = {
 
 /* 'Assigned': - */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
-	698,
+	707,
 	0x0000, 0x0377,
 	0x037a, 0x037f,
 	0x0384, 0x038a,
@@ -5664,7 +5729,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
 	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
 	0x0d00, 0x0d0c,
 	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
 	0x0d12, 0x0d44,
@@ -5694,7 +5759,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x0ea7, 0x0ebd,
 	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
 	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ece,
 	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
 	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
 	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
@@ -5965,7 +6030,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
 	0x10eab, 0x10ead,
 	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
-	0x10f00, 0x10f27,
+	0x10efd, 0x10f27,
 	0x10f30, 0x10f59,
 	0x10f70, 0x10f89,
 	0x10fb0, 0x10fcb,
@@ -5982,7 +6047,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x11180, 0x111df,
 	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
 	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x1123e,
+	0x11213, 0x11241,
 	0x11280, 0x11286,
 	0x11288, 0x11288,
 	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
@@ -6035,6 +6100,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x11a00, 0x11a47,
 	0x11a50, 0x11aa2,
 	0x11ab0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11b00, 0x11b09,
 	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
 	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
 	0x11c38, 0x11c45,
@@ -6056,6 +6122,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11f00, 0x11f10,
+	0x11f12, 0x11f3a,
+	0x11f3e, 0x11f59,
 	0x11fb0, 0x11fb0,
 	0x11fc0, 0x11ff1,
 	0x11fff, 0x12399,
@@ -6063,8 +6132,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x12470, 0x12474,
 	0x12480, 0x12543,
 	0x12f90, 0x12ff2,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x13430, 0x13438,
+	0x13000, 0x13455,
 	0x14400, 0x14646,
 	0x16800, 0x16a38,
 	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
@@ -6091,7 +6159,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
 	0x1b000, 0x1b122,
+	0x1b132, 0x1b132,
 	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b155, 0x1b155,
 	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
 	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
 	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
@@ -6106,6 +6176,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
 	0x1d129, 0x1d1ea,
 	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d2c0, 0x1d2d3,
 	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
 	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
 	0x1d360, 0x1d378,
@@ -6133,11 +6204,14 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
 	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
 	0x1df00, 0x1df1e,
+	0x1df25, 0x1df2a,
 	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
 	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
 	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
 	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
 	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
+	0x1e08f, 0x1e08f,
 	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
 	0x1e130, 0x1e13d,
 	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
@@ -6145,6 +6219,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x1e290, 0x1e2ae,
 	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
 	0x1e2ff, 0x1e2ff,
+	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4f9,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -6203,10 +6278,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
 	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
 	0x1f300, 0x1f6d7,
-	0x1f6dd, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6ec,
 	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fc,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1f780, 0x1f7d8,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f776,
+	0x1f77b, 0x1f7d9,
 	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
 	0x1f7f0, 0x1f7f0,
 	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
@@ -6217,25 +6292,24 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 	0x1f8b0, 0x1f8b1,
 	0x1f900, 0x1fa53,
 	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
-	0x1fa70, 0x1fa74,
-	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7c,
-	0x1fa80, 0x1fa86,
-	0x1fa90, 0x1faac,
-	0x1fab0, 0x1faba,
-	0x1fac0, 0x1fac5,
-	0x1fad0, 0x1fad9,
-	0x1fae0, 0x1fae7,
-	0x1faf0, 0x1faf6,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa88,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fabd,
+	0x1fabf, 0x1fac5,
+	0x1face, 0x1fadb,
+	0x1fae0, 0x1fae8,
+	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
 	0x1fb00, 0x1fb92,
 	0x1fb94, 0x1fbca,
 	0x1fbf0, 0x1fbf9,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b738,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
 	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
 	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
+	0x31350, 0x323af,
 	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
 	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
 	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
@@ -6245,7 +6319,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Assigned[] = {
 
 /* 'C': Major Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
-	701,
+	712,
 	0x0000, 0x001f,
 	0x007f, 0x009f,
 	0x00ad, 0x00ad,
@@ -6372,7 +6446,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x0cdf, 0x0cdf,
 	0x0ce4, 0x0ce5,
 	0x0cf0, 0x0cf0,
-	0x0cf3, 0x0cff,
+	0x0cf4, 0x0cff,
 	0x0d0d, 0x0d0d,
 	0x0d11, 0x0d11,
 	0x0d45, 0x0d45,
@@ -6402,7 +6476,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x0ebe, 0x0ebf,
 	0x0ec5, 0x0ec5,
 	0x0ec7, 0x0ec7,
-	0x0ece, 0x0ecf,
+	0x0ecf, 0x0ecf,
 	0x0eda, 0x0edb,
 	0x0ee0, 0x0eff,
 	0x0f48, 0x0f48,
@@ -6674,7 +6748,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x10e7f, 0x10e7f,
 	0x10eaa, 0x10eaa,
 	0x10eae, 0x10eaf,
-	0x10eb2, 0x10eff,
+	0x10eb2, 0x10efc,
 	0x10f28, 0x10f2f,
 	0x10f5a, 0x10f6f,
 	0x10f8a, 0x10faf,
@@ -6692,7 +6766,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x111e0, 0x111e0,
 	0x111f5, 0x111ff,
 	0x11212, 0x11212,
-	0x1123f, 0x1127f,
+	0x11242, 0x1127f,
 	0x11287, 0x11287,
 	0x11289, 0x11289,
 	0x1128e, 0x1128e,
@@ -6744,7 +6818,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x119e5, 0x119ff,
 	0x11a48, 0x11a4f,
 	0x11aa3, 0x11aaf,
-	0x11af9, 0x11bff,
+	0x11af9, 0x11aff,
+	0x11b0a, 0x11bff,
 	0x11c09, 0x11c09,
 	0x11c37, 0x11c37,
 	0x11c46, 0x11c4f,
@@ -6765,7 +6840,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x11d92, 0x11d92,
 	0x11d99, 0x11d9f,
 	0x11daa, 0x11edf,
-	0x11ef9, 0x11faf,
+	0x11ef9, 0x11eff,
+	0x11f11, 0x11f11,
+	0x11f3b, 0x11f3d,
+	0x11f5a, 0x11faf,
 	0x11fb1, 0x11fbf,
 	0x11ff2, 0x11ffe,
 	0x1239a, 0x123ff,
@@ -6773,7 +6851,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x12475, 0x1247f,
 	0x12544, 0x12f8f,
 	0x12ff3, 0x12fff,
-	0x1342f, 0x143ff,
+	0x13430, 0x1343f,
+	0x13456, 0x143ff,
 	0x14647, 0x167ff,
 	0x16a39, 0x16a3f,
 	0x16a5f, 0x16a5f,
@@ -6799,8 +6878,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x1aff4, 0x1aff4,
 	0x1affc, 0x1affc,
 	0x1afff, 0x1afff,
-	0x1b123, 0x1b14f,
-	0x1b153, 0x1b163,
+	0x1b123, 0x1b131,
+	0x1b133, 0x1b14f,
+	0x1b153, 0x1b154,
+	0x1b156, 0x1b163,
 	0x1b168, 0x1b16f,
 	0x1b2fc, 0x1bbff,
 	0x1bc6b, 0x1bc6f,
@@ -6815,7 +6896,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x1d127, 0x1d128,
 	0x1d173, 0x1d17a,
 	0x1d1eb, 0x1d1ff,
-	0x1d246, 0x1d2df,
+	0x1d246, 0x1d2bf,
+	0x1d2d4, 0x1d2df,
 	0x1d2f4, 0x1d2ff,
 	0x1d357, 0x1d35f,
 	0x1d379, 0x1d3ff,
@@ -6842,19 +6924,23 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x1da8c, 0x1da9a,
 	0x1daa0, 0x1daa0,
 	0x1dab0, 0x1deff,
-	0x1df1f, 0x1dfff,
+	0x1df1f, 0x1df24,
+	0x1df2b, 0x1dfff,
 	0x1e007, 0x1e007,
 	0x1e019, 0x1e01a,
 	0x1e022, 0x1e022,
 	0x1e025, 0x1e025,
-	0x1e02b, 0x1e0ff,
+	0x1e02b, 0x1e02f,
+	0x1e06e, 0x1e08e,
+	0x1e090, 0x1e0ff,
 	0x1e12d, 0x1e12f,
 	0x1e13e, 0x1e13f,
 	0x1e14a, 0x1e14d,
 	0x1e150, 0x1e28f,
 	0x1e2af, 0x1e2bf,
 	0x1e2fa, 0x1e2fe,
-	0x1e300, 0x1e7df,
+	0x1e300, 0x1e4cf,
+	0x1e4fa, 0x1e7df,
 	0x1e7e7, 0x1e7e7,
 	0x1e7ec, 0x1e7ec,
 	0x1e7ef, 0x1e7ef,
@@ -6912,11 +6998,11 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x1f249, 0x1f24f,
 	0x1f252, 0x1f25f,
 	0x1f266, 0x1f2ff,
-	0x1f6d8, 0x1f6dc,
+	0x1f6d8, 0x1f6db,
 	0x1f6ed, 0x1f6ef,
 	0x1f6fd, 0x1f6ff,
-	0x1f774, 0x1f77f,
-	0x1f7d9, 0x1f7df,
+	0x1f777, 0x1f77a,
+	0x1f7da, 0x1f7df,
 	0x1f7ec, 0x1f7ef,
 	0x1f7f1, 0x1f7ff,
 	0x1f80c, 0x1f80f,
@@ -6927,25 +7013,24 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_C[] = {
 	0x1f8b2, 0x1f8ff,
 	0x1fa54, 0x1fa5f,
 	0x1fa6e, 0x1fa6f,
-	0x1fa75, 0x1fa77,
 	0x1fa7d, 0x1fa7f,
-	0x1fa87, 0x1fa8f,
-	0x1faad, 0x1faaf,
-	0x1fabb, 0x1fabf,
-	0x1fac6, 0x1facf,
-	0x1fada, 0x1fadf,
-	0x1fae8, 0x1faef,
-	0x1faf7, 0x1faff,
+	0x1fa89, 0x1fa8f,
+	0x1fabe, 0x1fabe,
+	0x1fac6, 0x1facd,
+	0x1fadc, 0x1fadf,
+	0x1fae9, 0x1faef,
+	0x1faf9, 0x1faff,
 	0x1fb93, 0x1fb93,
 	0x1fbcb, 0x1fbef,
 	0x1fbfa, 0x1ffff,
 	0x2a6e0, 0x2a6ff,
-	0x2b739, 0x2b73f,
+	0x2b73a, 0x2b73f,
 	0x2b81e, 0x2b81f,
 	0x2cea2, 0x2ceaf,
 	0x2ebe1, 0x2f7ff,
 	0x2fa1e, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3134b, 0xe00ff,
+	0x3134b, 0x3134f,
+	0x323b0, 0xe00ff,
 	0xe01f0, 0x10ffff,
 }; /* CR_C */
 
@@ -6971,7 +7056,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cf[] = {
 	0xfff9, 0xfffb,
 	0x110bd, 0x110bd,
 	0x110cd, 0x110cd,
-	0x13430, 0x13438,
+	0x13430, 0x1343f,
 	0x1bca0, 0x1bca3,
 	0x1d173, 0x1d17a,
 	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
@@ -6980,7 +7065,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cf[] = {
 
 /* 'Cn': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
-	698,
+	707,
 	0x0378, 0x0379,
 	0x0380, 0x0383,
 	0x038b, 0x038b,
@@ -7102,7 +7187,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x0cdf, 0x0cdf,
 	0x0ce4, 0x0ce5,
 	0x0cf0, 0x0cf0,
-	0x0cf3, 0x0cff,
+	0x0cf4, 0x0cff,
 	0x0d0d, 0x0d0d,
 	0x0d11, 0x0d11,
 	0x0d45, 0x0d45,
@@ -7132,7 +7217,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x0ebe, 0x0ebf,
 	0x0ec5, 0x0ec5,
 	0x0ec7, 0x0ec7,
-	0x0ece, 0x0ecf,
+	0x0ecf, 0x0ecf,
 	0x0eda, 0x0edb,
 	0x0ee0, 0x0eff,
 	0x0f48, 0x0f48,
@@ -7402,7 +7487,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x10e7f, 0x10e7f,
 	0x10eaa, 0x10eaa,
 	0x10eae, 0x10eaf,
-	0x10eb2, 0x10eff,
+	0x10eb2, 0x10efc,
 	0x10f28, 0x10f2f,
 	0x10f5a, 0x10f6f,
 	0x10f8a, 0x10faf,
@@ -7420,7 +7505,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x111e0, 0x111e0,
 	0x111f5, 0x111ff,
 	0x11212, 0x11212,
-	0x1123f, 0x1127f,
+	0x11242, 0x1127f,
 	0x11287, 0x11287,
 	0x11289, 0x11289,
 	0x1128e, 0x1128e,
@@ -7472,7 +7557,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x119e5, 0x119ff,
 	0x11a48, 0x11a4f,
 	0x11aa3, 0x11aaf,
-	0x11af9, 0x11bff,
+	0x11af9, 0x11aff,
+	0x11b0a, 0x11bff,
 	0x11c09, 0x11c09,
 	0x11c37, 0x11c37,
 	0x11c46, 0x11c4f,
@@ -7493,7 +7579,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x11d92, 0x11d92,
 	0x11d99, 0x11d9f,
 	0x11daa, 0x11edf,
-	0x11ef9, 0x11faf,
+	0x11ef9, 0x11eff,
+	0x11f11, 0x11f11,
+	0x11f3b, 0x11f3d,
+	0x11f5a, 0x11faf,
 	0x11fb1, 0x11fbf,
 	0x11ff2, 0x11ffe,
 	0x1239a, 0x123ff,
@@ -7501,8 +7590,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x12475, 0x1247f,
 	0x12544, 0x12f8f,
 	0x12ff3, 0x12fff,
-	0x1342f, 0x1342f,
-	0x13439, 0x143ff,
+	0x13456, 0x143ff,
 	0x14647, 0x167ff,
 	0x16a39, 0x16a3f,
 	0x16a5f, 0x16a5f,
@@ -7528,8 +7616,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x1aff4, 0x1aff4,
 	0x1affc, 0x1affc,
 	0x1afff, 0x1afff,
-	0x1b123, 0x1b14f,
-	0x1b153, 0x1b163,
+	0x1b123, 0x1b131,
+	0x1b133, 0x1b14f,
+	0x1b153, 0x1b154,
+	0x1b156, 0x1b163,
 	0x1b168, 0x1b16f,
 	0x1b2fc, 0x1bbff,
 	0x1bc6b, 0x1bc6f,
@@ -7543,7 +7633,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x1d0f6, 0x1d0ff,
 	0x1d127, 0x1d128,
 	0x1d1eb, 0x1d1ff,
-	0x1d246, 0x1d2df,
+	0x1d246, 0x1d2bf,
+	0x1d2d4, 0x1d2df,
 	0x1d2f4, 0x1d2ff,
 	0x1d357, 0x1d35f,
 	0x1d379, 0x1d3ff,
@@ -7570,19 +7661,23 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x1da8c, 0x1da9a,
 	0x1daa0, 0x1daa0,
 	0x1dab0, 0x1deff,
-	0x1df1f, 0x1dfff,
+	0x1df1f, 0x1df24,
+	0x1df2b, 0x1dfff,
 	0x1e007, 0x1e007,
 	0x1e019, 0x1e01a,
 	0x1e022, 0x1e022,
 	0x1e025, 0x1e025,
-	0x1e02b, 0x1e0ff,
+	0x1e02b, 0x1e02f,
+	0x1e06e, 0x1e08e,
+	0x1e090, 0x1e0ff,
 	0x1e12d, 0x1e12f,
 	0x1e13e, 0x1e13f,
 	0x1e14a, 0x1e14d,
 	0x1e150, 0x1e28f,
 	0x1e2af, 0x1e2bf,
 	0x1e2fa, 0x1e2fe,
-	0x1e300, 0x1e7df,
+	0x1e300, 0x1e4cf,
+	0x1e4fa, 0x1e7df,
 	0x1e7e7, 0x1e7e7,
 	0x1e7ec, 0x1e7ec,
 	0x1e7ef, 0x1e7ef,
@@ -7640,11 +7735,11 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x1f249, 0x1f24f,
 	0x1f252, 0x1f25f,
 	0x1f266, 0x1f2ff,
-	0x1f6d8, 0x1f6dc,
+	0x1f6d8, 0x1f6db,
 	0x1f6ed, 0x1f6ef,
 	0x1f6fd, 0x1f6ff,
-	0x1f774, 0x1f77f,
-	0x1f7d9, 0x1f7df,
+	0x1f777, 0x1f77a,
+	0x1f7da, 0x1f7df,
 	0x1f7ec, 0x1f7ef,
 	0x1f7f1, 0x1f7ff,
 	0x1f80c, 0x1f80f,
@@ -7655,25 +7750,24 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cn[] = {
 	0x1f8b2, 0x1f8ff,
 	0x1fa54, 0x1fa5f,
 	0x1fa6e, 0x1fa6f,
-	0x1fa75, 0x1fa77,
 	0x1fa7d, 0x1fa7f,
-	0x1fa87, 0x1fa8f,
-	0x1faad, 0x1faaf,
-	0x1fabb, 0x1fabf,
-	0x1fac6, 0x1facf,
-	0x1fada, 0x1fadf,
-	0x1fae8, 0x1faef,
-	0x1faf7, 0x1faff,
+	0x1fa89, 0x1fa8f,
+	0x1fabe, 0x1fabe,
+	0x1fac6, 0x1facd,
+	0x1fadc, 0x1fadf,
+	0x1fae9, 0x1faef,
+	0x1faf9, 0x1faff,
 	0x1fb93, 0x1fb93,
 	0x1fbcb, 0x1fbef,
 	0x1fbfa, 0x1ffff,
 	0x2a6e0, 0x2a6ff,
-	0x2b739, 0x2b73f,
+	0x2b73a, 0x2b73f,
 	0x2b81e, 0x2b81f,
 	0x2cea2, 0x2ceaf,
 	0x2ebe1, 0x2f7ff,
 	0x2fa1e, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3134b, 0xe0000,
+	0x3134b, 0x3134f,
+	0x323b0, 0xe0000,
 	0xe0002, 0xe001f,
 	0xe0080, 0xe00ff,
 	0xe01f0, 0xeffff,
@@ -7697,7 +7791,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cs[] = {
 
 /* 'L': Major Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_L[] = {
-	648,
+	659,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
@@ -8167,6 +8261,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_L[] = {
 	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
 	0x11200, 0x11211,
 	0x11213, 0x1122b,
+	0x1123f, 0x11240,
 	0x11280, 0x11286,
 	0x11288, 0x11288,
 	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
@@ -8229,11 +8324,15 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_L[] = {
 	0x11d6a, 0x11d89,
 	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef2,
+	0x11f02, 0x11f02,
+	0x11f04, 0x11f10,
+	0x11f12, 0x11f33,
 	0x11fb0, 0x11fb0,
 	0x12000, 0x12399,
 	0x12480, 0x12543,
 	0x12f90, 0x12ff0,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x13000, 0x1342f,
+	0x13441, 0x13446,
 	0x14400, 0x14646,
 	0x16800, 0x16a38,
 	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
@@ -8256,7 +8355,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_L[] = {
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
 	0x1b000, 0x1b122,
+	0x1b132, 0x1b132,
 	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b155, 0x1b155,
 	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
 	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
 	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
@@ -8294,11 +8395,14 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_L[] = {
 	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
 	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
 	0x1df00, 0x1df1e,
+	0x1df25, 0x1df2a,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
 	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
 	0x1e137, 0x1e13d,
 	0x1e14e, 0x1e14e,
 	0x1e290, 0x1e2ad,
 	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2eb,
+	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4eb,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -8340,17 +8444,18 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_L[] = {
 	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
 	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b738,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
 	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
 	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
+	0x31350, 0x323af,
 }; /* CR_L */
 
 /* 'LC': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_LC[] = {
-	142,
+	143,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
@@ -8492,12 +8597,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_LC[] = {
 	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
 	0x1df00, 0x1df09,
 	0x1df0b, 0x1df1e,
+	0x1df25, 0x1df2a,
 	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
 }; /* CR_LC */
 
 /* 'Ll': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ll[] = {
-	657,
+	658,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00b5, 0x00b5,
 	0x00df, 0x00f6,
@@ -9154,12 +9260,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ll[] = {
 	0x1d7cb, 0x1d7cb,
 	0x1df00, 0x1df09,
 	0x1df0b, 0x1df1e,
+	0x1df25, 0x1df2a,
 	0x1e922, 0x1e943,
 }; /* CR_Ll */
 
 /* 'Lm': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lm[] = {
-	69,
+	71,
 	0x02b0, 0x02c1,
 	0x02c6, 0x02d1,
 	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
@@ -9227,13 +9334,15 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lm[] = {
 	0x1aff0, 0x1aff3,
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
 	0x1e137, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e4eb, 0x1e4eb,
 	0x1e94b, 0x1e94b,
 }; /* CR_Lm */
 
 /* 'Lo': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lo[] = {
-	501,
+	510,
 	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
 	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
 	0x01bb, 0x01bb,
@@ -9598,6 +9707,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lo[] = {
 	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
 	0x11200, 0x11211,
 	0x11213, 0x1122b,
+	0x1123f, 0x11240,
 	0x11280, 0x11286,
 	0x11288, 0x11288,
 	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
@@ -9659,11 +9769,15 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lo[] = {
 	0x11d6a, 0x11d89,
 	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef2,
+	0x11f02, 0x11f02,
+	0x11f04, 0x11f10,
+	0x11f12, 0x11f33,
 	0x11fb0, 0x11fb0,
 	0x12000, 0x12399,
 	0x12480, 0x12543,
 	0x12f90, 0x12ff0,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x13000, 0x1342f,
+	0x13441, 0x13446,
 	0x14400, 0x14646,
 	0x16800, 0x16a38,
 	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
@@ -9678,7 +9792,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lo[] = {
 	0x18800, 0x18cd5,
 	0x18d00, 0x18d08,
 	0x1b000, 0x1b122,
+	0x1b132, 0x1b132,
 	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b155, 0x1b155,
 	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
 	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
 	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
@@ -9690,6 +9806,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lo[] = {
 	0x1e14e, 0x1e14e,
 	0x1e290, 0x1e2ad,
 	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2eb,
+	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4ea,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -9729,12 +9846,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lo[] = {
 	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
 	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b738,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
 	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
 	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
+	0x31350, 0x323af,
 }; /* CR_Lo */
 
 /* 'Lt': General Category */
@@ -10405,7 +10523,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lu[] = {
 
 /* 'M': Major Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_M[] = {
-	299,
+	310,
 	0x0300, 0x036f,
 	0x0483, 0x0489,
 	0x0591, 0x05bd,
@@ -10486,6 +10604,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_M[] = {
 	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
 	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
 	0x0ce2, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0cf3, 0x0cf3,
 	0x0d00, 0x0d03,
 	0x0d3b, 0x0d3c,
 	0x0d3e, 0x0d44,
@@ -10504,7 +10623,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_M[] = {
 	0x0e47, 0x0e4e,
 	0x0eb1, 0x0eb1,
 	0x0eb4, 0x0ebc,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ece,
 	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
 	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
 	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
@@ -10606,6 +10725,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_M[] = {
 	0x10ae5, 0x10ae6,
 	0x10d24, 0x10d27,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
+	0x10efd, 0x10eff,
 	0x10f46, 0x10f50,
 	0x10f82, 0x10f85,
 	0x11000, 0x11002,
@@ -10625,6 +10745,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_M[] = {
 	0x111ce, 0x111cf,
 	0x1122c, 0x11237,
 	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x11241, 0x11241,
 	0x112df, 0x112ea,
 	0x11300, 0x11303,
 	0x1133b, 0x1133c,
@@ -10672,6 +10793,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_M[] = {
 	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
 	0x11d93, 0x11d97,
 	0x11ef3, 0x11ef6,
+	0x11f00, 0x11f01,
+	0x11f03, 0x11f03,
+	0x11f34, 0x11f3a,
+	0x11f3e, 0x11f42,
+	0x13440, 0x13440,
+	0x13447, 0x13455,
 	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
 	0x16b30, 0x16b36,
 	0x16f4f, 0x16f4f,
@@ -10699,9 +10826,11 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_M[] = {
 	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
 	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
 	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e08f, 0x1e08f,
 	0x1e130, 0x1e136,
 	0x1e2ae, 0x1e2ae,
 	0x1e2ec, 0x1e2ef,
+	0x1e4ec, 0x1e4ef,
 	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
 	0x1e944, 0x1e94a,
 	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
@@ -10709,7 +10838,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_M[] = {
 
 /* 'Mc': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mc[] = {
-	177,
+	182,
 	0x0903, 0x0903,
 	0x093b, 0x093b,
 	0x093e, 0x0940,
@@ -10745,6 +10874,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mc[] = {
 	0x0cc7, 0x0cc8,
 	0x0cca, 0x0ccb,
 	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cf3, 0x0cf3,
 	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
 	0x0d3e, 0x0d40,
 	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
@@ -10883,6 +11013,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mc[] = {
 	0x11d93, 0x11d94,
 	0x11d96, 0x11d96,
 	0x11ef5, 0x11ef6,
+	0x11f03, 0x11f03,
+	0x11f34, 0x11f35,
+	0x11f3e, 0x11f3f,
+	0x11f41, 0x11f41,
 	0x16f51, 0x16f87,
 	0x16ff0, 0x16ff1,
 	0x1d165, 0x1d166,
@@ -10901,7 +11035,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Me[] = {
 
 /* 'Mn': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mn[] = {
-	336,
+	346,
 	0x0300, 0x036f,
 	0x0483, 0x0487,
 	0x0591, 0x05bd,
@@ -10994,7 +11128,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mn[] = {
 	0x0e47, 0x0e4e,
 	0x0eb1, 0x0eb1,
 	0x0eb4, 0x0ebc,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ece,
 	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
 	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
 	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
@@ -11125,6 +11259,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mn[] = {
 	0x10ae5, 0x10ae6,
 	0x10d24, 0x10d27,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
+	0x10efd, 0x10eff,
 	0x10f46, 0x10f50,
 	0x10f82, 0x10f85,
 	0x11001, 0x11001,
@@ -11147,6 +11282,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mn[] = {
 	0x11234, 0x11234,
 	0x11236, 0x11237,
 	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x11241, 0x11241,
 	0x112df, 0x112df,
 	0x112e3, 0x112ea,
 	0x11300, 0x11301,
@@ -11208,6 +11344,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mn[] = {
 	0x11d95, 0x11d95,
 	0x11d97, 0x11d97,
 	0x11ef3, 0x11ef4,
+	0x11f00, 0x11f01,
+	0x11f36, 0x11f3a,
+	0x11f40, 0x11f40,
+	0x11f42, 0x11f42,
+	0x13440, 0x13440,
+	0x13447, 0x13455,
 	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
 	0x16b30, 0x16b36,
 	0x16f4f, 0x16f4f,
@@ -11232,9 +11374,11 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mn[] = {
 	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
 	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
 	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e08f, 0x1e08f,
 	0x1e130, 0x1e136,
 	0x1e2ae, 0x1e2ae,
 	0x1e2ec, 0x1e2ef,
+	0x1e4ec, 0x1e4ef,
 	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
 	0x1e944, 0x1e94a,
 	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
@@ -11242,7 +11386,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mn[] = {
 
 /* 'N': Major Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_N[] = {
-	134,
+	137,
 	0x0030, 0x0039,
 	0x00b2, 0x00b3,
 	0x00b9, 0x00b9,
@@ -11356,6 +11500,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_N[] = {
 	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
 	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11f50, 0x11f59,
 	0x11fc0, 0x11fd4,
 	0x12400, 0x1246e,
 	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
@@ -11363,11 +11508,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_N[] = {
 	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
 	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
 	0x16e80, 0x16e96,
+	0x1d2c0, 0x1d2d3,
 	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
 	0x1d360, 0x1d378,
 	0x1d7ce, 0x1d7ff,
 	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
 	0x1e2f0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e4f0, 0x1e4f9,
 	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8cf,
 	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
 	0x1ec71, 0x1ecab,
@@ -11401,7 +11548,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Nl[] = {
 
 /* 'No': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_No[] = {
-	71,
+	72,
 	0x00b2, 0x00b3,
 	0x00b9, 0x00b9,
 	0x00bc, 0x00be,
@@ -11464,6 +11611,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_No[] = {
 	0x11fc0, 0x11fd4,
 	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
 	0x16e80, 0x16e96,
+	0x1d2c0, 0x1d2d3,
 	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
 	0x1d360, 0x1d378,
 	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8cf,
@@ -11627,7 +11775,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pi[] = {
 
 /* 'Po': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Po[] = {
-	185,
+	187,
 	0x0021, 0x0023,
 	0x0025, 0x0027,
 	0x002a, 0x002a,
@@ -11798,9 +11946,11 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Po[] = {
 	0x11a3f, 0x11a46,
 	0x11a9a, 0x11a9c,
 	0x11a9e, 0x11aa2,
+	0x11b00, 0x11b09,
 	0x11c41, 0x11c45,
 	0x11c70, 0x11c71,
 	0x11ef7, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11f43, 0x11f4f,
 	0x11fff, 0x11fff,
 	0x12470, 0x12474,
 	0x12ff1, 0x12ff2,
@@ -11901,7 +12051,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ps[] = {
 
 /* 'S': Major Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_S[] = {
-	234,
+	232,
 	0x0024, 0x0024,
 	0x002b, 0x002b,
 	0x003c, 0x003e,
@@ -12111,10 +12261,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_S[] = {
 	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
 	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
 	0x1f300, 0x1f6d7,
-	0x1f6dd, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6ec,
 	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fc,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1f780, 0x1f7d8,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f776,
+	0x1f77b, 0x1f7d9,
 	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
 	0x1f7f0, 0x1f7f0,
 	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
@@ -12125,15 +12275,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_S[] = {
 	0x1f8b0, 0x1f8b1,
 	0x1f900, 0x1fa53,
 	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
-	0x1fa70, 0x1fa74,
-	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7c,
-	0x1fa80, 0x1fa86,
-	0x1fa90, 0x1faac,
-	0x1fab0, 0x1faba,
-	0x1fac0, 0x1fac5,
-	0x1fad0, 0x1fad9,
-	0x1fae0, 0x1fae7,
-	0x1faf0, 0x1faf6,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa88,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fabd,
+	0x1fabf, 0x1fac5,
+	0x1face, 0x1fadb,
+	0x1fae0, 0x1fae8,
+	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
 	0x1fb00, 0x1fb92,
 	0x1fb94, 0x1fbca,
 }; /* CR_S */
@@ -12271,7 +12419,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sm[] = {
 
 /* 'So': General Category */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_So[] = {
-	186,
+	184,
 	0x00a6, 0x00a6,
 	0x00a9, 0x00a9,
 	0x00ae, 0x00ae,
@@ -12433,10 +12581,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_So[] = {
 	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
 	0x1f300, 0x1f3fa,
 	0x1f400, 0x1f6d7,
-	0x1f6dd, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6ec,
 	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fc,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1f780, 0x1f7d8,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f776,
+	0x1f77b, 0x1f7d9,
 	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
 	0x1f7f0, 0x1f7f0,
 	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
@@ -12447,15 +12595,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_So[] = {
 	0x1f8b0, 0x1f8b1,
 	0x1f900, 0x1fa53,
 	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
-	0x1fa70, 0x1fa74,
-	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7c,
-	0x1fa80, 0x1fa86,
-	0x1fa90, 0x1faac,
-	0x1fab0, 0x1faba,
-	0x1fac0, 0x1fac5,
-	0x1fad0, 0x1fad9,
-	0x1fae0, 0x1fae7,
-	0x1faf0, 0x1faf6,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa88,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fabd,
+	0x1fabf, 0x1fac5,
+	0x1face, 0x1fadb,
+	0x1fae0, 0x1fae8,
+	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
 	0x1fb00, 0x1fb92,
 	0x1fb94, 0x1fbca,
 }; /* CR_So */
@@ -12651,7 +12797,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Math[] = {
 
 /* 'Cased': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cased[] = {
-	151,
+	157,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
@@ -12683,7 +12829,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cased[] = {
 	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
 	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
 	0x10d0, 0x10fa,
-	0x10fd, 0x10ff,
+	0x10fc, 0x10ff,
 	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
 	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
 	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
@@ -12743,10 +12889,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cased[] = {
 	0xa7d0, 0xa7d1,
 	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
 	0xa7d5, 0xa7d9,
-	0xa7f5, 0xa7f6,
+	0xa7f2, 0xa7f6,
 	0xa7f8, 0xa7fa,
 	0xab30, 0xab5a,
-	0xab5c, 0xab68,
+	0xab5c, 0xab69,
 	0xab70, 0xabbf,
 	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
 	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
@@ -12763,6 +12909,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cased[] = {
 	0x105a3, 0x105b1,
 	0x105b3, 0x105b9,
 	0x105bb, 0x105bc,
+	0x10780, 0x10780,
+	0x10783, 0x10785,
+	0x10787, 0x107b0,
+	0x107b2, 0x107ba,
 	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
 	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
 	0x118a0, 0x118df,
@@ -12799,6 +12949,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cased[] = {
 	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
 	0x1df00, 0x1df09,
 	0x1df0b, 0x1df1e,
+	0x1df25, 0x1df2a,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
 	0x1e900, 0x1e943,
 	0x1f130, 0x1f149,
 	0x1f150, 0x1f169,
@@ -12807,7 +12959,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cased[] = {
 
 /* 'Case_Ignorable': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Case_Ignorable[] = {
-	427,
+	437,
 	0x0027, 0x0027,
 	0x002e, 0x002e,
 	0x003a, 0x003a,
@@ -12921,7 +13073,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Case_Ignorable[] = {
 	0x0eb1, 0x0eb1,
 	0x0eb4, 0x0ebc,
 	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ece,
 	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
 	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
 	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
@@ -13110,6 +13262,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Case_Ignorable[] = {
 	0x10ae5, 0x10ae6,
 	0x10d24, 0x10d27,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
+	0x10efd, 0x10eff,
 	0x10f46, 0x10f50,
 	0x10f82, 0x10f85,
 	0x11001, 0x11001,
@@ -13134,6 +13287,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Case_Ignorable[] = {
 	0x11234, 0x11234,
 	0x11236, 0x11237,
 	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x11241, 0x11241,
 	0x112df, 0x112df,
 	0x112e3, 0x112ea,
 	0x11300, 0x11301,
@@ -13195,7 +13349,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Case_Ignorable[] = {
 	0x11d95, 0x11d95,
 	0x11d97, 0x11d97,
 	0x11ef3, 0x11ef4,
-	0x13430, 0x13438,
+	0x11f00, 0x11f01,
+	0x11f36, 0x11f3a,
+	0x11f40, 0x11f40,
+	0x11f42, 0x11f42,
+	0x13430, 0x13440,
+	0x13447, 0x13455,
 	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
 	0x16b30, 0x16b36,
 	0x16b40, 0x16b43,
@@ -13226,9 +13385,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Case_Ignorable[] = {
 	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
 	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
 	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
+	0x1e08f, 0x1e08f,
 	0x1e130, 0x1e13d,
 	0x1e2ae, 0x1e2ae,
 	0x1e2ec, 0x1e2ef,
+	0x1e4eb, 0x1e4ef,
 	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
 	0x1e944, 0x1e94b,
 	0x1f3fb, 0x1f3ff,
@@ -15879,7 +16041,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Changes_When_Casemapped[] = {
 
 /* 'ID_Start': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Start[] = {
-	648,
+	659,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
@@ -16348,6 +16510,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Start[] = {
 	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
 	0x11200, 0x11211,
 	0x11213, 0x1122b,
+	0x1123f, 0x11240,
 	0x11280, 0x11286,
 	0x11288, 0x11288,
 	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
@@ -16410,12 +16573,16 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Start[] = {
 	0x11d6a, 0x11d89,
 	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef2,
+	0x11f02, 0x11f02,
+	0x11f04, 0x11f10,
+	0x11f12, 0x11f33,
 	0x11fb0, 0x11fb0,
 	0x12000, 0x12399,
 	0x12400, 0x1246e,
 	0x12480, 0x12543,
 	0x12f90, 0x12ff0,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x13000, 0x1342f,
+	0x13441, 0x13446,
 	0x14400, 0x14646,
 	0x16800, 0x16a38,
 	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
@@ -16438,7 +16605,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Start[] = {
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
 	0x1b000, 0x1b122,
+	0x1b132, 0x1b132,
 	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b155, 0x1b155,
 	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
 	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
 	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
@@ -16476,11 +16645,14 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Start[] = {
 	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
 	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
 	0x1df00, 0x1df1e,
+	0x1df25, 0x1df2a,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
 	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
 	0x1e137, 0x1e13d,
 	0x1e14e, 0x1e14e,
 	0x1e290, 0x1e2ad,
 	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2eb,
+	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4eb,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -16522,17 +16694,18 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Start[] = {
 	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
 	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b738,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
 	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
 	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
+	0x31350, 0x323af,
 }; /* CR_ID_Start */
 
 /* 'ID_Continue': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
-	756,
+	768,
 	0x0030, 0x0039,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x005f, 0x005f,
@@ -16691,7 +16864,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
 	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
 	0x0d00, 0x0d0c,
 	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
 	0x0d12, 0x0d44,
@@ -16724,7 +16897,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0x0ea7, 0x0ebd,
 	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
 	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ece,
 	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
 	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
 	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
@@ -17037,7 +17210,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
 	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
-	0x10f00, 0x10f1c,
+	0x10efd, 0x10f1c,
 	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
 	0x10f30, 0x10f50,
 	0x10f70, 0x10f85,
@@ -17060,7 +17233,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
 	0x11200, 0x11211,
 	0x11213, 0x11237,
-	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x1123e, 0x11241,
 	0x11280, 0x11286,
 	0x11288, 0x11288,
 	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
@@ -17141,12 +17314,17 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef6,
+	0x11f00, 0x11f10,
+	0x11f12, 0x11f3a,
+	0x11f3e, 0x11f42,
+	0x11f50, 0x11f59,
 	0x11fb0, 0x11fb0,
 	0x12000, 0x12399,
 	0x12400, 0x1246e,
 	0x12480, 0x12543,
 	0x12f90, 0x12ff0,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x13000, 0x1342f,
+	0x13440, 0x13455,
 	0x14400, 0x14646,
 	0x16800, 0x16a38,
 	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
@@ -17174,7 +17352,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
 	0x1b000, 0x1b122,
+	0x1b132, 0x1b132,
 	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b155, 0x1b155,
 	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
 	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
 	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
@@ -17228,17 +17408,21 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
 	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
 	0x1df00, 0x1df1e,
+	0x1df25, 0x1df2a,
 	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
 	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
 	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
 	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
 	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
+	0x1e08f, 0x1e08f,
 	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
 	0x1e130, 0x1e13d,
 	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
 	0x1e14e, 0x1e14e,
 	0x1e290, 0x1e2ae,
 	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4f9,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -17282,18 +17466,19 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_ID_Continue[] = {
 	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
 	0x1fbf0, 0x1fbf9,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b738,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
 	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
 	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
+	0x31350, 0x323af,
 	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
 }; /* CR_ID_Continue */
 
 /* 'XID_Start': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Start[] = {
-	655,
+	666,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
@@ -17769,6 +17954,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Start[] = {
 	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
 	0x11200, 0x11211,
 	0x11213, 0x1122b,
+	0x1123f, 0x11240,
 	0x11280, 0x11286,
 	0x11288, 0x11288,
 	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
@@ -17831,12 +18017,16 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Start[] = {
 	0x11d6a, 0x11d89,
 	0x11d98, 0x11d98,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef2,
+	0x11f02, 0x11f02,
+	0x11f04, 0x11f10,
+	0x11f12, 0x11f33,
 	0x11fb0, 0x11fb0,
 	0x12000, 0x12399,
 	0x12400, 0x1246e,
 	0x12480, 0x12543,
 	0x12f90, 0x12ff0,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x13000, 0x1342f,
+	0x13441, 0x13446,
 	0x14400, 0x14646,
 	0x16800, 0x16a38,
 	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
@@ -17859,7 +18049,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Start[] = {
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
 	0x1b000, 0x1b122,
+	0x1b132, 0x1b132,
 	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b155, 0x1b155,
 	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
 	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
 	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
@@ -17897,11 +18089,14 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Start[] = {
 	0x1d7aa, 0x1d7c2,
 	0x1d7c4, 0x1d7cb,
 	0x1df00, 0x1df1e,
+	0x1df25, 0x1df2a,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
 	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
 	0x1e137, 0x1e13d,
 	0x1e14e, 0x1e14e,
 	0x1e290, 0x1e2ad,
 	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2eb,
+	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4eb,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -17943,17 +18138,18 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Start[] = {
 	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
 	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b738,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
 	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
 	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
+	0x31350, 0x323af,
 }; /* CR_XID_Start */
 
 /* 'XID_Continue': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
-	763,
+	775,
 	0x0030, 0x0039,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x005f, 0x005f,
@@ -18112,7 +18308,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
 	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
 	0x0d00, 0x0d0c,
 	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
 	0x0d12, 0x0d44,
@@ -18145,7 +18341,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0x0ea7, 0x0ebd,
 	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
 	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ece,
 	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
 	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
 	0x0f00, 0x0f00,
@@ -18465,7 +18661,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
 	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
-	0x10f00, 0x10f1c,
+	0x10efd, 0x10f1c,
 	0x10f27, 0x10f27,
 	0x10f30, 0x10f50,
 	0x10f70, 0x10f85,
@@ -18488,7 +18684,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0x111dc, 0x111dc,
 	0x11200, 0x11211,
 	0x11213, 0x11237,
-	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x1123e, 0x11241,
 	0x11280, 0x11286,
 	0x11288, 0x11288,
 	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
@@ -18569,12 +18765,17 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef6,
+	0x11f00, 0x11f10,
+	0x11f12, 0x11f3a,
+	0x11f3e, 0x11f42,
+	0x11f50, 0x11f59,
 	0x11fb0, 0x11fb0,
 	0x12000, 0x12399,
 	0x12400, 0x1246e,
 	0x12480, 0x12543,
 	0x12f90, 0x12ff0,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x13000, 0x1342f,
+	0x13440, 0x13455,
 	0x14400, 0x14646,
 	0x16800, 0x16a38,
 	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
@@ -18602,7 +18803,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
 	0x1b000, 0x1b122,
+	0x1b132, 0x1b132,
 	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b155, 0x1b155,
 	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
 	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
 	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
@@ -18656,17 +18859,21 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
 	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
 	0x1df00, 0x1df1e,
+	0x1df25, 0x1df2a,
 	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
 	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
 	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
 	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
 	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
+	0x1e08f, 0x1e08f,
 	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
 	0x1e130, 0x1e13d,
 	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
 	0x1e14e, 0x1e14e,
 	0x1e290, 0x1e2ae,
 	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4f9,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -18710,12 +18917,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_XID_Continue[] = {
 	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
 	0x1fbf0, 0x1fbf9,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b738,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
 	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
 	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
+	0x31350, 0x323af,
 	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
 }; /* CR_XID_Continue */
 
@@ -18743,7 +18951,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point[] = {
 
 /* 'Grapheme_Extend': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Extend[] = {
-	353,
+	363,
 	0x0300, 0x036f,
 	0x0483, 0x0489,
 	0x0591, 0x05bd,
@@ -18846,7 +19054,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Extend[] = {
 	0x0e47, 0x0e4e,
 	0x0eb1, 0x0eb1,
 	0x0eb4, 0x0ebc,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ece,
 	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
 	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
 	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
@@ -18975,6 +19183,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Extend[] = {
 	0x10ae5, 0x10ae6,
 	0x10d24, 0x10d27,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
+	0x10efd, 0x10eff,
 	0x10f46, 0x10f50,
 	0x10f82, 0x10f85,
 	0x11001, 0x11001,
@@ -18997,6 +19206,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Extend[] = {
 	0x11234, 0x11234,
 	0x11236, 0x11237,
 	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x11241, 0x11241,
 	0x112df, 0x112df,
 	0x112e3, 0x112ea,
 	0x11300, 0x11301,
@@ -19064,6 +19274,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Extend[] = {
 	0x11d95, 0x11d95,
 	0x11d97, 0x11d97,
 	0x11ef3, 0x11ef4,
+	0x11f00, 0x11f01,
+	0x11f36, 0x11f3a,
+	0x11f40, 0x11f40,
+	0x11f42, 0x11f42,
+	0x13440, 0x13440,
+	0x13447, 0x13455,
 	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
 	0x16b30, 0x16b36,
 	0x16f4f, 0x16f4f,
@@ -19090,9 +19306,11 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Extend[] = {
 	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
 	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
 	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e08f, 0x1e08f,
 	0x1e130, 0x1e136,
 	0x1e2ae, 0x1e2ae,
 	0x1e2ec, 0x1e2ef,
+	0x1e4ec, 0x1e4ef,
 	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
 	0x1e944, 0x1e94a,
 	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
@@ -19101,7 +19319,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Extend[] = {
 
 /* 'Grapheme_Base': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
-	861,
+	875,
 	0x0020, 0x007e,
 	0x00a0, 0x00ac,
 	0x00ae, 0x02ff,
@@ -19251,7 +19469,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce1,
 	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
 	0x0d02, 0x0d0c,
 	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
 	0x0d12, 0x0d3a,
@@ -19670,6 +19888,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x11232, 0x11233,
 	0x11235, 0x11235,
 	0x11238, 0x1123d,
+	0x1123f, 0x11240,
 	0x11280, 0x11286,
 	0x11288, 0x11288,
 	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
@@ -19756,6 +19975,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x11a97, 0x11a97,
 	0x11a9a, 0x11aa2,
 	0x11ab0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11b00, 0x11b09,
 	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
 	0x11c0a, 0x11c2f,
 	0x11c3e, 0x11c3e,
@@ -19779,6 +19999,11 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
 	0x11ee0, 0x11ef2,
 	0x11ef5, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11f02, 0x11f10,
+	0x11f12, 0x11f35,
+	0x11f3e, 0x11f3f,
+	0x11f41, 0x11f41,
+	0x11f43, 0x11f59,
 	0x11fb0, 0x11fb0,
 	0x11fc0, 0x11ff1,
 	0x11fff, 0x12399,
@@ -19786,7 +20011,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x12470, 0x12474,
 	0x12480, 0x12543,
 	0x12f90, 0x12ff2,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
+	0x13000, 0x1342f,
+	0x13441, 0x13446,
 	0x14400, 0x14646,
 	0x16800, 0x16a38,
 	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
@@ -19814,7 +20040,9 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
 	0x1b000, 0x1b122,
+	0x1b132, 0x1b132,
 	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b155, 0x1b155,
 	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
 	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
 	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
@@ -19834,6 +20062,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x1d1ae, 0x1d1ea,
 	0x1d200, 0x1d241,
 	0x1d245, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d2c0, 0x1d2d3,
 	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
 	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
 	0x1d360, 0x1d378,
@@ -19863,6 +20092,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x1da76, 0x1da83,
 	0x1da85, 0x1da8b,
 	0x1df00, 0x1df1e,
+	0x1df25, 0x1df2a,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
 	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
 	0x1e137, 0x1e13d,
 	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
@@ -19871,6 +20102,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2eb,
 	0x1e2f0, 0x1e2f9,
 	0x1e2ff, 0x1e2ff,
+	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4eb,
+	0x1e4f0, 0x1e4f9,
 	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
 	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
 	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
@@ -19930,10 +20163,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
 	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
 	0x1f300, 0x1f6d7,
-	0x1f6dd, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6ec,
 	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fc,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1f780, 0x1f7d8,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f776,
+	0x1f77b, 0x1f7d9,
 	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
 	0x1f7f0, 0x1f7f0,
 	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
@@ -19944,30 +20177,29 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Base[] = {
 	0x1f8b0, 0x1f8b1,
 	0x1f900, 0x1fa53,
 	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
-	0x1fa70, 0x1fa74,
-	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7c,
-	0x1fa80, 0x1fa86,
-	0x1fa90, 0x1faac,
-	0x1fab0, 0x1faba,
-	0x1fac0, 0x1fac5,
-	0x1fad0, 0x1fad9,
-	0x1fae0, 0x1fae7,
-	0x1faf0, 0x1faf6,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa88,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fabd,
+	0x1fabf, 0x1fac5,
+	0x1face, 0x1fadb,
+	0x1fae0, 0x1fae8,
+	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
 	0x1fb00, 0x1fb92,
 	0x1fb94, 0x1fbca,
 	0x1fbf0, 0x1fbf9,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b738,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
 	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
 	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
+	0x31350, 0x323af,
 }; /* CR_Grapheme_Base */
 
 /* 'Grapheme_Link': Derived Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Link[] = {
-	55,
+	56,
 	0x094d, 0x094d,
 	0x09cd, 0x09cd,
 	0x0a4d, 0x0a4d,
@@ -20023,11 +20255,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Link[] = {
 	0x11c3f, 0x11c3f,
 	0x11d44, 0x11d45,
 	0x11d97, 0x11d97,
+	0x11f41, 0x11f42,
 }; /* CR_Grapheme_Link */
 
 /* 'Common': Script */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Common[] = {
-	174,
+	173,
 	0x0000, 0x0040,
 	0x005b, 0x0060,
 	0x007b, 0x00a9,
@@ -20134,6 +20367,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Common[] = {
 	0x1d183, 0x1d184,
 	0x1d18c, 0x1d1a9,
 	0x1d1ae, 0x1d1ea,
+	0x1d2c0, 0x1d2d3,
 	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
 	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
 	0x1d360, 0x1d378,
@@ -20174,10 +20408,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Common[] = {
 	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
 	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
 	0x1f300, 0x1f6d7,
-	0x1f6dd, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6ec,
 	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fc,
-	0x1f700, 0x1f773,
-	0x1f780, 0x1f7d8,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f776,
+	0x1f77b, 0x1f7d9,
 	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
 	0x1f7f0, 0x1f7f0,
 	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
@@ -20188,15 +20422,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Common[] = {
 	0x1f8b0, 0x1f8b1,
 	0x1f900, 0x1fa53,
 	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
-	0x1fa70, 0x1fa74,
-	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7c,
-	0x1fa80, 0x1fa86,
-	0x1fa90, 0x1faac,
-	0x1fab0, 0x1faba,
-	0x1fac0, 0x1fac5,
-	0x1fad0, 0x1fad9,
-	0x1fae0, 0x1fae7,
-	0x1faf0, 0x1faf6,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa88,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fabd,
+	0x1fabf, 0x1fac5,
+	0x1face, 0x1fadb,
+	0x1fae0, 0x1fae8,
+	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
 	0x1fb00, 0x1fb92,
 	0x1fb94, 0x1fbca,
 	0x1fbf0, 0x1fbf9,
@@ -20206,7 +20438,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Common[] = {
 
 /* 'Latin': Script */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Latin[] = {
-	38,
+	39,
 	0x0041, 0x005a,
 	0x0061, 0x007a,
 	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
@@ -20245,6 +20477,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Latin[] = {
 	0x10787, 0x107b0,
 	0x107b2, 0x107ba,
 	0x1df00, 0x1df1e,
+	0x1df25, 0x1df2a,
 }; /* CR_Latin */
 
 /* 'Greek': Script */
@@ -20290,7 +20523,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Greek[] = {
 
 /* 'Cyrillic': Script */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cyrillic[] = {
-	8,
+	10,
 	0x0400, 0x0484,
 	0x0487, 0x052f,
 	0x1c80, 0x1c88,
@@ -20299,6 +20532,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Cyrillic[] = {
 	0x2de0, 0x2dff,
 	0xa640, 0xa69f,
 	0xfe2e, 0xfe2f,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
+	0x1e08f, 0x1e08f,
 }; /* CR_Cyrillic */
 
 /* 'Armenian': Script */
@@ -20326,7 +20561,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hebrew[] = {
 
 /* 'Arabic': Script */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Arabic[] = {
-	57,
+	58,
 	0x0600, 0x0604,
 	0x0606, 0x060b,
 	0x060d, 0x061a,
@@ -20350,6 +20585,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Arabic[] = {
 	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
 	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
 	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x10efd, 0x10eff,
 	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
 	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
 	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
@@ -20403,11 +20639,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Thaana[] = {
 
 /* 'Devanagari': Script */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Devanagari[] = {
-	4,
+	5,
 	0x0900, 0x0950,
 	0x0955, 0x0963,
 	0x0966, 0x097f,
 	0xa8e0, 0xa8ff,
+	0x11b00, 0x11b09,
 }; /* CR_Devanagari */
 
 /* 'Bengali': Script */
@@ -20544,7 +20781,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Kannada[] = {
 	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
 	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
 	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
-	0x0cf1, 0x0cf2,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
 }; /* CR_Kannada */
 
 /* 'Malayalam': Script */
@@ -20595,7 +20832,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Lao[] = {
 	0x0ea7, 0x0ebd,
 	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
 	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ece,
 	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
 	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
 }; /* CR_Lao */
@@ -20746,17 +20983,18 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Mongolian[] = {
 
 /* 'Hiragana': Script */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hiragana[] = {
-	5,
+	6,
 	0x3041, 0x3096,
 	0x309d, 0x309f,
 	0x1b001, 0x1b11f,
+	0x1b132, 0x1b132,
 	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
 	0x1f200, 0x1f200,
 }; /* CR_Hiragana */
 
 /* 'Katakana': Script */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Katakana[] = {
-	13,
+	14,
 	0x30a1, 0x30fa,
 	0x30fd, 0x30ff,
 	0x31f0, 0x31ff,
@@ -20769,6 +21007,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Katakana[] = {
 	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
 	0x1b000, 0x1b000,
 	0x1b120, 0x1b122,
+	0x1b155, 0x1b155,
 	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
 }; /* CR_Katakana */
 
@@ -20782,7 +21021,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Bopomofo[] = {
 
 /* 'Han': Script */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Han[] = {
-	20,
+	21,
 	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
 	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
 	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
@@ -20797,12 +21036,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Han[] = {
 	0x16fe2, 0x16fe3,
 	0x16ff0, 0x16ff1,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b738,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
 	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
 	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
+	0x31350, 0x323af,
 }; /* CR_Han */
 
 /* 'Yi': Script */
@@ -21165,9 +21405,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Avestan[] = {
 
 /* 'Egyptian_Hieroglyphs': Script */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Egyptian_Hieroglyphs[] = {
-	2,
-	0x13000, 0x1342e,
-	0x13430, 0x13438,
+	1,
+	0x13000, 0x13455,
 }; /* CR_Egyptian_Hieroglyphs */
 
 /* 'Samaritan': Script */
@@ -21382,7 +21621,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Pahawh_Hmong[] = {
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Khojki[] = {
 	2,
 	0x11200, 0x11211,
-	0x11213, 0x1123e,
+	0x11213, 0x11241,
 }; /* CR_Khojki */
 
 /* 'Linear_A': Script */
@@ -21772,6 +22011,20 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Vithkuqi[] = {
 	0x105bb, 0x105bc,
 }; /* CR_Vithkuqi */
 
+/* 'Kawi': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Kawi[] = {
+	3,
+	0x11f00, 0x11f10,
+	0x11f12, 0x11f3a,
+	0x11f3e, 0x11f59,
+}; /* CR_Kawi */
+
+/* 'Nag_Mundari': Script */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Nag_Mundari[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4f9,
+}; /* CR_Nag_Mundari */
+
 /* 'White_Space': Binary Property */
 #define CR_White_Space CR_Space
 
@@ -21853,7 +22106,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Quotation_Mark[] = {
 
 /* 'Terminal_Punctuation': Binary Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Terminal_Punctuation[] = {
-	107,
+	108,
 	0x0021, 0x0021,
 	0x002c, 0x002c,
 	0x002e, 0x002e,
@@ -21953,6 +22206,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Terminal_Punctuation[] = {
 	0x11c41, 0x11c43,
 	0x11c71, 0x11c71,
 	0x11ef7, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11f43, 0x11f44,
 	0x12470, 0x12474,
 	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
 	0x16af5, 0x16af5,
@@ -22118,7 +22372,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Hex_Digit[] = {
 
 /* 'Other_Alphabetic': Binary Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Alphabetic[] = {
-	233,
+	240,
 	0x0345, 0x0345,
 	0x05b0, 0x05bd,
 	0x05bf, 0x05bf,
@@ -22178,7 +22432,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Alphabetic[] = {
 	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
 	0x0bca, 0x0bcc,
 	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
-	0x0c00, 0x0c03,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c04,
 	0x0c3e, 0x0c44,
 	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
 	0x0c4a, 0x0c4c,
@@ -22190,6 +22444,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Alphabetic[] = {
 	0x0cca, 0x0ccc,
 	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
 	0x0ce2, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0cf3, 0x0cf3,
 	0x0d00, 0x0d03,
 	0x0d3e, 0x0d44,
 	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
@@ -22208,7 +22463,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Alphabetic[] = {
 	0x0eb4, 0x0eb9,
 	0x0ebb, 0x0ebc,
 	0x0ecd, 0x0ecd,
-	0x0f71, 0x0f81,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f83,
 	0x0f8d, 0x0f97,
 	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
 	0x102b, 0x1036,
@@ -22281,7 +22536,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Alphabetic[] = {
 	0x11000, 0x11002,
 	0x11038, 0x11045,
 	0x11073, 0x11074,
-	0x11082, 0x11082,
+	0x11080, 0x11082,
 	0x110b0, 0x110b8,
 	0x110c2, 0x110c2,
 	0x11100, 0x11102,
@@ -22293,6 +22548,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Alphabetic[] = {
 	0x1122c, 0x11234,
 	0x11237, 0x11237,
 	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x11241, 0x11241,
 	0x112df, 0x112e8,
 	0x11300, 0x11303,
 	0x1133e, 0x11344,
@@ -22338,6 +22594,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Alphabetic[] = {
 	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
 	0x11d93, 0x11d96,
 	0x11ef3, 0x11ef6,
+	0x11f00, 0x11f01,
+	0x11f03, 0x11f03,
+	0x11f34, 0x11f3a,
+	0x11f3e, 0x11f40,
 	0x16f4f, 0x16f4f,
 	0x16f51, 0x16f87,
 	0x16f8f, 0x16f92,
@@ -22348,6 +22608,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Alphabetic[] = {
 	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
 	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
 	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e08f, 0x1e08f,
 	0x1e947, 0x1e947,
 	0x1f130, 0x1f149,
 	0x1f150, 0x1f169,
@@ -22356,7 +22617,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Alphabetic[] = {
 
 /* 'Ideographic': Binary Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ideographic[] = {
-	19,
+	20,
 	0x3006, 0x3007,
 	0x3021, 0x3029,
 	0x3038, 0x303a,
@@ -22370,17 +22631,18 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Ideographic[] = {
 	0x18d00, 0x18d08,
 	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b738,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
 	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
 	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
+	0x31350, 0x323af,
 }; /* CR_Ideographic */
 
 /* 'Diacritic': Binary Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Diacritic[] = {
-	192,
+	195,
 	0x005e, 0x005e,
 	0x0060, 0x0060,
 	0x00a8, 0x00a8,
@@ -22520,6 +22782,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Diacritic[] = {
 	0x107b2, 0x107ba,
 	0x10ae5, 0x10ae6,
 	0x10d22, 0x10d27,
+	0x10efd, 0x10eff,
 	0x10f46, 0x10f50,
 	0x10f82, 0x10f85,
 	0x11046, 0x11046,
@@ -22553,6 +22816,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Diacritic[] = {
 	0x11d42, 0x11d42,
 	0x11d44, 0x11d45,
 	0x11d97, 0x11d97,
+	0x13447, 0x13455,
 	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
 	0x16b30, 0x16b36,
 	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
@@ -22567,6 +22831,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Diacritic[] = {
 	0x1d17b, 0x1d182,
 	0x1d185, 0x1d18b,
 	0x1d1aa, 0x1d1ad,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
 	0x1e130, 0x1e136,
 	0x1e2ae, 0x1e2ae,
 	0x1e2ec, 0x1e2ef,
@@ -22615,7 +22880,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Extender[] = {
 
 /* 'Other_Lowercase': Binary Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Lowercase[] = {
-	20,
+	28,
 	0x00aa, 0x00aa,
 	0x00ba, 0x00ba,
 	0x02b0, 0x02b8,
@@ -22623,6 +22888,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Lowercase[] = {
 	0x02e0, 0x02e4,
 	0x0345, 0x0345,
 	0x037a, 0x037a,
+	0x10fc, 0x10fc,
 	0x1d2c, 0x1d6a,
 	0x1d78, 0x1d78,
 	0x1d9b, 0x1dbf,
@@ -22634,8 +22900,15 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_Lowercase[] = {
 	0x2c7c, 0x2c7d,
 	0xa69c, 0xa69d,
 	0xa770, 0xa770,
+	0xa7f2, 0xa7f4,
 	0xa7f8, 0xa7f9,
 	0xab5c, 0xab5f,
+	0xab69, 0xab69,
+	0x10780, 0x10780,
+	0x10783, 0x10785,
+	0x10787, 0x107b0,
+	0x107b2, 0x107ba,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
 }; /* CR_Other_Lowercase */
 
 /* 'Other_Uppercase': Binary Property */
@@ -22724,7 +22997,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Radical[] = {
 
 /* 'Unified_Ideograph': Binary Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unified_Ideograph[] = {
-	15,
+	16,
 	0x3400, 0x4dbf,
 	0x4e00, 0x9fff,
 	0xfa0e, 0xfa0f,
@@ -22735,11 +23008,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unified_Ideograph[] = {
 	0xfa23, 0xfa24,
 	0xfa27, 0xfa29,
 	0x20000, 0x2a6df,
-	0x2a700, 0x2b738,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
 	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
 	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
 	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
 	0x30000, 0x3134a,
+	0x31350, 0x323af,
 }; /* CR_Unified_Ideograph */
 
 /* 'Other_Default_Ignorable_Code_Point': Binary Property */
@@ -22773,7 +23047,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Deprecated[] = {
 
 /* 'Soft_Dotted': Binary Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Soft_Dotted[] = {
-	32,
+	34,
 	0x0069, 0x006a,
 	0x012f, 0x012f,
 	0x0249, 0x0249,
@@ -22806,6 +23080,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Soft_Dotted[] = {
 	0x1d65e, 0x1d65f,
 	0x1d692, 0x1d693,
 	0x1df1a, 0x1df1a,
+	0x1e04c, 0x1e04d,
+	0x1e068, 0x1e068,
 }; /* CR_Soft_Dotted */
 
 /* 'Logical_Order_Exception': Binary Property */
@@ -22840,7 +23116,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Other_ID_Continue[] = {
 
 /* 'Sentence_Terminal': Binary Property */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sentence_Terminal[] = {
-	79,
+	80,
 	0x0021, 0x0021,
 	0x002e, 0x002e,
 	0x003f, 0x003f,
@@ -22913,6 +23189,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Sentence_Terminal[] = {
 	0x11a9b, 0x11a9c,
 	0x11c41, 0x11c42,
 	0x11ef7, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11f43, 0x11f44,
 	0x16a6e, 0x16a6f,
 	0x16af5, 0x16af5,
 	0x16b37, 0x16b38,
@@ -22994,7 +23271,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Regional_Indicator[] = {
 
 /* 'Emoji': Emoji */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Emoji[] = {
-	153,
+	151,
 	0x0023, 0x0023,
 	0x002a, 0x002a,
 	0x0030, 0x0039,
@@ -23129,7 +23406,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Emoji[] = {
 	0x1f680, 0x1f6c5,
 	0x1f6cb, 0x1f6d2,
 	0x1f6d5, 0x1f6d7,
-	0x1f6dd, 0x1f6e5,
+	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6e5,
 	0x1f6e9, 0x1f6e9,
 	0x1f6eb, 0x1f6ec,
 	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6f0,
@@ -23139,20 +23416,18 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Emoji[] = {
 	0x1f90c, 0x1f93a,
 	0x1f93c, 0x1f945,
 	0x1f947, 0x1f9ff,
-	0x1fa70, 0x1fa74,
-	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7c,
-	0x1fa80, 0x1fa86,
-	0x1fa90, 0x1faac,
-	0x1fab0, 0x1faba,
-	0x1fac0, 0x1fac5,
-	0x1fad0, 0x1fad9,
-	0x1fae0, 0x1fae7,
-	0x1faf0, 0x1faf6,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa88,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fabd,
+	0x1fabf, 0x1fac5,
+	0x1face, 0x1fadb,
+	0x1fae0, 0x1fae8,
+	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
 }; /* CR_Emoji */
 
 /* 'Emoji_Presentation': Emoji */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Emoji_Presentation[] = {
-	83,
+	81,
 	0x231a, 0x231b,
 	0x23e9, 0x23ec,
 	0x23f0, 0x23f0,
@@ -23219,7 +23494,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Emoji_Presentation[] = {
 	0x1f6cc, 0x1f6cc,
 	0x1f6d0, 0x1f6d2,
 	0x1f6d5, 0x1f6d7,
-	0x1f6dd, 0x1f6df,
+	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6df,
 	0x1f6eb, 0x1f6ec,
 	0x1f6f4, 0x1f6fc,
 	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
@@ -23227,15 +23502,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Emoji_Presentation[] = {
 	0x1f90c, 0x1f93a,
 	0x1f93c, 0x1f945,
 	0x1f947, 0x1f9ff,
-	0x1fa70, 0x1fa74,
-	0x1fa78, 0x1fa7c,
-	0x1fa80, 0x1fa86,
-	0x1fa90, 0x1faac,
-	0x1fab0, 0x1faba,
-	0x1fac0, 0x1fac5,
-	0x1fad0, 0x1fad9,
-	0x1fae0, 0x1fae7,
-	0x1faf0, 0x1faf6,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa88,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fabd,
+	0x1fabf, 0x1fac5,
+	0x1face, 0x1fadb,
+	0x1fae0, 0x1fae8,
+	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
 }; /* CR_Emoji_Presentation */
 
 /* 'Emoji_Modifier': Emoji */
@@ -23286,7 +23559,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Emoji_Modifier_Base[] = {
 	0x1f9cd, 0x1f9cf,
 	0x1f9d1, 0x1f9dd,
 	0x1fac3, 0x1fac5,
-	0x1faf0, 0x1faf6,
+	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
 }; /* CR_Emoji_Modifier_Base */
 
 /* 'Emoji_Component': Emoji */
@@ -23389,7 +23662,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Extended_Pictographic[] = {
 
 /* 'Unknown': Script */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
-	696,
+	705,
 	0x0378, 0x0379,
 	0x0380, 0x0383,
 	0x038b, 0x038b,
@@ -23511,7 +23784,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x0cdf, 0x0cdf,
 	0x0ce4, 0x0ce5,
 	0x0cf0, 0x0cf0,
-	0x0cf3, 0x0cff,
+	0x0cf4, 0x0cff,
 	0x0d0d, 0x0d0d,
 	0x0d11, 0x0d11,
 	0x0d45, 0x0d45,
@@ -23541,7 +23814,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x0ebe, 0x0ebf,
 	0x0ec5, 0x0ec5,
 	0x0ec7, 0x0ec7,
-	0x0ece, 0x0ecf,
+	0x0ecf, 0x0ecf,
 	0x0eda, 0x0edb,
 	0x0ee0, 0x0eff,
 	0x0f48, 0x0f48,
@@ -23811,7 +24084,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x10e7f, 0x10e7f,
 	0x10eaa, 0x10eaa,
 	0x10eae, 0x10eaf,
-	0x10eb2, 0x10eff,
+	0x10eb2, 0x10efc,
 	0x10f28, 0x10f2f,
 	0x10f5a, 0x10f6f,
 	0x10f8a, 0x10faf,
@@ -23829,7 +24102,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x111e0, 0x111e0,
 	0x111f5, 0x111ff,
 	0x11212, 0x11212,
-	0x1123f, 0x1127f,
+	0x11242, 0x1127f,
 	0x11287, 0x11287,
 	0x11289, 0x11289,
 	0x1128e, 0x1128e,
@@ -23881,7 +24154,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x119e5, 0x119ff,
 	0x11a48, 0x11a4f,
 	0x11aa3, 0x11aaf,
-	0x11af9, 0x11bff,
+	0x11af9, 0x11aff,
+	0x11b0a, 0x11bff,
 	0x11c09, 0x11c09,
 	0x11c37, 0x11c37,
 	0x11c46, 0x11c4f,
@@ -23902,7 +24176,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x11d92, 0x11d92,
 	0x11d99, 0x11d9f,
 	0x11daa, 0x11edf,
-	0x11ef9, 0x11faf,
+	0x11ef9, 0x11eff,
+	0x11f11, 0x11f11,
+	0x11f3b, 0x11f3d,
+	0x11f5a, 0x11faf,
 	0x11fb1, 0x11fbf,
 	0x11ff2, 0x11ffe,
 	0x1239a, 0x123ff,
@@ -23910,8 +24187,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x12475, 0x1247f,
 	0x12544, 0x12f8f,
 	0x12ff3, 0x12fff,
-	0x1342f, 0x1342f,
-	0x13439, 0x143ff,
+	0x13456, 0x143ff,
 	0x14647, 0x167ff,
 	0x16a39, 0x16a3f,
 	0x16a5f, 0x16a5f,
@@ -23937,8 +24213,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x1aff4, 0x1aff4,
 	0x1affc, 0x1affc,
 	0x1afff, 0x1afff,
-	0x1b123, 0x1b14f,
-	0x1b153, 0x1b163,
+	0x1b123, 0x1b131,
+	0x1b133, 0x1b14f,
+	0x1b153, 0x1b154,
+	0x1b156, 0x1b163,
 	0x1b168, 0x1b16f,
 	0x1b2fc, 0x1bbff,
 	0x1bc6b, 0x1bc6f,
@@ -23952,7 +24230,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x1d0f6, 0x1d0ff,
 	0x1d127, 0x1d128,
 	0x1d1eb, 0x1d1ff,
-	0x1d246, 0x1d2df,
+	0x1d246, 0x1d2bf,
+	0x1d2d4, 0x1d2df,
 	0x1d2f4, 0x1d2ff,
 	0x1d357, 0x1d35f,
 	0x1d379, 0x1d3ff,
@@ -23979,19 +24258,23 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x1da8c, 0x1da9a,
 	0x1daa0, 0x1daa0,
 	0x1dab0, 0x1deff,
-	0x1df1f, 0x1dfff,
+	0x1df1f, 0x1df24,
+	0x1df2b, 0x1dfff,
 	0x1e007, 0x1e007,
 	0x1e019, 0x1e01a,
 	0x1e022, 0x1e022,
 	0x1e025, 0x1e025,
-	0x1e02b, 0x1e0ff,
+	0x1e02b, 0x1e02f,
+	0x1e06e, 0x1e08e,
+	0x1e090, 0x1e0ff,
 	0x1e12d, 0x1e12f,
 	0x1e13e, 0x1e13f,
 	0x1e14a, 0x1e14d,
 	0x1e150, 0x1e28f,
 	0x1e2af, 0x1e2bf,
 	0x1e2fa, 0x1e2fe,
-	0x1e300, 0x1e7df,
+	0x1e300, 0x1e4cf,
+	0x1e4fa, 0x1e7df,
 	0x1e7e7, 0x1e7e7,
 	0x1e7ec, 0x1e7ec,
 	0x1e7ef, 0x1e7ef,
@@ -24049,11 +24332,11 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x1f249, 0x1f24f,
 	0x1f252, 0x1f25f,
 	0x1f266, 0x1f2ff,
-	0x1f6d8, 0x1f6dc,
+	0x1f6d8, 0x1f6db,
 	0x1f6ed, 0x1f6ef,
 	0x1f6fd, 0x1f6ff,
-	0x1f774, 0x1f77f,
-	0x1f7d9, 0x1f7df,
+	0x1f777, 0x1f77a,
+	0x1f7da, 0x1f7df,
 	0x1f7ec, 0x1f7ef,
 	0x1f7f1, 0x1f7ff,
 	0x1f80c, 0x1f80f,
@@ -24064,25 +24347,24 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Unknown[] = {
 	0x1f8b2, 0x1f8ff,
 	0x1fa54, 0x1fa5f,
 	0x1fa6e, 0x1fa6f,
-	0x1fa75, 0x1fa77,
 	0x1fa7d, 0x1fa7f,
-	0x1fa87, 0x1fa8f,
-	0x1faad, 0x1faaf,
-	0x1fabb, 0x1fabf,
-	0x1fac6, 0x1facf,
-	0x1fada, 0x1fadf,
-	0x1fae8, 0x1faef,
-	0x1faf7, 0x1faff,
+	0x1fa89, 0x1fa8f,
+	0x1fabe, 0x1fabe,
+	0x1fac6, 0x1facd,
+	0x1fadc, 0x1fadf,
+	0x1fae9, 0x1faef,
+	0x1faf9, 0x1faff,
 	0x1fb93, 0x1fb93,
 	0x1fbcb, 0x1fbef,
 	0x1fbfa, 0x1ffff,
 	0x2a6e0, 0x2a6ff,
-	0x2b739, 0x2b73f,
+	0x2b73a, 0x2b73f,
 	0x2b81e, 0x2b81f,
 	0x2cea2, 0x2ceaf,
 	0x2ebe1, 0x2f7ff,
 	0x2fa1e, 0x2ffff,
-	0x3134b, 0xe0000,
+	0x3134b, 0x3134f,
+	0x323b0, 0xe0000,
 	0xe0002, 0xe001f,
 	0xe0080, 0xe00ff,
 	0xe01f0, 0x10ffff,
@@ -36632,10 +36914,730 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_14_0[] = {
 	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
 }; /* CR_Age_14_0 */
 
+/* 'Age_15_0': Derived Age 15.0 */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_Age_15_0[] = {
+	715,
+	0x0000, 0x0377,
+	0x037a, 0x037f,
+	0x0384, 0x038a,
+	0x038c, 0x038c,
+	0x038e, 0x03a1,
+	0x03a3, 0x052f,
+	0x0531, 0x0556,
+	0x0559, 0x058a,
+	0x058d, 0x058f,
+	0x0591, 0x05c7,
+	0x05d0, 0x05ea,
+	0x05ef, 0x05f4,
+	0x0600, 0x070d,
+	0x070f, 0x074a,
+	0x074d, 0x07b1,
+	0x07c0, 0x07fa,
+	0x07fd, 0x082d,
+	0x0830, 0x083e,
+	0x0840, 0x085b,
+	0x085e, 0x085e,
+	0x0860, 0x086a,
+	0x0870, 0x088e,
+	0x0890, 0x0891,
+	0x0898, 0x0983,
+	0x0985, 0x098c,
+	0x098f, 0x0990,
+	0x0993, 0x09a8,
+	0x09aa, 0x09b0,
+	0x09b2, 0x09b2,
+	0x09b6, 0x09b9,
+	0x09bc, 0x09c4,
+	0x09c7, 0x09c8,
+	0x09cb, 0x09ce,
+	0x09d7, 0x09d7,
+	0x09dc, 0x09dd,
+	0x09df, 0x09e3,
+	0x09e6, 0x09fe,
+	0x0a01, 0x0a03,
+	0x0a05, 0x0a0a,
+	0x0a0f, 0x0a10,
+	0x0a13, 0x0a28,
+	0x0a2a, 0x0a30,
+	0x0a32, 0x0a33,
+	0x0a35, 0x0a36,
+	0x0a38, 0x0a39,
+	0x0a3c, 0x0a3c,
+	0x0a3e, 0x0a42,
+	0x0a47, 0x0a48,
+	0x0a4b, 0x0a4d,
+	0x0a51, 0x0a51,
+	0x0a59, 0x0a5c,
+	0x0a5e, 0x0a5e,
+	0x0a66, 0x0a76,
+	0x0a81, 0x0a83,
+	0x0a85, 0x0a8d,
+	0x0a8f, 0x0a91,
+	0x0a93, 0x0aa8,
+	0x0aaa, 0x0ab0,
+	0x0ab2, 0x0ab3,
+	0x0ab5, 0x0ab9,
+	0x0abc, 0x0ac5,
+	0x0ac7, 0x0ac9,
+	0x0acb, 0x0acd,
+	0x0ad0, 0x0ad0,
+	0x0ae0, 0x0ae3,
+	0x0ae6, 0x0af1,
+	0x0af9, 0x0aff,
+	0x0b01, 0x0b03,
+	0x0b05, 0x0b0c,
+	0x0b0f, 0x0b10,
+	0x0b13, 0x0b28,
+	0x0b2a, 0x0b30,
+	0x0b32, 0x0b33,
+	0x0b35, 0x0b39,
+	0x0b3c, 0x0b44,
+	0x0b47, 0x0b48,
+	0x0b4b, 0x0b4d,
+	0x0b55, 0x0b57,
+	0x0b5c, 0x0b5d,
+	0x0b5f, 0x0b63,
+	0x0b66, 0x0b77,
+	0x0b82, 0x0b83,
+	0x0b85, 0x0b8a,
+	0x0b8e, 0x0b90,
+	0x0b92, 0x0b95,
+	0x0b99, 0x0b9a,
+	0x0b9c, 0x0b9c,
+	0x0b9e, 0x0b9f,
+	0x0ba3, 0x0ba4,
+	0x0ba8, 0x0baa,
+	0x0bae, 0x0bb9,
+	0x0bbe, 0x0bc2,
+	0x0bc6, 0x0bc8,
+	0x0bca, 0x0bcd,
+	0x0bd0, 0x0bd0,
+	0x0bd7, 0x0bd7,
+	0x0be6, 0x0bfa,
+	0x0c00, 0x0c0c,
+	0x0c0e, 0x0c10,
+	0x0c12, 0x0c28,
+	0x0c2a, 0x0c39,
+	0x0c3c, 0x0c44,
+	0x0c46, 0x0c48,
+	0x0c4a, 0x0c4d,
+	0x0c55, 0x0c56,
+	0x0c58, 0x0c5a,
+	0x0c5d, 0x0c5d,
+	0x0c60, 0x0c63,
+	0x0c66, 0x0c6f,
+	0x0c77, 0x0c8c,
+	0x0c8e, 0x0c90,
+	0x0c92, 0x0ca8,
+	0x0caa, 0x0cb3,
+	0x0cb5, 0x0cb9,
+	0x0cbc, 0x0cc4,
+	0x0cc6, 0x0cc8,
+	0x0cca, 0x0ccd,
+	0x0cd5, 0x0cd6,
+	0x0cdd, 0x0cde,
+	0x0ce0, 0x0ce3,
+	0x0ce6, 0x0cef,
+	0x0cf1, 0x0cf3,
+	0x0d00, 0x0d0c,
+	0x0d0e, 0x0d10,
+	0x0d12, 0x0d44,
+	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
+	0x0d4a, 0x0d4f,
+	0x0d54, 0x0d63,
+	0x0d66, 0x0d7f,
+	0x0d81, 0x0d83,
+	0x0d85, 0x0d96,
+	0x0d9a, 0x0db1,
+	0x0db3, 0x0dbb,
+	0x0dbd, 0x0dbd,
+	0x0dc0, 0x0dc6,
+	0x0dca, 0x0dca,
+	0x0dcf, 0x0dd4,
+	0x0dd6, 0x0dd6,
+	0x0dd8, 0x0ddf,
+	0x0de6, 0x0def,
+	0x0df2, 0x0df4,
+	0x0e01, 0x0e3a,
+	0x0e3f, 0x0e5b,
+	0x0e81, 0x0e82,
+	0x0e84, 0x0e84,
+	0x0e86, 0x0e8a,
+	0x0e8c, 0x0ea3,
+	0x0ea5, 0x0ea5,
+	0x0ea7, 0x0ebd,
+	0x0ec0, 0x0ec4,
+	0x0ec6, 0x0ec6,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ece,
+	0x0ed0, 0x0ed9,
+	0x0edc, 0x0edf,
+	0x0f00, 0x0f47,
+	0x0f49, 0x0f6c,
+	0x0f71, 0x0f97,
+	0x0f99, 0x0fbc,
+	0x0fbe, 0x0fcc,
+	0x0fce, 0x0fda,
+	0x1000, 0x10c5,
+	0x10c7, 0x10c7,
+	0x10cd, 0x10cd,
+	0x10d0, 0x1248,
+	0x124a, 0x124d,
+	0x1250, 0x1256,
+	0x1258, 0x1258,
+	0x125a, 0x125d,
+	0x1260, 0x1288,
+	0x128a, 0x128d,
+	0x1290, 0x12b0,
+	0x12b2, 0x12b5,
+	0x12b8, 0x12be,
+	0x12c0, 0x12c0,
+	0x12c2, 0x12c5,
+	0x12c8, 0x12d6,
+	0x12d8, 0x1310,
+	0x1312, 0x1315,
+	0x1318, 0x135a,
+	0x135d, 0x137c,
+	0x1380, 0x1399,
+	0x13a0, 0x13f5,
+	0x13f8, 0x13fd,
+	0x1400, 0x169c,
+	0x16a0, 0x16f8,
+	0x1700, 0x1715,
+	0x171f, 0x1736,
+	0x1740, 0x1753,
+	0x1760, 0x176c,
+	0x176e, 0x1770,
+	0x1772, 0x1773,
+	0x1780, 0x17dd,
+	0x17e0, 0x17e9,
+	0x17f0, 0x17f9,
+	0x1800, 0x1819,
+	0x1820, 0x1878,
+	0x1880, 0x18aa,
+	0x18b0, 0x18f5,
+	0x1900, 0x191e,
+	0x1920, 0x192b,
+	0x1930, 0x193b,
+	0x1940, 0x1940,
+	0x1944, 0x196d,
+	0x1970, 0x1974,
+	0x1980, 0x19ab,
+	0x19b0, 0x19c9,
+	0x19d0, 0x19da,
+	0x19de, 0x1a1b,
+	0x1a1e, 0x1a5e,
+	0x1a60, 0x1a7c,
+	0x1a7f, 0x1a89,
+	0x1a90, 0x1a99,
+	0x1aa0, 0x1aad,
+	0x1ab0, 0x1ace,
+	0x1b00, 0x1b4c,
+	0x1b50, 0x1b7e,
+	0x1b80, 0x1bf3,
+	0x1bfc, 0x1c37,
+	0x1c3b, 0x1c49,
+	0x1c4d, 0x1c88,
+	0x1c90, 0x1cba,
+	0x1cbd, 0x1cc7,
+	0x1cd0, 0x1cfa,
+	0x1d00, 0x1f15,
+	0x1f18, 0x1f1d,
+	0x1f20, 0x1f45,
+	0x1f48, 0x1f4d,
+	0x1f50, 0x1f57,
+	0x1f59, 0x1f59,
+	0x1f5b, 0x1f5b,
+	0x1f5d, 0x1f5d,
+	0x1f5f, 0x1f7d,
+	0x1f80, 0x1fb4,
+	0x1fb6, 0x1fc4,
+	0x1fc6, 0x1fd3,
+	0x1fd6, 0x1fdb,
+	0x1fdd, 0x1fef,
+	0x1ff2, 0x1ff4,
+	0x1ff6, 0x1ffe,
+	0x2000, 0x2064,
+	0x2066, 0x2071,
+	0x2074, 0x208e,
+	0x2090, 0x209c,
+	0x20a0, 0x20c0,
+	0x20d0, 0x20f0,
+	0x2100, 0x218b,
+	0x2190, 0x2426,
+	0x2440, 0x244a,
+	0x2460, 0x2b73,
+	0x2b76, 0x2b95,
+	0x2b97, 0x2cf3,
+	0x2cf9, 0x2d25,
+	0x2d27, 0x2d27,
+	0x2d2d, 0x2d2d,
+	0x2d30, 0x2d67,
+	0x2d6f, 0x2d70,
+	0x2d7f, 0x2d96,
+	0x2da0, 0x2da6,
+	0x2da8, 0x2dae,
+	0x2db0, 0x2db6,
+	0x2db8, 0x2dbe,
+	0x2dc0, 0x2dc6,
+	0x2dc8, 0x2dce,
+	0x2dd0, 0x2dd6,
+	0x2dd8, 0x2dde,
+	0x2de0, 0x2e5d,
+	0x2e80, 0x2e99,
+	0x2e9b, 0x2ef3,
+	0x2f00, 0x2fd5,
+	0x2ff0, 0x2ffb,
+	0x3000, 0x303f,
+	0x3041, 0x3096,
+	0x3099, 0x30ff,
+	0x3105, 0x312f,
+	0x3131, 0x318e,
+	0x3190, 0x31e3,
+	0x31f0, 0x321e,
+	0x3220, 0xa48c,
+	0xa490, 0xa4c6,
+	0xa4d0, 0xa62b,
+	0xa640, 0xa6f7,
+	0xa700, 0xa7ca,
+	0xa7d0, 0xa7d1,
+	0xa7d3, 0xa7d3,
+	0xa7d5, 0xa7d9,
+	0xa7f2, 0xa82c,
+	0xa830, 0xa839,
+	0xa840, 0xa877,
+	0xa880, 0xa8c5,
+	0xa8ce, 0xa8d9,
+	0xa8e0, 0xa953,
+	0xa95f, 0xa97c,
+	0xa980, 0xa9cd,
+	0xa9cf, 0xa9d9,
+	0xa9de, 0xa9fe,
+	0xaa00, 0xaa36,
+	0xaa40, 0xaa4d,
+	0xaa50, 0xaa59,
+	0xaa5c, 0xaac2,
+	0xaadb, 0xaaf6,
+	0xab01, 0xab06,
+	0xab09, 0xab0e,
+	0xab11, 0xab16,
+	0xab20, 0xab26,
+	0xab28, 0xab2e,
+	0xab30, 0xab6b,
+	0xab70, 0xabed,
+	0xabf0, 0xabf9,
+	0xac00, 0xd7a3,
+	0xd7b0, 0xd7c6,
+	0xd7cb, 0xd7fb,
+	0xd800, 0xfa6d,
+	0xfa70, 0xfad9,
+	0xfb00, 0xfb06,
+	0xfb13, 0xfb17,
+	0xfb1d, 0xfb36,
+	0xfb38, 0xfb3c,
+	0xfb3e, 0xfb3e,
+	0xfb40, 0xfb41,
+	0xfb43, 0xfb44,
+	0xfb46, 0xfbc2,
+	0xfbd3, 0xfd8f,
+	0xfd92, 0xfdc7,
+	0xfdcf, 0xfe19,
+	0xfe20, 0xfe52,
+	0xfe54, 0xfe66,
+	0xfe68, 0xfe6b,
+	0xfe70, 0xfe74,
+	0xfe76, 0xfefc,
+	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
+	0xff01, 0xffbe,
+	0xffc2, 0xffc7,
+	0xffca, 0xffcf,
+	0xffd2, 0xffd7,
+	0xffda, 0xffdc,
+	0xffe0, 0xffe6,
+	0xffe8, 0xffee,
+	0xfff9, 0x1000b,
+	0x1000d, 0x10026,
+	0x10028, 0x1003a,
+	0x1003c, 0x1003d,
+	0x1003f, 0x1004d,
+	0x10050, 0x1005d,
+	0x10080, 0x100fa,
+	0x10100, 0x10102,
+	0x10107, 0x10133,
+	0x10137, 0x1018e,
+	0x10190, 0x1019c,
+	0x101a0, 0x101a0,
+	0x101d0, 0x101fd,
+	0x10280, 0x1029c,
+	0x102a0, 0x102d0,
+	0x102e0, 0x102fb,
+	0x10300, 0x10323,
+	0x1032d, 0x1034a,
+	0x10350, 0x1037a,
+	0x10380, 0x1039d,
+	0x1039f, 0x103c3,
+	0x103c8, 0x103d5,
+	0x10400, 0x1049d,
+	0x104a0, 0x104a9,
+	0x104b0, 0x104d3,
+	0x104d8, 0x104fb,
+	0x10500, 0x10527,
+	0x10530, 0x10563,
+	0x1056f, 0x1057a,
+	0x1057c, 0x1058a,
+	0x1058c, 0x10592,
+	0x10594, 0x10595,
+	0x10597, 0x105a1,
+	0x105a3, 0x105b1,
+	0x105b3, 0x105b9,
+	0x105bb, 0x105bc,
+	0x10600, 0x10736,
+	0x10740, 0x10755,
+	0x10760, 0x10767,
+	0x10780, 0x10785,
+	0x10787, 0x107b0,
+	0x107b2, 0x107ba,
+	0x10800, 0x10805,
+	0x10808, 0x10808,
+	0x1080a, 0x10835,
+	0x10837, 0x10838,
+	0x1083c, 0x1083c,
+	0x1083f, 0x10855,
+	0x10857, 0x1089e,
+	0x108a7, 0x108af,
+	0x108e0, 0x108f2,
+	0x108f4, 0x108f5,
+	0x108fb, 0x1091b,
+	0x1091f, 0x10939,
+	0x1093f, 0x1093f,
+	0x10980, 0x109b7,
+	0x109bc, 0x109cf,
+	0x109d2, 0x10a03,
+	0x10a05, 0x10a06,
+	0x10a0c, 0x10a13,
+	0x10a15, 0x10a17,
+	0x10a19, 0x10a35,
+	0x10a38, 0x10a3a,
+	0x10a3f, 0x10a48,
+	0x10a50, 0x10a58,
+	0x10a60, 0x10a9f,
+	0x10ac0, 0x10ae6,
+	0x10aeb, 0x10af6,
+	0x10b00, 0x10b35,
+	0x10b39, 0x10b55,
+	0x10b58, 0x10b72,
+	0x10b78, 0x10b91,
+	0x10b99, 0x10b9c,
+	0x10ba9, 0x10baf,
+	0x10c00, 0x10c48,
+	0x10c80, 0x10cb2,
+	0x10cc0, 0x10cf2,
+	0x10cfa, 0x10d27,
+	0x10d30, 0x10d39,
+	0x10e60, 0x10e7e,
+	0x10e80, 0x10ea9,
+	0x10eab, 0x10ead,
+	0x10eb0, 0x10eb1,
+	0x10efd, 0x10f27,
+	0x10f30, 0x10f59,
+	0x10f70, 0x10f89,
+	0x10fb0, 0x10fcb,
+	0x10fe0, 0x10ff6,
+	0x11000, 0x1104d,
+	0x11052, 0x11075,
+	0x1107f, 0x110c2,
+	0x110cd, 0x110cd,
+	0x110d0, 0x110e8,
+	0x110f0, 0x110f9,
+	0x11100, 0x11134,
+	0x11136, 0x11147,
+	0x11150, 0x11176,
+	0x11180, 0x111df,
+	0x111e1, 0x111f4,
+	0x11200, 0x11211,
+	0x11213, 0x11241,
+	0x11280, 0x11286,
+	0x11288, 0x11288,
+	0x1128a, 0x1128d,
+	0x1128f, 0x1129d,
+	0x1129f, 0x112a9,
+	0x112b0, 0x112ea,
+	0x112f0, 0x112f9,
+	0x11300, 0x11303,
+	0x11305, 0x1130c,
+	0x1130f, 0x11310,
+	0x11313, 0x11328,
+	0x1132a, 0x11330,
+	0x11332, 0x11333,
+	0x11335, 0x11339,
+	0x1133b, 0x11344,
+	0x11347, 0x11348,
+	0x1134b, 0x1134d,
+	0x11350, 0x11350,
+	0x11357, 0x11357,
+	0x1135d, 0x11363,
+	0x11366, 0x1136c,
+	0x11370, 0x11374,
+	0x11400, 0x1145b,
+	0x1145d, 0x11461,
+	0x11480, 0x114c7,
+	0x114d0, 0x114d9,
+	0x11580, 0x115b5,
+	0x115b8, 0x115dd,
+	0x11600, 0x11644,
+	0x11650, 0x11659,
+	0x11660, 0x1166c,
+	0x11680, 0x116b9,
+	0x116c0, 0x116c9,
+	0x11700, 0x1171a,
+	0x1171d, 0x1172b,
+	0x11730, 0x11746,
+	0x11800, 0x1183b,
+	0x118a0, 0x118f2,
+	0x118ff, 0x11906,
+	0x11909, 0x11909,
+	0x1190c, 0x11913,
+	0x11915, 0x11916,
+	0x11918, 0x11935,
+	0x11937, 0x11938,
+	0x1193b, 0x11946,
+	0x11950, 0x11959,
+	0x119a0, 0x119a7,
+	0x119aa, 0x119d7,
+	0x119da, 0x119e4,
+	0x11a00, 0x11a47,
+	0x11a50, 0x11aa2,
+	0x11ab0, 0x11af8,
+	0x11b00, 0x11b09,
+	0x11c00, 0x11c08,
+	0x11c0a, 0x11c36,
+	0x11c38, 0x11c45,
+	0x11c50, 0x11c6c,
+	0x11c70, 0x11c8f,
+	0x11c92, 0x11ca7,
+	0x11ca9, 0x11cb6,
+	0x11d00, 0x11d06,
+	0x11d08, 0x11d09,
+	0x11d0b, 0x11d36,
+	0x11d3a, 0x11d3a,
+	0x11d3c, 0x11d3d,
+	0x11d3f, 0x11d47,
+	0x11d50, 0x11d59,
+	0x11d60, 0x11d65,
+	0x11d67, 0x11d68,
+	0x11d6a, 0x11d8e,
+	0x11d90, 0x11d91,
+	0x11d93, 0x11d98,
+	0x11da0, 0x11da9,
+	0x11ee0, 0x11ef8,
+	0x11f00, 0x11f10,
+	0x11f12, 0x11f3a,
+	0x11f3e, 0x11f59,
+	0x11fb0, 0x11fb0,
+	0x11fc0, 0x11ff1,
+	0x11fff, 0x12399,
+	0x12400, 0x1246e,
+	0x12470, 0x12474,
+	0x12480, 0x12543,
+	0x12f90, 0x12ff2,
+	0x13000, 0x13455,
+	0x14400, 0x14646,
+	0x16800, 0x16a38,
+	0x16a40, 0x16a5e,
+	0x16a60, 0x16a69,
+	0x16a6e, 0x16abe,
+	0x16ac0, 0x16ac9,
+	0x16ad0, 0x16aed,
+	0x16af0, 0x16af5,
+	0x16b00, 0x16b45,
+	0x16b50, 0x16b59,
+	0x16b5b, 0x16b61,
+	0x16b63, 0x16b77,
+	0x16b7d, 0x16b8f,
+	0x16e40, 0x16e9a,
+	0x16f00, 0x16f4a,
+	0x16f4f, 0x16f87,
+	0x16f8f, 0x16f9f,
+	0x16fe0, 0x16fe4,
+	0x16ff0, 0x16ff1,
+	0x17000, 0x187f7,
+	0x18800, 0x18cd5,
+	0x18d00, 0x18d08,
+	0x1aff0, 0x1aff3,
+	0x1aff5, 0x1affb,
+	0x1affd, 0x1affe,
+	0x1b000, 0x1b122,
+	0x1b132, 0x1b132,
+	0x1b150, 0x1b152,
+	0x1b155, 0x1b155,
+	0x1b164, 0x1b167,
+	0x1b170, 0x1b2fb,
+	0x1bc00, 0x1bc6a,
+	0x1bc70, 0x1bc7c,
+	0x1bc80, 0x1bc88,
+	0x1bc90, 0x1bc99,
+	0x1bc9c, 0x1bca3,
+	0x1cf00, 0x1cf2d,
+	0x1cf30, 0x1cf46,
+	0x1cf50, 0x1cfc3,
+	0x1d000, 0x1d0f5,
+	0x1d100, 0x1d126,
+	0x1d129, 0x1d1ea,
+	0x1d200, 0x1d245,
+	0x1d2c0, 0x1d2d3,
+	0x1d2e0, 0x1d2f3,
+	0x1d300, 0x1d356,
+	0x1d360, 0x1d378,
+	0x1d400, 0x1d454,
+	0x1d456, 0x1d49c,
+	0x1d49e, 0x1d49f,
+	0x1d4a2, 0x1d4a2,
+	0x1d4a5, 0x1d4a6,
+	0x1d4a9, 0x1d4ac,
+	0x1d4ae, 0x1d4b9,
+	0x1d4bb, 0x1d4bb,
+	0x1d4bd, 0x1d4c3,
+	0x1d4c5, 0x1d505,
+	0x1d507, 0x1d50a,
+	0x1d50d, 0x1d514,
+	0x1d516, 0x1d51c,
+	0x1d51e, 0x1d539,
+	0x1d53b, 0x1d53e,
+	0x1d540, 0x1d544,
+	0x1d546, 0x1d546,
+	0x1d54a, 0x1d550,
+	0x1d552, 0x1d6a5,
+	0x1d6a8, 0x1d7cb,
+	0x1d7ce, 0x1da8b,
+	0x1da9b, 0x1da9f,
+	0x1daa1, 0x1daaf,
+	0x1df00, 0x1df1e,
+	0x1df25, 0x1df2a,
+	0x1e000, 0x1e006,
+	0x1e008, 0x1e018,
+	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
+	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
+	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e06d,
+	0x1e08f, 0x1e08f,
+	0x1e100, 0x1e12c,
+	0x1e130, 0x1e13d,
+	0x1e140, 0x1e149,
+	0x1e14e, 0x1e14f,
+	0x1e290, 0x1e2ae,
+	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2f9,
+	0x1e2ff, 0x1e2ff,
+	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4f9,
+	0x1e7e0, 0x1e7e6,
+	0x1e7e8, 0x1e7eb,
+	0x1e7ed, 0x1e7ee,
+	0x1e7f0, 0x1e7fe,
+	0x1e800, 0x1e8c4,
+	0x1e8c7, 0x1e8d6,
+	0x1e900, 0x1e94b,
+	0x1e950, 0x1e959,
+	0x1e95e, 0x1e95f,
+	0x1ec71, 0x1ecb4,
+	0x1ed01, 0x1ed3d,
+	0x1ee00, 0x1ee03,
+	0x1ee05, 0x1ee1f,
+	0x1ee21, 0x1ee22,
+	0x1ee24, 0x1ee24,
+	0x1ee27, 0x1ee27,
+	0x1ee29, 0x1ee32,
+	0x1ee34, 0x1ee37,
+	0x1ee39, 0x1ee39,
+	0x1ee3b, 0x1ee3b,
+	0x1ee42, 0x1ee42,
+	0x1ee47, 0x1ee47,
+	0x1ee49, 0x1ee49,
+	0x1ee4b, 0x1ee4b,
+	0x1ee4d, 0x1ee4f,
+	0x1ee51, 0x1ee52,
+	0x1ee54, 0x1ee54,
+	0x1ee57, 0x1ee57,
+	0x1ee59, 0x1ee59,
+	0x1ee5b, 0x1ee5b,
+	0x1ee5d, 0x1ee5d,
+	0x1ee5f, 0x1ee5f,
+	0x1ee61, 0x1ee62,
+	0x1ee64, 0x1ee64,
+	0x1ee67, 0x1ee6a,
+	0x1ee6c, 0x1ee72,
+	0x1ee74, 0x1ee77,
+	0x1ee79, 0x1ee7c,
+	0x1ee7e, 0x1ee7e,
+	0x1ee80, 0x1ee89,
+	0x1ee8b, 0x1ee9b,
+	0x1eea1, 0x1eea3,
+	0x1eea5, 0x1eea9,
+	0x1eeab, 0x1eebb,
+	0x1eef0, 0x1eef1,
+	0x1f000, 0x1f02b,
+	0x1f030, 0x1f093,
+	0x1f0a0, 0x1f0ae,
+	0x1f0b1, 0x1f0bf,
+	0x1f0c1, 0x1f0cf,
+	0x1f0d1, 0x1f0f5,
+	0x1f100, 0x1f1ad,
+	0x1f1e6, 0x1f202,
+	0x1f210, 0x1f23b,
+	0x1f240, 0x1f248,
+	0x1f250, 0x1f251,
+	0x1f260, 0x1f265,
+	0x1f300, 0x1f6d7,
+	0x1f6dc, 0x1f6ec,
+	0x1f6f0, 0x1f6fc,
+	0x1f700, 0x1f776,
+	0x1f77b, 0x1f7d9,
+	0x1f7e0, 0x1f7eb,
+	0x1f7f0, 0x1f7f0,
+	0x1f800, 0x1f80b,
+	0x1f810, 0x1f847,
+	0x1f850, 0x1f859,
+	0x1f860, 0x1f887,
+	0x1f890, 0x1f8ad,
+	0x1f8b0, 0x1f8b1,
+	0x1f900, 0x1fa53,
+	0x1fa60, 0x1fa6d,
+	0x1fa70, 0x1fa7c,
+	0x1fa80, 0x1fa88,
+	0x1fa90, 0x1fabd,
+	0x1fabf, 0x1fac5,
+	0x1face, 0x1fadb,
+	0x1fae0, 0x1fae8,
+	0x1faf0, 0x1faf8,
+	0x1fb00, 0x1fb92,
+	0x1fb94, 0x1fbca,
+	0x1fbf0, 0x1fbf9,
+	0x1fffe, 0x2a6df,
+	0x2a700, 0x2b739,
+	0x2b740, 0x2b81d,
+	0x2b820, 0x2cea1,
+	0x2ceb0, 0x2ebe0,
+	0x2f800, 0x2fa1d,
+	0x2fffe, 0x3134a,
+	0x31350, 0x323af,
+	0x3fffe, 0x3ffff,
+	0x4fffe, 0x4ffff,
+	0x5fffe, 0x5ffff,
+	0x6fffe, 0x6ffff,
+	0x7fffe, 0x7ffff,
+	0x8fffe, 0x8ffff,
+	0x9fffe, 0x9ffff,
+	0xafffe, 0xaffff,
+	0xbfffe, 0xbffff,
+	0xcfffe, 0xcffff,
+	0xdfffe, 0xdffff,
+	0xe0001, 0xe0001,
+	0xe0020, 0xe007f,
+	0xe0100, 0xe01ef,
+	0xefffe, 0x10ffff,
+}; /* CR_Age_15_0 */
+
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
 /* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Prepend': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Prepend */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Prepend[] = {
-	14,
+	15,
 	0x0600, 0x0605,
 	0x06dd, 0x06dd,
 	0x070f, 0x070f,
@@ -36650,6 +37652,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Prepend[] = {
 	0x11a3a, 0x11a3a,
 	0x11a84, 0x11a89,
 	0x11d46, 0x11d46,
+	0x11f02, 0x11f02,
 }; /* CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Prepend */
 
 /* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_CR': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=CR */
@@ -36677,7 +37680,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Control[] = {
 	0x2060, 0x206f,
 	0xfeff, 0xfeff,
 	0xfff0, 0xfffb,
-	0x13430, 0x13438,
+	0x13430, 0x1343f,
 	0x1bca0, 0x1bca3,
 	0x1d173, 0x1d17a,
 	0xe0000, 0xe001f,
@@ -36687,7 +37690,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Control[] = {
 
 /* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=Extend */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend[] = {
-	354,
+	364,
 	0x0300, 0x036f,
 	0x0483, 0x0489,
 	0x0591, 0x05bd,
@@ -36790,7 +37793,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend[] = {
 	0x0e47, 0x0e4e,
 	0x0eb1, 0x0eb1,
 	0x0eb4, 0x0ebc,
-	0x0ec8, 0x0ecd,
+	0x0ec8, 0x0ece,
 	0x0f18, 0x0f19,
 	0x0f35, 0x0f35,
 	0x0f37, 0x0f37,
@@ -36919,6 +37922,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend[] = {
 	0x10ae5, 0x10ae6,
 	0x10d24, 0x10d27,
 	0x10eab, 0x10eac,
+	0x10efd, 0x10eff,
 	0x10f46, 0x10f50,
 	0x10f82, 0x10f85,
 	0x11001, 0x11001,
@@ -36941,6 +37945,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend[] = {
 	0x11234, 0x11234,
 	0x11236, 0x11237,
 	0x1123e, 0x1123e,
+	0x11241, 0x11241,
 	0x112df, 0x112df,
 	0x112e3, 0x112ea,
 	0x11300, 0x11301,
@@ -37008,6 +38013,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend[] = {
 	0x11d95, 0x11d95,
 	0x11d97, 0x11d97,
 	0x11ef3, 0x11ef4,
+	0x11f00, 0x11f01,
+	0x11f36, 0x11f3a,
+	0x11f40, 0x11f40,
+	0x11f42, 0x11f42,
+	0x13440, 0x13440,
+	0x13447, 0x13455,
 	0x16af0, 0x16af4,
 	0x16b30, 0x16b36,
 	0x16f4f, 0x16f4f,
@@ -37034,9 +38045,11 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend[] = {
 	0x1e01b, 0x1e021,
 	0x1e023, 0x1e024,
 	0x1e026, 0x1e02a,
+	0x1e08f, 0x1e08f,
 	0x1e130, 0x1e136,
 	0x1e2ae, 0x1e2ae,
 	0x1e2ec, 0x1e2ef,
+	0x1e4ec, 0x1e4ef,
 	0x1e8d0, 0x1e8d6,
 	0x1e944, 0x1e94a,
 	0x1f3fb, 0x1f3ff,
@@ -37049,7 +38062,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Extend[] = {
 
 /* 'Grapheme_Cluster_Break_SpacingMark': Grapheme_Cluster_Break=SpacingMark */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_SpacingMark[] = {
-	161,
+	165,
 	0x0903, 0x0903,
 	0x093b, 0x093b,
 	0x093e, 0x0940,
@@ -37081,6 +38094,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_SpacingMark[] = {
 	0x0cc3, 0x0cc4,
 	0x0cc7, 0x0cc8,
 	0x0cca, 0x0ccb,
+	0x0cf3, 0x0cf3,
 	0x0d02, 0x0d03,
 	0x0d3f, 0x0d40,
 	0x0d46, 0x0d48,
@@ -37183,7 +38197,6 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_SpacingMark[] = {
 	0x116ac, 0x116ac,
 	0x116ae, 0x116af,
 	0x116b6, 0x116b6,
-	0x11720, 0x11721,
 	0x11726, 0x11726,
 	0x1182c, 0x1182e,
 	0x11838, 0x11838,
@@ -37207,6 +38220,10 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_SpacingMark[] = {
 	0x11d93, 0x11d94,
 	0x11d96, 0x11d96,
 	0x11ef5, 0x11ef6,
+	0x11f03, 0x11f03,
+	0x11f34, 0x11f35,
+	0x11f3e, 0x11f3f,
+	0x11f41, 0x11f41,
 	0x16f51, 0x16f87,
 	0x16ff0, 0x16ff1,
 	0x1d166, 0x1d166,
@@ -39275,6 +40292,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Yezidi[] = {
 	0x10e80, 0x10ebf,
 }; /* CR_In_Yezidi */
 
+/* 'In_Arabic_Extended_C': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Arabic_Extended_C[] = {
+	1,
+	0x10ec0, 0x10eff,
+}; /* CR_In_Arabic_Extended_C */
+
 /* 'In_Old_Sogdian': Block */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Old_Sogdian[] = {
 	1,
@@ -39458,6 +40481,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Pau_Cin_Hau[] = {
 	0x11ac0, 0x11aff,
 }; /* CR_In_Pau_Cin_Hau */
 
+/* 'In_Devanagari_Extended_A': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Devanagari_Extended_A[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11b00, 0x11b5f,
+}; /* CR_In_Devanagari_Extended_A */
+
 /* 'In_Bhaiksuki': Block */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Bhaiksuki[] = {
 	1,
@@ -39488,6 +40517,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Makasar[] = {
 	0x11ee0, 0x11eff,
 }; /* CR_In_Makasar */
 
+/* 'In_Kawi': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Kawi[] = {
+	1,
+	0x11f00, 0x11f5f,
+}; /* CR_In_Kawi */
+
 /* 'In_Lisu_Supplement': Block */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Lisu_Supplement[] = {
 	1,
@@ -39533,7 +40568,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Egyptian_Hieroglyphs[] = {
 /* 'In_Egyptian_Hieroglyph_Format_Controls': Block */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Egyptian_Hieroglyph_Format_Controls[] = {
 	1,
-	0x13430, 0x1343f,
+	0x13430, 0x1345f,
 }; /* CR_In_Egyptian_Hieroglyph_Format_Controls */
 
 /* 'In_Anatolian_Hieroglyphs': Block */
@@ -39680,6 +40715,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ancient_Greek_Musical_Notation[] = {
 	0x1d200, 0x1d24f,
 }; /* CR_In_Ancient_Greek_Musical_Notation */
 
+/* 'In_Kaktovik_Numerals': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Kaktovik_Numerals[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1d2c0, 0x1d2df,
+}; /* CR_In_Kaktovik_Numerals */
+
 /* 'In_Mayan_Numerals': Block */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Mayan_Numerals[] = {
 	1,
@@ -39722,6 +40763,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Glagolitic_Supplement[] = {
 	0x1e000, 0x1e02f,
 }; /* CR_In_Glagolitic_Supplement */
 
+/* 'In_Cyrillic_Extended_D': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_D[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1e030, 0x1e08f,
+}; /* CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_D */
+
 /* 'In_Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong': Block */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong[] = {
 	1,
@@ -39740,6 +40787,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Wancho[] = {
 	0x1e2c0, 0x1e2ff,
 }; /* CR_In_Wancho */
 
+/* 'In_Nag_Mundari': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Nag_Mundari[] = {
+	1,
+	0x1e4d0, 0x1e4ff,
+}; /* CR_In_Nag_Mundari */
+
 /* 'In_Ethiopic_Extended_B': Block */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Ethiopic_Extended_B[] = {
 	1,
@@ -39914,6 +40967,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_G[] = {
 	0x30000, 0x3134f,
 }; /* CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_G */
 
+/* 'In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_H': Block */
+static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_H[] = {
+	1,
+	0x31350, 0x323af,
+}; /* CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_H */
+
 /* 'In_Tags': Block */
 static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_Tags[] = {
 	1,
@@ -39952,7 +41011,6 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_No_Block[] = {
 	0x10bb0, 0x10bff,
 	0x10c50, 0x10c7f,
 	0x10d40, 0x10e5f,
-	0x10ec0, 0x10eff,
 	0x11250, 0x1127f,
 	0x11380, 0x113ff,
 	0x114e0, 0x1157f,
@@ -39960,12 +41018,12 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_No_Block[] = {
 	0x11750, 0x117ff,
 	0x11850, 0x1189f,
 	0x11960, 0x1199f,
-	0x11b00, 0x11bff,
+	0x11b60, 0x11bff,
 	0x11cc0, 0x11cff,
 	0x11db0, 0x11edf,
-	0x11f00, 0x11faf,
+	0x11f60, 0x11faf,
 	0x12550, 0x12f8f,
-	0x13440, 0x143ff,
+	0x13460, 0x143ff,
 	0x14680, 0x167ff,
 	0x16b90, 0x16e3f,
 	0x16ea0, 0x16eff,
@@ -39974,12 +41032,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_No_Block[] = {
 	0x1b300, 0x1bbff,
 	0x1bcb0, 0x1ceff,
 	0x1cfd0, 0x1cfff,
-	0x1d250, 0x1d2df,
+	0x1d250, 0x1d2bf,
 	0x1d380, 0x1d3ff,
 	0x1dab0, 0x1deff,
-	0x1e030, 0x1e0ff,
+	0x1e090, 0x1e0ff,
 	0x1e150, 0x1e28f,
-	0x1e300, 0x1e7df,
+	0x1e300, 0x1e4cf,
+	0x1e500, 0x1e7df,
 	0x1e8e0, 0x1e8ff,
 	0x1e960, 0x1ec6f,
 	0x1ecc0, 0x1ecff,
@@ -39989,7 +41048,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint CR_In_No_Block[] = {
 	0x2a6e0, 0x2a6ff,
 	0x2ebf0, 0x2f7ff,
 	0x2fa20, 0x2ffff,
-	0x31350, 0xdffff,
+	0x323b0, 0xdffff,
 	0xe0080, 0xe00ff,
 	0xe01f0, 0xeffff,
 }; /* CR_In_No_Block */
@@ -40233,6 +41292,8 @@ static const OnigCodePoint* const CodeRanges[] = {
   CR_Tangsa,
   CR_Toto,
   CR_Vithkuqi,
+  CR_Kawi,
+  CR_Nag_Mundari,
   CR_White_Space,
   CR_Bidi_Control,
   CR_Join_Control,
@@ -40299,6 +41360,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint* const CodeRanges[] = {
   CR_Age_12_1,
   CR_Age_13_0,
   CR_Age_14_0,
+  CR_Age_15_0,
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
   CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_Prepend,
   CR_Grapheme_Cluster_Break_CR,
@@ -40522,6 +41584,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint* const CodeRanges[] = {
   CR_In_Hanifi_Rohingya,
   CR_In_Rumi_Numeral_Symbols,
   CR_In_Yezidi,
+  CR_In_Arabic_Extended_C,
   CR_In_Old_Sogdian,
   CR_In_Sogdian,
   CR_In_Old_Uyghur,
@@ -40553,11 +41616,13 @@ static const OnigCodePoint* const CodeRanges[] = {
   CR_In_Soyombo,
   CR_In_Unified_Canadian_Aboriginal_Syllabics_Extended_A,
   CR_In_Pau_Cin_Hau,
+  CR_In_Devanagari_Extended_A,
   CR_In_Bhaiksuki,
   CR_In_Marchen,
   CR_In_Masaram_Gondi,
   CR_In_Gunjala_Gondi,
   CR_In_Makasar,
+  CR_In_Kawi,
   CR_In_Lisu_Supplement,
   CR_In_Tamil_Supplement,
   CR_In_Cuneiform,
@@ -40590,6 +41655,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint* const CodeRanges[] = {
   CR_In_Byzantine_Musical_Symbols,
   CR_In_Musical_Symbols,
   CR_In_Ancient_Greek_Musical_Notation,
+  CR_In_Kaktovik_Numerals,
   CR_In_Mayan_Numerals,
   CR_In_Tai_Xuan_Jing_Symbols,
   CR_In_Counting_Rod_Numerals,
@@ -40597,9 +41663,11 @@ static const OnigCodePoint* const CodeRanges[] = {
   CR_In_Sutton_SignWriting,
   CR_In_Latin_Extended_G,
   CR_In_Glagolitic_Supplement,
+  CR_In_Cyrillic_Extended_D,
   CR_In_Nyiakeng_Puachue_Hmong,
   CR_In_Toto,
   CR_In_Wancho,
+  CR_In_Nag_Mundari,
   CR_In_Ethiopic_Extended_B,
   CR_In_Mende_Kikakui,
   CR_In_Adlam,
@@ -40629,6 +41697,7 @@ static const OnigCodePoint* const CodeRanges[] = {
   CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_F,
   CR_In_CJK_Compatibility_Ideographs_Supplement,
   CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_G,
+  CR_In_CJK_Unified_Ideographs_Extension_H,
   CR_In_Tags,
   CR_In_Variation_Selectors_Supplement,
   CR_In_Supplementary_Private_Use_Area_A,
@@ -40642,11 +41711,7 @@ struct uniname2ctype_struct {
 };
 #define uniname2ctype_offset(str) offsetof(struct uniname2ctype_pool_t, uniname2ctype_pool_##str)
 
-static const struct uniname2ctype_struct *uniname2ctype_p(
-#if !(1+0) /* if ANSI, old style not to conflict with generated prototype */
-    const char *, unsigned int
-#endif
-);
+static const struct uniname2ctype_struct *uniname2ctype_p(register const char *str, register size_t len);
 
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
 #define TOTAL_KEYWORDS 15
@@ -40657,9 +41722,9 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_struct *uniname2ctype_p(
 /* maximum key range = 15, duplicates = 0 */
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-#define TOTAL_KEYWORDS 856
+#define TOTAL_KEYWORDS 866
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-#define TOTAL_KEYWORDS 880
+#define TOTAL_KEYWORDS 891
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
 #define MIN_WORD_LENGTH 1
 #define MAX_WORD_LENGTH 45
@@ -40708,13 +41773,13 @@ uniname2ctype_hash (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099,
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
       6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099,   12, 6099,    3,    1,
-         4,    8,   36,   24,   14,   16,   10,    7, 6099, 6099,
+         4,    8,   32,   26,   14,   17,   10,    7, 6099, 6099,
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
       6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099,
       6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099,
       6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099,
       6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099,    1, 1425,  113,
-       437,   37, 1086, 1071, 1051,    4, 1267,    9,  500,   88,
+       437,   37, 1086, 1071, 1051,    4, 1984,    9,  500,   88,
          8,   18, 1371, 1287,   54,  203,  310,  619, 1958,  603,
        275, 1624,   44,    1,   22, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099, 6099
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
@@ -40944,6 +42009,7 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str636[sizeof("innewa")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str639[sizeof("sk")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str642[sizeof("control")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str643[sizeof("inkawi")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str645[sizeof("inancientsymbols")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str647[sizeof("palm")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str650[sizeof("inlycian")];
@@ -40958,6 +42024,7 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str695[sizeof("inwarangciti")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str696[sizeof("sora")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str697[sizeof("inopticalcharacterrecognition")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str700[sizeof("kawi")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str703[sizeof("inoldsogdian")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str705[sizeof("inmalayalam")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str707[sizeof("bamum")];
@@ -41078,11 +42145,13 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1182[sizeof("inogham")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1183[sizeof("cher")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1185[sizeof("chakma")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1186[sizeof("inkaktoviknumerals")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1190[sizeof("emoji")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1191[sizeof("insiddham")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1197[sizeof("cherokee")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1198[sizeof("khar")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1203[sizeof("inmongolian")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1204[sizeof("innagmundari")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1207[sizeof("incherokeesupplement")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1209[sizeof("manichaean")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1212[sizeof("inolchiki")];
@@ -41126,48 +42195,46 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1257[sizeof("age=6.0")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1258[sizeof("age=6.2")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1259[sizeof("age=7.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1259[sizeof("age=15.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1260[sizeof("age=7.0")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1262[sizeof("age=6.3")];
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1263[sizeof("cwt")];
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1265[sizeof("age=5.1")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1265[sizeof("age=14.0")];
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1266[sizeof("unassigned")];
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1267[sizeof("age=5.0")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1268[sizeof("age=5.2")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1269[sizeof("age=14.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1267[sizeof("age=5.1")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1269[sizeof("age=5.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1270[sizeof("age=5.2")];
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1271[sizeof("diacritic")];
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1273[sizeof("age=4.1")];
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1274[sizeof("ahom")];
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1277[sizeof("age=4.1")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1279[sizeof("age=4.0")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1275[sizeof("age=4.0")];
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1282[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensione")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1284[sizeof("hani")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1285[sizeof("khmr")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1287[sizeof("han")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1289[sizeof("insinhala")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1292[sizeof("inmiscellaneoustechnical")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1297[sizeof("saur")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1298[sizeof("hano")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1300[sizeof("guru")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1301[sizeof("sundanese")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1306[sizeof("punct")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1314[sizeof("paucinhau")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1317[sizeof("gurmukhi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1323[sizeof("inkhojki")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1327[sizeof("hanunoo")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1328[sizeof("chorasmian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1330[sizeof("hira")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1331[sizeof("logicalorderexception")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1340[sizeof("khmer")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1343[sizeof("limbu")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1349[sizeof("chrs")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1352[sizeof("oriya")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1354[sizeof("inscriptionalpahlavi")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1356[sizeof("incyrillicextendedd")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1358[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensionc")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1360[sizeof("cntrl")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1365[sizeof("inlatinextendedadditional")];
@@ -41235,7 +42302,6 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1587[sizeof("indogra")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1597[sizeof("arab")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1598[sizeof("medefaidrin")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1601[sizeof("hatran")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1607[sizeof("inshorthandformatcontrols")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1613[sizeof("phli")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1617[sizeof("inimperialaramaic")];
@@ -41244,7 +42310,6 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1623[sizeof("inanatolianhieroglyphs")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1629[sizeof("punctuation")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1635[sizeof("graphemeextend")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1636[sizeof("hatr")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1643[sizeof("cwl")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1644[sizeof("vith")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1654[sizeof("ingeometricshapes")];
@@ -41302,7 +42367,6 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1845[sizeof("oidc")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1848[sizeof("bopo")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1851[sizeof("cuneiform")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1857[sizeof("hex")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1866[sizeof("caseignorable")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1871[sizeof("inoldpersian")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1881[sizeof("cwu")];
@@ -41321,10 +42385,8 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1935[sizeof("oids")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1936[sizeof("inarabicextendeda")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1941[sizeof("modifierletter")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1948[sizeof("gujr")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1950[sizeof("incjksymbolsandpunctuation")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1956[sizeof("olower")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str1957[sizeof("gujarati")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1958[sizeof("bopomofo")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1964[sizeof("inlisu")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1967[sizeof("inoldpermic")];
@@ -41338,19 +42400,26 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1993[sizeof("inbalinese")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1994[sizeof("sorasompeng")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str1996[sizeof("closepunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2001[sizeof("hani")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2002[sizeof("inmayannumerals")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2004[sizeof("han")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2006[sizeof("inmiscellaneousmathematicalsymbolsb")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2010[sizeof("inlepcha")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2011[sizeof("patsyn")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2012[sizeof("inlisusupplement")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2014[sizeof("insyriacsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2015[sizeof("hano")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2016[sizeof("newa")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2023[sizeof("spacingmark")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2024[sizeof("inpalmyrene")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2026[sizeof("takr")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2033[sizeof("xposixpunct")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2040[sizeof("inkhojki")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2042[sizeof("taile")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2043[sizeof("assigned")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2044[sizeof("hanunoo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2047[sizeof("hira")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2048[sizeof("inarabicextendedc")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2062[sizeof("newtailue")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2070[sizeof("space")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2073[sizeof("intelugu")];
@@ -41401,41 +42470,35 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2278[sizeof("shaw")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2279[sizeof("palmyrene")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2283[sizeof("soyo")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2296[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensionh")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2305[sizeof("sgnw")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2308[sizeof("toto")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2312[sizeof("caucasianalbanian")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2315[sizeof("inmathematicalalphanumericsymbols")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2316[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensiong")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2318[sizeof("hatran")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2321[sizeof("taiviet")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2323[sizeof("meroitichieroglyphs")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2327[sizeof("ingeorgianextended")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2331[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensionf")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2333[sizeof("oldpersian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2341[sizeof("mahj")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2343[sizeof("induployan")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2344[sizeof("incyrillicextendedb")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2345[sizeof("dash")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2350[sizeof("mahajani")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2351[sizeof("hang")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2353[sizeof("hatr")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2361[sizeof("innyiakengpuachuehmong")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2364[sizeof("incombiningdiacriticalmarks")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2370[sizeof("ingujarati")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2373[sizeof("nl")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2374[sizeof("incombiningdiacriticalmarksforsymbols")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2375[sizeof("khudawadi")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2389[sizeof("ingunjalagondi")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2397[sizeof("incjkradicalssupplement")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2398[sizeof("inglagolitic")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2405[sizeof("orkh")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2406[sizeof("hiragana")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2414[sizeof("syrc")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2418[sizeof("inrejang")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2427[sizeof("surrogate")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2428[sizeof("khoj")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2433[sizeof("indevanagari")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2434[sizeof("avestan")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2437[sizeof("oldpermic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2438[sizeof("hmng")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2440[sizeof("ethi")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2451[sizeof("ogam")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2454[sizeof("rohg")];
@@ -41443,7 +42506,7 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2464[sizeof("java")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2470[sizeof("inphagspa")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2475[sizeof("lepcha")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2476[sizeof("inenclosedcjklettersandmonths")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2476[sizeof("indevanagariextendeda")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2478[sizeof("intifinagh")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2479[sizeof("intagalog")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2481[sizeof("incombiningdiacriticalmarkssupplement")];
@@ -41453,6 +42516,7 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2513[sizeof("insymbolsandpictographsextendeda")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2530[sizeof("syriac")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2534[sizeof("inbengali")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2535[sizeof("nagm")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2545[sizeof("extendedpictographic")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2548[sizeof("buhd")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2549[sizeof("javanese")];
@@ -41461,6 +42525,7 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2567[sizeof("inlatin1supplement")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2570[sizeof("ingothic")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2572[sizeof("invariationselectors")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2574[sizeof("hex")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2575[sizeof("inverticalforms")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2576[sizeof("ebase")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2582[sizeof("incurrencysymbols")];
@@ -41474,15 +42539,15 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2652[sizeof("invedicextensions")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2656[sizeof("inlimbu")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2657[sizeof("olditalic")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2660[sizeof("rjng")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2665[sizeof("gujr")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2666[sizeof("mathsymbol")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2670[sizeof("incjkunifiedideographsextensionb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2674[sizeof("gujarati")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2688[sizeof("phagspa")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2689[sizeof("invariationselectorssupplement")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2694[sizeof("currencysymbol")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2705[sizeof("inlinearbsyllabary")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2726[sizeof("wancho")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2738[sizeof("hmnp")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2750[sizeof("inpaucinhau")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2761[sizeof("other")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2762[sizeof("otheridcontinue")];
@@ -41492,7 +42557,6 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2772[sizeof("warangciti")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2775[sizeof("othernumber")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2786[sizeof("digit")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2787[sizeof("hebr")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2793[sizeof("nonspacingmark")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2801[sizeof("titlecaseletter")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2808[sizeof("inmeroiticcursive")];
@@ -41512,7 +42576,6 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2871[sizeof("noncharactercodepoint")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2879[sizeof("oldhungarian")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2886[sizeof("insymbolsforlegacycomputing")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2901[sizeof("hangul")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2902[sizeof("insmallformvariants")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2904[sizeof("inhangulsyllables")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2905[sizeof("emojipresentation")];
@@ -41524,15 +42587,12 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2964[sizeof("inpsalterpahlavi")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2966[sizeof("whitespace")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2967[sizeof("finalpunctuation")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2969[sizeof("hung")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2970[sizeof("orya")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2972[sizeof("hexdigit")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2980[sizeof("phlp")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2984[sizeof("inbamumsupplement")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2986[sizeof("buhid")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2987[sizeof("paragraphseparator")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2988[sizeof("inalphabeticpresentationforms")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str2993[sizeof("hluw")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str2997[sizeof("inlatinextendedg")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3001[sizeof("elba")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3002[sizeof("changeswhentitlecased")];
@@ -41549,30 +42609,39 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3048[sizeof("tagbanwa")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3052[sizeof("tamil")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3053[sizeof("khitansmallscript")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3058[sizeof("mahj")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3067[sizeof("mahajani")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3068[sizeof("hang")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3071[sizeof("tirh")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3072[sizeof("sylotinagri")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3082[sizeof("talu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3084[sizeof("nagmundari")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3086[sizeof("deva")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3087[sizeof("ingujarati")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3091[sizeof("deprecated")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3099[sizeof("inarabicpresentationformsb")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3104[sizeof("devanagari")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3106[sizeof("ingunjalagondi")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3107[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=t")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3109[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=lvt")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3110[sizeof("taitham")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3111[sizeof("nbat")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3118[sizeof("telu")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3123[sizeof("hiragana")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3125[sizeof("nabataean")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3140[sizeof("inmahjongtiles")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3135[sizeof("inrejang")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3142[sizeof("intangutsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3145[sizeof("khoj")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3155[sizeof("hmng")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3157[sizeof("cyprominoan")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3158[sizeof("inhebrew")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3176[sizeof("inmathematicaloperators")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3180[sizeof("inarabicsupplement")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3193[sizeof("inenclosedcjklettersandmonths")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3209[sizeof("changeswhenlowercased")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3212[sizeof("tangut")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3215[sizeof("elbasan")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3218[sizeof("osmanya")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3227[sizeof("inyijinghexagramsymbols")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3237[sizeof("insuperscriptsandsubscripts")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3239[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=extend")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3240[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=prepend")];
@@ -41583,7 +42652,6 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3275[sizeof("kayahli")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3284[sizeof("inplayingcards")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3287[sizeof("elym")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3290[sizeof("injavanese")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3297[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=l")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3303[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=control")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3313[sizeof("ogrext")];
@@ -41599,6 +42667,7 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3371[sizeof("cypriot")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3372[sizeof("any")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3373[sizeof("otheruppercase")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3377[sizeof("rjng")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3391[sizeof("wspace")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3396[sizeof("inindicsiyaqnumbers")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3405[sizeof("inprivateusearea")];
@@ -41606,11 +42675,12 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3428[sizeof("oupper")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3433[sizeof("signwriting")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3436[sizeof("nushu")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3452[sizeof("hanifirohingya")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3455[sizeof("hmnp")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3458[sizeof("upper")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3460[sizeof("insupplementalarrowsc")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3483[sizeof("omath")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3502[sizeof("modifiersymbol")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3504[sizeof("hebr")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3505[sizeof("inhalfwidthandfullwidthforms")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3511[sizeof("insupplementalmathematicaloperators")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3532[sizeof("inpahawhhmong")];
@@ -41619,60 +42689,68 @@ struct uniname2ctype_pool_t
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3580[sizeof("dupl")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3590[sizeof("ogham")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3613[sizeof("dashpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3618[sizeof("hangul")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3648[sizeof("inhanguljamoextendedb")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3659[sizeof("bassavah")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3664[sizeof("aghb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3686[sizeof("hung")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3689[sizeof("hexdigit")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3698[sizeof("incypriotsyllabary")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3699[sizeof("indivesakuru")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3701[sizeof("tibt")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3705[sizeof("inlatinextendedb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3710[sizeof("hluw")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3713[sizeof("tibetan")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3721[sizeof("inyisyllables")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3744[sizeof("oldnortharabian")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3754[sizeof("defaultignorablecodepoint")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3766[sizeof("inhighprivateusesurrogates")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3770[sizeof("rejang")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3799[sizeof("soyombo")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3807[sizeof("otherdefaultignorablecodepoint")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3842[sizeof("pahawhhmong")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3845[sizeof("unifiedideograph")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3850[sizeof("othermath")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3854[sizeof("changeswhencasefolded")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3857[sizeof("inmahjongtiles")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3868[sizeof("dep")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3881[sizeof("divesakuru")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3884[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=lf")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3891[sizeof("uppercaseletter")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3924[sizeof("insupplementalpunctuation")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3942[sizeof("ethiopic")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3944[sizeof("inyijinghexagramsymbols")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3949[sizeof("ecomp")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3976[sizeof("inglagoliticsupplement")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str3978[sizeof("hebrew")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str3998[sizeof("inbopomofoextended")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4066[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=zwj")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4007[sizeof("injavanese")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4106[sizeof("otherpunctuation")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4116[sizeof("tifinagh")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4127[sizeof("tfng")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4169[sizeof("hanifirohingya")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4231[sizeof("tavt")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4308[sizeof("inboxdrawing")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4309[sizeof("oldsoutharabian")];
-    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4321[sizeof("hyphen")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4348[sizeof("inegyptianhieroglyphs")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4361[sizeof("inegyptianhieroglyphformatcontrols")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4459[sizeof("tagb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4487[sizeof("rejang")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4604[sizeof("tglg")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4626[sizeof("tagalog")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4627[sizeof("othergraphemeextend")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4674[sizeof("insupplementaryprivateuseareaa")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4683[sizeof("inhighsurrogates")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4695[sizeof("hebrew")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4734[sizeof("duployan")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4755[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=v")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4756[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=lv")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4772[sizeof("insupplementalarrowsb")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str4783[sizeof("graphemeclusterbreak=zwj")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4810[sizeof("telugu")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4898[sizeof("zyyy")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4982[sizeof("olduyghur")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str4986[sizeof("inhangulcompatibilityjamo")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str5018[sizeof("openpunctuation")];
+    char uniname2ctype_pool_str5038[sizeof("hyphen")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str5134[sizeof("insupplementalsymbolsandpictographs")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str5141[sizeof("egyp")];
     char uniname2ctype_pool_str5300[sizeof("nyiakengpuachuehmong")];
@@ -41849,6 +42927,7 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "innewa",
     "sk",
     "control",
+    "inkawi",
     "inancientsymbols",
     "palm",
     "inlycian",
@@ -41863,6 +42942,7 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "inwarangciti",
     "sora",
     "inopticalcharacterrecognition",
+    "kawi",
     "inoldsogdian",
     "inmalayalam",
     "bamum",
@@ -41995,11 +43075,13 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "inogham",
     "cher",
     "chakma",
+    "inkaktoviknumerals",
     "emoji",
     "insiddham",
     "cherokee",
     "khar",
     "inmongolian",
+    "innagmundari",
     "incherokeesupplement",
     "manichaean",
     "inolchiki",
@@ -42043,48 +43125,46 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
     "age=6.0",
     "age=6.2",
+    "age=15.0",
     "age=7.0",
     "age=6.3",
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
     "cwt",
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-    "age=5.1",
+    "age=14.0",
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
     "unassigned",
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+    "age=5.1",
     "age=5.0",
     "age=5.2",
-    "age=14.0",
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
     "diacritic",
-    "ahom",
 #ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
     "age=4.1",
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+    "ahom",
+#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
     "age=4.0",
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
     "incjkunifiedideographsextensione",
-    "hani",
     "khmr",
-    "han",
     "insinhala",
     "inmiscellaneoustechnical",
     "saur",
-    "hano",
     "guru",
     "sundanese",
     "punct",
     "paucinhau",
     "gurmukhi",
-    "inkhojki",
-    "hanunoo",
     "chorasmian",
-    "hira",
     "logicalorderexception",
     "khmer",
     "limbu",
     "chrs",
     "oriya",
     "inscriptionalpahlavi",
+    "incyrillicextendedd",
     "incjkunifiedideographsextensionc",
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
     "cntrl",
@@ -42156,7 +43236,6 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "indogra",
     "arab",
     "medefaidrin",
-    "hatran",
     "inshorthandformatcontrols",
     "phli",
     "inimperialaramaic",
@@ -42165,7 +43244,6 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "inanatolianhieroglyphs",
     "punctuation",
     "graphemeextend",
-    "hatr",
     "cwl",
     "vith",
     "ingeometricshapes",
@@ -42223,7 +43301,6 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "oidc",
     "bopo",
     "cuneiform",
-    "hex",
     "caseignorable",
     "inoldpersian",
     "cwu",
@@ -42242,10 +43319,8 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "oids",
     "inarabicextendeda",
     "modifierletter",
-    "gujr",
     "incjksymbolsandpunctuation",
     "olower",
-    "gujarati",
     "bopomofo",
     "inlisu",
     "inoldpermic",
@@ -42259,12 +43334,15 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "inbalinese",
     "sorasompeng",
     "closepunctuation",
+    "hani",
     "inmayannumerals",
+    "han",
     "inmiscellaneousmathematicalsymbolsb",
     "inlepcha",
     "patsyn",
     "inlisusupplement",
     "insyriacsupplement",
+    "hano",
     "newa",
     "spacingmark",
     "inpalmyrene",
@@ -42274,8 +43352,12 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
     "lower",
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
+    "inkhojki",
     "taile",
     "assigned",
+    "hanunoo",
+    "hira",
+    "inarabicextendedc",
     "newtailue",
     "space",
     "intelugu",
@@ -42328,41 +43410,35 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "shaw",
     "palmyrene",
     "soyo",
+    "incjkunifiedideographsextensionh",
     "sgnw",
     "toto",
     "caucasianalbanian",
     "inmathematicalalphanumericsymbols",
     "incjkunifiedideographsextensiong",
+    "hatran",
     "taiviet",
     "meroitichieroglyphs",
     "ingeorgianextended",
     "incjkunifiedideographsextensionf",
     "oldpersian",
-    "mahj",
     "induployan",
     "incyrillicextendedb",
     "dash",
-    "mahajani",
-    "hang",
+    "hatr",
     "innyiakengpuachuehmong",
     "incombiningdiacriticalmarks",
-    "ingujarati",
     "nl",
     "incombiningdiacriticalmarksforsymbols",
     "khudawadi",
-    "ingunjalagondi",
     "incjkradicalssupplement",
     "inglagolitic",
     "orkh",
-    "hiragana",
     "syrc",
-    "inrejang",
     "surrogate",
-    "khoj",
     "indevanagari",
     "avestan",
     "oldpermic",
-    "hmng",
     "ethi",
     "ogam",
     "rohg",
@@ -42370,7 +43446,7 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "java",
     "inphagspa",
     "lepcha",
-    "inenclosedcjklettersandmonths",
+    "indevanagariextendeda",
     "intifinagh",
     "intagalog",
     "incombiningdiacriticalmarkssupplement",
@@ -42380,6 +43456,7 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "insymbolsandpictographsextendeda",
     "syriac",
     "inbengali",
+    "nagm",
     "extendedpictographic",
     "buhd",
     "javanese",
@@ -42388,6 +43465,7 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "inlatin1supplement",
     "ingothic",
     "invariationselectors",
+    "hex",
     "inverticalforms",
     "ebase",
     "incurrencysymbols",
@@ -42401,15 +43479,15 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "invedicextensions",
     "inlimbu",
     "olditalic",
-    "rjng",
+    "gujr",
     "mathsymbol",
     "incjkunifiedideographsextensionb",
+    "gujarati",
     "phagspa",
     "invariationselectorssupplement",
     "currencysymbol",
     "inlinearbsyllabary",
     "wancho",
-    "hmnp",
     "inpaucinhau",
     "other",
     "otheridcontinue",
@@ -42423,7 +43501,6 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
     "blank"
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
-    "hebr",
     "nonspacingmark",
     "titlecaseletter",
     "inmeroiticcursive",
@@ -42443,7 +43520,6 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "noncharactercodepoint",
     "oldhungarian",
     "insymbolsforlegacycomputing",
-    "hangul",
     "insmallformvariants",
     "inhangulsyllables",
     "emojipresentation",
@@ -42455,15 +43531,12 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "inpsalterpahlavi",
     "whitespace",
     "finalpunctuation",
-    "hung",
     "orya",
-    "hexdigit",
     "phlp",
     "inbamumsupplement",
     "buhid",
     "paragraphseparator",
     "inalphabeticpresentationforms",
-    "hluw",
     "inlatinextendedg",
     "elba",
     "changeswhentitlecased",
@@ -42480,30 +43553,39 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "tagbanwa",
     "tamil",
     "khitansmallscript",
+    "mahj",
+    "mahajani",
+    "hang",
     "tirh",
     "sylotinagri",
     "talu",
+    "nagmundari",
     "deva",
+    "ingujarati",
     "deprecated",
     "inarabicpresentationformsb",
     "devanagari",
+    "ingunjalagondi",
     "graphemeclusterbreak=t",
     "graphemeclusterbreak=lvt",
     "taitham",
     "nbat",
     "telu",
+    "hiragana",
     "nabataean",
-    "inmahjongtiles",
+    "inrejang",
     "intangutsupplement",
+    "khoj",
+    "hmng",
     "cyprominoan",
     "inhebrew",
     "inmathematicaloperators",
     "inarabicsupplement",
+    "inenclosedcjklettersandmonths",
     "changeswhenlowercased",
     "tangut",
     "elbasan",
     "osmanya",
-    "inyijinghexagramsymbols",
     "insuperscriptsandsubscripts",
     "graphemeclusterbreak=extend",
     "graphemeclusterbreak=prepend",
@@ -42514,7 +43596,6 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "kayahli",
     "inplayingcards",
     "elym",
-    "injavanese",
     "graphemeclusterbreak=l",
     "graphemeclusterbreak=control",
     "ogrext",
@@ -42530,6 +43611,7 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "cypriot",
     "any",
     "otheruppercase",
+    "rjng",
     "wspace",
     "inindicsiyaqnumbers",
     "inprivateusearea",
@@ -42537,11 +43619,12 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "oupper",
     "signwriting",
     "nushu",
-    "hanifirohingya",
+    "hmnp",
     "upper",
     "insupplementalarrowsc",
     "omath",
     "modifiersymbol",
+    "hebr",
     "inhalfwidthandfullwidthforms",
     "insupplementalmathematicaloperators",
     "inpahawhhmong",
@@ -42550,60 +43633,68 @@ static const struct uniname2ctype_pool_t uniname2ctype_pool_contents =
     "dupl",
     "ogham",
     "dashpunctuation",
+    "hangul",
     "inhanguljamoextendedb",
     "bassavah",
     "aghb",
+    "hung",
+    "hexdigit",
     "incypriotsyllabary",
     "indivesakuru",
     "tibt",
     "inlatinextendedb",
+    "hluw",
     "tibetan",
     "inyisyllables",
     "oldnortharabian",
     "defaultignorablecodepoint",
     "inhighprivateusesurrogates",
-    "rejang",
     "soyombo",
     "otherdefaultignorablecodepoint",
     "pahawhhmong",
     "unifiedideograph",
     "othermath",
     "changeswhencasefolded",
+    "inmahjongtiles",
     "dep",
     "divesakuru",
     "graphemeclusterbreak=lf",
     "uppercaseletter",
     "insupplementalpunctuation",
     "ethiopic",
+    "inyijinghexagramsymbols",
     "ecomp",
     "inglagoliticsupplement",
-    "hebrew",
     "inbopomofoextended",
-    "graphemeclusterbreak=zwj",
+    "injavanese",
     "otherpunctuation",
     "tifinagh",
     "tfng",
+    "hanifirohingya",
     "tavt",
     "inboxdrawing",
     "oldsoutharabian",
-    "hyphen",
     "inegyptianhieroglyphs",
     "inegyptianhieroglyphformatcontrols",
     "tagb",
+    "rejang",
     "tglg",
     "tagalog",
     "othergraphemeextend",
     "insupplementaryprivateuseareaa",
     "inhighsurrogates",
+    "hebrew",
     "duployan",
     "graphemeclusterbreak=v",
     "graphemeclusterbreak=lv",
     "insupplementalarrowsb",
+    "graphemeclusterbreak=zwj",
     "telugu",
     "zyyy",
     "olduyghur",
     "inhangulcompatibilityjamo",
     "openpunctuation",
+    "hyphen",
     "insupplementalsymbolsandpictographs",
     "egyp",
     "nyiakengpuachuehmong",
@@ -42639,13 +43730,13 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str48), 95},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str49), 95},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str52), 343},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str52), 346},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str55), 21},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str64), 44},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str66), 330},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str66), 333},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str67), 52},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str71), 181},
@@ -42663,9 +43754,9 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str94), 33},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str100), 149},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str101), 510},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str101), 513},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str102), 108},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str103), 261},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str103), 263},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str107), 31},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str108), 77},
@@ -42684,27 +43775,27 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str130), 42},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str131), 172},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str134), 494},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str134), 497},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str139), 170},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str145), 513},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str146), 569},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str145), 516},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str146), 575},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str148), 574},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str149), 531},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str148), 580},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str149), 535},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str151), 18},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str152), 169},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str153), 160},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str158), 276},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str158), 278},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str161), 324},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str161), 327},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str177), 349},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str178), 558},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str177), 352},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str178), 563},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str183), 75},
       {-1}, {-1},
@@ -42713,19 +43804,19 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str190), 208},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str203), 357},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str204), 485},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str203), 360},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str204), 488},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str210), 575},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str210), 581},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str212), 362},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str212), 365},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str213), 115},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str218), 545},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str218), 549},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str226), 171},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str230), 526},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str230), 530},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str231), 31},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str236), 25},
@@ -42737,64 +43828,64 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str253), 102},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str260), 562},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str260), 568},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str263), 161},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str265), 19},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str267), 79},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str268), 354},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str268), 357},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str270), 268},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str270), 270},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str274), 561},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str275), 514},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str274), 567},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str275), 517},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str281), 318},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str281), 321},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str282), 40},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str283), 79},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str285), 533},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str285), 537},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str287), 144},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str288), 144},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str289), 555},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str289), 560},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str293), 218},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str297), 212},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str301), 392},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str301), 395},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str311), 322},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str311), 325},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str313), 453},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str313), 456},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str315), 241},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str315), 243},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str320), 269},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str320), 271},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str322), 129},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str328), 331},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str328), 334},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str331), 76},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str335), 556},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str335), 561},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str338), 329},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str338), 332},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str340), 76},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str342), 346},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str342), 349},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str345), 53},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str346), 268},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str346), 270},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str348), 423},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str348), 426},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str352), 529},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str352), 533},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str362), 163},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -42802,14 +43893,14 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str373), 160},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str381), 550},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str381), 554},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str386), 368},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str386), 371},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str399), 327},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str399), 330},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str401), 544},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str401), 548},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str404), 81},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -42832,176 +43923,179 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str470), 22},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str475), 521},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str475), 524},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str480), 454},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str480), 457},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str481), 188},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str486), 473},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str486), 476},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str488), 582},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str488), 588},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str491), 467},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str491), 470},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str500), 127},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str504), 187},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str505), 247},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str505), 249},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str506), 24},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str509), 24},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str511), 460},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str511), 463},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str520), 420},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str520), 423},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str533), 230},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str538), 91},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str541), 549},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str541), 553},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str543), 91},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str556), 542},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str556), 546},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str558), 347},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str558), 350},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str559), 70},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str560), 512},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str560), 515},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str565), 615},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str565), 624},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str566), 37},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str568), 113},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str572), 499},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str572), 502},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str577), 602},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str577), 611},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str579), 106},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str582), 403},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str583), 477},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str582), 406},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str583), 480},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str590), 74},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str594), 168},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str596), 613},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str596), 622},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str597), 146},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str600), 487},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str600), 490},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str602), 70},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str604), 573},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str605), 620},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str604), 579},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str605), 629},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str608), 628},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str608), 637},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str609), 229},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str614), 603},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str614), 612},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str624), 195},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str625), 444},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str625), 447},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str630), 29},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str636), 539},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str636), 543},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str639), 49},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str642), 19},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str645), 482},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str643), 564},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str645), 485},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str647), 192},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str650), 484},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str650), 487},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str657), 51},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str660), 266},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str660), 268},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str672), 332},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str672), 335},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str675), 68},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str678), 171},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str679), 599},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str679), 607},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str683), 265},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str683), 267},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str692), 69},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str695), 547},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str695), 551},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str696), 175},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str697), 396},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str703), 523},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str697), 399},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str700), 236},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str703), 527},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str705), 344},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str705), 347},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str707), 158},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str708), 581},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str708), 587},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str713), 373},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str713), 376},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str720), 72},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str737), 7},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str738), 370},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str738), 373},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str742), 6},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str745), 267},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str745), 269},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str753), 238},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str753), 240},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str755), 511},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str755), 514},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str760), 428},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str760), 431},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str761), 167},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str766), 156},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str767), 600},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str767), 608},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str771), 167},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str776), 266},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str776), 268},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str783), 156},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str787), 254},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str787), 256},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str791), 193},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str794), 583},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str794), 589},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str797), 50},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str799), 608},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str799), 617},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str802), 13},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str803), 587},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str803), 593},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str809), 443},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str809), 446},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str814), 490},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str814), 493},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str818), 395},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str818), 398},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str821), 479},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str822), 589},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str821), 482},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str822), 595},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str823), 47},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str824), 112},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str825), 441},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str825), 444},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str828), 590},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str828), 596},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str838), 157},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -43014,32 +44108,32 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str855), 67},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str857), 316},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str857), 319},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str875), 366},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str875), 369},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str886), 401},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str886), 404},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str895), 409},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str895), 412},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str898), 497},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str898), 500},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str900), 612},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str900), 621},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str906), 518},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str907), 446},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str906), 521},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str907), 449},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str920), 416},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str920), 419},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str924), 68},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str925), 592},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str926), 341},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str925), 599},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str926), 344},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str928), 536},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str929), 458},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str928), 540},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str929), 461},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str930), 41},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -43048,13 +44142,13 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str961), 2},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str963), 255},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str963), 257},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str974), 507},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str974), 510},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str986), 367},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str986), 370},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str994), 85},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str995), 104},
@@ -43062,21 +44156,21 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1010), 26},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1013), 492},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1013), 495},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1015), 481},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1015), 484},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1021), 67},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1024), 53},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1025), 456},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1025), 459},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1028), 136},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1032), 377},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1032), 380},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1035), 319},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1036), 563},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1035), 322},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1036), 569},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1049), 173},
@@ -43086,26 +44180,26 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1072), 197},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1081), 411},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1081), 414},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1085), 257},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1085), 259},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1087), 593},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1087), 600},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1089), 115},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1095), 248},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1095), 250},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1096), 71},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1097), 537},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1097), 541},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1102), 520},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1102), 523},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1104), 228},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1105), 217},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1107), 538},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1107), 542},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1109), 237},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1109), 239},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1114), 69},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1115), 11},
@@ -43114,7 +44208,7 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1120), 60},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1134), 422},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1134), 425},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1140), 93},
       {-1},
@@ -43122,153 +44216,155 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1145), 137},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1146), 131},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1147), 264},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1147), 266},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1149), 158},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1150), 98},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1151), 495},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1151), 498},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1152), 217},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1153), 138},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1156), 525},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1156), 529},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1157), 203},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1158), 166},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1164), 238},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1164), 240},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1168), 104},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1170), 386},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1171), 532},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1170), 389},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1171), 536},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1174), 323},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1174), 326},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1175), 26},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1176), 208},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1177), 74},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1178), 350},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1178), 353},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1180), 183},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1181), 151},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1182), 356},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1182), 359},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1183), 101},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1185), 170},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1190), 270},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1191), 541},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1186), 597},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1190), 272},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1191), 545},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1197), 101},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1198), 135},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1203), 363},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1207), 459},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1203), 366},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1204), 609},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1207), 462},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1209), 186},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1212), 376},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1212), 379},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1223), 578},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1223), 584},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1227), 241},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1227), 243},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1229), 235},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1230), 265},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1230), 267},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1231), 206},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1232), 352},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1232), 355},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1233), 73},
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1234), 296},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1235), 298},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1236), 295},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1237), 297},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1234), 298},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1235), 300},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1236), 297},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1237), 299},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1241), 299},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1242), 277},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1241), 301},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1242), 279},
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1243), 25},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1244), 338},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1244), 341},
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
       {-1},
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1245), 279},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1245), 281},
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1246), 432},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1246), 435},
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
       {-1},
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1247), 278},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1247), 280},
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1248), 30},
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1249), 281},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1250), 294},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1251), 280},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1252), 282},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1253), 293},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1249), 283},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1250), 296},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1251), 282},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1252), 284},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1253), 295},
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1254), 560},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1254), 566},
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
       {-1},
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1255), 289},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1255), 291},
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1256), 276},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1256), 278},
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1263), 64},
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1257), 288},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1258), 290},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1259), 292},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1257), 290},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1258), 292},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1259), 303},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1260), 294},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1262), 293},
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {-1}, {-1},
-#ifdef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1262), 291},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1263), 64},
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
+      {-1}, {-1},
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1265), 286},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1265), 302},
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1266), 21},
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1267), 285},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1268), 287},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1269), 300},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1267), 288},
       {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1269), 287},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1270), 289},
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1271), 248},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1271), 250},
+#ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
       {-1}, {-1},
+#else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1273), 286},
+#endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1274), 200},
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #else /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1277), 284},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1279), 283},
-      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1275), 285},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_AGE_PROPERTIES */
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1282), 626},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1284), 110},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1282), 635},
+      {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1285), 105},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1287), 110},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1289), 345},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1289), 348},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1292), 394},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1292), 397},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1297), 145},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1298), 117},
-      {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1300), 86},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1301), 141},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -43277,14 +44373,11 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1314), 193},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1317), 86},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1323), 535},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1327), 117},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1328), 227},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1330), 107},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1331), 261},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1328), 227},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1331), 263},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1340), 105},
       {-1}, {-1},
@@ -43295,18 +44388,20 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1352), 88},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1354), 164},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1358), 624},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1356), 605},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1358), 633},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1360), 3},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1365), 384},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1365), 387},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1367), 530},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1367), 534},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1369), 256},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1369), 258},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1373), 272},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1373), 274},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1375), 135},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -43319,29 +44414,29 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1392), 138},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1400), 201},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1401), 397},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1401), 400},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1407), 224},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1409), 38},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1415), 570},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1415), 576},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1419), 140},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1420), 140},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1422), 321},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1422), 324},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1426), 39},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1428), 181},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1429), 36},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1438), 434},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1438), 437},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1442), 540},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1442), 544},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1448), 505},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1448), 508},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1449), 122},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1451), 203},
@@ -43352,109 +44447,106 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1460), 215},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1462), 554},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1462), 559},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1470), 504},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1471), 506},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1470), 507},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1471), 509},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1474), 134},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1475), 426},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1476), 508},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1475), 429},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1476), 511},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1480), 245},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1480), 247},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1489), 33},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1495), 260},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1495), 262},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1497), 496},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1497), 499},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1499), 611},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1499), 620},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1501), 196},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1507), 122},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1508), 231},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1517), 610},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1517), 619},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1520), 237},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1520), 239},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1524), 483},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1524), 486},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1529), 120},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1531), 419},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1531), 422},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1533), 142},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1536), 127},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1537), 269},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1537), 271},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1542), 465},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1542), 468},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1547), 168},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1549), 519},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1549), 522},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1557), 85},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1563), 273},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1563), 275},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1565), 326},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1565), 329},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1570), 210},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1572), 115},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1577), 564},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1577), 570},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1580), 131},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1582), 219},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1583), 125},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1587), 546},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1587), 550},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1597), 81},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1598), 219},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1601), 202},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1607), 586},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1607), 592},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1613), 164},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1617), 502},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1618), 272},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1617), 505},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1618), 274},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1622), 385},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1623), 567},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1622), 388},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1623), 573},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1629), 39},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1635), 72},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1636), 202},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1643), 62},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1644), 235},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1654), 400},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1655), 274},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1654), 403},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1655), 276},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1657), 114},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1662), 129},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1664), 448},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1664), 451},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1671), 340},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1671), 343},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1675), 469},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1675), 472},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1677), 314},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1677), 317},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1682), 625},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1682), 634},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1684), 199},
       {-1},
@@ -43463,186 +44555,192 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1691), 124},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1699), 379},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1699), 382},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1701), 522},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1701), 525},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1704), 207},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1714), 207},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1722), 359},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1722), 362},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1724), 576},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1724), 582},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1728), 221},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1729), 442},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1729), 445},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1730), 222},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1731), 534},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1732), 247},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1731), 538},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1732), 249},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1733), 123},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1734), 114},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1735), 258},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1735), 260},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1740), 129},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1742), 161},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1745), 524},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1746), 402},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1745), 528},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1746), 405},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1750), 20},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1752), 516},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1752), 519},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1753), 148},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1757), 515},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1757), 518},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1766), 73},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1768), 148},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1769), 374},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1769), 377},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1776), 126},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1781), 552},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1781), 556},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1788), 97},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1793), 97},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1806), 348},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1806), 351},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1810), 630},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1811), 245},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1810), 640},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1811), 247},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1813), 264},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1813), 266},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1821), 224},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1828), 399},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1828), 402},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1838), 614},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1838), 623},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1841), 457},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1842), 391},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1841), 460},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1842), 394},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1843), 65},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1845), 263},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1845), 265},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1848), 109},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1851), 137},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1857), 244},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1866), 61},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1871), 491},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1871), 494},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1881), 63},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1888), 527},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1889), 551},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1888), 531},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1889), 555},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1896), 617},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1896), 626},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1902), 431},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1902), 434},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1904), 452},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1905), 584},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1904), 455},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1905), 590},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1912), 580},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1912), 586},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1913), 143},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1916), 588},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1916), 594},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1924), 143},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1929), 429},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1929), 432},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1932), 412},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1932), 415},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1935), 262},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1936), 335},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1935), 264},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1936), 338},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1941), 27},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1948), 87},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1950), 421},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1950), 424},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1956), 250},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1957), 87},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1956), 252},
+      {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1958), 109},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1964), 437},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1964), 440},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1967), 489},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1968), 634},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1969), 249},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1967), 492},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1968), 644},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1969), 251},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1974), 355},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1974), 358},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1981), 176},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1985), 405},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1985), 408},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1988), 438},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1988), 441},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1991), 1},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1993), 372},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str1993), 375},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1994), 175},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str1996), 42},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2002), 591},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2006), 407},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2010), 375},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2011), 267},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2012), 559},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2001), 110},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2002), 598},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2014), 333},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2004), 110},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2006), 410},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2010), 378},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2011), 269},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2012), 565},
       {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2014), 336},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2015), 117},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2016), 209},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2023), 32},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2024), 503},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2024), 506},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2026), 176},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2033), 8},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2040), 539},
+      {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2042), 121},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2043), 17},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2044), 117},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2047), 107},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2048), 526},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2062), 130},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2070), 9},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2073), 342},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2073), 345},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2077), 150},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2078), 254},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2078), 256},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2090), 275},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2090), 277},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2092), 150},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2095), 353},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2095), 356},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2103), 162},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2110), 123},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2114), 436},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2115), 381},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2114), 439},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2115), 384},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2117), 174},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -43653,15 +44751,15 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2137), 12},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2141), 242},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2141), 244},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2145), 52},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2146), 413},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2146), 416},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2149), 221},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2163), 249},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2163), 251},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2165), 174},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2166), 5},
@@ -43674,107 +44772,100 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2182), 216},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2195), 351},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2196), 493},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2195), 354},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2196), 496},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2207), 196},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2211), 20},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2216), 364},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2216), 367},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2217), 128},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2218), 543},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2218), 547},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2219), 78},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2224), 450},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2224), 453},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2228), 43},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2229), 35},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2232), 382},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2232), 385},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2233), 216},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2234), 92},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2235), 486},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2235), 489},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2241), 92},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2244), 440},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2244), 443},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2247), 36},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2248), 595},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2248), 602},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2276), 415},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2276), 418},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2278), 124},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2279), 192},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2283), 214},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2296), 639},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2305), 205},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2308), 234},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2312), 177},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2315), 594},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2316), 629},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2315), 601},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2316), 638},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2318), 202},
+      {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2321), 153},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2323), 172},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2327), 378},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2327), 381},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2331), 627},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2331), 636},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2333), 134},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2341), 185},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2343), 585},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2344), 439},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2345), 239},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2350), 185},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2351), 99},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2361), 598},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2364), 320},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2370), 339},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2343), 591},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2344), 442},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2345), 241},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2353), 202},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2361), 606},
       {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2364), 323},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2373), 37},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2374), 389},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2374), 392},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2375), 197},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2389), 557},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2397), 418},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2398), 410},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2397), 421},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2398), 413},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2405), 165},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2406), 107},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2414), 82},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2418), 449},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2427), 23},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2428), 183},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2433), 336},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2433), 339},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2434), 154},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2437), 194},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2438), 182},
-      {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2440), 100},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
@@ -43782,36 +44873,36 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2454), 220},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2460), 255},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2460), 257},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2464), 159},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2470), 445},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2470), 448},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2475), 142},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2476), 430},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2476), 558},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2478), 414},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2479), 358},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2478), 417},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2479), 361},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2481), 383},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2481), 386},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2500), 121},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2506), 528},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2506), 532},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2511), 242},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2511), 244},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2513), 621},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2513), 630},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2530), 82},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2534), 337},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2534), 340},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2535), 237},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2545), 275},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2545), 277},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2548), 118},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2549), 159},
@@ -43819,74 +44910,74 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2551), 89},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2564), 369},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2564), 372},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2567), 315},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2567), 318},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2570), 488},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2570), 491},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2572), 470},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2575), 471},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2576), 273},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2572), 473},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2574), 246},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2575), 474},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2576), 275},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2582), 388},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2582), 391},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2588), 154},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2602), 210},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2606), 371},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2606), 374},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2608), 455},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2608), 458},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2609), 55},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2625), 260},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2625), 262},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2648), 252},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2648), 254},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2652), 380},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2652), 383},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2656), 365},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2656), 368},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2657), 112},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2660), 147},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2665), 87},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2666), 50},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2670), 623},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2670), 632},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2674), 87},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2688), 139},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2689), 631},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2689), 641},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2694), 48},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2705), 478},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2705), 481},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2726), 226},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2738), 225},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2750), 553},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2750), 557},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2761), 18},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2762), 263},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2762), 265},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2765), 133},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2766), 54},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2769), 480},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2769), 483},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2772), 199},
       {-1}, {-1},
@@ -43894,94 +44985,87 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2786), 4},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2787), 80},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2793), 34},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2801), 29},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2808), 509},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2808), 512},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2810), 226},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2816), 307},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2816), 310},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2821), 390},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2821), 393},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2830), 605},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2830), 614},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2834), 361},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2834), 364},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2836), 78},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2847), 246},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2847), 248},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2852), 302},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2852), 305},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2855), 190},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2856), 66},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2859), 424},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2859), 427},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2867), 306},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2868), 246},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2867), 309},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2868), 248},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2871), 252},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2871), 254},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2879), 204},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2886), 622},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2886), 631},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2901), 99},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2902), 474},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2902), 477},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2904), 461},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2905), 271},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2904), 464},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2905), 273},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2907), 271},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2907), 273},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2909), 571},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2909), 577},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2911), 447},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2911), 450},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2941), 360},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2941), 363},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2953), 198},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2964), 517},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2964), 520},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2966), 236},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2966), 238},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2967), 43},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2969), 204},
+      {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2970), 88},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2972), 244},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2980), 195},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2984), 568},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2984), 574},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2986), 118},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str2987), 54},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2988), 468},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2993), 201},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2997), 596},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2988), 471},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str2997), 603},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3001), 180},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3002), 64},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3005), 472},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3006), 577},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3005), 475},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3006), 583},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3015), 83},
       {-1}, {-1},
@@ -43989,60 +45073,73 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3019), 165},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3026), 83},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3027), 500},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3027), 503},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3035), 232},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3042), 211},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3045), 606},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3045), 615},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3048), 119},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3052), 89},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3053), 229},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3058), 185},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3067), 185},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3068), 99},
+      {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3071), 198},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3072), 133},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3082), 130},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3084), 237},
+      {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3086), 84},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3091), 259},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3087), 342},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3091), 261},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3099), 475},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3099), 478},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3104), 84},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3107), 310},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3109), 312},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3106), 562},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3107), 313},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3109), 315},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3110), 152},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3111), 191},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3118), 90},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3123), 107},
+      {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3125), 191},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3140), 607},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3142), 579},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3135), 452},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3142), 585},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3145), 183},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3155), 182},
+      {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3157), 231},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3158), 325},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3158), 328},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3176), 393},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3176), 396},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3180), 328},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3180), 331},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3193), 433},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3209), 62},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3212), 211},
@@ -44050,97 +45147,97 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3215), 180},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3218), 125},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3227), 433},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3237), 387},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3237), 390},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3239), 305},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3240), 301},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3239), 308},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3240), 304},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3248), 213},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3254), 250},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3254), 252},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3265), 601},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3265), 610},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3267), 28},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3275), 146},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3284), 609},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3284), 618},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3287), 223},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3290), 451},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3297), 308},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3297), 311},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3303), 304},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3303), 307},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3313), 253},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3313), 255},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3320), 223},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3328), 63},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3329), 616},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3329), 625},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3331), 222},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3338), 262},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3338), 264},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3348), 404},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3348), 407},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3350), 498},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3350), 501},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3355), 47},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3360), 334},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3360), 337},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3371), 126},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3372), 16},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3373), 251},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3373), 253},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3377), 147},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3391), 236},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3396), 604},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3391), 238},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3396), 613},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3405), 466},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3405), 469},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3416), 51},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3428), 251},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3428), 253},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3433), 205},
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3436), 213},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3452), 220},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3455), 225},
+      {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3458), 10},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3460), 618},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3460), 627},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3483), 243},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3483), 245},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3502), 49},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3505), 476},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3504), 80},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3505), 479},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3511), 408},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3511), 411},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3532), 572},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3532), 578},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3533), 57},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -44156,11 +45253,13 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3613), 41},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3618), 99},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3648), 462},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3648), 465},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3659), 178},
@@ -44168,18 +45267,23 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3664), 177},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3698), 501},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3699), 548},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3686), 204},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3689), 246},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3698), 504},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3699), 552},
       {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3701), 96},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3705), 317},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3705), 320},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3710), 201},
+      {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3713), 96},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3721), 435},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3721), 438},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -44188,57 +45292,59 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3754), 71},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3766), 464},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3770), 147},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3766), 467},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3799), 214},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3807), 258},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3807), 260},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3842), 182},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3845), 257},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3845), 259},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3850), 243},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3850), 245},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3854), 65},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3857), 616},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3868), 259},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3868), 261},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3881), 228},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3884), 303},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3884), 306},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3891), 30},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3924), 417},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3924), 420},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str3942), 100},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3949), 274},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3944), 436},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3949), 276},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3976), 597},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3978), 80},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3976), 604},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3998), 427},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str3998), 430},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4007), 454},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -44246,13 +45352,10 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4066), 313},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str4106), 45},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str4116), 132},
@@ -44263,14 +45366,15 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4169), 220},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str4231), 153},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -44281,18 +45385,17 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4308), 398},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4308), 401},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str4309), 162},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4321), 240},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4348), 565},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4348), 571},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4361), 566},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4361), 572},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -44308,6 +45411,7 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4487), 147},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -44320,42 +45424,45 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str4604), 116},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str4626), 116},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4627), 253},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4627), 255},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4674), 632},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4674), 642},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4683), 463},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4683), 466},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4695), 80},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str4734), 179},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4755), 309},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4756), 311},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4755), 312},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4756), 314},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4772), 406},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4772), 409},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4783), 316},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str4810), 90},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -44380,7 +45487,7 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1},
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str4982), 232},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4986), 425},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str4986), 428},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -44388,6 +45495,8 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {uniname2ctype_offset(str5018), 46},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5038), 242},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
@@ -44398,8 +45507,8 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5134), 619},
+      {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str5134), 628},
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #ifndef USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES
@@ -44529,7 +45638,7 @@ uniname2ctype_p (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
-      {uniname2ctype_offset(str6098), 633}
+      {uniname2ctype_offset(str6098), 643}
 #endif /* USE_UNICODE_PROPERTIES */
     };
 
@@ -44560,22 +45669,22 @@ uniname2ctype(const UChar *name, unsigned int len)
   return -1;
 }
 #if defined ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING && !( \
-      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR == 14 && \
+      ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR == 15 && \
       ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MINOR == 0 && \
       ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_TEENY == 0 && \
       1)
 # error ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING mismatch
 #endif
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING "14.0.0"
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR 14
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_STRING "15.0.0"
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MAJOR 15
 #define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_MINOR 0
 #define ONIG_UNICODE_VERSION_TEENY 0
 #if defined ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_STRING && !( \
-      ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_MAJOR == 14 && \
+      ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_MAJOR == 15 && \
       ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_MINOR == 0 && \
       1)
 # error ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_STRING mismatch
 #endif
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_STRING "14.0"
-#define ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_MAJOR 14
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_STRING "15.0"
+#define ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_MAJOR 15
 #define ONIG_UNICODE_EMOJI_VERSION_MINOR 0
diff --git a/enc/utf_16_32.h b/enc/utf_16_32.h
index 9f9216d8ff..4d669019bf 100644
--- a/enc/utf_16_32.h
+++ b/enc/utf_16_32.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #include "regenc.h"
 /* dummy for unsupported, stateful encoding */
-#define ENC_DUMMY_UNICODE(name) ENC_REPLICATE(name, name "BE")
+#define ENC_DUMMY_UNICODE(name) ENC_DUMMY(name)
 ENC_DUMMY_UNICODE("UTF-16");
 ENC_DUMMY_UNICODE("UTF-32");
diff --git a/encoding.c b/encoding.c
index b8fedfb797..2f4b47bdfa 100644
--- a/encoding.c
+++ b/encoding.c
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 #include "internal.h"
 #include "internal/enc.h"
 #include "internal/encoding.h"
+#include "internal/error.h"
 #include "internal/inits.h"
 #include "internal/load.h"
 #include "internal/object.h"
@@ -49,16 +50,14 @@ void rb_encdb_declare(const char *name);
 int rb_encdb_replicate(const char *name, const char *orig);
 int rb_encdb_dummy(const char *name);
 int rb_encdb_alias(const char *alias, const char *orig);
-void rb_encdb_set_unicode(int index);
 #pragma GCC visibility pop
 #endif
 
 static ID id_encoding;
 VALUE rb_cEncoding;
 
-#define DEFAULT_ENCODING_LIST_CAPA 128
-static VALUE rb_default_encoding_list;
-static VALUE rb_additional_encoding_list;
+#define ENCODING_LIST_CAPA 256
+static VALUE rb_encoding_list;
 
 struct rb_encoding_entry {
     const char *name;
@@ -67,9 +66,8 @@ struct rb_encoding_entry {
 };
 
 static struct enc_table {
-    struct rb_encoding_entry *list;
+    struct rb_encoding_entry list[ENCODING_LIST_CAPA];
     int count;
-    int size;
     st_table *names;
 } global_enc_table;
 
@@ -128,47 +126,25 @@ enc_new(rb_encoding *encoding)
 static void
 enc_list_update(int index, rb_raw_encoding *encoding)
 {
-    if (index < DEFAULT_ENCODING_LIST_CAPA) {
-        VALUE list = rb_default_encoding_list;
-        if (list && NIL_P(rb_ary_entry(list, index))) {
-            /* initialize encoding data */
-            rb_ary_store(list, index, enc_new(encoding));
-        }
-    }
-    else {
-        RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
-        {
-            VALUE list = rb_additional_encoding_list;
-            if (list && NIL_P(rb_ary_entry(list, index))) {
-                /* initialize encoding data */
-                rb_ary_store(list, index - DEFAULT_ENCODING_LIST_CAPA, enc_new(encoding));
-            }
-        }
-        RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
+    RUBY_ASSERT(index < ENCODING_LIST_CAPA);
+
+    VALUE list = rb_encoding_list;
+    if (list && NIL_P(rb_ary_entry(list, index))) {
+        /* initialize encoding data */
+        rb_ary_store(list, index, enc_new(encoding));
     }
 }
 
 static VALUE
 enc_list_lookup(int idx)
 {
-    VALUE list, enc;
+    VALUE list, enc = Qnil;
 
-    if (idx < DEFAULT_ENCODING_LIST_CAPA) {
-        if (!(list = rb_default_encoding_list)) {
-            rb_bug("rb_enc_from_encoding_index(%d): no rb_default_encoding_list", idx);
-        }
+    if (idx < ENCODING_LIST_CAPA) {
+        list = rb_encoding_list;
+        RUBY_ASSERT(list);
         enc = rb_ary_entry(list, idx);
     }
-    else {
-        RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
-        {
-            if (!(list = rb_additional_encoding_list)) {
-                rb_bug("rb_enc_from_encoding_index(%d): no rb_additional_encoding_list", idx);
-            }
-            enc = rb_ary_entry(list, idx - DEFAULT_ENCODING_LIST_CAPA);
-        }
-        RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
-    }
 
     if (NIL_P(enc)) {
         rb_bug("rb_enc_from_encoding_index(%d): not created yet", idx);
@@ -345,16 +321,10 @@ rb_find_encoding(VALUE enc)
 static int
 enc_table_expand(struct enc_table *enc_table, int newsize)
 {
-    struct rb_encoding_entry *ent;
-    int count = newsize;
-
-    if (enc_table->size >= newsize) return newsize;
-    newsize = (newsize + 7) / 8 * 8;
-    ent = REALLOC_N(enc_table->list, struct rb_encoding_entry, newsize);
-    memset(ent + enc_table->size, 0, sizeof(*ent)*(newsize - enc_table->size));
-    enc_table->list = ent;
-    enc_table->size = newsize;
-    return count;
+    if (newsize > ENCODING_LIST_CAPA) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eEncodingError, "too many encoding (> %d)", ENCODING_LIST_CAPA);
+    }
+    return newsize;
 }
 
 static int
@@ -413,17 +383,7 @@ enc_from_index(struct enc_table *enc_table, int index)
 rb_encoding *
 rb_enc_from_index(int index)
 {
-    rb_encoding *enc;
-
-    switch (index) {
-      case ENCINDEX_ASCII_8BIT:    return global_enc_ascii;
-      case ENCINDEX_UTF_8:    return global_enc_utf_8;
-      case ENCINDEX_US_ASCII: return global_enc_us_ascii;
-      default:
-        GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_EVAL(enc_table,
-                              enc = enc_from_index(enc_table, index));
-        return enc;
-    }
+    return enc_from_index(&global_enc_table, index);
 }
 
 int
@@ -462,7 +422,7 @@ enc_registered(struct enc_table *enc_table, const char *name)
     st_data_t idx = 0;
 
     if (!name) return -1;
-    if (!enc_table->list) return -1;
+    if (!enc_table->names) return -1;
     if (st_lookup(enc_table->names, (st_data_t)name, &idx)) {
         return (int)idx;
     }
@@ -484,11 +444,14 @@ rb_encdb_declare(const char *name)
 }
 
 static void
-enc_check_duplication(struct enc_table *enc_table, const char *name)
+enc_check_addable(struct enc_table *enc_table, const char *name)
 {
     if (enc_registered(enc_table, name) >= 0) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "encoding %s is already registered", name);
     }
+    else if (!valid_encoding_name_p(name)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid encoding name: %s", name);
+    }
 }
 
 static rb_encoding*
@@ -524,11 +487,7 @@ rb_enc_set_base(const char *name, const char *orig)
 int
 rb_enc_set_dummy(int index)
 {
-    rb_encoding *enc;
-
-    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_EVAL(enc_table,
-                          enc = enc_table->list[index].enc);
-
+    rb_encoding *enc = global_enc_table.list[index].enc;
     ENC_SET_DUMMY((rb_raw_encoding *)enc);
     return index;
 }
@@ -538,7 +497,7 @@ enc_replicate(struct enc_table *enc_table, const char *name, rb_encoding *encodi
 {
     int idx;
 
-    enc_check_duplication(enc_table, name);
+    enc_check_addable(enc_table, name);
     idx = enc_register(enc_table, name, encoding);
     if (idx < 0) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid encoding name: %s", name);
     set_base_encoding(enc_table, idx, encoding);
@@ -569,7 +528,10 @@ rb_enc_replicate(const char *name, rb_encoding *encoding)
 static VALUE
 enc_replicate_m(VALUE encoding, VALUE name)
 {
-    int idx = rb_enc_replicate(name_for_encoding(&name), rb_to_encoding(encoding));
+    int idx;
+    rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove("3.3", "Encoding#replicate", "the original encoding");
+
+    idx = rb_enc_replicate(name_for_encoding(&name), rb_to_encoding(encoding));
     RB_GC_GUARD(name);
     return rb_enc_from_encoding_index(idx);
 }
@@ -724,7 +686,7 @@ rb_enc_alias(const char *alias, const char *orig)
 
     GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_ENTER(enc_table);
     {
-        enc_check_duplication(enc_table, alias);
+        enc_check_addable(enc_table, alias);
         if ((idx = rb_enc_find_index(orig)) < 0) {
             r =  -1;
         }
@@ -756,20 +718,12 @@ rb_encdb_alias(const char *alias, const char *orig)
     return r;
 }
 
-void
-rb_encdb_set_unicode(int index)
-{
-    rb_raw_encoding *enc = (rb_raw_encoding *)rb_enc_from_index(index);
-    ASSUME(enc);
-    enc->flags |= ONIGENC_FLAG_UNICODE;
-}
-
 static void
 rb_enc_init(struct enc_table *enc_table)
 {
     enc_table_expand(enc_table, ENCODING_COUNT + 1);
     if (!enc_table->names) {
-        enc_table->names = st_init_strcasetable();
+        enc_table->names = st_init_strcasetable_with_size(ENCODING_LIST_CAPA);
     }
 #define OnigEncodingASCII_8BIT OnigEncodingASCII
 #define ENC_REGISTER(enc) enc_register_at(enc_table, ENCINDEX_##enc, rb_enc_name(&OnigEncoding##enc), &OnigEncoding##enc)
@@ -882,11 +836,9 @@ rb_enc_autoload(rb_encoding *enc)
 int
 rb_enc_find_index(const char *name)
 {
-    int i;
+    int i = enc_registered(&global_enc_table, name);
     rb_encoding *enc;
 
-    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_EVAL(enc_table, i = enc_registered(enc_table, name));
-
     if (i < 0) {
         i = load_encoding(name);
     }
@@ -1373,10 +1325,7 @@ enc_names(VALUE self)
 
     args[0] = (VALUE)rb_to_encoding_index(self);
     args[1] = rb_ary_new2(0);
-
-    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_EVAL(enc_table,
-                          st_foreach(enc_table->names, enc_names_i, (st_data_t)args));
-
+    st_foreach(global_enc_table.names, enc_names_i, (st_data_t)args);
     return args[1];
 }
 
@@ -1402,14 +1351,7 @@ static VALUE
 enc_list(VALUE klass)
 {
     VALUE ary = rb_ary_new2(0);
-
-    RB_VM_LOCK_ENTER();
-    {
-        rb_ary_replace(ary, rb_default_encoding_list);
-        rb_ary_concat(ary, rb_additional_encoding_list);
-    }
-    RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE();
-
+    rb_ary_replace(ary, rb_encoding_list);
     return ary;
 }
 
@@ -1558,15 +1500,17 @@ rb_locale_encindex(void)
 
     if (idx < 0) idx = ENCINDEX_UTF_8;
 
-    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_ENTER(enc_table);
-    if (enc_registered(enc_table, "locale") < 0) {
+    if (enc_registered(&global_enc_table, "locale") < 0) {
 # if defined _WIN32
         void Init_w32_codepage(void);
         Init_w32_codepage();
 # endif
-        enc_alias_internal(enc_table, "locale", idx);
+        GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_ENTER(enc_table);
+        {
+            enc_alias_internal(enc_table, "locale", idx);
+        }
+        GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LEAVE();
     }
-    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LEAVE();
 
     return idx;
 }
@@ -1580,13 +1524,8 @@ rb_locale_encoding(void)
 int
 rb_filesystem_encindex(void)
 {
-    int idx;
-
-    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_EVAL(enc_table,
-                          idx = enc_registered(enc_table, "filesystem"));
-
-    if (idx < 0)
-        idx = ENCINDEX_ASCII_8BIT;
+    int idx = enc_registered(&global_enc_table, "filesystem");
+    if (idx < 0) idx = ENCINDEX_ASCII_8BIT;
     return idx;
 }
 
@@ -1617,7 +1556,14 @@ enc_set_default_encoding(struct default_encoding *def, VALUE encoding, const cha
         if (NIL_P(encoding)) {
             def->index = -1;
             def->enc = 0;
-            st_insert(enc_table->names, (st_data_t)strdup(name),
+            char *name_dup = strdup(name);
+
+            st_data_t existing_name = (st_data_t)name_dup;
+            if (st_delete(enc_table->names, &existing_name, NULL)) {
+                xfree((void *)existing_name);
+            }
+
+            st_insert(enc_table->names, (st_data_t)name_dup,
                       (st_data_t)UNSPECIFIED_ENCODING);
         }
         else {
@@ -1877,15 +1823,8 @@ rb_enc_name_list_i(st_data_t name, st_data_t idx, st_data_t arg)
 static VALUE
 rb_enc_name_list(VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE ary;
-
-    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_ENTER(enc_table);
-    {
-        ary = rb_ary_new2(enc_table->names->num_entries);
-        st_foreach(enc_table->names, rb_enc_name_list_i, (st_data_t)ary);
-    }
-    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_LEAVE();
-
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new2(global_enc_table.names->num_entries);
+    st_foreach(global_enc_table.names, rb_enc_name_list_i, (st_data_t)ary);
     return ary;
 }
 
@@ -1931,8 +1870,7 @@ rb_enc_aliases(VALUE klass)
     aliases[0] = rb_hash_new();
     aliases[1] = rb_ary_new();
 
-    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_EVAL(enc_table,
-                          st_foreach(enc_table->names, rb_enc_aliases_enc_i, (st_data_t)aliases));
+    st_foreach(global_enc_table.names, rb_enc_aliases_enc_i, (st_data_t)aliases);
 
     return aliases[0];
 }
@@ -2001,13 +1939,7 @@ Init_Encoding(void)
 
     struct enc_table *enc_table = &global_enc_table;
 
-    if (DEFAULT_ENCODING_LIST_CAPA < enc_table->count) rb_bug("DEFAULT_ENCODING_LIST_CAPA is too small");
-
-    list = rb_additional_encoding_list = rb_ary_new();
-    RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(list);
-    rb_gc_register_mark_object(list);
-
-    list = rb_default_encoding_list = rb_ary_new2(DEFAULT_ENCODING_LIST_CAPA);
+    list = rb_encoding_list = rb_ary_new2(ENCODING_LIST_CAPA);
     RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(list);
     rb_gc_register_mark_object(list);
 
@@ -2029,5 +1961,5 @@ Init_encodings(void)
 void
 rb_enc_foreach_name(int (*func)(st_data_t name, st_data_t idx, st_data_t arg), st_data_t arg)
 {
-    GLOBAL_ENC_TABLE_EVAL(enc_table, st_foreach(enc_table->names, func, arg));
+    st_foreach(global_enc_table.names, func, arg);
 }
diff --git a/enum.c b/enum.c
index 97215b627e..b3c715e0a1 100644
--- a/enum.c
+++ b/enum.c
@@ -779,7 +779,7 @@ inject_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, p))
 
     ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
 
-    if (memo->v1 == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(memo->v1)) {
         MEMO_V1_SET(memo, i);
     }
     else {
@@ -796,7 +796,7 @@ inject_op_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, p))
 
     ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
 
-    if (memo->v1 == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(memo->v1)) {
         MEMO_V1_SET(memo, i);
     }
     else if (SYMBOL_P(name = memo->u3.value)) {
@@ -820,9 +820,9 @@ ary_inject_op(VALUE ary, VALUE init, VALUE op)
     long i, n;
 
     if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == 0)
-        return init == Qundef ? Qnil : init;
+        return UNDEF_P(init) ? Qnil : init;
 
-    if (init == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(init)) {
         v = RARRAY_AREF(ary, 0);
         i = 1;
         if (RARRAY_LEN(ary) == 1)
@@ -1051,7 +1051,7 @@ enum_inject(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 
     memo = MEMO_NEW(init, Qnil, op);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, iter, (VALUE)memo);
-    if (memo->v1 == Qundef) return Qnil;
+    if (UNDEF_P(memo->v1)) return Qnil;
     return memo->v1;
 }
 
@@ -1373,7 +1373,6 @@ sort_by_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, _data))
 static int
 sort_by_cmp(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *data)
 {
-    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
     VALUE a;
     VALUE b;
     VALUE ary = (VALUE)data;
@@ -1385,7 +1384,7 @@ sort_by_cmp(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *data)
     a = *(VALUE *)ap;
     b = *(VALUE *)bp;
 
-    return OPTIMIZED_CMP(a, b, cmp_opt);
+    return OPTIMIZED_CMP(a, b);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1677,7 +1676,7 @@ enum_any(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 DEFINE_ENUMFUNCS(one)
 {
     if (RTEST(result)) {
-        if (memo->v1 == Qundef) {
+        if (UNDEF_P(memo->v1)) {
             MEMO_V1_SET(memo, Qtrue);
         }
         else if (memo->v1 == Qtrue) {
@@ -1713,11 +1712,10 @@ cmpint_reenter_check(struct nmin_data *data, VALUE val)
 static int
 nmin_cmp(const void *ap, const void *bp, void *_data)
 {
-    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
     struct nmin_data *data = (struct nmin_data *)_data;
     VALUE a = *(const VALUE *)ap, b = *(const VALUE *)bp;
 #define rb_cmpint(cmp, a, b) rb_cmpint(cmpint_reenter_check(data, (cmp)), a, b)
-    return OPTIMIZED_CMP(a, b, cmp_opt);
+    return OPTIMIZED_CMP(a, b);
 #undef rb_cmpint
 }
 
@@ -1827,7 +1825,7 @@ nmin_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, _data))
     else
         cmpv = i;
 
-    if (data->limit != Qundef) {
+    if (!UNDEF_P(data->limit)) {
         int c = data->cmpfunc(&cmpv, &data->limit, data);
         if (data->rev)
             c = -c;
@@ -1962,7 +1960,7 @@ enum_one(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     WARN_UNUSED_BLOCK(argc);
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, ENUMFUNC(one), (VALUE)memo);
     result = memo->v1;
-    if (result == Qundef) return Qfalse;
+    if (UNDEF_P(result)) return Qfalse;
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -2027,7 +2025,6 @@ enum_none(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 
 struct min_t {
     VALUE min;
-    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt;
 };
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2037,11 +2034,11 @@ min_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
 
     ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
 
-    if (memo->min == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(memo->min)) {
         memo->min = i;
     }
     else {
-        if (OPTIMIZED_CMP(i, memo->min, memo->cmp_opt) < 0) {
+        if (OPTIMIZED_CMP(i, memo->min) < 0) {
             memo->min = i;
         }
     }
@@ -2056,7 +2053,7 @@ min_ii(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
 
     ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
 
-    if (memo->min == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(memo->min)) {
         memo->min = i;
     }
     else {
@@ -2130,7 +2127,7 @@ static VALUE
 enum_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE memo;
-    struct min_t *m = NEW_CMP_OPT_MEMO(struct min_t, memo);
+    struct min_t *m = NEW_MEMO_FOR(struct min_t, memo);
     VALUE result;
     VALUE num;
 
@@ -2138,8 +2135,6 @@ enum_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
        return rb_nmin_run(obj, num, 0, 0, 0);
 
     m->min = Qundef;
-    m->cmp_opt.opt_methods = 0;
-    m->cmp_opt.opt_inited = 0;
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
         rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, min_ii, memo);
     }
@@ -2147,13 +2142,12 @@ enum_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
         rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, min_i, memo);
     }
     result = m->min;
-    if (result == Qundef) return Qnil;
+    if (UNDEF_P(result)) return Qnil;
     return result;
 }
 
 struct max_t {
     VALUE max;
-    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt;
 };
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2163,11 +2157,11 @@ max_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
 
     ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
 
-    if (memo->max == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(memo->max)) {
         memo->max = i;
     }
     else {
-        if (OPTIMIZED_CMP(i, memo->max, memo->cmp_opt) > 0) {
+        if (OPTIMIZED_CMP(i, memo->max) > 0) {
             memo->max = i;
         }
     }
@@ -2182,7 +2176,7 @@ max_ii(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
 
     ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
 
-    if (memo->max == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(memo->max)) {
         memo->max = i;
     }
     else {
@@ -2255,7 +2249,7 @@ static VALUE
 enum_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE memo;
-    struct max_t *m = NEW_CMP_OPT_MEMO(struct max_t, memo);
+    struct max_t *m = NEW_MEMO_FOR(struct max_t, memo);
     VALUE result;
     VALUE num;
 
@@ -2263,8 +2257,6 @@ enum_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
        return rb_nmin_run(obj, num, 0, 1, 0);
 
     m->max = Qundef;
-    m->cmp_opt.opt_methods = 0;
-    m->cmp_opt.opt_inited = 0;
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
         rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, max_ii, (VALUE)memo);
     }
@@ -2272,7 +2264,7 @@ enum_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
         rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, max_i, (VALUE)memo);
     }
     result = m->max;
-    if (result == Qundef) return Qnil;
+    if (UNDEF_P(result)) return Qnil;
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -2280,7 +2272,6 @@ struct minmax_t {
     VALUE min;
     VALUE max;
     VALUE last;
-    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt;
 };
 
 static void
@@ -2288,16 +2279,16 @@ minmax_i_update(VALUE i, VALUE j, struct minmax_t *memo)
 {
     int n;
 
-    if (memo->min == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(memo->min)) {
         memo->min = i;
         memo->max = j;
     }
     else {
-        n = OPTIMIZED_CMP(i, memo->min, memo->cmp_opt);
+        n = OPTIMIZED_CMP(i, memo->min);
         if (n < 0) {
             memo->min = i;
         }
-        n = OPTIMIZED_CMP(j, memo->max, memo->cmp_opt);
+        n = OPTIMIZED_CMP(j, memo->max);
         if (n > 0) {
             memo->max = j;
         }
@@ -2313,14 +2304,14 @@ minmax_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, _memo))
 
     ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
 
-    if (memo->last == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(memo->last)) {
         memo->last = i;
         return Qnil;
     }
     j = memo->last;
     memo->last = Qundef;
 
-    n = OPTIMIZED_CMP(j, i, memo->cmp_opt);
+    n = OPTIMIZED_CMP(j, i);
     if (n == 0)
         i = j;
     else if (n < 0) {
@@ -2340,7 +2331,7 @@ minmax_ii_update(VALUE i, VALUE j, struct minmax_t *memo)
 {
     int n;
 
-    if (memo->min == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(memo->min)) {
         memo->min = i;
         memo->max = j;
     }
@@ -2365,7 +2356,7 @@ minmax_ii(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, _memo))
 
     ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
 
-    if (memo->last == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(memo->last)) {
         memo->last = i;
         return Qnil;
     }
@@ -2422,23 +2413,21 @@ static VALUE
 enum_minmax(VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE memo;
-    struct minmax_t *m = NEW_CMP_OPT_MEMO(struct minmax_t, memo);
+    struct minmax_t *m = NEW_MEMO_FOR(struct minmax_t, memo);
 
     m->min = Qundef;
     m->last = Qundef;
-    m->cmp_opt.opt_methods = 0;
-    m->cmp_opt.opt_inited = 0;
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
         rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, minmax_ii, memo);
-        if (m->last != Qundef)
+        if (!UNDEF_P(m->last))
             minmax_ii_update(m->last, m->last, m);
     }
     else {
         rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, minmax_i, memo);
-        if (m->last != Qundef)
+        if (!UNDEF_P(m->last))
             minmax_i_update(m->last, m->last, m);
     }
-    if (m->min != Qundef) {
+    if (!UNDEF_P(m->min)) {
         return rb_assoc_new(m->min, m->max);
     }
     return rb_assoc_new(Qnil, Qnil);
@@ -2447,18 +2436,17 @@ enum_minmax(VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 min_by_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
 {
-    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
     struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(args);
     VALUE v;
 
     ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
 
     v = enum_yield(argc, i);
-    if (memo->v1 == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(memo->v1)) {
         MEMO_V1_SET(memo, v);
         MEMO_V2_SET(memo, i);
     }
-    else if (OPTIMIZED_CMP(v, memo->v1, cmp_opt) < 0) {
+    else if (OPTIMIZED_CMP(v, memo->v1) < 0) {
         MEMO_V1_SET(memo, v);
         MEMO_V2_SET(memo, i);
     }
@@ -2522,18 +2510,17 @@ enum_min_by(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 max_by_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
 {
-    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
     struct MEMO *memo = MEMO_CAST(args);
     VALUE v;
 
     ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
 
     v = enum_yield(argc, i);
-    if (memo->v1 == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(memo->v1)) {
         MEMO_V1_SET(memo, v);
         MEMO_V2_SET(memo, i);
     }
-    else if (OPTIMIZED_CMP(v, memo->v1, cmp_opt) > 0) {
+    else if (OPTIMIZED_CMP(v, memo->v1) > 0) {
         MEMO_V1_SET(memo, v);
         MEMO_V2_SET(memo, i);
     }
@@ -2606,20 +2593,18 @@ struct minmax_by_t {
 static void
 minmax_by_i_update(VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE i1, VALUE i2, struct minmax_by_t *memo)
 {
-    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
-
-    if (memo->min_bv == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(memo->min_bv)) {
         memo->min_bv = v1;
         memo->max_bv = v2;
         memo->min = i1;
         memo->max = i2;
     }
     else {
-        if (OPTIMIZED_CMP(v1, memo->min_bv, cmp_opt) < 0) {
+        if (OPTIMIZED_CMP(v1, memo->min_bv) < 0) {
             memo->min_bv = v1;
             memo->min = i1;
         }
-        if (OPTIMIZED_CMP(v2, memo->max_bv, cmp_opt) > 0) {
+        if (OPTIMIZED_CMP(v2, memo->max_bv) > 0) {
             memo->max_bv = v2;
             memo->max = i2;
         }
@@ -2629,7 +2614,6 @@ minmax_by_i_update(VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE i1, VALUE i2, struct minmax_by_t *m
 static VALUE
 minmax_by_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, _memo))
 {
-    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
     struct minmax_by_t *memo = MEMO_FOR(struct minmax_by_t, _memo);
     VALUE vi, vj, j;
     int n;
@@ -2638,7 +2622,7 @@ minmax_by_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, _memo))
 
     vi = enum_yield(argc, i);
 
-    if (memo->last_bv == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(memo->last_bv)) {
         memo->last_bv = vi;
         memo->last = i;
         return Qnil;
@@ -2647,7 +2631,7 @@ minmax_by_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, _memo))
     j = memo->last;
     memo->last_bv = Qundef;
 
-    n = OPTIMIZED_CMP(vj, vi, cmp_opt);
+    n = OPTIMIZED_CMP(vj, vi);
     if (n == 0) {
         i = j;
         vi = vj;
@@ -2705,7 +2689,7 @@ enum_minmax_by(VALUE obj)
     m->last_bv = Qundef;
     m->last = Qundef;
     rb_block_call(obj, id_each, 0, 0, minmax_by_i, memo);
-    if (m->last_bv != Qundef)
+    if (!UNDEF_P(m->last_bv))
         minmax_by_i_update(m->last_bv, m->last_bv, m->last, m->last, m);
     m = MEMO_FOR(struct minmax_by_t, memo);
     return rb_assoc_new(m->min, m->max);
@@ -3033,7 +3017,6 @@ each_cons_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, args))
 static VALUE
 enum_each_cons_size(VALUE obj, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
 {
-    struct cmp_opt_data cmp_opt = { 0, 0 };
     const VALUE zero = LONG2FIX(0);
     VALUE n, size;
     long cons_size = NUM2LONG(RARRAY_AREF(args, 0));
@@ -3043,7 +3026,7 @@ enum_each_cons_size(VALUE obj, VALUE args, VALUE eobj)
     if (NIL_P(size)) return Qnil;
 
     n = add_int(size, 1 - cons_size);
-    return (OPTIMIZED_CMP(n, zero, cmp_opt) == -1) ? zero : n;
+    return (OPTIMIZED_CMP(n, zero) == -1) ? zero : n;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -3185,7 +3168,7 @@ zip_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(val, memoval))
 
             v[1] = RARRAY_AREF(args, i);
             rb_rescue2(call_next, (VALUE)v, call_stop, (VALUE)v, rb_eStopIteration, (VALUE)0);
-            if (v[0] == Qundef) {
+            if (UNDEF_P(v[0])) {
                 RARRAY_ASET(args, i, Qnil);
                 v[0] = Qnil;
             }
@@ -3834,7 +3817,7 @@ slicebefore_i(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(yielder, enumerator))
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *    slice_before(pattern)       -> enumerator
- *    slice_before {|array| ... } -> enumerator
+ *    slice_before {|elt| ... } -> enumerator
  *
  *  With argument +pattern+, returns an enumerator that uses the pattern
  *  to partition elements into arrays ("slices").
@@ -4155,7 +4138,7 @@ slicewhen_ii(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, _memo))
 
     ENUM_WANT_SVALUE();
 
-    if (memo->prev_elt == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(memo->prev_elt)) {
         /* The first element */
         memo->prev_elt = i;
         memo->prev_elts = rb_ary_new3(1, i);
@@ -4395,7 +4378,7 @@ sum_iter_bignum(VALUE i, struct enum_sum_memo *memo)
 static void
 sum_iter_rational(VALUE i, struct enum_sum_memo *memo)
 {
-    if (memo->r == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(memo->r)) {
         memo->r = i;
     }
     else {
@@ -4476,7 +4459,7 @@ sum_iter(VALUE i, struct enum_sum_memo *memo)
     }
     else switch (TYPE(memo->v)) {
       default:      sum_iter_some_value(i, memo);    return;
-      case T_FLOAT: sum_iter_Kahan_Babuska(i, memo); return;
+      case T_FLOAT:
       case T_FIXNUM:
       case T_BIGNUM:
       case T_RATIONAL:
@@ -4616,7 +4599,7 @@ enum_sum(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE obj)
     else {
         if (memo.n != 0)
             memo.v = rb_fix_plus(LONG2FIX(memo.n), memo.v);
-        if (memo.r != Qundef) {
+        if (!UNDEF_P(memo.r)) {
             memo.v = rb_rational_plus(memo.r, memo.v);
         }
         return memo.v;
diff --git a/enumerator.c b/enumerator.c
index 2c9858cda6..d587b63d32 100644
--- a/enumerator.c
+++ b/enumerator.c
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@
 
 #include "id.h"
 #include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/class.h"
 #include "internal/enumerator.h"
 #include "internal/error.h"
 #include "internal/hash.h"
@@ -72,6 +73,8 @@
  *   puts %w[foo bar baz].map.with_index { |w, i| "#{i}:#{w}" }
  *   # => ["0:foo", "1:bar", "2:baz"]
  *
+ *  == External Iteration
+ *
  * An Enumerator can also be used as an external iterator.
  * For example, Enumerator#next returns the next value of the iterator
  * or raises StopIteration if the Enumerator is at the end.
@@ -82,15 +85,44 @@
  *   puts e.next   # => 3
  *   puts e.next   # raises StopIteration
  *
- * Note that enumeration sequence by +next+, +next_values+, +peek+ and
- * +peek_values+ do not affect other non-external
- * enumeration methods, unless the underlying iteration method itself has
- * side-effect, e.g. IO#each_line.
+ * +next+, +next_values+, +peek+ and +peek_values+ are the only methods
+ * which use external iteration (and Array#zip(Enumerable-not-Array) which uses +next+).
+ *
+ * These methods do not affect other internal enumeration methods,
+ * unless the underlying iteration method itself has side-effect, e.g. IO#each_line.
+ *
+ * External iteration differs *significantly* from internal iteration
+ * due to using a Fiber:
+ *  - The Fiber adds some overhead compared to internal enumeration.
+ *  - The stacktrace will only include the stack from the Enumerator, not above.
+ *  - Fiber-local variables are *not* inherited inside the Enumerator Fiber,
+ *    which instead starts with no Fiber-local variables.
+ *  - Fiber storage variables *are* inherited and are designed
+ *    to handle Enumerator Fibers. Assigning to a Fiber storage variable
+ *    only affects the current Fiber, so if you want to change state
+ *    in the caller Fiber of the Enumerator Fiber, you need to use an
+ *    extra indirection (e.g., use some object in the Fiber storage
+ *    variable and mutate some ivar of it).
+ *
+ * Concretely:
+ *   Thread.current[:fiber_local] = 1
+ *   Fiber[:storage_var] = 1
+ *   e = Enumerator.new do |y|
+ *     p Thread.current[:fiber_local] # for external iteration: nil, for internal iteration: 1
+ *     p Fiber[:storage_var] # => 1, inherited
+ *     Fiber[:storage_var] += 1
+ *     y << 42
+ *   end
+ *
+ *   p e.next # => 42
+ *   p Fiber[:storage_var] # => 1 (it ran in a different Fiber)
  *
- * Moreover, implementation typically uses fibers so performance could be
- * slower and exception stacktraces different than expected.
+ *   e.each { p _1 }
+ *   p Fiber[:storage_var] # => 2 (it ran in the same Fiber/"stack" as the current Fiber)
  *
- * You can use this to implement an internal iterator as follows:
+ *  == Convert External Iteration to Internal Iteration
+ *
+ * You can use an external iterator to implement an internal iterator as follows:
  *
  *   def ext_each(e)
  *     while true
@@ -132,7 +164,10 @@ static VALUE sym_each, sym_cycle, sym_yield;
 
 static VALUE lazy_use_super_method;
 
+extern ID ruby_static_id_cause;
+
 #define id_call idCall
+#define id_cause ruby_static_id_cause
 #define id_each idEach
 #define id_eqq idEqq
 #define id_initialize idInitialize
@@ -173,9 +208,11 @@ struct producer {
 
 typedef struct MEMO *lazyenum_proc_func(VALUE, struct MEMO *, VALUE, long);
 typedef VALUE lazyenum_size_func(VALUE, VALUE);
+typedef int lazyenum_precheck_func(VALUE proc_entry);
 typedef struct {
     lazyenum_proc_func *proc;
     lazyenum_size_func *size;
+    lazyenum_precheck_func *precheck;
 } lazyenum_funcs;
 
 struct proc_entry {
@@ -260,7 +297,7 @@ enumerator_ptr(VALUE obj)
     struct enumerator *ptr;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct enumerator, &enumerator_data_type, ptr);
-    if (!ptr || ptr->obj == Qundef) {
+    if (!ptr || UNDEF_P(ptr->obj)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "uninitialized enumerator");
     }
     return ptr;
@@ -519,8 +556,8 @@ rb_enumeratorize(VALUE obj, VALUE meth, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
     return rb_enumeratorize_with_size(obj, meth, argc, argv, 0);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-lazy_to_enum_i(VALUE self, VALUE meth, int argc, const VALUE *argv, rb_enumerator_size_func *size_fn, int kw_splat);
+static VALUE lazy_to_enum_i(VALUE self, VALUE meth, int argc, const VALUE *argv, rb_enumerator_size_func *size_fn, int kw_splat);
+static int lazy_precheck(VALUE procs);
 
 VALUE
 rb_enumeratorize_with_size_kw(VALUE obj, VALUE meth, int argc, const VALUE *argv, rb_enumerator_size_func *size_fn, int kw_splat)
@@ -598,9 +635,10 @@ enumerator_block_call(VALUE obj, rb_block_call_func *func, VALUE arg)
 static VALUE
 enumerator_each(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
+    struct enumerator *e = enumerator_ptr(obj);
+
     if (argc > 0) {
-        struct enumerator *e = enumerator_ptr(obj = rb_obj_dup(obj));
-        VALUE args = e->args;
+        VALUE args = (e = enumerator_ptr(obj = rb_obj_dup(obj)))->args;
         if (args) {
 #if SIZEOF_INT < SIZEOF_LONG
             /* check int range overflow */
@@ -617,6 +655,9 @@ enumerator_each(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
         e->size_fn = 0;
     }
     if (!rb_block_given_p()) return obj;
+
+    if (!lazy_precheck(e->procs)) return Qnil;
+
     return enumerator_block_call(obj, 0, obj);
 }
 
@@ -735,7 +776,7 @@ next_ii(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(i, obj))
     VALUE feedvalue = Qnil;
     VALUE args = rb_ary_new4(argc, argv);
     rb_fiber_yield(1, &args);
-    if (e->feedvalue != Qundef) {
+    if (!UNDEF_P(e->feedvalue)) {
         feedvalue = e->feedvalue;
         e->feedvalue = Qundef;
     }
@@ -769,8 +810,16 @@ get_next_values(VALUE obj, struct enumerator *e)
 {
     VALUE curr, vs;
 
-    if (e->stop_exc)
-        rb_exc_raise(e->stop_exc);
+    if (e->stop_exc) {
+        VALUE exc = e->stop_exc;
+        VALUE result = rb_attr_get(exc, id_result);
+        VALUE mesg = rb_attr_get(exc, idMesg);
+        if (!NIL_P(mesg)) mesg = rb_str_dup(mesg);
+        VALUE stop_exc = rb_exc_new_str(rb_eStopIteration, mesg);
+        rb_ivar_set(stop_exc, id_cause, exc);
+        rb_ivar_set(stop_exc, id_result, result);
+        rb_exc_raise(stop_exc);
+    }
 
     curr = rb_fiber_current();
 
@@ -840,7 +889,7 @@ enumerator_next_values(VALUE obj)
     struct enumerator *e = enumerator_ptr(obj);
     VALUE vs;
 
-    if (e->lookahead != Qundef) {
+    if (!UNDEF_P(e->lookahead)) {
         vs = e->lookahead;
         e->lookahead = Qundef;
         return vs;
@@ -901,7 +950,7 @@ enumerator_peek_values(VALUE obj)
 {
     struct enumerator *e = enumerator_ptr(obj);
 
-    if (e->lookahead == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(e->lookahead)) {
         e->lookahead = get_next_values(obj, e);
     }
     return e->lookahead;
@@ -1025,7 +1074,7 @@ enumerator_feed(VALUE obj, VALUE v)
 {
     struct enumerator *e = enumerator_ptr(obj);
 
-    if (e->feedvalue != Qundef) {
+    if (!UNDEF_P(e->feedvalue)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "feed value already set");
     }
     e->feedvalue = v;
@@ -1070,7 +1119,7 @@ inspect_enumerator(VALUE obj, VALUE dummy, int recur)
 
     cname = rb_obj_class(obj);
 
-    if (!e || e->obj == Qundef) {
+    if (!e || UNDEF_P(e->obj)) {
         return rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE": uninitialized>", rb_class_path(cname));
     }
 
@@ -1239,7 +1288,7 @@ enumerator_size(VALUE obj)
         argv = RARRAY_CONST_PTR(e->args);
     }
     size = rb_check_funcall_kw(e->size, id_call, argc, argv, e->kw_splat);
-    if (size != Qundef) return size;
+    if (!UNDEF_P(size)) return size;
     return e->size;
 }
 
@@ -1285,7 +1334,7 @@ yielder_ptr(VALUE obj)
     struct yielder *ptr;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct yielder, &yielder_data_type, ptr);
-    if (!ptr || ptr->proc == Qundef) {
+    if (!ptr || UNDEF_P(ptr->proc)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "uninitialized yielder");
     }
     return ptr;
@@ -1425,7 +1474,7 @@ generator_ptr(VALUE obj)
     struct generator *ptr;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct generator, &generator_data_type, ptr);
-    if (!ptr || ptr->proc == Qundef) {
+    if (!ptr || UNDEF_P(ptr->proc)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "uninitialized generator");
     }
     return ptr;
@@ -1529,7 +1578,7 @@ static VALUE
 enum_size(VALUE self)
 {
     VALUE r = rb_check_funcall(self, id_size, 0, 0);
-    return (r == Qundef) ? Qnil : r;
+    return UNDEF_P(r) ? Qnil : r;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -1562,7 +1611,7 @@ lazy_init_iterator(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(val, m))
         result = rb_yield_values2(len, nargv);
         ALLOCV_END(args);
     }
-    if (result == Qundef) rb_iter_break();
+    if (UNDEF_P(result)) rb_iter_break();
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -1676,6 +1725,22 @@ lazy_generator_init(VALUE enumerator, VALUE procs)
     return generator;
 }
 
+static int
+lazy_precheck(VALUE procs)
+{
+    if (RTEST(procs)) {
+        long num_procs = RARRAY_LEN(procs), i = num_procs;
+        while (i-- > 0) {
+            VALUE proc = RARRAY_AREF(procs, i);
+            struct proc_entry *entry = proc_entry_ptr(proc);
+            lazyenum_precheck_func *precheck = entry->fn->precheck;
+            if (precheck && !precheck(proc)) return FALSE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
 /*
  * Document-class: Enumerator::Lazy
  *
@@ -2425,13 +2490,8 @@ lazy_take_proc(VALUE proc_entry, struct MEMO *result, VALUE memos, long memo_ind
     }
 
     remain = NUM2LONG(memo);
-    if (remain == 0) {
-        LAZY_MEMO_SET_BREAK(result);
-    }
-    else {
-        if (--remain == 0) LAZY_MEMO_SET_BREAK(result);
-        rb_ary_store(memos, memo_index, LONG2NUM(remain));
-    }
+    if (--remain == 0) LAZY_MEMO_SET_BREAK(result);
+    rb_ary_store(memos, memo_index, LONG2NUM(remain));
     return result;
 }
 
@@ -2444,8 +2504,15 @@ lazy_take_size(VALUE entry, VALUE receiver)
     return LONG2NUM(len);
 }
 
+static int
+lazy_take_precheck(VALUE proc_entry)
+{
+    struct proc_entry *entry = proc_entry_ptr(proc_entry);
+    return entry->memo != INT2FIX(0);
+}
+
 static const lazyenum_funcs lazy_take_funcs = {
-    lazy_take_proc, lazy_take_size,
+    lazy_take_proc, lazy_take_size, lazy_take_precheck,
 };
 
 /*
@@ -2459,20 +2526,14 @@ static VALUE
 lazy_take(VALUE obj, VALUE n)
 {
     long len = NUM2LONG(n);
-    int argc = 0;
-    VALUE argv[2];
 
     if (len < 0) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "attempt to take negative size");
     }
 
-    if (len == 0) {
-       argv[0] = sym_cycle;
-       argv[1] = INT2NUM(0);
-       argc = 2;
-    }
+    n = LONG2NUM(len);          /* no more conversion */
 
-    return lazy_add_method(obj, argc, argv, n, rb_ary_new3(1, n), &lazy_take_funcs);
+    return lazy_add_method(obj, 0, 0, n, rb_ary_new3(1, n), &lazy_take_funcs);
 }
 
 static struct MEMO *
@@ -2923,7 +2984,7 @@ producer_ptr(VALUE obj)
     struct producer *ptr;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct producer, &producer_data_type, ptr);
-    if (!ptr || ptr->proc == Qundef) {
+    if (!ptr || UNDEF_P(ptr->proc)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "uninitialized producer");
     }
     return ptr;
@@ -2978,7 +3039,7 @@ producer_each_i(VALUE obj)
     init = ptr->init;
     proc = ptr->proc;
 
-    if (init == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(init)) {
         curr = Qnil;
     }
     else {
@@ -3109,7 +3170,7 @@ enum_chain_ptr(VALUE obj)
     struct enum_chain *ptr;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct enum_chain, &enum_chain_data_type, ptr);
-    if (!ptr || ptr->enums == Qundef) {
+    if (!ptr || UNDEF_P(ptr->enums)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "uninitialized chain");
     }
     return ptr;
@@ -3302,7 +3363,7 @@ inspect_enum_chain(VALUE obj, VALUE dummy, int recur)
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct enum_chain, &enum_chain_data_type, ptr);
 
-    if (!ptr || ptr->enums == Qundef) {
+    if (!ptr || UNDEF_P(ptr->enums)) {
         return rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE": uninitialized>", rb_class_path(klass));
     }
 
@@ -3384,7 +3445,7 @@ enumerator_plus(VALUE obj, VALUE eobj)
  *
  * The method used against each enumerable object is `each_entry`
  * instead of `each` so that the product of N enumerable objects
- * yields exactly N arguments in each iteration.
+ * yields an array of exactly N elements in each iteration.
  *
  * When no enumerator is given, it calls a given block once yielding
  * an empty argument list.
@@ -3431,7 +3492,7 @@ enum_product_ptr(VALUE obj)
     struct enum_product *ptr;
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct enum_product, &enum_product_data_type, ptr);
-    if (!ptr || ptr->enums == Qundef) {
+    if (!ptr || UNDEF_P(ptr->enums)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "uninitialized product");
     }
     return ptr;
@@ -3462,9 +3523,16 @@ enum_product_allocate(VALUE klass)
  *   e.size #=> 6
  */
 static VALUE
-enum_product_initialize(VALUE obj, VALUE enums)
+enum_product_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
     struct enum_product *ptr;
+    VALUE enums = Qnil, options = Qnil;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "*:", &enums, &options);
+
+    if (!NIL_P(options) && !RHASH_EMPTY_P(options)) {
+        rb_exc_raise(rb_keyword_error_new("unknown", rb_hash_keys(options)));
+    }
 
     rb_check_frozen(obj);
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct enum_product, &enum_product_data_type, ptr);
@@ -3570,7 +3638,7 @@ product_each(VALUE obj, struct product_state *pstate)
         rb_block_call(eobj, id_each_entry, 0, NULL, product_each_i, (VALUE)pstate);
     }
     else {
-        rb_funcallv(pstate->block, id_call, pstate->argc, pstate->argv);
+        rb_funcall(pstate->block, id_call, 1, rb_ary_new_from_values(pstate->argc, pstate->argv));
     }
 
     return obj;
@@ -3642,7 +3710,7 @@ inspect_enum_product(VALUE obj, VALUE dummy, int recur)
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(obj, struct enum_product, &enum_product_data_type, ptr);
 
-    if (!ptr || ptr->enums == Qundef) {
+    if (!ptr || UNDEF_P(ptr->enums)) {
         return rb_sprintf("#<%"PRIsVALUE": uninitialized>", rb_class_path(klass));
     }
 
@@ -3668,6 +3736,7 @@ enum_product_inspect(VALUE obj)
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   Enumerator.product(*enums) -> enumerator
+ *   Enumerator.product(*enums) { |elts| ... } -> enumerator
  *
  * Generates a new enumerator object that generates a Cartesian
  * product of given enumerable objects.  This is equivalent to
@@ -3676,18 +3745,29 @@ enum_product_inspect(VALUE obj)
  *   e = Enumerator.product(1..3, [4, 5])
  *   e.to_a #=> [[1, 4], [1, 5], [2, 4], [2, 5], [3, 4], [3, 5]]
  *   e.size #=> 6
+ *
+ * When a block is given, calls the block with each N-element array
+ * generated and returns +nil+.
  */
 static VALUE
-enumerator_s_product(VALUE klass, VALUE enums)
+enumerator_s_product(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    VALUE obj = enum_product_initialize(enum_product_allocate(rb_cEnumProduct), enums);
+    VALUE enums = Qnil, options = Qnil, block = Qnil;
 
-    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-        return enum_product_run(obj, rb_block_proc());
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "*:&", &enums, &options, &block);
+
+    if (!NIL_P(options) && !RHASH_EMPTY_P(options)) {
+        rb_exc_raise(rb_keyword_error_new("unknown", rb_hash_keys(options)));
     }
-    else {
-        return obj;
+
+    VALUE obj = enum_product_initialize(argc, argv, enum_product_allocate(rb_cEnumProduct));
+
+    if (!NIL_P(block)) {
+        enum_product_run(obj, block);
+        return Qnil;
     }
+
+    return obj;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -4567,7 +4647,7 @@ InitVM_Enumerator(void)
     /* Product */
     rb_cEnumProduct = rb_define_class_under(rb_cEnumerator, "Product", rb_cEnumerator);
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cEnumProduct, enum_product_allocate);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cEnumProduct, "initialize", enum_product_initialize, -2);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cEnumProduct, "initialize", enum_product_initialize, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cEnumProduct, "initialize_copy", enum_product_init_copy, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cEnumProduct, "each", enum_product_each, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cEnumProduct, "size", enum_product_size, 0);
@@ -4578,7 +4658,7 @@ InitVM_Enumerator(void)
     rb_undef_method(rb_cEnumProduct, "next_values");
     rb_undef_method(rb_cEnumProduct, "peek");
     rb_undef_method(rb_cEnumProduct, "peek_values");
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cEnumerator, "product", enumerator_s_product, -2);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cEnumerator, "product", enumerator_s_product, -1);
 
     /* ArithmeticSequence */
     rb_cArithSeq = rb_define_class_under(rb_cEnumerator, "ArithmeticSequence", rb_cEnumerator);
diff --git a/error.c b/error.c
index 07fa04627e..726f57a4c0 100644
--- a/error.c
+++ b/error.c
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #include "internal/io.h"
 #include "internal/load.h"
 #include "internal/object.h"
+#include "internal/string.h"
 #include "internal/symbol.h"
 #include "internal/thread.h"
 #include "internal/variable.h"
@@ -124,6 +125,8 @@ err_vcatf(VALUE str, const char *pre, const char *file, int line,
     return str;
 }
 
+static VALUE syntax_error_with_path(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE*, rb_encoding*);
+
 VALUE
 rb_syntax_error_append(VALUE exc, VALUE file, int line, int column,
                        rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, va_list args)
@@ -137,15 +140,7 @@ rb_syntax_error_append(VALUE exc, VALUE file, int line, int column,
     }
     else {
         VALUE mesg;
-        if (NIL_P(exc)) {
-            mesg = rb_enc_str_new(0, 0, enc);
-            exc = rb_class_new_instance(1, &mesg, rb_eSyntaxError);
-        }
-        else {
-            mesg = rb_attr_get(exc, idMesg);
-            if (RSTRING_LEN(mesg) > 0 && *(RSTRING_END(mesg)-1) != '\n')
-                rb_str_cat_cstr(mesg, "\n");
-        }
+        exc = syntax_error_with_path(exc, file, &mesg, enc);
         err_vcatf(mesg, NULL, fn, line, fmt, args);
     }
 
@@ -405,8 +400,10 @@ warning_string(rb_encoding *enc, const char *fmt, va_list args)
 }
 
 #define with_warning_string(mesg, enc, fmt) \
+    with_warning_string_from(mesg, enc, fmt, fmt)
+#define with_warning_string_from(mesg, enc, fmt, last_arg) \
     VALUE mesg; \
-    va_list args; va_start(args, fmt); \
+    va_list args; va_start(args, last_arg); \
     mesg = warning_string(enc, fmt, args); \
     va_end(args);
 
@@ -423,7 +420,7 @@ rb_warn(const char *fmt, ...)
 void
 rb_category_warn(rb_warning_category_t category, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
-    if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) {
+    if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose) && rb_warning_category_enabled_p(category)) {
         with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
             rb_warn_category(mesg, rb_warning_category_to_name(category));
         }
@@ -455,7 +452,7 @@ rb_warning(const char *fmt, ...)
 void
 rb_category_warning(rb_warning_category_t category, const char *fmt, ...)
 {
-    if (RTEST(ruby_verbose)) {
+    if (RTEST(ruby_verbose) && rb_warning_category_enabled_p(category)) {
         with_warning_string(mesg, 0, fmt) {
             rb_warn_category(mesg, rb_warning_category_to_name(category));
         }
@@ -508,12 +505,9 @@ rb_warn_deprecated(const char *fmt, const char *suggest, ...)
 {
     if (!deprecation_warning_enabled()) return;
 
-    va_list args;
-    va_start(args, suggest);
-    VALUE mesg = warning_string(0, fmt, args);
-    va_end(args);
-
-    warn_deprecated(mesg, NULL, suggest);
+    with_warning_string_from(mesg, 0, fmt, suggest) {
+        warn_deprecated(mesg, NULL, suggest);
+    }
 }
 
 void
@@ -521,12 +515,9 @@ rb_warn_deprecated_to_remove(const char *removal, const char *fmt, const char *s
 {
     if (!deprecation_warning_enabled()) return;
 
-    va_list args;
-    va_start(args, suggest);
-    VALUE mesg = warning_string(0, fmt, args);
-    va_end(args);
-
-    warn_deprecated(mesg, removal, suggest);
+    with_warning_string_from(mesg, 0, fmt, suggest) {
+        warn_deprecated(mesg, removal, suggest);
+    }
 }
 
 static inline int
@@ -669,6 +660,11 @@ bug_important_message(FILE *out, const char *const msg, size_t len)
     fwrite(p, 1, endmsg - p, out);
 }
 
+#undef CRASH_REPORTER_MAY_BE_CREATED
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && \
+    (!defined(MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_6) || MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_6 || defined(__POWERPC__)) /* 10.6 PPC case */
+# define CRASH_REPORTER_MAY_BE_CREATED
+#endif
 static void
 preface_dump(FILE *out)
 {
@@ -677,7 +673,7 @@ preface_dump(FILE *out)
         "-- Crash Report log information "
         "--------------------------------------------\n"
         "   See Crash Report log file in one of the following locations:\n"
-# if MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_6
+# ifdef CRASH_REPORTER_MAY_BE_CREATED
         "     * ~/Library/Logs/CrashReporter\n"
         "     * /Library/Logs/CrashReporter\n"
 # endif
@@ -702,7 +698,7 @@ postscript_dump(FILE *out)
         "[IMPORTANT]"
         /*" ------------------------------------------------"*/
         "\n""Don't forget to include the Crash Report log file under\n"
-# if MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_6
+# ifdef CRASH_REPORTER_MAY_BE_CREATED
         "CrashReporter or "
 # endif
         "DiagnosticReports directory in bug reports.\n"
@@ -1003,7 +999,7 @@ rb_check_type(VALUE x, int t)
 {
     int xt;
 
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(x == Qundef)) {
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(UNDEF_P(x))) {
         rb_bug(UNDEF_LEAKED);
     }
 
@@ -1024,7 +1020,7 @@ rb_check_type(VALUE x, int t)
 void
 rb_unexpected_type(VALUE x, int t)
 {
-    if (RB_UNLIKELY(x == Qundef)) {
+    if (RB_UNLIKELY(UNDEF_P(x))) {
         rb_bug(UNDEF_LEAKED);
     }
 
@@ -1226,7 +1222,7 @@ VALUE
 rb_get_message(VALUE exc)
 {
     VALUE e = rb_check_funcall(exc, id_message, 0, 0);
-    if (e == Qundef) return Qnil;
+    if (UNDEF_P(e)) return Qnil;
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(e, T_STRING)) e = rb_check_string_type(e);
     return e;
 }
@@ -1241,7 +1237,7 @@ rb_get_detailed_message(VALUE exc, VALUE opt)
     else {
         e = rb_check_funcall_kw(exc, id_detailed_message, 1, &opt, 1);
     }
-    if (e == Qundef) return Qnil;
+    if (UNDEF_P(e)) return Qnil;
     if (!RB_TYPE_P(e, T_STRING)) e = rb_check_string_type(e);
     return e;
 }
@@ -1439,8 +1435,15 @@ exc_inspect(VALUE exc)
     str = rb_str_buf_new2("#<");
     klass = rb_class_name(klass);
     rb_str_buf_append(str, klass);
-    rb_str_buf_cat(str, ": ", 2);
-    rb_str_buf_append(str, exc);
+
+    if (RTEST(rb_str_include(exc, rb_str_new2("\n")))) {
+        rb_str_catf(str, ":%+"PRIsVALUE, exc);
+    }
+    else {
+        rb_str_buf_cat(str, ": ", 2);
+        rb_str_buf_append(str, exc);
+    }
+
     rb_str_buf_cat(str, ">", 1);
 
     return str;
@@ -1626,15 +1629,15 @@ exc_equal(VALUE exc, VALUE obj)
         int state;
 
         obj = rb_protect(try_convert_to_exception, obj, &state);
-        if (state || obj == Qundef) {
+        if (state || UNDEF_P(obj)) {
             rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
             return Qfalse;
         }
         if (rb_obj_class(exc) != rb_obj_class(obj)) return Qfalse;
         mesg = rb_check_funcall(obj, id_message, 0, 0);
-        if (mesg == Qundef) return Qfalse;
+        if (UNDEF_P(mesg)) return Qfalse;
         backtrace = rb_check_funcall(obj, id_backtrace, 0, 0);
-        if (backtrace == Qundef) return Qfalse;
+        if (UNDEF_P(backtrace)) return Qfalse;
     }
     else {
         mesg = rb_attr_get(obj, id_mesg);
@@ -1737,7 +1740,7 @@ exit_success_p(VALUE exc)
 static VALUE
 err_init_recv(VALUE exc, VALUE recv)
 {
-    if (recv != Qundef) rb_ivar_set(exc, id_recv, recv);
+    if (!UNDEF_P(recv)) rb_ivar_set(exc, id_recv, recv);
     return exc;
 }
 
@@ -1815,7 +1818,9 @@ name_err_init_attr(VALUE exc, VALUE recv, VALUE method)
     cfp = rb_vm_get_ruby_level_next_cfp(ec, cfp);
     rb_ivar_set(exc, id_name, method);
     err_init_recv(exc, recv);
-    if (cfp) rb_ivar_set(exc, id_iseq, rb_iseqw_new(cfp->iseq));
+    if (cfp && VM_FRAME_TYPE(cfp) != VM_FRAME_MAGIC_DUMMY) {
+        rb_ivar_set(exc, id_iseq, rb_iseqw_new(cfp->iseq));
+    }
     return exc;
 }
 
@@ -2081,7 +2086,7 @@ name_err_mesg_to_str(VALUE obj)
             break;
           default:
             d = rb_protect(name_err_mesg_receiver_name, obj, &state);
-            if (state || d == Qundef || NIL_P(d))
+            if (state || NIL_OR_UNDEF_P(d))
                 d = rb_protect(rb_inspect, obj, &state);
             if (state) {
                 rb_set_errinfo(Qnil);
@@ -2136,7 +2141,7 @@ name_err_receiver(VALUE self)
     VALUE *ptr, recv, mesg;
 
     recv = rb_ivar_lookup(self, id_recv, Qundef);
-    if (recv != Qundef) return recv;
+    if (!UNDEF_P(recv)) return recv;
 
     mesg = rb_attr_get(self, id_mesg);
     if (!rb_typeddata_is_kind_of(mesg, &name_err_mesg_data_type)) {
@@ -2194,7 +2199,7 @@ key_err_receiver(VALUE self)
     VALUE recv;
 
     recv = rb_ivar_lookup(self, id_receiver, Qundef);
-    if (recv != Qundef) return recv;
+    if (!UNDEF_P(recv)) return recv;
     rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no receiver is available");
 }
 
@@ -2211,7 +2216,7 @@ key_err_key(VALUE self)
     VALUE key;
 
     key = rb_ivar_lookup(self, id_key, Qundef);
-    if (key != Qundef) return key;
+    if (!UNDEF_P(key)) return key;
     rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no key is available");
 }
 
@@ -2249,7 +2254,7 @@ key_err_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
         keywords[1] = id_key;
         rb_get_kwargs(options, keywords, 0, numberof(values), values);
         for (i = 0; i < numberof(values); ++i) {
-            if (values[i] != Qundef) {
+            if (!UNDEF_P(values[i])) {
                 rb_ivar_set(self, keywords[i], values[i]);
             }
         }
@@ -2271,7 +2276,7 @@ no_matching_pattern_key_err_matchee(VALUE self)
     VALUE matchee;
 
     matchee = rb_ivar_lookup(self, id_matchee, Qundef);
-    if (matchee != Qundef) return matchee;
+    if (!UNDEF_P(matchee)) return matchee;
     rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no matchee is available");
 }
 
@@ -2288,7 +2293,7 @@ no_matching_pattern_key_err_key(VALUE self)
     VALUE key;
 
     key = rb_ivar_lookup(self, id_key, Qundef);
-    if (key != Qundef) return key;
+    if (!UNDEF_P(key)) return key;
     rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "no key is available");
 }
 
@@ -2315,7 +2320,7 @@ no_matching_pattern_key_err_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
         keywords[1] = id_key;
         rb_get_kwargs(options, keywords, 0, numberof(values), values);
         for (i = 0; i < numberof(values); ++i) {
-            if (values[i] != Qundef) {
+            if (!UNDEF_P(values[i])) {
                 rb_ivar_set(self, keywords[i], values[i]);
             }
         }
@@ -2344,6 +2349,25 @@ syntax_error_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
 }
 
+static VALUE
+syntax_error_with_path(VALUE exc, VALUE path, VALUE *mesg, rb_encoding *enc)
+{
+    if (NIL_P(exc)) {
+        *mesg = rb_enc_str_new(0, 0, enc);
+        exc = rb_class_new_instance(1, mesg, rb_eSyntaxError);
+        rb_ivar_set(exc, id_i_path, path);
+    }
+    else {
+        if (rb_attr_get(exc, id_i_path) != path) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "SyntaxError#path changed");
+        }
+        VALUE s = *mesg = rb_attr_get(exc, idMesg);
+        if (RSTRING_LEN(s) > 0 && *(RSTRING_END(s)-1) != '\n')
+            rb_str_cat_cstr(s, "\n");
+    }
+    return exc;
+}
+
 /*
  *  Document-module: Errno
  *
@@ -2437,9 +2461,6 @@ get_syserr(int n)
 static VALUE
 syserr_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-#if !defined(_WIN32)
-    char *strerror();
-#endif
     const char *err;
     VALUE mesg, error, func, errmsg;
     VALUE klass = rb_obj_class(self);
@@ -2940,6 +2961,8 @@ ivar_copy_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t exc)
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+void rb_exc_check_circular_cause(VALUE exc);
+
 static VALUE
 exception_loader(VALUE exc, VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -2954,6 +2977,8 @@ exception_loader(VALUE exc, VALUE obj)
 
     rb_ivar_foreach(obj, ivar_copy_i, exc);
 
+    rb_exc_check_circular_cause(exc);
+
     if (rb_attr_get(exc, id_bt) == rb_attr_get(exc, id_bt_locations)) {
         rb_ivar_set(exc, id_bt_locations, Qnil);
     }
@@ -3005,9 +3030,16 @@ Init_Exception(void)
     rb_eSyntaxError = rb_define_class("SyntaxError", rb_eScriptError);
     rb_define_method(rb_eSyntaxError, "initialize", syntax_error_initialize, -1);
 
+    /* RDoc will use literal name value while parsing rb_attr,
+    *  and will render `idPath` as an attribute name without this trick */
+    ID path = idPath;
+
+    /* the path failed to parse */
+    rb_attr(rb_eSyntaxError, path, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE);
+
     rb_eLoadError   = rb_define_class("LoadError", rb_eScriptError);
     /* the path failed to load */
-    rb_attr(rb_eLoadError, rb_intern_const("path"), TRUE, FALSE, FALSE);
+    rb_attr(rb_eLoadError, path, TRUE, FALSE, FALSE);
 
     rb_eNotImpError = rb_define_class("NotImplementedError", rb_eScriptError);
 
diff --git a/eval.c b/eval.c
index cf32a82214..a61dfb1289 100644
--- a/eval.c
+++ b/eval.c
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 #include "gc.h"
 #include "internal.h"
 #include "internal/class.h"
+#include "internal/cont.h"
 #include "internal/error.h"
 #include "internal/eval.h"
 #include "internal/hash.h"
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ NORETURN(static void rb_raise_jump(VALUE, VALUE));
 void rb_ec_clear_current_thread_trace_func(const rb_execution_context_t *ec);
 void rb_ec_clear_all_trace_func(const rb_execution_context_t *ec);
 
-static int rb_ec_cleanup(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int ex);
+static int rb_ec_cleanup(rb_execution_context_t *ec, enum ruby_tag_type ex);
 static int rb_ec_exec_node(rb_execution_context_t *ec, void *n);
 
 VALUE rb_eLocalJumpError;
@@ -99,8 +100,10 @@ ruby_init(void)
 {
     int state = ruby_setup();
     if (state) {
-        if (RTEST(ruby_debug))
-            error_print(GET_EC());
+        if (RTEST(ruby_debug)) {
+            rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+            rb_ec_error_print(ec, ec->errinfo);
+        }
         exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
     }
 }
@@ -119,8 +122,9 @@ ruby_options(int argc, char **argv)
     }
     else {
         rb_ec_clear_current_thread_trace_func(ec);
-        state = error_handle(ec, state);
-        iseq = (void *)INT2FIX(state);
+        int exitcode = error_handle(ec, ec->errinfo, state);
+        ec->errinfo = Qnil; /* just been handled */
+        iseq = (void *)INT2FIX(exitcode);
     }
     EC_POP_TAG();
     return iseq;
@@ -136,7 +140,7 @@ rb_ec_fiber_scheduler_finalize(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
         rb_fiber_scheduler_set(Qnil);
     }
     else {
-        state = error_handle(ec, state);
+        state = error_handle(ec, ec->errinfo, state);
     }
     EC_POP_TAG();
 }
@@ -175,20 +179,21 @@ ruby_finalize(void)
 int
 ruby_cleanup(int ex)
 {
-    return rb_ec_cleanup(GET_EC(), ex);
+    return rb_ec_cleanup(GET_EC(), (enum ruby_tag_type)ex);
 }
 
 static int
-rb_ec_cleanup(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int ex0)
+rb_ec_cleanup(rb_execution_context_t *ec, enum ruby_tag_type ex)
 {
     int state;
-    volatile VALUE errs[2] = { Qundef, Qundef };
-    int nerr;
+    volatile VALUE save_error = Qundef;
+    volatile int sysex = EXIT_SUCCESS;
+    volatile int signaled = 0;
     rb_thread_t *th = rb_ec_thread_ptr(ec);
     rb_thread_t *const volatile th0 = th;
-    volatile int sysex = EXIT_SUCCESS;
     volatile int step = 0;
-    volatile int ex = ex0;
+    volatile VALUE message = Qnil;
+    VALUE buf;
 
     rb_threadptr_interrupt(th);
     rb_threadptr_check_signal(th);
@@ -198,60 +203,61 @@ rb_ec_cleanup(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int ex0)
         SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF(th, { RUBY_VM_CHECK_INTS(ec); });
 
       step_0: step++;
-        errs[1] = ec->errinfo;
+        save_error = ec->errinfo;
         if (THROW_DATA_P(ec->errinfo)) ec->errinfo = Qnil;
-        ruby_init_stack(&errs[STACK_UPPER(errs, 0, 1)]);
+        ruby_init_stack(&message);
 
+        /* exits with failure but silently when an exception raised
+         * here */
         SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF(th, rb_ec_teardown(ec));
 
       step_1: step++;
+        VALUE err = ec->errinfo;
+        volatile int mode0 = 0, mode1 = 0;
+        if (err != save_error && !NIL_P(err)) {
+            mode0 = exiting_split(err, &sysex, &signaled);
+        }
+
+        /* exceptions after here will be ignored */
+
+        /* build error message including causes */
+        err = ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE(save_error, Qnil);
+
+        if (!NIL_P(err) && !THROW_DATA_P(err)) {
+            mode1 = exiting_split(err, (mode0 & EXITING_WITH_STATUS) ? NULL : &sysex, &signaled);
+            if (mode1 & EXITING_WITH_MESSAGE) {
+                buf = rb_str_new(NULL, 0);
+                SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF(th, rb_ec_error_print_detailed(ec, err, buf, Qundef));
+                message = buf;
+            }
+        }
+
+      step_2: step++;
         /* protect from Thread#raise */
         th->status = THREAD_KILLED;
 
-        errs[0] = ec->errinfo;
         SAVE_ROOT_JMPBUF(th, rb_ractor_terminate_all());
+
+      step_3: step++;
+        if (!NIL_P(buf = message)) {
+            warn_print_str(buf);
+        }
+        else if (!NIL_OR_UNDEF_P(err = save_error) ||
+                 (ex != TAG_NONE && !((mode0|mode1) & EXITING_WITH_STATUS))) {
+            sysex = error_handle(ec, err, ex);
+        }
     }
     else {
         th = th0;
         switch (step) {
           case 0: goto step_0;
           case 1: goto step_1;
-        }
-        if (ex == 0) ex = state;
-    }
-    ec->errinfo = errs[1];
-    sysex = error_handle(ec, ex);
-
-    state = 0;
-    for (nerr = 0; nerr < numberof(errs); ++nerr) {
-        VALUE err = ATOMIC_VALUE_EXCHANGE(errs[nerr], Qnil);
-        VALUE sig;
-
-        if (!RTEST(err)) continue;
-
-        /* ec->errinfo contains a NODE while break'ing */
-        if (THROW_DATA_P(err)) continue;
-
-        if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(err, rb_eSystemExit)) {
-            sysex = sysexit_status(err);
-            break;
-        }
-        else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(err, rb_eSignal)) {
-            VALUE sig = rb_ivar_get(err, id_signo);
-            state = NUM2INT(sig);
-            break;
-        }
-        else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(err, rb_eSystemCallError) &&
-                 FIXNUM_P(sig = rb_attr_get(err, id_signo))) {
-            state = NUM2INT(sig);
-            break;
-        }
-        else if (sysex == EXIT_SUCCESS) {
-            sysex = EXIT_FAILURE;
+          case 2: goto step_2;
+          case 3: goto step_3;
         }
     }
 
-    mjit_finish(true); // We still need ISeqs here.
+    mjit_finish(true); // We still need ISeqs here, so it's before rb_ec_finalize().
 
     rb_ec_finalize(ec);
 
@@ -262,7 +268,10 @@ rb_ec_cleanup(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int ex0)
     th = th0;
     rb_thread_stop_timer_thread();
     ruby_vm_destruct(th->vm);
-    if (state) ruby_default_signal(state);
+    // For YJIT, call this after ruby_vm_destruct() frees jit_cont for the root fiber.
+    rb_jit_cont_finish();
+
+    if (signaled) ruby_default_signal(signaled);
 
     return sysex;
 }
@@ -314,7 +323,7 @@ ruby_run_node(void *n)
     rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
     int status;
     if (!ruby_executable_node(n, &status)) {
-        rb_ec_cleanup(ec, 0);
+        rb_ec_cleanup(ec, (NIL_P(ec->errinfo) ? TAG_NONE : TAG_RAISE));
         return status;
     }
     ruby_init_stack((void *)&status);
@@ -511,7 +520,7 @@ exc_setup_message(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE mesg, VALUE *cause)
         nocause = 0;
         nocircular = 1;
     }
-    if (*cause == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(*cause)) {
         if (nocause) {
             *cause = Qnil;
             nocircular = 1;
@@ -527,13 +536,17 @@ exc_setup_message(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE mesg, VALUE *cause)
         rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "exception object expected");
     }
 
-    if (!nocircular && !NIL_P(*cause) && *cause != Qundef && *cause != mesg) {
+    if (!nocircular && !NIL_P(*cause) && !UNDEF_P(*cause) && *cause != mesg) {
+#if 0 /* maybe critical for some cases */
+        rb_exc_check_circular_cause(*cause);
+#else
         VALUE c = *cause;
         while (!NIL_P(c = rb_attr_get(c, id_cause))) {
             if (c == mesg) {
                 rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "circular causes");
             }
         }
+#endif
     }
     return mesg;
 }
@@ -546,18 +559,18 @@ setup_exception(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int tag, volatile VALUE mesg, VALUE
     const char *file = rb_source_location_cstr(&line);
     const char *const volatile file0 = file;
 
-    if ((file && !NIL_P(mesg)) || (cause != Qundef))  {
+    if ((file && !NIL_P(mesg)) || !UNDEF_P(cause))  {
         volatile int state = 0;
 
         EC_PUSH_TAG(ec);
         if (EC_EXEC_TAG() == TAG_NONE && !(state = rb_ec_set_raised(ec))) {
             VALUE bt = rb_get_backtrace(mesg);
-            if (!NIL_P(bt) || cause == Qundef) {
+            if (!NIL_P(bt) || UNDEF_P(cause)) {
                 if (OBJ_FROZEN(mesg)) {
                     mesg = rb_obj_dup(mesg);
                 }
             }
-            if (cause != Qundef && !THROW_DATA_P(cause)) {
+            if (!UNDEF_P(cause) && !THROW_DATA_P(cause)) {
                 exc_setup_cause(mesg, cause);
             }
             if (NIL_P(bt)) {
@@ -630,10 +643,14 @@ setup_exception(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int tag, volatile VALUE mesg, VALUE
 void
 rb_ec_setup_exception(const rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE mesg, VALUE cause)
 {
-    if (cause == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(cause)) {
         cause = get_ec_errinfo(ec);
     }
     if (cause != mesg) {
+        if (THROW_DATA_P(cause)) {
+            cause = Qnil;
+        }
+
         rb_ivar_set(mesg, id_cause, cause);
     }
 }
@@ -725,7 +742,7 @@ rb_f_raise(int argc, VALUE *argv)
 
     argc = extract_raise_opts(argc, argv, opts);
     if (argc == 0) {
-        if (*cause != Qundef) {
+        if (!UNDEF_P(*cause)) {
             rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "only cause is given with no arguments");
         }
         err = get_errinfo();
@@ -801,7 +818,7 @@ make_exception(int argc, const VALUE *argv, int isstr)
     if (NIL_P(mesg)) {
         mesg = rb_check_funcall(argv[0], idException, argc != 1, &argv[1]);
     }
-    if (mesg == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(mesg)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "exception class/object expected");
     }
     if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(mesg, rb_eException)) {
@@ -1760,6 +1777,16 @@ rb_obj_extend(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
     return obj;
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_top_main_class(const char *method)
+{
+    VALUE klass = GET_THREAD()->top_wrapper;
+
+    if (!klass) return rb_cObject;
+    rb_warning("main.%s in the wrapped load is effective only in wrapper module", method);
+    return klass;
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     include(module, ...)   -> self
@@ -1772,13 +1799,7 @@ rb_obj_extend(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 top_include(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
-
-    if (th->top_wrapper) {
-        rb_warning("main.include in the wrapped load is effective only in wrapper module");
-        return rb_mod_include(argc, argv, th->top_wrapper);
-    }
-    return rb_mod_include(argc, argv, rb_cObject);
+    return rb_mod_include(argc, argv, rb_top_main_class("include"));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1792,10 +1813,12 @@ top_include(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 top_using(VALUE self, VALUE module)
 {
-    const rb_cref_t *cref = rb_vm_cref();
+    const rb_cref_t *cref = CREF_NEXT(rb_vm_cref());;
     rb_control_frame_t *prev_cfp = previous_frame(GET_EC());
+    rb_thread_t *th = GET_THREAD();
 
-    if (CREF_NEXT(cref) || (prev_cfp && rb_vm_frame_method_entry(prev_cfp))) {
+    if ((th->top_wrapper ? CREF_NEXT(cref) : cref) ||
+        (prev_cfp && rb_vm_frame_method_entry(prev_cfp))) {
         rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "main.using is permitted only at toplevel");
     }
     if (rb_block_given_p()) {
diff --git a/eval_error.c b/eval_error.c
index 6582b805aa..9806683000 100644
--- a/eval_error.c
+++ b/eval_error.c
@@ -73,12 +73,6 @@ set_backtrace(VALUE info, VALUE bt)
     rb_check_funcall(info, set_backtrace, 1, &bt);
 }
 
-static void
-error_print(rb_execution_context_t *ec)
-{
-    rb_ec_error_print(ec, ec->errinfo);
-}
-
 #define CSI_BEGIN "\033["
 #define CSI_SGR "m"
 
@@ -297,6 +291,17 @@ show_cause(VALUE errinfo, VALUE str, VALUE opt, VALUE highlight, VALUE reverse,
 }
 
 void
+rb_exc_check_circular_cause(VALUE exc)
+{
+    VALUE cause = exc, shown_causes = 0;
+    do {
+        if (shown_cause_p(cause, &shown_causes)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "circular causes");
+        }
+    } while (!NIL_P(cause = rb_attr_get(cause, id_cause)));
+}
+
+void
 rb_error_write(VALUE errinfo, VALUE emesg, VALUE errat, VALUE str, VALUE opt, VALUE highlight, VALUE reverse)
 {
     volatile VALUE eclass;
@@ -306,7 +311,7 @@ rb_error_write(VALUE errinfo, VALUE emesg, VALUE errat, VALUE str, VALUE opt, VA
     if (NIL_P(errinfo))
         return;
 
-    if (errat == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(errat)) {
         errat = Qnil;
     }
     eclass = CLASS_OF(errinfo);
@@ -338,13 +343,13 @@ rb_error_write(VALUE errinfo, VALUE emesg, VALUE errat, VALUE str, VALUE opt, VA
     }
 }
 
-void
-rb_ec_error_print(rb_execution_context_t * volatile ec, volatile VALUE errinfo)
+static void
+rb_ec_error_print_detailed(rb_execution_context_t *const ec, const VALUE errinfo, const VALUE str, VALUE emesg0)
 {
     volatile uint8_t raised_flag = ec->raised_flag;
     volatile VALUE errat = Qundef;
-    volatile VALUE emesg = Qundef;
     volatile bool written = false;
+    volatile VALUE emesg = emesg0;
 
     VALUE opt = rb_hash_new();
     VALUE highlight = rb_stderr_tty_p() ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
@@ -358,14 +363,14 @@ rb_ec_error_print(rb_execution_context_t * volatile ec, volatile VALUE errinfo)
     if (EC_EXEC_TAG() == TAG_NONE) {
         errat = rb_get_backtrace(errinfo);
     }
-    if (emesg == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(emesg)) {
         emesg = Qnil;
         emesg = rb_get_detailed_message(errinfo, opt);
     }
 
     if (!written) {
         written = true;
-        rb_error_write(errinfo, emesg, errat, Qnil, opt, highlight, Qfalse);
+        rb_error_write(errinfo, emesg, errat, str, opt, highlight, Qfalse);
     }
 
     EC_POP_TAG();
@@ -373,6 +378,12 @@ rb_ec_error_print(rb_execution_context_t * volatile ec, volatile VALUE errinfo)
     rb_ec_raised_set(ec, raised_flag);
 }
 
+void
+rb_ec_error_print(rb_execution_context_t *volatile ec, volatile VALUE errinfo)
+{
+    rb_ec_error_print_detailed(ec, errinfo, Qnil, Qundef);
+}
+
 #define undef_mesg_for(v, k) rb_fstring_lit("undefined"v" method `%1$s' for "k" `%2$s'")
 #define undef_mesg(v) ( \
         is_mod ? \
@@ -429,11 +440,63 @@ sysexit_status(VALUE err)
     return NUM2INT(st);
 }
 
+enum {
+    EXITING_WITH_MESSAGE = 1,
+    EXITING_WITH_STATUS = 2,
+    EXITING_WITH_SIGNAL = 4
+};
+static int
+exiting_split(VALUE errinfo, volatile int *exitcode, volatile int *sigstatus)
+{
+    int ex = EXIT_SUCCESS;
+    VALUE signo;
+    int sig = 0;
+    int result = 0;
+
+    if (NIL_P(errinfo)) return 0;
+
+    if (THROW_DATA_P(errinfo)) {
+        int throw_state = ((const struct vm_throw_data *)errinfo)->throw_state;
+        ex = throw_state & VM_THROW_STATE_MASK;
+        result |= EXITING_WITH_STATUS;
+    }
+    else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(errinfo, rb_eSystemExit)) {
+        ex = sysexit_status(errinfo);
+        result |= EXITING_WITH_STATUS;
+    }
+    else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(errinfo, rb_eSignal)) {
+        signo = rb_ivar_get(errinfo, id_signo);
+        sig = FIX2INT(signo);
+        result |= EXITING_WITH_SIGNAL;
+        /* no message when exiting by signal */
+        if (signo == INT2FIX(SIGSEGV) || !rb_obj_is_instance_of(errinfo, rb_eSignal))
+            /* except for SEGV and subclasses */
+            result |= EXITING_WITH_MESSAGE;
+    }
+    else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(errinfo, rb_eSystemCallError) &&
+        FIXNUM_P(signo = rb_attr_get(errinfo, id_signo))) {
+        sig = FIX2INT(signo);
+        result |= EXITING_WITH_SIGNAL;
+        /* no message when exiting by error to be mapped to signal */
+    }
+    else {
+        ex = EXIT_FAILURE;
+        result |= EXITING_WITH_STATUS | EXITING_WITH_MESSAGE;
+    }
+
+    if (exitcode && (result & EXITING_WITH_STATUS))
+        *exitcode = ex;
+    if (sigstatus && (result & EXITING_WITH_SIGNAL))
+        *sigstatus = sig;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
 #define unknown_longjmp_status(status) \
     rb_bug("Unknown longjmp status %d", status)
 
 static int
-error_handle(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int ex)
+error_handle(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE errinfo, enum ruby_tag_type ex)
 {
     int status = EXIT_FAILURE;
 
@@ -469,26 +532,13 @@ error_handle(rb_execution_context_t *ec, int ex)
         error_pos(Qnil);
         warn_print("unexpected throw\n");
         break;
-      case TAG_RAISE: {
-        VALUE errinfo = ec->errinfo;
-        if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(errinfo, rb_eSystemExit)) {
-            status = sysexit_status(errinfo);
-        }
-        else if (rb_obj_is_instance_of(errinfo, rb_eSignal) &&
-                 rb_ivar_get(errinfo, id_signo) != INT2FIX(SIGSEGV)) {
-            /* no message when exiting by signal */
+      case TAG_RAISE:
+        if (!(exiting_split(errinfo, &status, NULL) & EXITING_WITH_MESSAGE)) {
+            break;
         }
-        else if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(errinfo, rb_eSystemCallError) &&
-                 FIXNUM_P(rb_attr_get(errinfo, id_signo))) {
-            /* no message when exiting by error to be mapped to signal */
-        }
-        else {
-            rb_ec_error_print(ec, errinfo);
-        }
-        break;
-      }
+        /* fallthrough */
       case TAG_FATAL:
-        error_print(ec);
+        rb_ec_error_print(ec, errinfo);
         break;
       default:
         unknown_longjmp_status(ex);
diff --git a/eval_jump.c b/eval_jump.c
index a6139bc27b..e8e74f4e70 100644
--- a/eval_jump.c
+++ b/eval_jump.c
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ rb_ec_exec_end_proc(rb_execution_context_t * ec)
     }
     else {
         EC_TMPPOP_TAG();
-        error_handle(ec, state);
+        error_handle(ec, ec->errinfo, state);
         if (!NIL_P(ec->errinfo)) errinfo = ec->errinfo;
         EC_REPUSH_TAG();
         goto again;
diff --git a/ext/-test-/marshal/internal_ivar/internal_ivar.c b/ext/-test-/marshal/internal_ivar/internal_ivar.c
index de0cf711aa..b2188f737a 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/marshal/internal_ivar/internal_ivar.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/marshal/internal_ivar/internal_ivar.c
@@ -36,10 +36,7 @@ Init_internal_ivar(void)
     VALUE newclass = rb_define_class_under(mMarshal, "InternalIVar", rb_cObject);
 
     id_normal_ivar = rb_intern_const("normal");
-#if 0
-    /* leave id_internal_ivar being 0 */
-    id_internal_ivar = rb_make_internal_id();
-#endif
+    id_internal_ivar = rb_intern_const("K");
     id_encoding_short = rb_intern_const("E");
     rb_define_method(newclass, "initialize", init, 3);
     rb_define_method(newclass, "normal", get_normal, 0);
diff --git a/ext/-test-/num2int/num2int.c b/ext/-test-/num2int/num2int.c
index 3aec3ccf3b..63a441fda6 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/num2int/num2int.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/num2int/num2int.c
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ static VALUE
 test_num2short(VALUE obj, VALUE num)
 {
     char buf[128];
-    sprintf(buf, "%d", NUM2SHORT(num));
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d", NUM2SHORT(num));
     return rb_str_new_cstr(buf);
 }
 
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ static VALUE
 test_num2ushort(VALUE obj, VALUE num)
 {
     char buf[128];
-    sprintf(buf, "%u", NUM2USHORT(num));
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%u", NUM2USHORT(num));
     return rb_str_new_cstr(buf);
 }
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ static VALUE
 test_num2int(VALUE obj, VALUE num)
 {
     char buf[128];
-    sprintf(buf, "%d", NUM2INT(num));
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d", NUM2INT(num));
     return rb_str_new_cstr(buf);
 }
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ static VALUE
 test_num2uint(VALUE obj, VALUE num)
 {
     char buf[128];
-    sprintf(buf, "%u", NUM2UINT(num));
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%u", NUM2UINT(num));
     return rb_str_new_cstr(buf);
 }
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ static VALUE
 test_num2long(VALUE obj, VALUE num)
 {
     char buf[128];
-    sprintf(buf, "%ld", NUM2LONG(num));
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%ld", NUM2LONG(num));
     return rb_str_new_cstr(buf);
 }
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ static VALUE
 test_num2ulong(VALUE obj, VALUE num)
 {
     char buf[128];
-    sprintf(buf, "%lu", NUM2ULONG(num));
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%lu", NUM2ULONG(num));
     return rb_str_new_cstr(buf);
 }
 
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ static VALUE
 test_num2ll(VALUE obj, VALUE num)
 {
     char buf[128];
-    sprintf(buf, "%"PRI_LL_PREFIX"d", NUM2LL(num));
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%"PRI_LL_PREFIX"d", NUM2LL(num));
     return rb_str_new_cstr(buf);
 }
 
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ static VALUE
 test_num2ull(VALUE obj, VALUE num)
 {
     char buf[128];
-    sprintf(buf, "%"PRI_LL_PREFIX"u", NUM2ULL(num));
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%"PRI_LL_PREFIX"u", NUM2ULL(num));
     return rb_str_new_cstr(buf);
 }
 #endif
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ static VALUE
 test_fix2short(VALUE obj, VALUE num)
 {
     char buf[128];
-    sprintf(buf, "%d", FIX2SHORT(num));
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d", FIX2SHORT(num));
     return rb_str_new_cstr(buf);
 }
 
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ static VALUE
 test_fix2int(VALUE obj, VALUE num)
 {
     char buf[128];
-    sprintf(buf, "%d", FIX2INT(num));
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%d", FIX2INT(num));
     return rb_str_new_cstr(buf);
 }
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ static VALUE
 test_fix2uint(VALUE obj, VALUE num)
 {
     char buf[128];
-    sprintf(buf, "%u", FIX2UINT(num));
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%u", FIX2UINT(num));
     return rb_str_new_cstr(buf);
 }
 
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ static VALUE
 test_fix2long(VALUE obj, VALUE num)
 {
     char buf[128];
-    sprintf(buf, "%ld", FIX2LONG(num));
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%ld", FIX2LONG(num));
     return rb_str_new_cstr(buf);
 }
 
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ static VALUE
 test_fix2ulong(VALUE obj, VALUE num)
 {
     char buf[128];
-    sprintf(buf, "%lu", FIX2ULONG(num));
+    snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%lu", FIX2ULONG(num));
     return rb_str_new_cstr(buf);
 }
 
diff --git a/ext/-test-/random/bad_version.c b/ext/-test-/random/bad_version.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dae63a6d19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/-test-/random/bad_version.c
@@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
+#include "ruby/random.h"
+
+#if RUBY_RANDOM_INTERFACE_VERSION_MAJOR < RUBY_RANDOM_INTERFACE_VERSION_MAJOR_MAX
+# define DEFINE_VERSION_MAX 1
+#else
+# define DEFINE_VERSION_MAX 0
+#endif
+
+NORETURN(static void must_not_reach(void));
+static void
+must_not_reach(void)
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "must not reach");
+}
+
+NORETURN(static void bad_version_init(rb_random_t *, const uint32_t *, size_t));
+static void
+bad_version_init(rb_random_t *rnd, const uint32_t *buf, size_t len)
+{
+    must_not_reach();
+}
+
+NORETURN(static void bad_version_init_int32(rb_random_t *, uint32_t));
+RB_RANDOM_DEFINE_INIT_INT32_FUNC(bad_version)
+
+NORETURN(static void bad_version_get_bytes(rb_random_t *, void *, size_t));
+static void
+bad_version_get_bytes(rb_random_t *rnd, void *p, size_t n)
+{
+    must_not_reach();
+}
+
+NORETURN(static uint32_t bad_version_get_int32(rb_random_t *));
+static uint32_t
+bad_version_get_int32(rb_random_t *rnd)
+{
+    must_not_reach();
+    UNREACHABLE_RETURN(0);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+bad_version_alloc(VALUE klass, const rb_data_type_t *type)
+{
+    rb_random_t *rnd;
+    VALUE obj = TypedData_Make_Struct(klass, rb_random_t, type, rnd);
+    rb_random_base_init(rnd);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/* version 0 */
+static const rb_random_interface_t random_version_zero_if;
+
+static rb_random_data_type_t version_zero_type = {
+    "random/version_zero",
+    {
+        rb_random_mark,
+        RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE,
+    },
+    RB_RANDOM_PARENT,
+    (void *)&random_version_zero_if,
+    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+};
+
+static VALUE
+version_zero_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    return bad_version_alloc(klass, &version_zero_type);
+}
+
+static void
+init_version_zero(VALUE mod, VALUE base)
+{
+    VALUE c = rb_define_class_under(mod, "VersionZero", base);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(c, version_zero_alloc);
+    RB_RANDOM_DATA_INIT_PARENT(version_zero_type);
+}
+
+#if DEFINE_VERSION_MAX
+/* version max */
+static const rb_random_interface_t random_version_max_if;
+static rb_random_data_type_t version_max_type = {
+    "random/version_max",
+    {
+        rb_random_mark,
+        RUBY_TYPED_DEFAULT_FREE,
+    },
+    RB_RANDOM_PARENT,
+    (void *)&random_version_max_if,
+    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+};
+
+static VALUE
+version_max_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    return bad_version_alloc(klass, &version_max_type);
+}
+
+static void
+init_version_max(VALUE mod, VALUE base)
+{
+    VALUE c = rb_define_class_under(mod, "VersionMax", base);
+    rb_define_alloc_func(c, version_max_alloc);
+    RB_RANDOM_DATA_INIT_PARENT(version_max_type);
+}
+#else
+static void
+init_version_max(mod, base)
+{
+}
+#endif
+
+void
+Init_random_bad_version(VALUE mod, VALUE base)
+{
+    init_version_zero(mod, base);
+    init_version_max(mod, base);
+}
+
+#undef RUBY_RANDOM_INTERFACE_VERSION_MAJOR
+
+#define RUBY_RANDOM_INTERFACE_VERSION_MAJOR 0
+static const rb_random_interface_t random_version_zero_if = {
+    0,
+    RB_RANDOM_INTERFACE_DEFINE(bad_version)
+};
+#undef RUBY_RANDOM_INTERFACE_VERSION_MAJOR
+
+#if DEFINE_VERSION_MAX
+#define RUBY_RANDOM_INTERFACE_VERSION_MAJOR RUBY_RANDOM_INTERFACE_VERSION_MAJOR_MAX
+static const rb_random_interface_t random_version_max_if = {
+    0,
+    RB_RANDOM_INTERFACE_DEFINE(bad_version)
+};
+#undef RUBY_RANDOM_INTERFACE_VERSION_MAJOR
+#endif
diff --git a/ext/-test-/random/depend b/ext/-test-/random/depend
index 602526cf7b..f2cbf7fc14 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/random/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/random/depend
@@ -1,4 +1,164 @@
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES START
+bad_version.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
+bad_version.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/bool.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/inttypes.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/limits.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/long_long.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdalign.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/stdarg.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/defines.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/intern.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/abi.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/char.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/double.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/fixnum.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/gid_t.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/int.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/intptr_t.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/long_long.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/mode_t.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/off_t.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/pid_t.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/short.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/size_t.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/st_data_t.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/arithmetic/uid_t.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/assume.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/alloc_size.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/artificial.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/cold.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/const.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/constexpr.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/deprecated.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/diagnose_if.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/enum_extensibility.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/error.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/flag_enum.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/forceinline.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/format.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/maybe_unused.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noalias.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nodiscard.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noexcept.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noinline.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/nonnull.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/noreturn.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/pure.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/restrict.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/returns_nonnull.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/warning.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/attr/weakref.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/cast.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/apple.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/clang.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/gcc.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/intel.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/msvc.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_is/sunpro.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/compiler_since.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/config.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/constant_p.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rarray.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbasic.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rbignum.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rclass.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rdata.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rfile.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rhash.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rregexp.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstring.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rstruct.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/core/rtypeddata.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/ctype.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dllexport.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/dosish.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/error.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/eval.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/event.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/gc.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/glob.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/globals.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/attribute.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/builtin.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/c_attribute.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/cpp_attribute.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/declspec_attribute.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/extension.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/feature.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/has/warning.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/array.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/bignum.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/compar.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/complex.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/dir.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enum.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/enumerator.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/error.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/eval.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/hash.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/io.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/load.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/marshal.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/numeric.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/parse.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/proc.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/process.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/random.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/range.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/rational.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/re.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/ruby.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/select/largesize.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/signal.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/sprintf.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/string.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/struct.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/thread.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/time.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/variable.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/intern/vm.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/interpreter.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/iterator.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/memory.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/method.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/module.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/newobj.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/rgengc.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/static_assert.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdalign.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/stdbool.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/symbol.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/value_type.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/variable.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/warning_push.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/internal/xmalloc.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/random.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
+bad_version.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+bad_version.o: bad_version.c
 init.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 init.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
 init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby.h
diff --git a/ext/-test-/random/loop.c b/ext/-test-/random/loop.c
index 0572096403..b789ab1d01 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/random/loop.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/random/loop.c
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ static const rb_random_interface_t random_loop_if = {
     RB_RANDOM_INTERFACE_DEFINE_WITH_REAL(loop)
 };
 
+RB_RANDOM_DEFINE_INIT_INT32_FUNC(loop)
 static size_t
 random_loop_memsize(const void *ptr)
 {
diff --git a/ext/-test-/rational/depend b/ext/-test-/rational/depend
index 8729695886..ce977821b8 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/rational/depend
+++ b/ext/-test-/rational/depend
@@ -174,5 +174,6 @@ rat.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 rat.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 rat.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 rat.o: $(top_srcdir)/ruby_assert.h
+rat.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 rat.o: rat.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/fstring.c b/ext/-test-/string/fstring.c
index 2374319fe3..64f079251d 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/string/fstring.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/fstring.c
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ bug_s_fstring(VALUE self, VALUE str)
 VALUE
 bug_s_rb_enc_interned_str(VALUE self, VALUE encoding)
 {
-    return rb_enc_interned_str("foo", 3, RDATA(encoding)->data);
+    return rb_enc_interned_str("foo", 3, NIL_P(encoding) ? NULL : RDATA(encoding)->data);
 }
 
 VALUE
 bug_s_rb_enc_str_new(VALUE self, VALUE encoding)
 {
-    return rb_enc_str_new("foo", 3, RDATA(encoding)->data);
+    return rb_enc_str_new("foo", 3, NIL_P(encoding) ? NULL : RDATA(encoding)->data);
 }
 
 void
diff --git a/ext/-test-/string/set_len.c b/ext/-test-/string/set_len.c
index 219cea404c..049da2cdb5 100644
--- a/ext/-test-/string/set_len.c
+++ b/ext/-test-/string/set_len.c
@@ -7,8 +7,18 @@ bug_str_set_len(VALUE str, VALUE len)
     return str;
 }
 
+static VALUE
+bug_str_append(VALUE str, VALUE addendum)
+{
+    StringValue(addendum);
+    rb_str_modify_expand(str, RSTRING_LEN(addendum));
+    memcpy(RSTRING_END(str), RSTRING_PTR(addendum), RSTRING_LEN(addendum));
+    return str;
+}
+
 void
 Init_string_set_len(VALUE klass)
 {
     rb_define_method(klass, "set_len", bug_str_set_len, 1);
+    rb_define_method(klass, "append", bug_str_append, 1);
 }
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c
index b3ef70a2c9..d6ea35c615 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.c
@@ -7,9 +7,7 @@
  */
 
 /* #define BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG 1 */
-#ifdef BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG
-# define BIGDECIMAL_ENABLE_VPRINT 1
-#endif
+
 #include "bigdecimal.h"
 #include "ruby/util.h"
 
@@ -61,6 +59,13 @@ static ID id_to_r;
 static ID id_eq;
 static ID id_half;
 
+#define RBD_NUM_ROUNDING_MODES 11
+
+static struct {
+    ID id;
+    uint8_t mode;
+} rbd_rounding_modes[RBD_NUM_ROUNDING_MODES];
+
 /* MACRO's to guard objects from GC by keeping them in stack */
 #ifdef RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED
 #define ENTER(n) RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED() volatile VALUE vStack[n];int iStack=0
@@ -102,10 +107,164 @@ static ID id_half;
 # define RB_OBJ_STRING(obj) StringValueCStr(obj)
 #endif
 
+#ifndef MAYBE_UNUSED
+# define MAYBE_UNUSED(x) x
+#endif
+
 #define BIGDECIMAL_POSITIVE_P(bd) ((bd)->sign > 0)
 #define BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(bd) ((bd)->sign < 0)
 
 /*
+ * ================== Memory allocation ============================
+ */
+
+#ifdef BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG
+static size_t rbd_allocation_count = 0;   /* Memory allocation counter */
+static inline void
+atomic_allocation_count_inc(void)
+{
+    RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_INC(rbd_allocation_count);
+}
+static inline void
+atomic_allocation_count_dec_nounderflow(void)
+{
+    if (rbd_allocation_count == 0) return;
+    RUBY_ATOMIC_SIZE_DEC(rbd_allocation_count);
+}
+static void
+check_allocation_count_nonzero(void)
+{
+    if (rbd_allocation_count != 0) return;
+    rb_bug("[bigdecimal][rbd_free_struct] Too many memory free calls");
+}
+#else
+#   define atomic_allocation_count_inc() /* nothing */
+#   define atomic_allocation_count_dec_nounderflow() /* nothing */
+#   define check_allocation_count_nonzero() /* nothing */
+#endif /* BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG */
+
+PUREFUNC(static inline size_t rbd_struct_size(size_t const));
+
+static inline size_t
+rbd_struct_size(size_t const internal_digits)
+{
+    size_t const frac_len = (internal_digits == 0) ? 1 : internal_digits;
+    return offsetof(Real, frac) + frac_len * sizeof(DECDIG);
+}
+
+static inline Real *
+rbd_allocate_struct(size_t const internal_digits)
+{
+    size_t const size = rbd_struct_size(internal_digits);
+    Real *real = ruby_xcalloc(1, size);
+    atomic_allocation_count_inc();
+    real->MaxPrec = internal_digits;
+    return real;
+}
+
+static size_t
+rbd_calculate_internal_digits(size_t const digits, bool limit_precision)
+{
+    size_t const len = roomof(digits, BASE_FIG);
+    if (limit_precision) {
+        size_t const prec_limit = VpGetPrecLimit();
+        if (prec_limit > 0) {
+            /* NOTE: 2 more digits for rounding and division */
+            size_t const max_len = roomof(prec_limit, BASE_FIG) + 2;
+            if (len > max_len)
+                return max_len;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return len;
+}
+
+static inline Real *
+rbd_allocate_struct_decimal_digits(size_t const decimal_digits, bool limit_precision)
+{
+    size_t const internal_digits = rbd_calculate_internal_digits(decimal_digits, limit_precision);
+    return rbd_allocate_struct(internal_digits);
+}
+
+static VALUE BigDecimal_wrap_struct(VALUE obj, Real *vp);
+
+static Real *
+rbd_reallocate_struct(Real *real, size_t const internal_digits)
+{
+    size_t const size = rbd_struct_size(internal_digits);
+    VALUE obj = real ? real->obj : 0;
+    Real *new_real = (Real *)ruby_xrealloc(real, size);
+    new_real->MaxPrec = internal_digits;
+    if (obj) {
+        new_real->obj = 0;
+        BigDecimal_wrap_struct(obj, new_real);
+    }
+    return new_real;
+}
+
+static void
+rbd_free_struct(Real *real)
+{
+    if (real != NULL) {
+        check_allocation_count_nonzero();
+        ruby_xfree(real);
+        atomic_allocation_count_dec_nounderflow();
+    }
+}
+
+#define NewZero rbd_allocate_struct_zero
+static Real *
+rbd_allocate_struct_zero(int sign, size_t const digits, bool limit_precision)
+{
+    Real *real = rbd_allocate_struct_decimal_digits(digits, limit_precision);
+    VpSetZero(real, sign);
+    return real;
+}
+
+MAYBE_UNUSED(static inline Real * rbd_allocate_struct_zero_limited(int sign, size_t const digits));
+#define NewZeroLimited rbd_allocate_struct_zero_limited
+static inline Real *
+rbd_allocate_struct_zero_limited(int sign, size_t const digits)
+{
+    return rbd_allocate_struct_zero(sign, digits, true);
+}
+
+MAYBE_UNUSED(static inline Real * rbd_allocate_struct_zero_nolimit(int sign, size_t const digits));
+#define NewZeroNolimit rbd_allocate_struct_zero_nolimit
+static inline Real *
+rbd_allocate_struct_zero_nolimit(int sign, size_t const digits)
+{
+    return rbd_allocate_struct_zero(sign, digits, false);
+}
+
+#define NewOne rbd_allocate_struct_one
+static Real *
+rbd_allocate_struct_one(int sign, size_t const digits, bool limit_precision)
+{
+    Real *real = rbd_allocate_struct_decimal_digits(digits, limit_precision);
+    VpSetOne(real);
+    if (sign < 0)
+        VpSetSign(real, VP_SIGN_NEGATIVE_FINITE);
+    return real;
+}
+
+MAYBE_UNUSED(static inline Real * rbd_allocate_struct_one_limited(int sign, size_t const digits));
+#define NewOneLimited rbd_allocate_struct_one_limited
+static inline Real *
+rbd_allocate_struct_one_limited(int sign, size_t const digits)
+{
+    return rbd_allocate_struct_one(sign, digits, true);
+}
+
+MAYBE_UNUSED(static inline Real * rbd_allocate_struct_one_nolimit(int sign, size_t const digits));
+#define NewOneNolimit rbd_allocate_struct_one_nolimit
+static inline Real *
+rbd_allocate_struct_one_nolimit(int sign, size_t const digits)
+{
+    return rbd_allocate_struct_one(sign, digits, false);
+}
+
+/*
  * ================== Ruby Interface part ==========================
  */
 #define DoSomeOne(x,y,f) rb_num_coerce_bin(x,y,f)
@@ -120,10 +279,7 @@ static VALUE VpCheckGetValue(Real *p);
 static void  VpInternalRound(Real *c, size_t ixDigit, DECDIG vPrev, DECDIG v);
 static int   VpLimitRound(Real *c, size_t ixDigit);
 static Real *VpCopy(Real *pv, Real const* const x);
-
-#ifdef BIGDECIMAL_ENABLE_VPRINT
 static int VPrint(FILE *fp,const char *cntl_chr,Real *a);
-#endif
 
 /*
  *  **** BigDecimal part ****
@@ -138,7 +294,7 @@ static VALUE BigDecimal_negative_zero(void);
 static void
 BigDecimal_delete(void *pv)
 {
-    VpFree(pv);
+    rbd_free_struct(pv);
 }
 
 static size_t
@@ -161,6 +317,60 @@ static const rb_data_type_t BigDecimal_data_type = {
 #endif
 };
 
+static Real *
+rbd_allocate_struct_zero_wrap_klass(VALUE klass, int sign, size_t const digits, bool limit_precision)
+{
+    Real *real = rbd_allocate_struct_zero(sign, digits, limit_precision);
+    if (real != NULL) {
+        VALUE obj = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &BigDecimal_data_type, 0);
+        BigDecimal_wrap_struct(obj, real);
+    }
+    return real;
+}
+
+MAYBE_UNUSED(static inline Real * rbd_allocate_struct_zero_limited_wrap(int sign, size_t const digits));
+#define NewZeroWrapLimited rbd_allocate_struct_zero_limited_wrap
+static inline Real *
+rbd_allocate_struct_zero_limited_wrap(int sign, size_t const digits)
+{
+    return rbd_allocate_struct_zero_wrap_klass(rb_cBigDecimal, sign, digits, true);
+}
+
+MAYBE_UNUSED(static inline Real * rbd_allocate_struct_zero_nolimit_wrap(int sign, size_t const digits));
+#define NewZeroWrapNolimit rbd_allocate_struct_zero_nolimit_wrap
+static inline Real *
+rbd_allocate_struct_zero_nolimit_wrap(int sign, size_t const digits)
+{
+    return rbd_allocate_struct_zero_wrap_klass(rb_cBigDecimal, sign, digits, false);
+}
+
+static Real *
+rbd_allocate_struct_one_wrap_klass(VALUE klass, int sign, size_t const digits, bool limit_precision)
+{
+    Real *real = rbd_allocate_struct_one(sign, digits, limit_precision);
+    if (real != NULL) {
+        VALUE obj = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(klass, &BigDecimal_data_type, 0);
+        BigDecimal_wrap_struct(obj, real);
+    }
+    return real;
+}
+
+MAYBE_UNUSED(static inline Real * rbd_allocate_struct_one_limited_wrap(int sign, size_t const digits));
+#define NewOneWrapLimited rbd_allocate_struct_one_limited_wrap
+static inline Real *
+rbd_allocate_struct_one_limited_wrap(int sign, size_t const digits)
+{
+    return rbd_allocate_struct_one_wrap_klass(rb_cBigDecimal, sign, digits, true);
+}
+
+MAYBE_UNUSED(static inline Real * rbd_allocate_struct_one_nolimit_wrap(int sign, size_t const digits));
+#define NewOneWrapNolimit rbd_allocate_struct_one_nolimit_wrap
+static inline Real *
+rbd_allocate_struct_one_nolimit_wrap(int sign, size_t const digits)
+{
+    return rbd_allocate_struct_one_wrap_klass(rb_cBigDecimal, sign, digits, false);
+}
+
 static inline int
 is_kind_of_BigDecimal(VALUE const v)
 {
@@ -214,7 +424,7 @@ GetVpValueWithPrec(VALUE v, long prec, int must)
 
       case T_FIXNUM: {
         char szD[128];
-        sprintf(szD, "%ld", FIX2LONG(v));
+        snprintf(szD, 128, "%ld", FIX2LONG(v));
         v = rb_cstr_convert_to_BigDecimal(szD, VpBaseFig() * 2 + 1, must);
         break;
       }
@@ -249,7 +459,7 @@ SomeOneMayDoIt:
     return NULL; /* NULL means to coerce */
 }
 
-static Real*
+static inline Real*
 GetVpValue(VALUE v, int must)
 {
     return GetVpValueWithPrec(v, -1, must);
@@ -264,7 +474,7 @@ GetVpValue(VALUE v, int must)
  *    BigDecimal.double_fig # => 16
  *
  */
-static VALUE
+static inline VALUE
 BigDecimal_double_fig(VALUE self)
 {
     return INT2FIX(VpDblFig());
@@ -486,15 +696,15 @@ BigDecimal_precision_scale(VALUE self)
  *
  *  Returns the number of decimal significant digits in +self+.
  *
- *    BigDecimal("0").scale         # => 0
- *    BigDecimal("1").scale         # => 1
- *    BigDecimal("1.1").scale       # => 2
- *    BigDecimal("3.1415").scale    # => 5
- *    BigDecimal("-1e20").precision # => 1
- *    BigDecimal("1e-20").precision # => 1
- *    BigDecimal("Infinity").scale  # => 0
- *    BigDecimal("-Infinity").scale # => 0
- *    BigDecimal("NaN").scale       # => 0
+ *    BigDecimal("0").n_significant_digits         # => 0
+ *    BigDecimal("1").n_significant_digits         # => 1
+ *    BigDecimal("1.1").n_significant_digits       # => 2
+ *    BigDecimal("3.1415").n_significant_digits    # => 5
+ *    BigDecimal("-1e20").n_significant_digits     # => 1
+ *    BigDecimal("1e-20").n_significant_digits     # => 1
+ *    BigDecimal("Infinity").n_significant_digits  # => 0
+ *    BigDecimal("-Infinity").n_significant_digits # => 0
+ *    BigDecimal("NaN").n_significant_digits       # => 0
  */
 static VALUE
 BigDecimal_n_significant_digits(VALUE self)
@@ -573,13 +783,15 @@ BigDecimal_dump(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     char *psz;
     VALUE dummy;
     volatile VALUE dump;
+    size_t len;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &dummy);
     GUARD_OBJ(vp,GetVpValue(self, 1));
     dump = rb_str_new(0, VpNumOfChars(vp, "E")+50);
     psz = RSTRING_PTR(dump);
-    sprintf(psz, "%"PRIuSIZE":", VpMaxPrec(vp)*VpBaseFig());
-    VpToString(vp, psz+strlen(psz), 0, 0);
+    snprintf(psz, RSTRING_LEN(dump), "%"PRIuSIZE":", VpMaxPrec(vp)*VpBaseFig());
+    len = strlen(psz);
+    VpToString(vp, psz+len, RSTRING_LEN(dump)-len, 0, 0);
     rb_str_resize(dump, strlen(psz));
     return dump;
 }
@@ -623,18 +835,19 @@ check_rounding_mode_option(VALUE const opts)
     assert(RB_TYPE_P(opts, T_HASH));
 
     if (NIL_P(opts))
-        goto noopt;
+        goto no_opt;
 
     mode = rb_hash_lookup2(opts, ID2SYM(id_half), Qundef);
     if (mode == Qundef || NIL_P(mode))
-        goto noopt;
+        goto no_opt;
 
     if (SYMBOL_P(mode))
         mode = rb_sym2str(mode);
     else if (!RB_TYPE_P(mode, T_STRING)) {
-	VALUE str_mode = rb_check_string_type(mode);
-	if (NIL_P(str_mode)) goto invalid;
-	mode = str_mode;
+        VALUE str_mode = rb_check_string_type(mode);
+        if (NIL_P(str_mode))
+            goto invalid;
+        mode = str_mode;
     }
     s = RSTRING_PTR(mode);
     l = RSTRING_LEN(mode);
@@ -652,13 +865,11 @@ check_rounding_mode_option(VALUE const opts)
       default:
         break;
     }
+
   invalid:
-    if (NIL_P(mode))
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid rounding mode: nil");
-    else
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid rounding mode: %"PRIsVALUE, mode);
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid rounding mode (%"PRIsVALUE")", mode);
 
-  noopt:
+  no_opt:
     return VpGetRoundMode();
 }
 
@@ -667,34 +878,23 @@ check_rounding_mode(VALUE const v)
 {
     unsigned short sw;
     ID id;
-    switch (TYPE(v)) {
-      case T_SYMBOL:
-	id = SYM2ID(v);
-	if (id == id_up)
-	    return VP_ROUND_UP;
-	if (id == id_down || id == id_truncate)
-	    return VP_ROUND_DOWN;
-	if (id == id_half_up || id == id_default)
-	    return VP_ROUND_HALF_UP;
-	if (id == id_half_down)
-	    return VP_ROUND_HALF_DOWN;
-	if (id == id_half_even || id == id_banker)
-	    return VP_ROUND_HALF_EVEN;
-	if (id == id_ceiling || id == id_ceil)
-	    return VP_ROUND_CEIL;
-	if (id == id_floor)
-	    return VP_ROUND_FLOOR;
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid rounding mode");
-
-      default:
-	break;
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(v, T_SYMBOL)) {
+        int i;
+        id = SYM2ID(v);
+        for (i = 0; i < RBD_NUM_ROUNDING_MODES; ++i) {
+            if (rbd_rounding_modes[i].id == id) {
+                return rbd_rounding_modes[i].mode;
+            }
+        }
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid rounding mode (%"PRIsVALUE")", v);
     }
-
-    sw = NUM2USHORT(v);
-    if (!VpIsRoundMode(sw)) {
-	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid rounding mode");
+    else {
+        sw = NUM2USHORT(v);
+        if (!VpIsRoundMode(sw)) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid rounding mode (%"PRIsVALUE")", v);
+        }
+        return sw;
     }
-    return sw;
 }
 
 /*  call-seq:
@@ -933,11 +1133,17 @@ GetAddSubPrec(Real *a, Real *b)
     return mx;
 }
 
-static SIGNED_VALUE
-GetPrecisionInt(VALUE v)
+static inline SIGNED_VALUE
+check_int_precision(VALUE v)
 {
     SIGNED_VALUE n;
-    n = NUM2INT(v);
+#if SIZEOF_VALUE <= SIZEOF_LONG
+    n = (SIGNED_VALUE)NUM2LONG(v);
+#elif SIZEOF_VALUE <= SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+    n = (SIGNED_VALUE)NUM2LL(v);
+#else
+#   error SIZEOF_VALUE is too large
+#endif
     if (n < 0) {
 	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "negative precision");
     }
@@ -979,26 +1185,12 @@ VpCreateRbObject(size_t mx, const char *str, bool raise_exception)
     return VpNewRbClass(mx, str, rb_cBigDecimal, true, raise_exception);
 }
 
-#define VpAllocReal(prec) (Real *)VpMemAlloc(offsetof(Real, frac) + (prec) * sizeof(DECDIG))
-
-static Real *
-VpReallocReal(Real *pv, size_t prec)
-{
-    VALUE obj = pv ? pv->obj : 0;
-    Real *new_pv = (Real *)VpMemRealloc(pv, offsetof(Real, frac) + prec * sizeof(DECDIG));
-    if (obj) {
-        new_pv->obj = 0;
-        BigDecimal_wrap_struct(obj, new_pv);
-    }
-    return new_pv;
-}
-
 static Real *
 VpCopy(Real *pv, Real const* const x)
 {
     assert(x != NULL);
 
-    pv = VpReallocReal(pv, x->MaxPrec);
+    pv = rbd_reallocate_struct(pv, x->MaxPrec);
     pv->MaxPrec = x->MaxPrec;
     pv->Prec = x->Prec;
     pv->exponent = x->exponent;
@@ -1119,7 +1311,7 @@ BigDecimal_to_f(VALUE self)
 
     str = rb_str_new(0, VpNumOfChars(p, "E"));
     buf = RSTRING_PTR(str);
-    VpToString(p, buf, 0, 0);
+    VpToString(p, buf, RSTRING_LEN(str), 0, 0);
     errno = 0;
     d = strtod(buf, 0);
     if (errno == ERANGE) {
@@ -1276,17 +1468,17 @@ BigDecimal_add(VALUE self, VALUE r)
 
     mx = GetAddSubPrec(a, b);
     if (mx == (size_t)-1L) {
-        GUARD_OBJ(c, VpCreateRbObject(VpBaseFig() + 1, "0", true));
-	VpAddSub(c, a, b, 1);
+        GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, VpBaseFig() + 1));
+        VpAddSub(c, a, b, 1);
     }
     else {
-        GUARD_OBJ(c, VpCreateRbObject(mx * (VpBaseFig() + 1), "0", true));
-	if(!mx) {
-	    VpSetInf(c, VpGetSign(a));
-	}
-	else {
-	    VpAddSub(c, a, b, 1);
-	}
+        GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx * (VpBaseFig() + 1)));
+        if (!mx) {
+            VpSetInf(c, VpGetSign(a));
+        }
+        else {
+            VpAddSub(c, a, b, 1);
+        }
     }
     return VpCheckGetValue(c);
 }
@@ -1331,17 +1523,17 @@ BigDecimal_sub(VALUE self, VALUE r)
 
     mx = GetAddSubPrec(a,b);
     if (mx == (size_t)-1L) {
-        GUARD_OBJ(c, VpCreateRbObject(VpBaseFig() + 1, "0", true));
-	VpAddSub(c, a, b, -1);
+        GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, VpBaseFig() + 1));
+        VpAddSub(c, a, b, -1);
     }
     else {
-        GUARD_OBJ(c,VpCreateRbObject(mx *(VpBaseFig() + 1), "0", true));
-	if (!mx) {
-	    VpSetInf(c,VpGetSign(a));
-	}
-	else {
-	    VpAddSub(c, a, b, -1);
-	}
+        GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx *(VpBaseFig() + 1)));
+        if (!mx) {
+            VpSetInf(c,VpGetSign(a));
+        }
+        else {
+            VpAddSub(c, a, b, -1);
+        }
     }
     return VpCheckGetValue(c);
 }
@@ -1581,7 +1773,7 @@ BigDecimal_neg(VALUE self)
     ENTER(5);
     Real *c, *a;
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
-    GUARD_OBJ(c, VpCreateRbObject(a->Prec *(VpBaseFig() + 1), "0", true));
+    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, a->Prec *(VpBaseFig() + 1)));
     VpAsgn(c, a, -1);
     return VpCheckGetValue(c);
 }
@@ -1608,7 +1800,7 @@ BigDecimal_mult(VALUE self, VALUE r)
     SAVE(b);
 
     mx = a->Prec + b->Prec;
-    GUARD_OBJ(c, VpCreateRbObject(mx *(VpBaseFig() + 1), "0", true));
+    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx * (VpBaseFig() + 1)));
     VpMult(c, a, b);
     return VpCheckGetValue(c);
 }
@@ -1655,8 +1847,8 @@ BigDecimal_divide(VALUE self, VALUE r, Real **c, Real **res, Real **div)
     if (2*BIGDECIMAL_DOUBLE_FIGURES > mx)
         mx = 2*BIGDECIMAL_DOUBLE_FIGURES;
 
-    GUARD_OBJ((*c), VpCreateRbObject(mx + 2*BASE_FIG, "#0", true));
-    GUARD_OBJ((*res), VpCreateRbObject((mx + 1)*2 + 2*BASE_FIG, "#0", true));
+    GUARD_OBJ((*c), NewZeroWrapNolimit(1, mx + 2*BASE_FIG));
+    GUARD_OBJ((*res), NewZeroWrapNolimit(1, (mx + 1)*2 + 2*BASE_FIG));
     VpDivd(*c, *res, a, b);
 
     return Qnil;
@@ -1721,7 +1913,7 @@ BigDecimal_quo(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &value, &digits);
     if (argc > 1) {
-        n = GetPrecisionInt(digits);
+        n = check_int_precision(digits);
     }
 
     if (n > 0) {
@@ -1811,12 +2003,12 @@ BigDecimal_DoDivmod(VALUE self, VALUE r, Real **div, Real **mod)
     if (2*BIGDECIMAL_DOUBLE_FIGURES > mx)
         mx = 2*BIGDECIMAL_DOUBLE_FIGURES;
 
-    GUARD_OBJ(c, VpCreateRbObject(mx + 2*BASE_FIG, "0", true));
-    GUARD_OBJ(res, VpCreateRbObject(mx*2 + 2*BASE_FIG, "#0", true));
+    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx + 2*BASE_FIG));
+    GUARD_OBJ(res, NewZeroWrapNolimit(1, mx*2 + 2*BASE_FIG));
     VpDivd(c, res, a, b);
 
     mx = c->Prec * BASE_FIG;
-    GUARD_OBJ(d, VpCreateRbObject(mx, "0", true));
+    GUARD_OBJ(d, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
     VpActiveRound(d, c, VP_ROUND_DOWN, 0);
 
     VpMult(res, d, b);
@@ -1824,10 +2016,10 @@ BigDecimal_DoDivmod(VALUE self, VALUE r, Real **div, Real **mod)
 
     if (!VpIsZero(c) && (VpGetSign(a) * VpGetSign(b) < 0)) {
         /* result adjustment for negative case */
-        res = VpReallocReal(res, d->MaxPrec);
+        res = rbd_reallocate_struct(res, d->MaxPrec);
         res->MaxPrec = d->MaxPrec;
         VpAddSub(res, d, VpOne(), -1);
-        GUARD_OBJ(d, VpCreateRbObject(GetAddSubPrec(c, b) * 2*BASE_FIG, "0", true));
+        GUARD_OBJ(d, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, GetAddSubPrec(c, b) * 2*BASE_FIG));
         VpAddSub(d, c, b, 1);
         *div = res;
         *mod = d;
@@ -1891,17 +2083,17 @@ BigDecimal_divremain(VALUE self, VALUE r, Real **dv, Real **rv)
     SAVE(b);
 
     mx = (a->MaxPrec + b->MaxPrec) *VpBaseFig();
-    GUARD_OBJ(c,   VpCreateRbObject(mx, "0", true));
-    GUARD_OBJ(res, VpCreateRbObject((mx+1) * 2 + (VpBaseFig() + 1), "#0", true));
-    GUARD_OBJ(rr,  VpCreateRbObject((mx+1) * 2 + (VpBaseFig() + 1), "#0", true));
-    GUARD_OBJ(ff,  VpCreateRbObject((mx+1) * 2 + (VpBaseFig() + 1), "#0", true));
+    GUARD_OBJ(c,   NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
+    GUARD_OBJ(res, NewZeroWrapNolimit(1, (mx+1) * 2 + (VpBaseFig() + 1)));
+    GUARD_OBJ(rr,  NewZeroWrapNolimit(1, (mx+1) * 2 + (VpBaseFig() + 1)));
+    GUARD_OBJ(ff,  NewZeroWrapNolimit(1, (mx+1) * 2 + (VpBaseFig() + 1)));
 
     VpDivd(c, res, a, b);
 
     mx = c->Prec *(VpBaseFig() + 1);
 
-    GUARD_OBJ(d, VpCreateRbObject(mx, "0", true));
-    GUARD_OBJ(f, VpCreateRbObject(mx, "0", true));
+    GUARD_OBJ(d, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
+    GUARD_OBJ(f, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
 
     VpActiveRound(d, c, VP_ROUND_DOWN, 0); /* 0: round off */
 
@@ -1986,7 +2178,7 @@ BigDecimal_div2(VALUE self, VALUE b, VALUE n)
     }
 
     /* div in BigDecimal sense */
-    ix = GetPrecisionInt(n);
+    ix = check_int_precision(n);
     if (ix == 0) {
         return BigDecimal_div(self, b);
     }
@@ -1997,7 +2189,7 @@ BigDecimal_div2(VALUE self, VALUE b, VALUE n)
         size_t b_prec = ix;
         size_t pl = VpSetPrecLimit(0);
 
-        GUARD_OBJ(cv, VpCreateRbObject(mx + VpBaseFig(), "0", true));
+        GUARD_OBJ(cv, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx + VpBaseFig()));
         GUARD_OBJ(av, GetVpValue(self, 1));
         /* TODO: I want to refactor this precision control for a float value later
          *       by introducing an implicit conversion function instead of
@@ -2008,7 +2200,7 @@ BigDecimal_div2(VALUE self, VALUE b, VALUE n)
         GUARD_OBJ(bv, GetVpValueWithPrec(b, b_prec, 1));
         mx = av->Prec + bv->Prec + 2;
         if (mx <= cv->MaxPrec) mx = cv->MaxPrec + 1;
-        GUARD_OBJ(res, VpCreateRbObject((mx * 2  + 2)*VpBaseFig(), "#0", true));
+        GUARD_OBJ(res, NewZeroWrapNolimit(1, (mx * 2  + 2)*VpBaseFig()));
         VpDivd(cv, res, av, bv);
         VpSetPrecLimit(pl);
         VpLeftRound(cv, VpGetRoundMode(), ix);
@@ -2091,7 +2283,7 @@ BigDecimal_add2(VALUE self, VALUE b, VALUE n)
 {
     ENTER(2);
     Real *cv;
-    SIGNED_VALUE mx = GetPrecisionInt(n);
+    SIGNED_VALUE mx = check_int_precision(n);
     if (mx == 0) return BigDecimal_add(self, b);
     else {
 	size_t pl = VpSetPrecLimit(0);
@@ -2121,7 +2313,7 @@ BigDecimal_sub2(VALUE self, VALUE b, VALUE n)
 {
     ENTER(2);
     Real *cv;
-    SIGNED_VALUE mx = GetPrecisionInt(n);
+    SIGNED_VALUE mx = check_int_precision(n);
     if (mx == 0) return BigDecimal_sub(self, b);
     else {
 	size_t pl = VpSetPrecLimit(0);
@@ -2164,7 +2356,7 @@ BigDecimal_mult2(VALUE self, VALUE b, VALUE n)
 {
     ENTER(2);
     Real *cv;
-    SIGNED_VALUE mx = GetPrecisionInt(n);
+    SIGNED_VALUE mx = check_int_precision(n);
     if (mx == 0) return BigDecimal_mult(self, b);
     else {
 	size_t pl = VpSetPrecLimit(0);
@@ -2196,7 +2388,7 @@ BigDecimal_abs(VALUE self)
 
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     mx = a->Prec *(VpBaseFig() + 1);
-    GUARD_OBJ(c, VpCreateRbObject(mx, "0", true));
+    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
     VpAsgn(c, a, 1);
     VpChangeSign(c, 1);
     return VpCheckGetValue(c);
@@ -2219,9 +2411,10 @@ BigDecimal_sqrt(VALUE self, VALUE nFig)
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     mx = a->Prec * (VpBaseFig() + 1);
 
-    n = GetPrecisionInt(nFig) + VpDblFig() + BASE_FIG;
+    n = check_int_precision(nFig);
+    n += VpDblFig() + VpBaseFig();
     if (mx <= n) mx = n;
-    GUARD_OBJ(c, VpCreateRbObject(mx, "0", true));
+    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
     VpSqrt(c, a);
     return VpCheckGetValue(c);
 }
@@ -2237,7 +2430,7 @@ BigDecimal_fix(VALUE self)
 
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     mx = a->Prec *(VpBaseFig() + 1);
-    GUARD_OBJ(c, VpCreateRbObject(mx, "0", true));
+    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
     VpActiveRound(c, a, VP_ROUND_DOWN, 0); /* 0: round off */
     return VpCheckGetValue(c);
 }
@@ -2310,7 +2503,7 @@ BigDecimal_round(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     pl = VpSetPrecLimit(0);
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     mx = a->Prec * (VpBaseFig() + 1);
-    GUARD_OBJ(c, VpCreateRbObject(mx, "0", true));
+    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
     VpSetPrecLimit(pl);
     VpActiveRound(c, a, sw, iLoc);
     if (round_to_int) {
@@ -2356,7 +2549,7 @@ BigDecimal_truncate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     mx = a->Prec * (VpBaseFig() + 1);
-    GUARD_OBJ(c, VpCreateRbObject(mx, "0", true));
+    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
     VpSetPrecLimit(pl);
     VpActiveRound(c, a, VP_ROUND_DOWN, iLoc); /* 0: truncate */
     if (argc == 0) {
@@ -2376,7 +2569,7 @@ BigDecimal_frac(VALUE self)
 
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     mx = a->Prec * (VpBaseFig() + 1);
-    GUARD_OBJ(c, VpCreateRbObject(mx, "0", true));
+    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
     VpFrac(c, a);
     return VpCheckGetValue(c);
 }
@@ -2416,7 +2609,7 @@ BigDecimal_floor(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     mx = a->Prec * (VpBaseFig() + 1);
-    GUARD_OBJ(c, VpCreateRbObject(mx, "0", true));
+    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
     VpSetPrecLimit(pl);
     VpActiveRound(c, a, VP_ROUND_FLOOR, iLoc);
 #ifdef BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG
@@ -2462,7 +2655,7 @@ BigDecimal_ceil(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     GUARD_OBJ(a, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     mx = a->Prec * (VpBaseFig() + 1);
-    GUARD_OBJ(c, VpCreateRbObject(mx, "0", true));
+    GUARD_OBJ(c, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mx));
     VpSetPrecLimit(pl);
     VpActiveRound(c, a, VP_ROUND_CEIL, iLoc);
     if (argc == 0) {
@@ -2566,10 +2759,10 @@ BigDecimal_to_s(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     psz = RSTRING_PTR(str);
 
     if (fmt) {
-	VpToFString(vp, psz, mc, fPlus);
+	VpToFString(vp, psz, RSTRING_LEN(str), mc, fPlus);
     }
     else {
-	VpToString (vp, psz, mc, fPlus);
+	VpToString (vp, psz, RSTRING_LEN(str), mc, fPlus);
     }
     rb_str_resize(str, strlen(psz));
     return str;
@@ -2611,7 +2804,7 @@ BigDecimal_split(VALUE self)
     GUARD_OBJ(vp, GetVpValue(self, 1));
     str = rb_str_new(0, VpNumOfChars(vp, "E"));
     psz1 = RSTRING_PTR(str);
-    VpSzMantissa(vp, psz1);
+    VpSzMantissa(vp, psz1, RSTRING_LEN(str));
     s = 1;
     if(psz1[0] == '-') {
 	size_t len = strlen(psz1 + 1);
@@ -2660,7 +2853,7 @@ BigDecimal_inspect(VALUE self)
     nc = VpNumOfChars(vp, "E");
 
     str = rb_str_new(0, nc);
-    VpToString(vp, RSTRING_PTR(str), 0, 0);
+    VpToString(vp, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str), 0, 0);
     rb_str_resize(str, strlen(RSTRING_PTR(str)));
     return str;
 }
@@ -2770,7 +2963,7 @@ bigdecimal_power_by_bigdecimal(Real const* x, Real const* exp, ssize_t const n)
     volatile VALUE obj = exp->obj;
 
     if (VpIsZero(exp)) {
-        return VpCheckGetValue(VpCreateRbObject(n, "1", true));
+        return VpCheckGetValue(NewOneWrapLimited(1, n));
     }
 
     log_x = BigMath_log(x->obj, SSIZET2NUM(n+1));
@@ -2808,9 +3001,9 @@ BigDecimal_power(int argc, VALUE*argv, VALUE self)
     n = NIL_P(prec) ? (ssize_t)(x->Prec*VpBaseFig()) : NUM2SSIZET(prec);
 
     if (VpIsNaN(x)) {
-        y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0", true);
-	RB_GC_GUARD(y->obj);
-	VpSetNaN(y);
+        y = NewZeroWrapLimited(1, n);
+        VpSetNaN(y);
+        RB_GC_GUARD(y->obj);
         return VpCheckGetValue(y);
     }
 
@@ -2879,136 +3072,126 @@ BigDecimal_power(int argc, VALUE*argv, VALUE self)
     }
 
     if (VpIsZero(x)) {
-	if (is_negative(vexp)) {
-            y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "#0", true);
-	    RB_GC_GUARD(y->obj);
-	    if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(x)) {
-		if (is_integer(vexp)) {
-		    if (is_even(vexp)) {
-			/* (-0) ** (-even_integer)  -> Infinity */
-			VpSetPosInf(y);
-		    }
-		    else {
-			/* (-0) ** (-odd_integer)  -> -Infinity */
-			VpSetNegInf(y);
-		    }
-		}
-		else {
-		    /* (-0) ** (-non_integer)  -> Infinity */
-		    VpSetPosInf(y);
-		}
-	    }
-	    else {
-		/* (+0) ** (-num)  -> Infinity */
-		VpSetPosInf(y);
-	    }
+        if (is_negative(vexp)) {
+            y = NewZeroWrapNolimit(1, n);
+            if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(x)) {
+                if (is_integer(vexp)) {
+                    if (is_even(vexp)) {
+                        /* (-0) ** (-even_integer)  -> Infinity */
+                        VpSetPosInf(y);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        /* (-0) ** (-odd_integer)  -> -Infinity */
+                        VpSetNegInf(y);
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    /* (-0) ** (-non_integer)  -> Infinity */
+                    VpSetPosInf(y);
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                /* (+0) ** (-num)  -> Infinity */
+                VpSetPosInf(y);
+            }
+            RB_GC_GUARD(y->obj);
             return VpCheckGetValue(y);
-	}
-	else if (is_zero(vexp)) {
-            return VpCheckGetValue(VpCreateRbObject(n, "1", true));
-	}
-	else {
-            return VpCheckGetValue(VpCreateRbObject(n, "0", true));
-	}
+        }
+        else if (is_zero(vexp)) {
+            return VpCheckGetValue(NewOneWrapLimited(1, n));
+        }
+        else {
+            return VpCheckGetValue(NewZeroWrapLimited(1, n));
+        }
     }
 
     if (is_zero(vexp)) {
-        return VpCheckGetValue(VpCreateRbObject(n, "1", true));
+        return VpCheckGetValue(NewOneWrapLimited(1, n));
     }
     else if (is_one(vexp)) {
-	return self;
+        return self;
     }
 
     if (VpIsInf(x)) {
-	if (is_negative(vexp)) {
-	    if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(x)) {
-		if (is_integer(vexp)) {
-		    if (is_even(vexp)) {
-			/* (-Infinity) ** (-even_integer) -> +0 */
-                        return VpCheckGetValue(VpCreateRbObject(n, "0", true));
-		    }
-		    else {
-			/* (-Infinity) ** (-odd_integer) -> -0 */
-                        return VpCheckGetValue(VpCreateRbObject(n, "-0", true));
-		    }
-		}
-		else {
-		    /* (-Infinity) ** (-non_integer) -> -0 */
-                    return VpCheckGetValue(VpCreateRbObject(n, "-0", true));
-		}
-	    }
-	    else {
-                return VpCheckGetValue(VpCreateRbObject(n, "0", true));
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-            y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0", true);
-	    if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(x)) {
-		if (is_integer(vexp)) {
-		    if (is_even(vexp)) {
-			VpSetPosInf(y);
-		    }
-		    else {
-			VpSetNegInf(y);
-		    }
-		}
-		else {
-		    /* TODO: support complex */
-		    rb_raise(rb_eMathDomainError,
-			     "a non-integral exponent for a negative base");
-		}
-	    }
-	    else {
-		VpSetPosInf(y);
-	    }
+        if (is_negative(vexp)) {
+            if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(x)) {
+                if (is_integer(vexp)) {
+                    if (is_even(vexp)) {
+                        /* (-Infinity) ** (-even_integer) -> +0 */
+                        return VpCheckGetValue(NewZeroWrapLimited(1, n));
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        /* (-Infinity) ** (-odd_integer) -> -0 */
+                        return VpCheckGetValue(NewZeroWrapLimited(-1, n));
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    /* (-Infinity) ** (-non_integer) -> -0 */
+                    return VpCheckGetValue(NewZeroWrapLimited(-1, n));
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                return VpCheckGetValue(NewZeroWrapLimited(1, n));
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            y = NewZeroWrapLimited(1, n);
+            if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(x)) {
+                if (is_integer(vexp)) {
+                    if (is_even(vexp)) {
+                        VpSetPosInf(y);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        VpSetNegInf(y);
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    /* TODO: support complex */
+                    rb_raise(rb_eMathDomainError,
+                            "a non-integral exponent for a negative base");
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                VpSetPosInf(y);
+            }
             return VpCheckGetValue(y);
-	}
+        }
     }
 
     if (exp != NULL) {
-	return bigdecimal_power_by_bigdecimal(x, exp, n);
+        return bigdecimal_power_by_bigdecimal(x, exp, n);
     }
     else if (RB_TYPE_P(vexp, T_BIGNUM)) {
-	VALUE abs_value = BigDecimal_abs(self);
-	if (is_one(abs_value)) {
-            return VpCheckGetValue(VpCreateRbObject(n, "1", true));
-	}
-	else if (RTEST(rb_funcall(abs_value, '<', 1, INT2FIX(1)))) {
-	    if (is_negative(vexp)) {
-                y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0", true);
-		if (is_even(vexp)) {
-		    VpSetInf(y, VpGetSign(x));
-		}
-		else {
-		    VpSetInf(y, -VpGetSign(x));
-		}
+        VALUE abs_value = BigDecimal_abs(self);
+        if (is_one(abs_value)) {
+            return VpCheckGetValue(NewOneWrapLimited(1, n));
+        }
+        else if (RTEST(rb_funcall(abs_value, '<', 1, INT2FIX(1)))) {
+            if (is_negative(vexp)) {
+                y = NewZeroWrapLimited(1, n);
+                VpSetInf(y, (is_even(vexp) ? 1 : -1) * VpGetSign(x));
                 return VpCheckGetValue(y);
-	    }
-	    else if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(x) && is_even(vexp)) {
-                return VpCheckGetValue(VpCreateRbObject(n, "-0", true));
-	    }
-	    else {
-                return VpCheckGetValue(VpCreateRbObject(n, "0", true));
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    if (is_positive(vexp)) {
-                y = VpCreateRbObject(n, "0", true);
-		if (is_even(vexp)) {
-		    VpSetInf(y, VpGetSign(x));
-		}
-		else {
-		    VpSetInf(y, -VpGetSign(x));
-		}
+            }
+            else if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(x) && is_even(vexp)) {
+                return VpCheckGetValue(NewZeroWrapLimited(-1, n));
+            }
+            else {
+                return VpCheckGetValue(NewZeroWrapLimited(1, n));
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            if (is_positive(vexp)) {
+                y = NewZeroWrapLimited(1, n);
+                VpSetInf(y, (is_even(vexp) ? 1 : -1) * VpGetSign(x));
                 return VpCheckGetValue(y);
-	    }
-	    else if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(x) && is_even(vexp)) {
-                return VpCheckGetValue(VpCreateRbObject(n, "-0", true));
-	    }
-	    else {
-                return VpCheckGetValue(VpCreateRbObject(n, "0", true));
-	    }
-	}
+            }
+            else if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(x) && is_even(vexp)) {
+                return VpCheckGetValue(NewZeroWrapLimited(-1, n));
+            }
+            else {
+                return VpCheckGetValue(NewZeroWrapLimited(1, n));
+            }
+        }
     }
 
     int_exp = FIX2LONG(vexp);
@@ -3017,15 +3200,15 @@ BigDecimal_power(int argc, VALUE*argv, VALUE self)
     if (ma == 0) ma = 1;
 
     if (VpIsDef(x)) {
-	mp = x->Prec * (VpBaseFig() + 1);
-        GUARD_OBJ(y, VpCreateRbObject(mp * (ma + 1), "0", true));
+        mp = x->Prec * (VpBaseFig() + 1);
+        GUARD_OBJ(y, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, mp * (ma + 1)));
     }
     else {
-        GUARD_OBJ(y, VpCreateRbObject(1, "0", true));
+        GUARD_OBJ(y, NewZeroWrapLimited(1, 1));
     }
     VpPowerByInt(y, x, int_exp);
     if (!NIL_P(prec) && VpIsDef(y)) {
-	VpMidRound(y, VpGetRoundMode(), n);
+        VpMidRound(y, VpGetRoundMode(), n);
     }
     return VpCheckGetValue(y);
 }
@@ -3114,7 +3297,7 @@ rb_uint64_convert_to_BigDecimal(uint64_t uval, RB_UNUSED_VAR(size_t digs), int r
 
     Real *vp;
     if (uval == 0) {
-        vp = VpAllocReal(1);
+        vp = rbd_allocate_struct(1);
         vp->MaxPrec = 1;
         vp->Prec = 1;
         vp->exponent = 1;
@@ -3122,7 +3305,7 @@ rb_uint64_convert_to_BigDecimal(uint64_t uval, RB_UNUSED_VAR(size_t digs), int r
         vp->frac[0] = 0;
     }
     else if (uval < BASE) {
-        vp = VpAllocReal(1);
+        vp = rbd_allocate_struct(1);
         vp->MaxPrec = 1;
         vp->Prec = 1;
         vp->exponent = 1;
@@ -3148,7 +3331,7 @@ rb_uint64_convert_to_BigDecimal(uint64_t uval, RB_UNUSED_VAR(size_t digs), int r
         }
 
         const size_t exp = len + ntz;
-        vp = VpAllocReal(len);
+        vp = rbd_allocate_struct(len);
         vp->MaxPrec = len;
         vp->Prec = len;
         vp->exponent = exp;
@@ -3500,6 +3683,9 @@ rb_convert_to_BigDecimal(VALUE val, size_t digs, int raise_exception)
  *  in the value, the result is rounded to that number of digits,
  *  according to the current rounding mode; see BigDecimal.mode.
  *
+ *  When +ndigits+ is 0, the number of digits to correctly represent a float number
+ *  is determined automatically.
+ *
  *  Returns +value+ converted to a \BigDecimal, depending on the type of +value+:
  *
  *  - Integer, Float, Rational, Complex, or BigDecimal: converted directly:
@@ -3606,8 +3792,10 @@ BigDecimal_limit(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 /* Returns the sign of the value.
  *
- * Returns a positive value if > 0, a negative value if < 0, and a
- * zero if == 0.
+ * Returns a positive value if > 0, a negative value if < 0.
+ * It behaves the same with zeros -
+ * it returns a positive value for a positive zero (BigDecimal('0')) and
+ * a negative value for a negative zero (BigDecimal('-0')).
  *
  * The specific value returned indicates the type and sign of the BigDecimal,
  * as follows:
@@ -3771,18 +3959,16 @@ BigMath_s_exp(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE vprec)
             return VpCheckGetValue(GetVpValueWithPrec(INT2FIX(0), prec, 1));
 	}
 	else {
-	    Real* vy;
-            vy = VpCreateRbObject(prec, "#0", true);
+	    Real* vy = NewZeroWrapNolimit(1, prec);
 	    VpSetInf(vy, VP_SIGN_POSITIVE_INFINITE);
 	    RB_GC_GUARD(vy->obj);
             return VpCheckGetValue(vy);
 	}
     }
     else if (nan) {
-	Real* vy;
-        vy = VpCreateRbObject(prec, "#0", true);
-	VpSetNaN(vy);
-	RB_GC_GUARD(vy->obj);
+        Real* vy = NewZeroWrapNolimit(1, prec);
+        VpSetNaN(vy);
+        RB_GC_GUARD(vy->obj);
         return VpCheckGetValue(vy);
     }
     else if (vx == NULL) {
@@ -3800,7 +3986,7 @@ BigMath_s_exp(VALUE klass, VALUE x, VALUE vprec)
 	VpSetSign(vx, 1);
     }
 
-    one = VpCheckGetValue(VpCreateRbObject(1, "1", true));
+    one = VpCheckGetValue(NewOneWrapLimited(1, 1));
     y   = one;
     d   = y;
     i   = 1;
@@ -3927,15 +4113,13 @@ get_vp_value:
 	break;
     }
     if (infinite && !negative) {
-	Real* vy;
-        vy = VpCreateRbObject(prec, "#0", true);
+        Real *vy = NewZeroWrapNolimit(1, prec);
 	RB_GC_GUARD(vy->obj);
 	VpSetInf(vy, VP_SIGN_POSITIVE_INFINITE);
         return VpCheckGetValue(vy);
     }
     else if (nan) {
-	Real* vy;
-        vy = VpCreateRbObject(prec, "#0", true);
+	Real* vy = NewZeroWrapNolimit(1, prec);
 	RB_GC_GUARD(vy->obj);
 	VpSetNaN(vy);
         return VpCheckGetValue(vy);
@@ -3949,7 +4133,7 @@ get_vp_value:
     }
     x = VpCheckGetValue(vx);
 
-    RB_GC_GUARD(one) = VpCheckGetValue(VpCreateRbObject(1, "1", true));
+    RB_GC_GUARD(one) = VpCheckGetValue(NewOneWrapLimited(1, 1));
     RB_GC_GUARD(two) = VpCheckGetValue(VpCreateRbObject(1, "2", true));
 
     n = prec + BIGDECIMAL_DOUBLE_FIGURES;
@@ -4414,20 +4598,31 @@ Init_bigdecimal(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mBigMath, "exp", BigMath_s_exp, 2);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mBigMath, "log", BigMath_s_log, 2);
 
-    id_up = rb_intern_const("up");
-    id_down = rb_intern_const("down");
-    id_truncate = rb_intern_const("truncate");
-    id_half_up = rb_intern_const("half_up");
-    id_default = rb_intern_const("default");
-    id_half_down = rb_intern_const("half_down");
-    id_half_even = rb_intern_const("half_even");
-    id_banker = rb_intern_const("banker");
-    id_ceiling = rb_intern_const("ceiling");
-    id_ceil = rb_intern_const("ceil");
-    id_floor = rb_intern_const("floor");
+#define ROUNDING_MODE(i, name, value) \
+    id_##name = rb_intern_const(#name); \
+    rbd_rounding_modes[i].id   = id_##name; \
+    rbd_rounding_modes[i].mode = value;
+
+    ROUNDING_MODE(0, up,        RBD_ROUND_UP);
+    ROUNDING_MODE(1, down,      RBD_ROUND_DOWN);
+    ROUNDING_MODE(2, half_up,   RBD_ROUND_HALF_UP);
+    ROUNDING_MODE(3, half_down, RBD_ROUND_HALF_DOWN);
+    ROUNDING_MODE(4, ceil,      RBD_ROUND_CEIL);
+    ROUNDING_MODE(5, floor,     RBD_ROUND_FLOOR);
+    ROUNDING_MODE(6, half_even, RBD_ROUND_HALF_EVEN);
+
+    ROUNDING_MODE(7,  default,   RBD_ROUND_DEFAULT);
+    ROUNDING_MODE(8,  truncate,  RBD_ROUND_TRUNCATE);
+    ROUNDING_MODE(9,  banker,    RBD_ROUND_BANKER);
+    ROUNDING_MODE(10, ceiling,   RBD_ROUND_CEILING);
+
+#undef ROUNDING_MODE
+
     id_to_r = rb_intern_const("to_r");
     id_eq = rb_intern_const("==");
     id_half = rb_intern_const("half");
+
+    (void)VPrint;  /* suppress unused warning */
 }
 
 /*
@@ -4447,7 +4642,7 @@ static int gfCheckVal = 1;      /* Value checking flag in VpNmlz()  */
 #endif /* BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG */
 
 static Real *VpConstOne;    /* constant 1.0 */
-static Real *VpPt5;        /* constant 0.5 */
+static Real *VpConstPt5;    /* constant 0.5 */
 #define maxnr 100UL    /* Maximum iterations for calculating sqrt. */
                 /* used in VpSqrt() */
 
@@ -4478,42 +4673,6 @@ static int VpRdup(Real *m, size_t ind_m);
 static int gnAlloc = 0; /* Memory allocation counter */
 #endif /* BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG */
 
-VP_EXPORT void *
-VpMemAlloc(size_t mb)
-{
-    void *p = xmalloc(mb);
-    memset(p, 0, mb);
-#ifdef BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG
-    gnAlloc++; /* Count allocation call */
-#endif /* BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG */
-    return p;
-}
-
-VP_EXPORT void *
-VpMemRealloc(void *ptr, size_t mb)
-{
-    return xrealloc(ptr, mb);
-}
-
-VP_EXPORT void
-VpFree(Real *pv)
-{
-    if (pv != NULL) {
-	xfree(pv);
-#ifdef BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG
-	gnAlloc--; /* Decrement allocation count */
-	if (gnAlloc == 0) {
-	    printf(" *************** All memories allocated freed ****************\n");
-	    /*getchar();*/
-	}
-	if (gnAlloc <  0) {
-	    printf(" ??????????? Too many memory free calls(%d) ?????????????\n", gnAlloc);
-	    /*getchar();*/
-	}
-#endif /* BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG */
-    }
-}
-
 /*
  * EXCEPTION Handling.
  */
@@ -4902,9 +5061,13 @@ VpInit(DECDIG BaseVal)
     /* Setup +/- Inf  NaN -0 */
     VpGetDoubleNegZero();
 
-    /* Allocates Vp constants. */
-    VpConstOne = VpAlloc(1UL, "1", 1, 1);
-    VpPt5 = VpAlloc(1UL, ".5", 1, 1);
+    /* Const 1.0 */
+    VpConstOne = NewOneNolimit(1, 1);
+
+    /* Const 0.5 */
+    VpConstPt5 = NewOneNolimit(1, 1);
+    VpConstPt5->exponent = 0;
+    VpConstPt5->frac[0] = 5*BASE1;
 
 #ifdef BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG
     gnAlloc = 0;
@@ -4993,7 +5156,7 @@ bigdecimal_parse_special_string(const char *str)
         p = str + table[i].len;
         while (*p && ISSPACE(*p)) ++p;
         if (*p == '\0') {
-            Real *vp = VpAllocReal(1);
+            Real *vp = rbd_allocate_struct(1);
             vp->MaxPrec = 1;
             switch (table[i].sign) {
               default:
@@ -5017,11 +5180,11 @@ bigdecimal_parse_special_string(const char *str)
 /*
  * Allocates variable.
  * [Input]
- *   mx ... allocation unit, if zero then mx is determined by szVal.
- *    The mx is the number of effective digits can to be stored.
- *   szVal ... value assigned(char). If szVal==NULL,then zero is assumed.
- *            If szVal[0]=='#' then Max. Prec. will not be considered(1.1.7),
- *            full precision specified by szVal is allocated.
+ *   mx ... The number of decimal digits to be allocated, if zero then mx is determined by szVal.
+ *          The mx will be the number of significant digits can to be stored.
+ *   szVal ... The value assigned(char). If szVal==NULL, then zero is assumed.
+ *             If szVal[0]=='#' then MaxPrec is not affected by the precision limit
+ *             so that the full precision specified by szVal is allocated.
  *
  * [Returns]
  *   Pointer to the newly allocated variable, or
@@ -5032,48 +5195,40 @@ VpAlloc(size_t mx, const char *szVal, int strict_p, int exc)
 {
     const char *orig_szVal = szVal;
     size_t i, j, ni, ipf, nf, ipe, ne, dot_seen, exp_seen, nalloc;
+    size_t len;
     char v, *psz;
     int  sign=1;
     Real *vp = NULL;
-    size_t mf = VpGetPrecLimit();
     VALUE buf;
 
-    mx = (mx + BASE_FIG - 1) / BASE_FIG;    /* Determine allocation unit. */
-    if (mx == 0) ++mx;
-
-    if (szVal) {
-        /* Skipping leading spaces */
-        while (ISSPACE(*szVal)) szVal++;
-
-        /* Processing the leading one `#` */
-        if (*szVal != '#') {
-            if (mf) {
-                mf = (mf + BASE_FIG - 1) / BASE_FIG + 2; /* Needs 1 more for div */
-                if (mx > mf) {
-                    mx = mf;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        else {
-            ++szVal;
-        }
-    }
-    else {
+    if (szVal == NULL) {
       return_zero:
         /* necessary to be able to store */
         /* at least mx digits. */
         /* szVal==NULL ==> allocate zero value. */
-        vp = VpAllocReal(mx);
-        vp->MaxPrec = mx;    /* set max precision */
+        vp = rbd_allocate_struct(mx);
+        vp->MaxPrec = rbd_calculate_internal_digits(mx, false);  /* Must false */
         VpSetZero(vp, 1);    /* initialize vp to zero. */
         return vp;
     }
 
+    /* Skipping leading spaces */
+    while (ISSPACE(*szVal)) szVal++;
+
     /* Check on Inf & NaN */
     if ((vp = bigdecimal_parse_special_string(szVal)) != NULL) {
         return vp;
     }
 
+    /* Processing the leading one `#` */
+    if (*szVal != '#') {
+        len = rbd_calculate_internal_digits(mx, true);
+    }
+    else {
+        len = rbd_calculate_internal_digits(mx, false);
+        ++szVal;
+    }
+
     /* Scanning digits */
 
     /* A buffer for keeping scanned digits */
@@ -5235,11 +5390,11 @@ VpAlloc(size_t mx, const char *szVal, int strict_p, int exc)
 
     nalloc = (ni + nf + BASE_FIG - 1) / BASE_FIG + 1;    /* set effective allocation  */
     /* units for szVal[]  */
-    if (mx == 0) mx = 1;
-    nalloc = Max(nalloc, mx);
-    mx = nalloc;
-    vp = VpAllocReal(mx);
-    vp->MaxPrec = mx;        /* set max precision */
+    if (len == 0) len = 1;
+    nalloc = Max(nalloc, len);
+    len = nalloc;
+    vp = rbd_allocate_struct(len);
+    vp->MaxPrec = len;        /* set max precision */
     VpSetZero(vp, sign);
     VpCtoV(vp, psz, ni, psz + ipf, nf, psz + ipe, ne);
     rb_str_resize(buf, 0);
@@ -5804,7 +5959,7 @@ VpMult(Real *c, Real *a, Real *b)
 
     if (MxIndC < MxIndAB) {    /* The Max. prec. of c < Prec(a)+Prec(b) */
 	w = c;
-	c = VpAlloc((size_t)((MxIndAB + 1) * BASE_FIG), "#0", 1, 1);
+        c = NewZeroNolimit(1, (size_t)((MxIndAB + 1) * BASE_FIG));
 	MxIndC = MxIndAB;
     }
 
@@ -5812,8 +5967,8 @@ VpMult(Real *c, Real *a, Real *b)
 
     c->exponent = a->exponent;    /* set exponent */
     if (!AddExponent(c, b->exponent)) {
-	if (w) VpFree(c);
-	return 0;
+        if (w) rbd_free_struct(c);
+        return 0;
     }
     VpSetSign(c, VpGetSign(a) * VpGetSign(b));    /* set sign  */
     carry = 0;
@@ -5863,10 +6018,10 @@ VpMult(Real *c, Real *a, Real *b)
 	}
     }
     if (w != NULL) {        /* free work variable */
-	VpNmlz(c);
-	VpAsgn(w, c, 1);
-	VpFree(c);
-	c = w;
+        VpNmlz(c);
+        VpAsgn(w, c, 1);
+        rbd_free_struct(c);
+        c = w;
     }
     else {
 	VpLimitRound(c,0);
@@ -6235,7 +6390,6 @@ Exit:
  *     Note: % must not appear more than once
  *    a  ... VP variable to be printed
  */
-#ifdef BIGDECIMAL_ENABLE_VPRINT
 static int
 VPrint(FILE *fp, const char *cntl_chr, Real *a)
 {
@@ -6248,95 +6402,94 @@ VPrint(FILE *fp, const char *cntl_chr, Real *a)
     /*  nc : number of characters printed  */
     ZeroSup = 1;        /* Flag not to print the leading zeros as 0.00xxxxEnn */
     while (*(cntl_chr + j)) {
-	if (*(cntl_chr + j) == '%' && *(cntl_chr + j + 1) != '%') {
-	    nc = 0;
-	    if (VpIsNaN(a)) {
-		fprintf(fp, SZ_NaN);
-		nc += 8;
-	    }
-	    else if (VpIsPosInf(a)) {
-		fprintf(fp, SZ_INF);
-		nc += 8;
-	    }
-	    else if (VpIsNegInf(a)) {
-		fprintf(fp, SZ_NINF);
-		nc += 9;
-	    }
-	    else if (!VpIsZero(a)) {
-		if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(a)) {
-		    fprintf(fp, "-");
-		    ++nc;
-		}
-		nc += fprintf(fp, "0.");
-		switch (*(cntl_chr + j + 1)) {
-		default:
-		    break;
+        if (*(cntl_chr + j) == '%' && *(cntl_chr + j + 1) != '%') {
+            nc = 0;
+            if (VpIsNaN(a)) {
+                fprintf(fp, SZ_NaN);
+                nc += 8;
+            }
+            else if (VpIsPosInf(a)) {
+                fprintf(fp, SZ_INF);
+                nc += 8;
+            }
+            else if (VpIsNegInf(a)) {
+                fprintf(fp, SZ_NINF);
+                nc += 9;
+            }
+            else if (!VpIsZero(a)) {
+                if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(a)) {
+                    fprintf(fp, "-");
+                    ++nc;
+                }
+                nc += fprintf(fp, "0.");
+                switch (*(cntl_chr + j + 1)) {
+                  default:
+                    break;
 
-		case '0': case 'z':
-		    ZeroSup = 0;
-		    ++j;
-		    sep = cntl_chr[j] == 'z' ? BIGDECIMAL_COMPONENT_FIGURES : 10;
-		    break;
-		}
-		for (i = 0; i < a->Prec; ++i) {
-		    m = BASE1;
-		    e = a->frac[i];
-		    while (m) {
-			nn = e / m;
-			if (!ZeroSup || nn) {
-			    nc += fprintf(fp, "%lu", (unsigned long)nn);    /* The leading zero(s) */
-			    /* as 0.00xx will not */
-			    /* be printed. */
-			    ++nd;
-			    ZeroSup = 0;    /* Set to print succeeding zeros */
-			}
-			if (nd >= sep) {    /* print ' ' after every 10 digits */
-			    nd = 0;
-			    nc += fprintf(fp, " ");
-			}
-			e = e - nn * m;
-			m /= 10;
-		    }
-		}
-		nc += fprintf(fp, "E%"PRIdSIZE, VpExponent10(a));
-		nc += fprintf(fp, " (%"PRIdVALUE", %lu, %lu)", a->exponent, a->Prec, a->MaxPrec);
-	    }
-	    else {
-		nc += fprintf(fp, "0.0");
-	    }
-	}
-	else {
-	    ++nc;
-	    if (*(cntl_chr + j) == '\\') {
-		switch (*(cntl_chr + j + 1)) {
-		  case 'n':
-		    fprintf(fp, "\n");
-		    ++j;
-		    break;
-		  case 't':
-		    fprintf(fp, "\t");
-		    ++j;
-		    break;
-		  case 'b':
-		    fprintf(fp, "\n");
-		    ++j;
-		    break;
-		  default:
-		    fprintf(fp, "%c", *(cntl_chr + j));
-		    break;
-		}
-	    }
-	    else {
-		fprintf(fp, "%c", *(cntl_chr + j));
-		if (*(cntl_chr + j) == '%') ++j;
-	    }
-	}
-	j++;
+                  case '0': case 'z':
+                    ZeroSup = 0;
+                    ++j;
+                    sep = cntl_chr[j] == 'z' ? BIGDECIMAL_COMPONENT_FIGURES : 10;
+                    break;
+                }
+                for (i = 0; i < a->Prec; ++i) {
+                    m = BASE1;
+                    e = a->frac[i];
+                    while (m) {
+                        nn = e / m;
+                        if (!ZeroSup || nn) {
+                            nc += fprintf(fp, "%lu", (unsigned long)nn);    /* The leading zero(s) */
+                            /* as 0.00xx will not */
+                            /* be printed. */
+                            ++nd;
+                            ZeroSup = 0;    /* Set to print succeeding zeros */
+                        }
+                        if (nd >= sep) {    /* print ' ' after every 10 digits */
+                            nd = 0;
+                            nc += fprintf(fp, " ");
+                        }
+                        e = e - nn * m;
+                        m /= 10;
+                    }
+                }
+                nc += fprintf(fp, "E%"PRIdSIZE, VpExponent10(a));
+                nc += fprintf(fp, " (%"PRIdVALUE", %lu, %lu)", a->exponent, a->Prec, a->MaxPrec);
+            }
+            else {
+                nc += fprintf(fp, "0.0");
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+            ++nc;
+            if (*(cntl_chr + j) == '\\') {
+                switch (*(cntl_chr + j + 1)) {
+                  case 'n':
+                    fprintf(fp, "\n");
+                    ++j;
+                    break;
+                  case 't':
+                    fprintf(fp, "\t");
+                    ++j;
+                    break;
+                  case 'b':
+                    fprintf(fp, "\n");
+                    ++j;
+                    break;
+                  default:
+                    fprintf(fp, "%c", *(cntl_chr + j));
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                fprintf(fp, "%c", *(cntl_chr + j));
+                if (*(cntl_chr + j) == '%') ++j;
+            }
+        }
+        j++;
     }
 
     return (int)nc;
 }
-#endif
 
 static void
 VpFormatSt(char *psz, size_t fFmt)
@@ -6381,188 +6534,254 @@ VpExponent10(Real *a)
 }
 
 VP_EXPORT void
-VpSzMantissa(Real *a,char *psz)
+VpSzMantissa(Real *a, char *buf, size_t buflen)
 {
     size_t i, n, ZeroSup;
     DECDIG_DBL m, e, nn;
 
     if (VpIsNaN(a)) {
-	sprintf(psz, SZ_NaN);
-	return;
+        snprintf(buf, buflen, SZ_NaN);
+        return;
     }
     if (VpIsPosInf(a)) {
-	sprintf(psz, SZ_INF);
+	snprintf(buf, buflen, SZ_INF);
 	return;
     }
     if (VpIsNegInf(a)) {
-	sprintf(psz, SZ_NINF);
+	snprintf(buf, buflen, SZ_NINF);
 	return;
     }
 
     ZeroSup = 1;        /* Flag not to print the leading zeros as 0.00xxxxEnn */
     if (!VpIsZero(a)) {
-	if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(a)) *psz++ = '-';
-	n = a->Prec;
-	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-	    m = BASE1;
-	    e = a->frac[i];
-	    while (m) {
-		nn = e / m;
-		if (!ZeroSup || nn) {
-		    sprintf(psz, "%lu", (unsigned long)nn); /* The leading zero(s) */
-		    psz += strlen(psz);
-		    /* as 0.00xx will be ignored. */
-		    ZeroSup = 0; /* Set to print succeeding zeros */
-		}
-		e = e - nn * m;
-		m /= 10;
-	    }
-	}
-	*psz = 0;
-	while (psz[-1] == '0') *(--psz) = 0;
+        if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(a)) *buf++ = '-';
+        n = a->Prec;
+        for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+            m = BASE1;
+            e = a->frac[i];
+            while (m) {
+                nn = e / m;
+                if (!ZeroSup || nn) {
+                    snprintf(buf, buflen, "%lu", (unsigned long)nn); /* The leading zero(s) */
+                    buf += strlen(buf);
+                    /* as 0.00xx will be ignored. */
+                    ZeroSup = 0; /* Set to print succeeding zeros */
+                }
+                e = e - nn * m;
+                m /= 10;
+            }
+        }
+        *buf = 0;
+        while (buf[-1] == '0') *(--buf) = 0;
     }
     else {
-	if (VpIsPosZero(a)) sprintf(psz, "0");
-	else                sprintf(psz, "-0");
+	if (VpIsPosZero(a)) snprintf(buf, buflen, "0");
+	else                snprintf(buf, buflen, "-0");
     }
 }
 
 VP_EXPORT int
-VpToSpecialString(Real *a,char *psz,int fPlus)
+VpToSpecialString(Real *a, char *buf, size_t buflen, int fPlus)
 /* fPlus = 0: default, 1: set ' ' before digits, 2: set '+' before digits. */
 {
     if (VpIsNaN(a)) {
-	sprintf(psz,SZ_NaN);
-	return 1;
+        snprintf(buf, buflen, SZ_NaN);
+        return 1;
     }
 
     if (VpIsPosInf(a)) {
-	if (fPlus == 1) {
-	    *psz++ = ' ';
-	}
-	else if (fPlus == 2) {
-	    *psz++ = '+';
-	}
-	sprintf(psz, SZ_INF);
-	return 1;
+        if (fPlus == 1) {
+            *buf++ = ' ';
+        }
+        else if (fPlus == 2) {
+            *buf++ = '+';
+        }
+        snprintf(buf, buflen, SZ_INF);
+        return 1;
     }
     if (VpIsNegInf(a)) {
-	sprintf(psz, SZ_NINF);
-	return 1;
+        snprintf(buf, buflen, SZ_NINF);
+        return 1;
     }
     if (VpIsZero(a)) {
-	if (VpIsPosZero(a)) {
-	    if (fPlus == 1)      sprintf(psz, " 0.0");
-	    else if (fPlus == 2) sprintf(psz, "+0.0");
-	    else                 sprintf(psz,  "0.0");
-	}
-	else                     sprintf(psz, "-0.0");
-	return 1;
+        if (VpIsPosZero(a)) {
+            if (fPlus == 1)      snprintf(buf, buflen, " 0.0");
+            else if (fPlus == 2) snprintf(buf, buflen, "+0.0");
+            else                 snprintf(buf, buflen,  "0.0");
+        }
+        else                     snprintf(buf, buflen, "-0.0");
+        return 1;
     }
     return 0;
 }
 
 VP_EXPORT void
-VpToString(Real *a, char *psz, size_t fFmt, int fPlus)
+VpToString(Real *a, char *buf, size_t buflen, size_t fFmt, int fPlus)
 /* fPlus = 0: default, 1: set ' ' before digits, 2: set '+' before digits. */
 {
     size_t i, n, ZeroSup;
     DECDIG shift, m, e, nn;
-    char *pszSav = psz;
+    char *p = buf;
+    size_t plen = buflen;
     ssize_t ex;
 
-    if (VpToSpecialString(a, psz, fPlus)) return;
+    if (VpToSpecialString(a, buf, buflen, fPlus)) return;
 
     ZeroSup = 1;    /* Flag not to print the leading zeros as 0.00xxxxEnn */
 
-    if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(a)) *psz++ = '-';
-    else if (fPlus == 1)  *psz++ = ' ';
-    else if (fPlus == 2)  *psz++ = '+';
+#define ADVANCE(n) do { \
+    if (plen < n) goto overflow; \
+    p += n; \
+    plen -= n; \
+} while (0)
+
+    if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(a)) {
+        *p = '-';
+        ADVANCE(1);
+    }
+    else if (fPlus == 1) {
+        *p = ' ';
+        ADVANCE(1);
+    }
+    else if (fPlus == 2) {
+        *p = '+';
+        ADVANCE(1);
+    }
+
+    *p = '0'; ADVANCE(1);
+    *p = '.'; ADVANCE(1);
 
-    *psz++ = '0';
-    *psz++ = '.';
     n = a->Prec;
     for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-	m = BASE1;
-	e = a->frac[i];
-	while (m) {
-	    nn = e / m;
-	    if (!ZeroSup || nn) {
-		sprintf(psz, "%lu", (unsigned long)nn);    /* The reading zero(s) */
-		psz += strlen(psz);
-		/* as 0.00xx will be ignored. */
-		ZeroSup = 0;    /* Set to print succeeding zeros */
-	    }
-	    e = e - nn * m;
-	    m /= 10;
-	}
+        m = BASE1;
+        e = a->frac[i];
+        while (m) {
+            nn = e / m;
+            if (!ZeroSup || nn) {
+                /* The reading zero(s) */
+                size_t n = (size_t)snprintf(p, plen, "%lu", (unsigned long)nn);
+                if (n > plen) goto overflow;
+                ADVANCE(n);
+                /* as 0.00xx will be ignored. */
+                ZeroSup = 0;    /* Set to print succeeding zeros */
+            }
+            e = e - nn * m;
+            m /= 10;
+        }
     }
+
     ex = a->exponent * (ssize_t)BASE_FIG;
     shift = BASE1;
     while (a->frac[0] / shift == 0) {
-	--ex;
-	shift /= 10;
+        --ex;
+        shift /= 10;
     }
-    while (psz[-1] == '0') {
-	*(--psz) = 0;
+    while (p - 1 > buf && p[-1] == '0') {
+        *(--p) = '\0';
+        ++plen;
     }
-    sprintf(psz, "e%"PRIdSIZE, ex);
-    if (fFmt) VpFormatSt(pszSav, fFmt);
+    snprintf(p, plen, "e%"PRIdSIZE, ex);
+    if (fFmt) VpFormatSt(buf, fFmt);
+
+  overflow:
+    return;
+#undef ADVANCE
 }
 
 VP_EXPORT void
-VpToFString(Real *a, char *psz, size_t fFmt, int fPlus)
+VpToFString(Real *a, char *buf, size_t buflen, size_t fFmt, int fPlus)
 /* fPlus = 0: default, 1: set ' ' before digits, 2: set '+' before digits. */
 {
     size_t i, n;
     DECDIG m, e, nn;
-    char *pszSav = psz;
+    char *p = buf;
+    size_t plen = buflen;
     ssize_t ex;
 
-    if (VpToSpecialString(a, psz, fPlus)) return;
+    if (VpToSpecialString(a, buf, buflen, fPlus)) return;
 
-    if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(a)) *psz++ = '-';
-    else if (fPlus == 1)  *psz++ = ' ';
-    else if (fPlus == 2)  *psz++ = '+';
+#define ADVANCE(n) do { \
+    if (plen < n) goto overflow; \
+    p += n; \
+    plen -= n; \
+} while (0)
+
+
+    if (BIGDECIMAL_NEGATIVE_P(a)) {
+        *p = '-';
+        ADVANCE(1);
+    }
+    else if (fPlus == 1) {
+        *p = ' ';
+        ADVANCE(1);
+    }
+    else if (fPlus == 2) {
+        *p = '+';
+        ADVANCE(1);
+    }
 
     n  = a->Prec;
     ex = a->exponent;
     if (ex <= 0) {
-	*psz++ = '0';*psz++ = '.';
-	while (ex < 0) {
-	    for (i=0; i < BASE_FIG; ++i) *psz++ = '0';
-	    ++ex;
-	}
-	ex = -1;
+        *p = '0'; ADVANCE(1);
+        *p = '.'; ADVANCE(1);
+        while (ex < 0) {
+            for (i=0; i < BASE_FIG; ++i) {
+                *p = '0'; ADVANCE(1);
+            }
+            ++ex;
+        }
+        ex = -1;
     }
 
     for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
-	--ex;
-	if (i == 0 && ex >= 0) {
-	    sprintf(psz, "%lu", (unsigned long)a->frac[i]);
-	    psz += strlen(psz);
-	}
-	else {
-	    m = BASE1;
-	    e = a->frac[i];
-	    while (m) {
-		nn = e / m;
-		*psz++ = (char)(nn + '0');
-		e = e - nn * m;
-		m /= 10;
-	    }
-	}
-	if (ex == 0) *psz++ = '.';
+        --ex;
+        if (i == 0 && ex >= 0) {
+            size_t n = snprintf(p, plen, "%lu", (unsigned long)a->frac[i]);
+            if (n > plen) goto overflow;
+            ADVANCE(n);
+        }
+        else {
+            m = BASE1;
+            e = a->frac[i];
+            while (m) {
+                nn = e / m;
+                *p = (char)(nn + '0');
+                ADVANCE(1);
+                e = e - nn * m;
+                m /= 10;
+            }
+        }
+        if (ex == 0) {
+            *p = '.';
+            ADVANCE(1);
+        }
     }
     while (--ex>=0) {
-	m = BASE;
-	while (m /= 10) *psz++ = '0';
-	if (ex == 0)    *psz++ = '.';
+        m = BASE;
+        while (m /= 10) {
+            *p = '0';
+            ADVANCE(1);
+        }
+        if (ex == 0) {
+            *p = '.';
+            ADVANCE(1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    *p = '\0';
+    while (p - 1 > buf && p[-1] == '0') {
+        *(--p) = '\0';
+        ++plen;
+    }
+    if (p - 1 > buf && p[-1] == '.') {
+        snprintf(p, plen, "0");
     }
-    *psz = 0;
-    while (psz[-1] == '0') *(--psz) = 0;
-    if (psz[-1] == '.') sprintf(psz, "0");
-    if (fFmt) VpFormatSt(pszSav, fFmt);
+    if (fFmt) VpFormatSt(buf, fFmt);
+
+  overflow:
+    return;
+#undef ADVANCE
 }
 
 /*
@@ -6971,8 +7190,9 @@ VpSqrt(Real *y, Real *x)
     if (x->MaxPrec > (size_t)n) n = (ssize_t)x->MaxPrec;
 
     /* allocate temporally variables  */
-    f = VpAlloc(y->MaxPrec * (BASE_FIG + 2), "#1", 1, 1);
-    r = VpAlloc((n + n) * (BASE_FIG + 2), "#1", 1, 1);
+    /* TODO: reconsider MaxPrec of f and r */
+    f = NewOneNolimit(1, y->MaxPrec * (BASE_FIG + 2));
+    r = NewOneNolimit(1, (n + n) * (BASE_FIG + 2));
 
     nr = 0;
     y_prec = y->MaxPrec;
@@ -6997,16 +7217,21 @@ VpSqrt(Real *y, Real *x)
     f->MaxPrec = y->MaxPrec + 1;
     n = (SIGNED_VALUE)(y_prec * BASE_FIG);
     if (n < (SIGNED_VALUE)maxnr) n = (SIGNED_VALUE)maxnr;
+
+    /*
+     * Perform: y_{n+1} = (y_n - x/y_n) / 2
+     */
     do {
-	y->MaxPrec *= 2;
-	if (y->MaxPrec > y_prec) y->MaxPrec = y_prec;
-	f->MaxPrec = y->MaxPrec;
-	VpDivd(f, r, x, y);      /* f = x/y    */
-	VpAddSub(r, f, y, -1);   /* r = f - y  */
-	VpMult(f, VpPt5, r);     /* f = 0.5*r  */
-	if (VpIsZero(f))         goto converge;
-	VpAddSub(r, f, y, 1);    /* r = y + f  */
-	VpAsgn(y, r, 1);         /* y = r      */
+        y->MaxPrec *= 2;
+        if (y->MaxPrec > y_prec) y->MaxPrec = y_prec;
+        f->MaxPrec = y->MaxPrec;
+        VpDivd(f, r, x, y);        /* f = x/y    */
+        VpAddSub(r, f, y, -1);     /* r = f - y  */
+        VpMult(f, VpConstPt5, r);  /* f = 0.5*r  */
+        if (VpIsZero(f))
+            goto converge;
+        VpAddSub(r, f, y, 1);      /* r = y + f  */
+        VpAsgn(y, r, 1);           /* y = r      */
     } while (++nr < n);
 
 #ifdef BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG
@@ -7031,8 +7256,8 @@ converge:
     y->MaxPrec = y_prec;
 
 Exit:
-    VpFree(f);
-    VpFree(r);
+    rbd_free_struct(f);
+    rbd_free_struct(r);
     return 1;
 }
 
@@ -7423,9 +7648,10 @@ VpPowerByInt(Real *y, Real *x, SIGNED_VALUE n)
     }
 
     /* Allocate working variables  */
+    /* TODO: reconsider MaxPrec of w1 and w2 */
+    w1 = NewZeroNolimit(1, (y->MaxPrec + 2) * BASE_FIG);
+    w2 = NewZeroNolimit(1, (w1->MaxPrec * 2 + 1) * BASE_FIG);
 
-    w1 = VpAlloc((y->MaxPrec + 2) * BASE_FIG, "#0", 1, 1);
-    w2 = VpAlloc((w1->MaxPrec * 2 + 1) * BASE_FIG, "#0", 1, 1);
     /* calculation start */
 
     VpAsgn(y, x, 1);
@@ -7454,8 +7680,8 @@ Exit:
 	printf("  n=%"PRIdVALUE"\n", n);
     }
 #endif /* BIGDECIMAL_DEBUG */
-    VpFree(w2);
-    VpFree(w1);
+    rbd_free_struct(w2);
+    rbd_free_struct(w1);
     return 1;
 }
 
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.gemspec b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.gemspec
index 1feed332f6..d215757188 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.gemspec
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.gemspec
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.name          = "bigdecimal"
-  s.version       = "3.1.2"
+  s.version       = "3.1.3"
   s.authors       = ["Kenta Murata", "Zachary Scott", "Shigeo Kobayashi"]
   s.email         = ["mrkn@mrkn.jp"]
 
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.h b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.h
index bd1c46743e..54fed811fb 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.h
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/bigdecimal.h
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ extern VALUE rb_cBigDecimal;
  */
 #define VP_EXPORT static
 
-/* Exception codes */
+/* Exception mode */
 #define VP_EXCEPTION_ALL        ((unsigned short)0x00FF)
 #define VP_EXCEPTION_INFINITY   ((unsigned short)0x0001)
 #define VP_EXCEPTION_NaN        ((unsigned short)0x0002)
@@ -115,18 +115,36 @@ extern VALUE rb_cBigDecimal;
 
 #define BIGDECIMAL_EXCEPTION_MODE_DEFAULT 0U
 
-/* Computation mode */
+/* This is used in BigDecimal#mode */
 #define VP_ROUND_MODE            ((unsigned short)0x0100)
-#define VP_ROUND_UP         1
-#define VP_ROUND_DOWN       2
-#define VP_ROUND_HALF_UP    3
-#define VP_ROUND_HALF_DOWN  4
-#define VP_ROUND_CEIL       5
-#define VP_ROUND_FLOOR      6
-#define VP_ROUND_HALF_EVEN  7
+
+/* Rounding mode */
+#define VP_ROUND_UP         RBD_ROUND_UP
+#define VP_ROUND_DOWN       RBD_ROUND_DOWN
+#define VP_ROUND_HALF_UP    RBD_ROUND_HALF_UP
+#define VP_ROUND_HALF_DOWN  RBD_ROUND_HALF_DOWN
+#define VP_ROUND_CEIL       RBD_ROUND_CEIL
+#define VP_ROUND_FLOOR      RBD_ROUND_FLOOR
+#define VP_ROUND_HALF_EVEN  RBD_ROUND_HALF_EVEN
+
+enum rbd_rounding_mode {
+    RBD_ROUND_UP          = 1,
+    RBD_ROUND_DOWN        = 2,
+    RBD_ROUND_HALF_UP     = 3,
+    RBD_ROUND_HALF_DOWN   = 4,
+    RBD_ROUND_CEIL        = 5,
+    RBD_ROUND_FLOOR       = 6,
+    RBD_ROUND_HALF_EVEN   = 7,
+
+    RBD_ROUND_DEFAULT  = RBD_ROUND_HALF_UP,
+    RBD_ROUND_TRUNCATE = RBD_ROUND_DOWN,
+    RBD_ROUND_BANKER   = RBD_ROUND_HALF_EVEN,
+    RBD_ROUND_CEILING  = RBD_ROUND_CEIL
+};
 
 #define BIGDECIMAL_ROUNDING_MODE_DEFAULT  VP_ROUND_HALF_UP
 
+/* Sign flag */
 #define VP_SIGN_NaN                0 /* NaN                      */
 #define VP_SIGN_POSITIVE_ZERO      1 /* Positive zero            */
 #define VP_SIGN_NEGATIVE_ZERO     -1 /* Negative zero            */
@@ -135,6 +153,7 @@ extern VALUE rb_cBigDecimal;
 #define VP_SIGN_POSITIVE_INFINITE  3 /* Positive infinite number */
 #define VP_SIGN_NEGATIVE_INFINITE -3 /* Negative infinite number */
 
+/* The size of fraction part array */
 #if defined(__STDC_VERSION__) && (__STDC_VERSION__ >= 199901L)
 #define	FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_SIZE /* */
 #elif defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__STRICT_ANSI__)
@@ -205,9 +224,6 @@ VP_EXPORT int VpIsNegDoubleZero(double v);
 #endif
 VP_EXPORT size_t VpNumOfChars(Real *vp,const char *pszFmt);
 VP_EXPORT size_t VpInit(DECDIG BaseVal);
-VP_EXPORT void *VpMemAlloc(size_t mb);
-VP_EXPORT void *VpMemRealloc(void *ptr, size_t mb);
-VP_EXPORT void VpFree(Real *pv);
 VP_EXPORT Real *VpAlloc(size_t mx, const char *szVal, int strict_p, int exc);
 VP_EXPORT size_t VpAsgn(Real *c, Real *a, int isw);
 VP_EXPORT size_t VpAddSub(Real *c,Real *a,Real *b,int operation);
@@ -215,10 +231,10 @@ VP_EXPORT size_t VpMult(Real *c,Real *a,Real *b);
 VP_EXPORT size_t VpDivd(Real *c,Real *r,Real *a,Real *b);
 VP_EXPORT int VpComp(Real *a,Real *b);
 VP_EXPORT ssize_t VpExponent10(Real *a);
-VP_EXPORT void VpSzMantissa(Real *a,char *psz);
-VP_EXPORT int VpToSpecialString(Real *a,char *psz,int fPlus);
-VP_EXPORT void VpToString(Real *a, char *psz, size_t fFmt, int fPlus);
-VP_EXPORT void VpToFString(Real *a, char *psz, size_t fFmt, int fPlus);
+VP_EXPORT void VpSzMantissa(Real *a, char *buf, size_t bufsize);
+VP_EXPORT int VpToSpecialString(Real *a, char *buf, size_t bufsize, int fPlus);
+VP_EXPORT void VpToString(Real *a, char *buf, size_t bufsize, size_t fFmt, int fPlus);
+VP_EXPORT void VpToFString(Real *a, char *buf, size_t bufsize, size_t fFmt, int fPlus);
 VP_EXPORT int VpCtoV(Real *a, const char *int_chr, size_t ni, const char *frac, size_t nf, const char *exp_chr, size_t ne);
 VP_EXPORT int VpVtoD(double *d, SIGNED_VALUE *e, Real *m);
 VP_EXPORT void VpDtoV(Real *m,double d);
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb b/ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb
index 4920374b1a..17e7905dd6 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/extconf.rb
@@ -71,8 +71,6 @@ have_func("rb_rational_num", "ruby.h")
 have_func("rb_rational_den", "ruby.h")
 have_func("rb_complex_real", "ruby.h")
 have_func("rb_complex_imag", "ruby.h")
-have_func("rb_array_const_ptr", "ruby.h")
-have_func("rb_sym2str", "ruby.h")
 have_func("rb_opts_exception_p", "ruby.h")
 have_func("rb_category_warn", "ruby.h")
 have_const("RB_WARN_CATEGORY_DEPRECATED", "ruby.h")
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal/util.rb b/ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal/util.rb
index cb645d2a71..ad92f7cfe6 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal/util.rb
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/lib/bigdecimal/util.rb
@@ -33,12 +33,16 @@ class Float < Numeric
   #
   # Returns the value of +float+ as a BigDecimal.
   # The +precision+ parameter is used to determine the number of
-  # significant digits for the result (the default is Float::DIG).
+  # significant digits for the result. When +precision+ is set to +0+,
+  # the number of digits to represent the float being converted is determined
+  # automatically.
+  # The default +precision+ is +0+.
   #
   #     require 'bigdecimal'
   #     require 'bigdecimal/util'
   #
   #     0.5.to_d         # => 0.5e0
+  #     1.234.to_d       # => 0.1234e1
   #     1.234.to_d(2)    # => 0.12e1
   #
   # See also BigDecimal::new.
diff --git a/ext/bigdecimal/missing.h b/ext/bigdecimal/missing.h
index 49b7c7667f..325554b5f5 100644
--- a/ext/bigdecimal/missing.h
+++ b/ext/bigdecimal/missing.h
@@ -35,10 +35,10 @@ extern "C" {
 #endif /* RB_UNUSED_VAR */
 
 #if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1310
-# define HAVE___ASSUME
+# define HAVE___ASSUME 1
 
 #elif defined(__INTEL_COMPILER) && __INTEL_COMPILER >= 1300
-# define HAVE___ASSUME
+# define HAVE___ASSUME 1
 #endif
 
 #ifndef UNREACHABLE
@@ -172,45 +172,6 @@ rb_complex_imag(VALUE cmp)
 }
 #endif
 
-/* array */
-
-#ifndef FIX_CONST_VALUE_PTR
-# if defined(__fcc__) || defined(__fcc_version) || \
-    defined(__FCC__) || defined(__FCC_VERSION)
-/* workaround for old version of Fujitsu C Compiler (fcc) */
-#  define FIX_CONST_VALUE_PTR(x) ((const VALUE *)(x))
-# else
-#  define FIX_CONST_VALUE_PTR(x) (x)
-# endif
-#endif
-
-#ifndef HAVE_RB_ARRAY_CONST_PTR
-static inline const VALUE *
-rb_array_const_ptr(VALUE a)
-{
-    return FIX_CONST_VALUE_PTR((RBASIC(a)->flags & RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG) ?
-	RARRAY(a)->as.ary : RARRAY(a)->as.heap.ptr);
-}
-#endif
-
-#ifndef RARRAY_CONST_PTR
-# define RARRAY_CONST_PTR(a) rb_array_const_ptr(a)
-#endif
-
-#ifndef RARRAY_AREF
-# define RARRAY_AREF(a, i) (RARRAY_CONST_PTR(a)[i])
-#endif
-
-/* symbol */
-
-#ifndef HAVE_RB_SYM2STR
-static inline VALUE
-rb_sym2str(VALUE sym)
-{
-    return rb_id2str(SYM2ID(sym));
-}
-#endif
-
 /* st */
 
 #ifndef ST2FIX
diff --git a/ext/coverage/coverage.c b/ext/coverage/coverage.c
index 2f760c8eb6..4578de54e4 100644
--- a/ext/coverage/coverage.c
+++ b/ext/coverage/coverage.c
@@ -24,11 +24,37 @@ static int current_mode;
 static VALUE me2counter = Qnil;
 
 /*
+ *  call-seq: Coverage.supported?(mode) -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns true if coverage measurement is supported for the given mode.
+ *
+ *  The mode should be one of the following symbols:
+ *  +:lines+, +:branches+, +:methods+, +:eval+.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *
+ *    Coverage.supported?(:lines)  #=> true
+ *    Coverage.supported?(:all)    #=> false
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_coverage_supported(VALUE self, VALUE _mode)
+{
+    ID mode = RB_SYM2ID(_mode);
+
+    return RBOOL(
+        mode == rb_intern("lines") ||
+        mode == rb_intern("branches") ||
+        mode == rb_intern("methods") ||
+        mode == rb_intern("eval")
+    );
+}
+
+/*
  * call-seq:
- *    Coverage.setup                                              => nil
- *    Coverage.setup(:all)                                        => nil
- *    Coverage.setup(lines: bool, branches: bool, methods: bool)  => nil
- *    Coverage.setup(oneshot_lines: true)                         => nil
+ *    Coverage.setup                                                          => nil
+ *    Coverage.setup(:all)                                                    => nil
+ *    Coverage.setup(lines: bool, branches: bool, methods: bool, eval: bool)  => nil
+ *    Coverage.setup(oneshot_lines: true)                                     => nil
  *
  * Set up the coverage measurement.
  *
@@ -53,7 +79,7 @@ rb_coverage_setup(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
         mode = 0; /* compatible mode */
     }
     else if (opt == ID2SYM(rb_intern("all"))) {
-        mode = COVERAGE_TARGET_LINES | COVERAGE_TARGET_BRANCHES | COVERAGE_TARGET_METHODS;
+        mode = COVERAGE_TARGET_LINES | COVERAGE_TARGET_BRANCHES | COVERAGE_TARGET_METHODS | COVERAGE_TARGET_EVAL;
     }
     else {
         mode = 0;
@@ -71,6 +97,8 @@ rb_coverage_setup(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
             mode |= COVERAGE_TARGET_LINES;
             mode |= COVERAGE_TARGET_ONESHOT_LINES;
         }
+        if (RTEST(rb_hash_lookup(opt, ID2SYM(rb_intern("eval")))))
+            mode |= COVERAGE_TARGET_EVAL;
     }
 
     if (mode & COVERAGE_TARGET_METHODS) {
@@ -93,7 +121,6 @@ rb_coverage_setup(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
         rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "cannot change the measuring target during coverage measurement");
     }
 
-
     return Qnil;
 }
 
@@ -104,7 +131,7 @@ rb_coverage_setup(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  * Start/resume the coverage measurement.
  *
  * Caveat: Currently, only process-global coverage measurement is supported.
- * You cannot measure per-thread covearge. If your process has multiple thread,
+ * You cannot measure per-thread coverage. If your process has multiple thread,
  * using Coverage.resume/suspend to capture code coverage executed from only
  * a limited code block, may yield misleading results.
  */
@@ -124,10 +151,10 @@ rb_coverage_resume(VALUE klass)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *    Coverage.start                                              => nil
- *    Coverage.start(:all)                                        => nil
- *    Coverage.start(lines: bool, branches: bool, methods: bool)  => nil
- *    Coverage.start(oneshot_lines: true)                         => nil
+ *    Coverage.start                                                          => nil
+ *    Coverage.start(:all)                                                    => nil
+ *    Coverage.start(lines: bool, branches: bool, methods: bool, eval: bool)  => nil
+ *    Coverage.start(oneshot_lines: true)                                     => nil
  *
  * Enables the coverage measurement.
  * See the documentation of Coverage class in detail.
@@ -443,7 +470,7 @@ rb_coverage_running(VALUE klass)
  * This feature is experimental, so these APIs may be changed in future.
  *
  * Caveat: Currently, only process-global coverage measurement is supported.
- * You cannot measure per-thread covearge.
+ * You cannot measure per-thread coverage.
  *
  * = Usage
  *
@@ -589,6 +616,9 @@ void
 Init_coverage(void)
 {
     VALUE rb_mCoverage = rb_define_module("Coverage");
+
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mCoverage, "supported?", rb_coverage_supported, 1);
+
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mCoverage, "setup", rb_coverage_setup, -1);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mCoverage, "start", rb_coverage_start, -1);
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mCoverage, "resume", rb_coverage_resume, 0);
diff --git a/ext/coverage/depend b/ext/coverage/depend
index 57d368d3f5..e7fab16484 100644
--- a/ext/coverage/depend
+++ b/ext/coverage/depend
@@ -165,9 +165,12 @@ coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
+coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/constant.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/gc.h
+coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
@@ -176,12 +179,14 @@ coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
+coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/method.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/node.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/ruby_assert.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/ruby_atomic.h
+coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/thread_pthread.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/vm_core.h
 coverage.o: $(top_srcdir)/vm_opts.h
diff --git a/ext/date/date.gemspec b/ext/date/date.gemspec
index eecbf786a3..660353ebc5 100644
--- a/ext/date/date.gemspec
+++ b/ext/date/date.gemspec
@@ -10,15 +10,22 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary = "A subclass of Object includes Comparable module for handling dates."
   s.description = "A subclass of Object includes Comparable module for handling dates."
 
-  s.require_path = %w{lib}
-  s.files = [
-    "README.md",
-    "lib/date.rb", "ext/date/date_core.c", "ext/date/date_parse.c", "ext/date/date_strftime.c",
-    "ext/date/date_strptime.c", "ext/date/date_tmx.h", "ext/date/extconf.rb", "ext/date/prereq.mk",
-    "ext/date/zonetab.h", "ext/date/zonetab.list"
-  ]
-  s.extensions = "ext/date/extconf.rb"
-  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.4.0"
+  if Gem::Platform === s.platform and s.platform =~ 'java' or RUBY_ENGINE == 'jruby'
+    s.platform = 'java'
+    # No files shipped, no require path, no-op for now on JRuby
+  else
+    s.require_path = %w{lib}
+
+    s.files = [
+      "README.md",
+      "lib/date.rb", "ext/date/date_core.c", "ext/date/date_parse.c", "ext/date/date_strftime.c",
+      "ext/date/date_strptime.c", "ext/date/date_tmx.h", "ext/date/extconf.rb", "ext/date/prereq.mk",
+      "ext/date/zonetab.h", "ext/date/zonetab.list"
+    ]
+    s.extensions = "ext/date/extconf.rb"
+  end
+
+  s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.6.0"
 
   s.authors = ["Tadayoshi Funaba"]
   s.email = [nil]
diff --git a/ext/date/date_core.c b/ext/date/date_core.c
index 83d493c794..21367c0ddf 100644
--- a/ext/date/date_core.c
+++ b/ext/date/date_core.c
@@ -27,6 +27,10 @@ static VALUE eDateError;
 static VALUE half_days_in_day, day_in_nanoseconds;
 static double positive_inf, negative_inf;
 
+// used by deconstruct_keys
+static VALUE sym_year, sym_month, sym_day, sym_yday, sym_wday;
+static VALUE sym_hour, sym_min, sym_sec, sym_sec_fraction, sym_zone;
+
 #define f_boolcast(x) ((x) ? Qtrue : Qfalse)
 
 #define f_abs(x) rb_funcall(x, rb_intern("abs"), 0)
@@ -60,7 +64,8 @@ static VALUE datetime_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self);
 
 #define RETURN_FALSE_UNLESS_NUMERIC(obj) if(!RTEST(rb_obj_is_kind_of((obj), rb_cNumeric))) return Qfalse
 inline static void
-check_numeric(VALUE obj, const char* field) {
+check_numeric(VALUE obj, const char* field)
+{
     if(!RTEST(rb_obj_is_kind_of(obj, rb_cNumeric))) {
         rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "invalid %s (not numeric)", field);
     }
@@ -761,6 +766,8 @@ c_valid_civil_p(int y, int m, int d, double sg,
 
     if (m < 0)
 	m += 13;
+    if (m < 1 || m > 12)
+	return 0;
     if (d < 0) {
 	if (!c_find_ldom(y, m, sg, rjd, ns))
 	    return 0;
@@ -4377,7 +4384,7 @@ date_s__strptime_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass,
  *   Date._strptime('2001-02-03', '%Y-%m-%d') # => {:year=>2001, :mon=>2, :mday=>3}
  *
  * For other formats, see
- * {Formats for Dates and Times}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html].
+ * {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc].
  * (Unlike Date.strftime, does not support flags and width.)
  *
  * See also {strptime(3)}[https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man3/strptime.3.html].
@@ -4406,7 +4413,7 @@ date_s__strptime(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *   Date.strptime('sat3feb01', '%a%d%b%y')   # => #<Date: 2001-02-03>
  *
  * For other formats, see
- * {Formats for Dates and Times}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html].
+ * {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc].
  * (Unlike Date.strftime, does not support flags and width.)
  *
  * See argument {start}[rdoc-ref:calendars.rdoc@Argument+start].
@@ -4506,7 +4513,7 @@ date_s__parse_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  * This method recognizes many forms in +string+,
  * but it is not a validator.
  * For formats, see
- * {"Specialized Format Strings" in Formats for Dates and Times}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html#label-Specialized+Format+Strings]
+ * {"Specialized Format Strings" in Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@Specialized+Format+Strings]
  *
  * If +string+ does not specify a valid date,
  * the result is unpredictable;
@@ -4541,7 +4548,7 @@ date_s__parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  * This method recognizes many forms in +string+,
  * but it is not a validator.
  * For formats, see
- * {"Specialized Format Strings" in Formats for Dates and Times}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html#label-Specialized+Format+Strings]
+ * {"Specialized Format Strings" in Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@Specialized+Format+Strings]
  * If +string+ does not specify a valid date,
  * the result is unpredictable;
  * consider using Date._strptime instead.
@@ -4606,7 +4613,7 @@ VALUE date__jisx0301(VALUE);
  *   Date._iso8601(string, limit: 128) -> hash
  *
  * Returns a hash of values parsed from +string+, which should contain
- * an {ISO 8601 formatted date}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html#label-ISO+8601+Format+Specifications]:
+ * an {ISO 8601 formatted date}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@ISO+8601+Format+Specifications]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
  *   s = d.iso8601    # => "2001-02-03"
@@ -4633,7 +4640,7 @@ date_s__iso8601(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  * Returns a new \Date object with values parsed from +string+,
  * which should contain
- * an {ISO 8601 formatted date}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html#label-ISO+8601+Format+Specifications]:
+ * an {ISO 8601 formatted date}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@ISO+8601+Format+Specifications]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
  *   s = d.iso8601   # => "2001-02-03"
@@ -4676,7 +4683,7 @@ date_s_iso8601(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *   Date._rfc3339(string, limit: 128) -> hash
  *
  * Returns a hash of values parsed from +string+, which should be a valid
- * {RFC 3339 format}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html#label-RFC+3339+Format]:
+ * {RFC 3339 format}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@RFC+3339+Format]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
  *   s = d.rfc3339     # => "2001-02-03T00:00:00+00:00"
@@ -4704,7 +4711,7 @@ date_s__rfc3339(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  * Returns a new \Date object with values parsed from +string+,
  * which should be a valid
- * {RFC 3339 format}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html#label-RFC+3339+Format]:
+ * {RFC 3339 format}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@RFC+3339+Format]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
  *   s = d.rfc3339   # => "2001-02-03T00:00:00+00:00"
@@ -4816,7 +4823,7 @@ date_s_xmlschema(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *   Date._rfc2822(string, limit: 128) -> hash
  *
  * Returns a hash of values parsed from +string+, which should be a valid
- * {RFC 2822 date format}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html#label-RFC+2822+Format]:
+ * {RFC 2822 date format}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@RFC+2822+Format]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
  *   s = d.rfc2822 # => "Sat, 3 Feb 2001 00:00:00 +0000"
@@ -4846,7 +4853,7 @@ date_s__rfc2822(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  * Returns a new \Date object with values parsed from +string+,
  * which should be a valid
- * {RFC 2822 date format}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html#label-RFC+2822+Format]:
+ * {RFC 2822 date format}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@RFC+2822+Format]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
  *   s = d.rfc2822   # => "Sat, 3 Feb 2001 00:00:00 +0000"
@@ -4890,7 +4897,7 @@ date_s_rfc2822(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *   Date._httpdate(string, limit: 128) -> hash
  *
  * Returns a hash of values parsed from +string+, which should be a valid
- * {HTTP date format}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html#label-HTTP+Format]:
+ * {HTTP date format}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@HTTP+Format]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
  *   s = d.httpdate # => "Sat, 03 Feb 2001 00:00:00 GMT"
@@ -4916,7 +4923,7 @@ date_s__httpdate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *
  * Returns a new \Date object with values parsed from +string+,
  * which should be a valid
- * {HTTP date format}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html#label-HTTP+Format]:
+ * {HTTP date format}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@HTTP+Format]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
      s = d.httpdate   # => "Sat, 03 Feb 2001 00:00:00 GMT"
@@ -4958,7 +4965,7 @@ date_s_httpdate(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *   Date._jisx0301(string, limit: 128) -> hash
  *
  * Returns a hash of values parsed from +string+, which should be a valid
- * {JIS X 0301 date format}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html#label-JIS+X+0301+Format]:
+ * {JIS X 0301 date format}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@JIS+X+0301+Format]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
  *   s = d.jisx0301    # => "H13.02.03"
@@ -4984,7 +4991,7 @@ date_s__jisx0301(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
  *   Date.jisx0301(string = '-4712-01-01', start = Date::ITALY, limit: 128) -> date
  *
  * Returns a new \Date object with values parsed from +string+,
- * which should be a valid {JIS X 0301 format}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html#label-JIS+X+0301+Format]:
+ * which should be a valid {JIS X 0301 format}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@JIS+X+0301+Format]:
  *
  *   d = Date.new(2001, 2, 3)
  *   s = d.jisx0301   # => "H13.02.03"
@@ -6971,7 +6978,7 @@ static VALUE strftimev(const char *, VALUE,
  *   to_s -> string
  *
  * Returns a string representation of the date in +self+
- * in {ISO 8601 extended date format}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html#label-ISO+8601+Format+Specifications]
+ * in {ISO 8601 extended date format}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@ISO+8601+Format+Specifications]
  * (<tt>'%Y-%m-%d'</tt>):
  *
  *   Date.new(2001, 2, 3).to_s # => "2001-02-03"
@@ -7252,7 +7259,7 @@ date_strftime_internal(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self,
  *   Date.new(2001, 2, 3).strftime # => "2001-02-03"
  *
  * For other formats, see
- * {Formats for Dates and Times}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html].
+ * {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc].
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -7284,7 +7291,7 @@ strftimev(const char *fmt, VALUE self,
  *   asctime -> string
  *
  * Equivalent to #strftime with argument <tt>'%a %b %e %T %Y'</tt>
- * (or its {shorthand form}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html#label-Shorthand+Conversion+Specifiers]
+ * (or its {shorthand form}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@Shorthand+Conversion+Specifiers]
  * <tt>'%c'</tt>):
  *
  *   Date.new(2001, 2, 3).asctime # => "Sat Feb  3 00:00:00 2001"
@@ -7304,7 +7311,7 @@ d_lite_asctime(VALUE self)
  *   iso8601    ->  string
  *
  * Equivalent to #strftime with argument <tt>'%Y-%m-%d'</tt>
- * (or its {shorthand form}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html#label-Shorthand+Conversion+Specifiers]
+ * (or its {shorthand form}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@Shorthand+Conversion+Specifiers]
  * <tt>'%F'</tt>);
  *
  *   Date.new(2001, 2, 3).iso8601 # => "2001-02-03"
@@ -7322,7 +7329,7 @@ d_lite_iso8601(VALUE self)
  *   rfc3339 -> string
  *
  * Equivalent to #strftime with argument <tt>'%FT%T%:z'</tt>;
- * see {Formats for Dates and Times}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html]:
+ * see {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc]:
  *
  *   Date.new(2001, 2, 3).rfc3339 # => "2001-02-03T00:00:00+00:00"
  *
@@ -7338,7 +7345,7 @@ d_lite_rfc3339(VALUE self)
  *   rfc2822 -> string
  *
  * Equivalent to #strftime with argument <tt>'%a, %-d %b %Y %T %z'</tt>;
- * see {Formats for Dates and Times}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html]:
+ * see {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc]:
  *
  *   Date.new(2001, 2, 3).rfc2822 # => "Sat, 3 Feb 2001 00:00:00 +0000"
  *
@@ -7355,7 +7362,7 @@ d_lite_rfc2822(VALUE self)
  *   httpdate -> string
  *
  * Equivalent to #strftime with argument <tt>'%a, %d %b %Y %T GMT'</tt>;
- * see {Formats for Dates and Times}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html]:
+ * see {Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc]:
  *
  *   Date.new(2001, 2, 3).httpdate # => "Sat, 03 Feb 2001 00:00:00 GMT"
  *
@@ -7430,6 +7437,96 @@ d_lite_jisx0301(VALUE self)
     return strftimev(fmt, self, set_tmx);
 }
 
+static VALUE
+deconstruct_keys(VALUE self, VALUE keys, int is_datetime)
+{
+    VALUE h = rb_hash_new();
+    long i;
+
+    get_d1(self);
+
+    if (NIL_P(keys)) {
+        rb_hash_aset(h, sym_year, m_real_year(dat));
+        rb_hash_aset(h, sym_month, INT2FIX(m_mon(dat)));
+        rb_hash_aset(h, sym_day, INT2FIX(m_mday(dat)));
+        rb_hash_aset(h, sym_yday, INT2FIX(m_yday(dat)));
+        rb_hash_aset(h, sym_wday, INT2FIX(m_wday(dat)));
+        if (is_datetime) {
+            rb_hash_aset(h, sym_hour, INT2FIX(m_hour(dat)));
+            rb_hash_aset(h, sym_min, INT2FIX(m_min(dat)));
+            rb_hash_aset(h, sym_sec, INT2FIX(m_sec(dat)));
+            rb_hash_aset(h, sym_sec_fraction, m_sf_in_sec(dat));
+            rb_hash_aset(h, sym_zone, m_zone(dat));
+        }
+
+        return h;
+    }
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(keys, T_ARRAY)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError,
+                 "wrong argument type %"PRIsVALUE" (expected Array or nil)",
+                 rb_obj_class(keys));
+
+    }
+
+    for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(keys); i++) {
+        VALUE key = RARRAY_AREF(keys, i);
+
+        if (sym_year == key) rb_hash_aset(h, key, m_real_year(dat));
+        if (sym_month == key) rb_hash_aset(h, key, INT2FIX(m_mon(dat)));
+        if (sym_day == key) rb_hash_aset(h, key, INT2FIX(m_mday(dat)));
+        if (sym_yday == key) rb_hash_aset(h, key, INT2FIX(m_yday(dat)));
+        if (sym_wday == key) rb_hash_aset(h, key, INT2FIX(m_wday(dat)));
+        if (is_datetime) {
+            if (sym_hour == key) rb_hash_aset(h, key, INT2FIX(m_hour(dat)));
+            if (sym_min == key) rb_hash_aset(h, key, INT2FIX(m_min(dat)));
+            if (sym_sec == key) rb_hash_aset(h, key, INT2FIX(m_sec(dat)));
+            if (sym_sec_fraction == key) rb_hash_aset(h, key, m_sf_in_sec(dat));
+            if (sym_zone == key) rb_hash_aset(h, key, m_zone(dat));
+        }
+    }
+    return h;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    deconstruct_keys(array_of_names_or_nil) -> hash
+ *
+ *  Returns a hash of the name/value pairs, to use in pattern matching.
+ *  Possible keys are: <tt>:year</tt>, <tt>:month</tt>, <tt>:day</tt>,
+ *  <tt>:wday</tt>, <tt>:yday</tt>.
+ *
+ *  Possible usages:
+ *
+ *    d = Date.new(2022, 10, 5)
+ *
+ *    if d in wday: 3, day: ..7  # uses deconstruct_keys underneath
+ *      puts "first Wednesday of the month"
+ *    end
+ *    #=> prints "first Wednesday of the month"
+ *
+ *    case d
+ *    in year: ...2022
+ *      puts "too old"
+ *    in month: ..9
+ *      puts "quarter 1-3"
+ *    in wday: 1..5, month:
+ *      puts "working day in month #{month}"
+ *    end
+ *    #=> prints "working day in month 10"
+ *
+ *  Note that deconstruction by pattern can also be combined with class check:
+ *
+ *    if d in Date(wday: 3, day: ..7)
+ *      puts "first Wednesday of the month"
+ *    end
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+d_lite_deconstruct_keys(VALUE self, VALUE keys)
+{
+    return deconstruct_keys(self, keys, /* is_datetime=false */ 0);
+}
+
 #ifndef NDEBUG
 /* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
@@ -8738,6 +8835,47 @@ dt_lite_jisx0301(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 			 iso8601_timediv(self, n));
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    deconstruct_keys(array_of_names_or_nil) -> hash
+ *
+ *  Returns a hash of the name/value pairs, to use in pattern matching.
+ *  Possible keys are: <tt>:year</tt>, <tt>:month</tt>, <tt>:day</tt>,
+ *  <tt>:wday</tt>, <tt>:yday</tt>, <tt>:hour</tt>, <tt>:min</tt>,
+ *  <tt>:sec</tt>, <tt>:sec_fraction</tt>, <tt>:zone</tt>.
+ *
+ *  Possible usages:
+ *
+ *    dt = DateTime.new(2022, 10, 5, 13, 30)
+ *
+ *    if d in wday: 1..5, hour: 10..18  # uses deconstruct_keys underneath
+ *      puts "Working time"
+ *    end
+ *    #=> prints "Working time"
+ *
+ *    case dt
+ *    in year: ...2022
+ *      puts "too old"
+ *    in month: ..9
+ *      puts "quarter 1-3"
+ *    in wday: 1..5, month:
+ *      puts "working day in month #{month}"
+ *    end
+ *    #=> prints "working day in month 10"
+ *
+ *  Note that deconstruction by pattern can also be combined with class check:
+ *
+ *    if d in DateTime(wday: 1..5, hour: 10..18, day: ..7)
+ *      puts "Working time, first week of the month"
+ *    end
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+dt_lite_deconstruct_keys(VALUE self, VALUE keys)
+{
+    return deconstruct_keys(self, keys, /* is_datetime=true */ 1);
+}
+
 /* conversions */
 
 #define f_subsec(x) rb_funcall(x, rb_intern("subsec"), 0)
@@ -9368,6 +9506,17 @@ Init_date_core(void)
     id_ge_p = rb_intern_const(">=");
     id_eqeq_p = rb_intern_const("==");
 
+    sym_year = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("year"));
+    sym_month = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("month"));
+    sym_yday = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("yday"));
+    sym_wday = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("wday"));
+    sym_day = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("day"));
+    sym_hour = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("hour"));
+    sym_min = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("min"));
+    sym_sec = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("sec"));
+    sym_sec_fraction = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("sec_fraction"));
+    sym_zone = ID2SYM(rb_intern_const("zone"));
+
     half_days_in_day = rb_rational_new2(INT2FIX(1), INT2FIX(2));
 
 #if (LONG_MAX / DAY_IN_SECONDS) > SECOND_IN_NANOSECONDS
@@ -9392,7 +9541,7 @@ Init_date_core(void)
      * calendar dates.
      *
      * Consider using
-     * {class Time}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Time.html]
+     * {class Time}[rdoc-ref:Time]
      * instead of class \Date if:
      *
      * - You need both dates and times; \Date handles only dates.
@@ -9444,7 +9593,7 @@ Init_date_core(void)
      *     Date.strptime('fri31dec99', '%a%d%b%y')  # => #<Date: 1999-12-31>
      *
      * See also the specialized methods in
-     * {"Specialized Format Strings" in Formats for Dates and Times}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/strftime_formatting_rdoc.html#label-Specialized+Format+Strings]
+     * {"Specialized Format Strings" in Formats for Dates and Times}[rdoc-ref:strftime_formatting.rdoc@Specialized+Format+Strings]
      *
      * == Argument +limit+
      *
@@ -9689,6 +9838,8 @@ Init_date_core(void)
     rb_define_method(cDate, "httpdate", d_lite_httpdate, 0);
     rb_define_method(cDate, "jisx0301", d_lite_jisx0301, 0);
 
+    rb_define_method(cDate, "deconstruct_keys", d_lite_deconstruct_keys, 1);
+
 #ifndef NDEBUG
     rb_define_method(cDate, "marshal_dump_old", d_lite_marshal_dump_old, 0);
 #endif
@@ -9899,6 +10050,8 @@ Init_date_core(void)
     rb_define_method(cDateTime, "rfc3339", dt_lite_rfc3339, -1);
     rb_define_method(cDateTime, "jisx0301", dt_lite_jisx0301, -1);
 
+    rb_define_method(cDateTime, "deconstruct_keys", dt_lite_deconstruct_keys, 1);
+
     /* conversions */
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cTime, "to_time", time_to_time, 0);
diff --git a/ext/date/date_parse.c b/ext/date/date_parse.c
index 95274d5baa..c6f26ecb91 100644
--- a/ext/date/date_parse.c
+++ b/ext/date/date_parse.c
@@ -413,7 +413,6 @@ VALUE
 date_zone_to_diff(VALUE str)
 {
     VALUE offset = Qnil;
-    VALUE vbuf = 0;
     long l = RSTRING_LEN(str);
     const char *s = RSTRING_PTR(str);
 
@@ -439,16 +438,26 @@ date_zone_to_diff(VALUE str)
 	    l -= w;
 	    dst = 1;
 	}
+
 	{
+	    const char *zn = s;
 	    long sl = shrunk_size(s, l);
+	    char shrunk_buff[MAX_WORD_LENGTH]; /* no terminator to be added */
+	    const struct zone *z = 0;
+
+	    if (sl <= 0) {
+		sl = l;
+	    }
+	    else if (sl <= MAX_WORD_LENGTH) {
+		char *d = shrunk_buff;
+		sl = shrink_space(d, s, l);
+		zn = d;
+	    }
+
 	    if (sl > 0 && sl <= MAX_WORD_LENGTH) {
-		char *d = ALLOCV_N(char, vbuf, sl);
-		l = shrink_space(d, s, l);
-		s = d;
+		z = zonetab(zn, (unsigned int)sl);
 	    }
-	}
-	if (l > 0 && l <= MAX_WORD_LENGTH) {
-	    const struct zone *z = zonetab(s, (unsigned int)l);
+
 	    if (z) {
 		int d = z->offset;
 		if (dst)
@@ -457,6 +466,7 @@ date_zone_to_diff(VALUE str)
 		goto ok;
 	    }
 	}
+
 	{
 	    char *p;
 	    int sign = 0;
@@ -473,27 +483,53 @@ date_zone_to_diff(VALUE str)
 		s++;
 		l--;
 
+#define out_of_range(v, min, max) ((v) < (min) || (max) < (v))
 		hour = STRTOUL(s, &p, 10);
 		if (*p == ':') {
+		    if (out_of_range(hour, 0, 23)) return Qnil;
 		    s = ++p;
 		    min = STRTOUL(s, &p, 10);
+		    if (out_of_range(min, 0, 59)) return Qnil;
 		    if (*p == ':') {
 			s = ++p;
 			sec = STRTOUL(s, &p, 10);
+			if (out_of_range(sec, 0, 59)) return Qnil;
 		    }
-		    goto num;
 		}
-		if (*p == ',' || *p == '.') {
-		    char *e = 0;
-		    p++;
-		    min = STRTOUL(p, &e, 10) * 3600;
+		else if (*p == ',' || *p == '.') {
+		    /* fractional hour */
+		    size_t n;
+		    int ov;
+		    /* no over precision for offset; 10**-7 hour = 0.36
+		     * milliseconds should be enough. */
+		    const size_t max_digits = 7; /* 36 * 10**7 < 32-bit FIXNUM_MAX */
+
+		    if (out_of_range(hour, 0, 23)) return Qnil;
+
+		    n = (s + l) - ++p;
+		    if (n > max_digits) n = max_digits;
+		    sec = ruby_scan_digits(p, n, 10, &n, &ov);
+		    if ((p += n) < s + l && *p >= ('5' + !(sec & 1)) && *p <= '9') {
+			/* round half to even */
+			sec++;
+		    }
+		    sec *= 36;
 		    if (sign) {
 			hour = -hour;
-			min = -min;
+			sec = -sec;
+		    }
+		    if (n <= 2) {
+			/* HH.nn or HH.n */
+			if (n == 1) sec *= 10;
+			offset = INT2FIX(sec + hour * 3600);
+		    }
+		    else {
+			VALUE denom = rb_int_positive_pow(10, (int)(n - 2));
+			offset = f_add(rb_rational_new(INT2FIX(sec), denom), INT2FIX(hour * 3600));
+			if (rb_rational_den(offset) == INT2FIX(1)) {
+			    offset = rb_rational_num(offset);
+			}
 		    }
-		    offset = rb_rational_new(INT2FIX(min),
-					     rb_int_positive_pow(10, (int)(e - p)));
-		    offset = f_add(INT2FIX(hour * 3600), offset);
 		    goto ok;
 		}
 		else if (l > 2) {
@@ -506,18 +542,16 @@ date_zone_to_diff(VALUE str)
 			min  = ruby_scan_digits(&s[2 - l % 2], 2, 10, &n, &ov);
 		    if (l >= 5)
 			sec  = ruby_scan_digits(&s[4 - l % 2], 2, 10, &n, &ov);
-		    goto num;
 		}
-	      num:
 		sec += min * 60 + hour * 3600;
 		if (sign) sec = -sec;
 		offset = INT2FIX(sec);
+#undef out_of_range
 	    }
 	}
     }
     RB_GC_GUARD(str);
   ok:
-    ALLOCV_END(vbuf);
     return offset;
 }
 
diff --git a/ext/date/date_strptime.c b/ext/date/date_strptime.c
index 7b06a31471..f731629df1 100644
--- a/ext/date/date_strptime.c
+++ b/ext/date/date_strptime.c
@@ -10,28 +10,15 @@
 static const char *day_names[] = {
     "Sunday", "Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday",
     "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday",
-    "Sun", "Mon", "Tue", "Wed",
-    "Thu", "Fri", "Sat"
 };
+static const int ABBREVIATED_DAY_NAME_LENGTH = 3;
 
 static const char *month_names[] = {
     "January", "February", "March", "April",
     "May", "June", "July", "August", "September",
     "October", "November", "December",
-    "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun",
-    "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"
-};
-
-static const char *merid_names[] = {
-    "am", "pm",
-    "a.m.", "p.m."
-};
-
-static const char *extz_pats[] = {
-    ":z",
-    "::z",
-    ":::z"
 };
+static const int ABBREVIATED_MONTH_NAME_LENGTH = 3;
 
 #define sizeof_array(o) (sizeof o / sizeof o[0])
 
@@ -75,7 +62,7 @@ num_pattern_p(const char *s)
 #define NUM_PATTERN_P() num_pattern_p(&fmt[fi + 1])
 
 static long
-read_digits(const char *s, VALUE *n, size_t width)
+read_digits(const char *s, size_t slen, VALUE *n, size_t width)
 {
     size_t l;
 
@@ -83,7 +70,7 @@ read_digits(const char *s, VALUE *n, size_t width)
         return 0;
 
     l = 0;
-    while (ISDIGIT(s[l])) {
+    while (l < slen && ISDIGIT(s[l])) {
         if (++l == width) break;
     }
 
@@ -131,7 +118,7 @@ do { \
 #define READ_DIGITS(n,w) \
 do { \
     size_t l; \
-    l = read_digits(&str[si], &n, w); \
+    l = read_digits(&str[si], slen - si, &n, w); \
     if (l == 0) \
 	fail();	\
     si += l; \
@@ -161,6 +148,12 @@ do { \
 
 VALUE date_zone_to_diff(VALUE);
 
+static inline int
+head_match_p(size_t len, const char *name, const char *str, size_t slen, size_t si)
+{
+    return slen - si >= len && strncasecmp(name, &str[si], len) == 0;
+}
+
 static size_t
 date__strptime_internal(const char *str, size_t slen,
 			const char *fmt, size_t flen, VALUE hash)
@@ -168,9 +161,18 @@ date__strptime_internal(const char *str, size_t slen,
     size_t si, fi;
     int c;
 
+#define HEAD_MATCH_P(len, name) head_match_p(len, name, str, slen, si)
     si = fi = 0;
 
     while (fi < flen) {
+	if (isspace((unsigned char)fmt[fi])) {
+	    while (si < slen && isspace((unsigned char)str[si]))
+		si++;
+	    while (++fi < flen && isspace((unsigned char)fmt[fi]));
+	    continue;
+	}
+
+	if (si >= slen) fail();
 
 	switch (fmt[fi]) {
 	  case '%':
@@ -194,12 +196,11 @@ date__strptime_internal(const char *str, size_t slen,
 		{
 		    int i;
 
-		    for (i = 0; i < (int)sizeof_array(extz_pats); i++)
-			if (strncmp(extz_pats[i], &fmt[fi],
-					strlen(extz_pats[i])) == 0) {
-			    fi += i;
-			    goto again;
-			}
+		    for (i = 1; i < 3 && fi + i < flen && fmt[fi+i] == ':'; ++i);
+		    if (fmt[fi+i] == 'z') {
+			fi += i - 1;
+			goto again;
+		    }
 		    fail();
 		}
 
@@ -209,10 +210,12 @@ date__strptime_internal(const char *str, size_t slen,
 		    int i;
 
 		    for (i = 0; i < (int)sizeof_array(day_names); i++) {
-			size_t l = strlen(day_names[i]);
-			if (strncasecmp(day_names[i], &str[si], l) == 0) {
+			const char *day_name = day_names[i];
+			size_t l = strlen(day_name);
+			if (HEAD_MATCH_P(l, day_name) ||
+			    HEAD_MATCH_P(l = ABBREVIATED_DAY_NAME_LENGTH, day_name)) {
 			    si += l;
-			    set_hash("wday", INT2FIX(i % 7));
+			    set_hash("wday", INT2FIX(i));
 			    goto matched;
 			}
 		    }
@@ -225,10 +228,12 @@ date__strptime_internal(const char *str, size_t slen,
 		    int i;
 
 		    for (i = 0; i < (int)sizeof_array(month_names); i++) {
-			size_t l = strlen(month_names[i]);
-			if (strncasecmp(month_names[i], &str[si], l) == 0) {
+			const char *month_name = month_names[i];
+			size_t l = strlen(month_name);
+			if (HEAD_MATCH_P(l, month_name) ||
+			    HEAD_MATCH_P(l = ABBREVIATED_MONTH_NAME_LENGTH, month_name)) {
 			    si += l;
-			    set_hash("mon", INT2FIX((i % 12) + 1));
+			    set_hash("mon", INT2FIX(i + 1));
 			    goto matched;
 			}
 		    }
@@ -402,18 +407,19 @@ date__strptime_internal(const char *str, size_t slen,
 
 	      case 'P':
 	      case 'p':
+		if (slen - si < 2) fail();
 		{
-		    int i;
-
-		    for (i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
-			size_t l = strlen(merid_names[i]);
-			if (strncasecmp(merid_names[i], &str[si], l) == 0) {
-			    si += l;
-			    set_hash("_merid", INT2FIX((i % 2) == 0 ? 0 : 12));
-			    goto matched;
-			}
+		    char c = str[si];
+		    const int hour = (c == 'P' || c == 'p') ? 12 : 0;
+		    if (!hour && !(c == 'A' || c == 'a')) fail();
+		    if ((c = str[si+1]) == '.') {
+			if (slen - si < 4 || str[si+3] != '.') fail();
+			c = str[si += 2];
 		    }
-		    fail();
+		    if (!(c == 'M' || c == 'm')) fail();
+		    si += 2;
+		    set_hash("_merid", INT2FIX(hour));
+		    goto matched;
 		}
 
 	      case 'Q':
@@ -587,7 +593,7 @@ date__strptime_internal(const char *str, size_t slen,
 
 		    b = rb_backref_get();
 		    rb_match_busy(b);
-		    m = f_match(pat, rb_usascii_str_new2(&str[si]));
+		    m = f_match(pat, rb_usascii_str_new(&str[si], slen - si));
 
 		    if (!NIL_P(m)) {
 			VALUE s, l, o;
@@ -619,22 +625,13 @@ date__strptime_internal(const char *str, size_t slen,
 		if (str[si] != '%')
 		    fail();
 		si++;
-		if (fi < flen)
-		    if (str[si] != fmt[fi])
+		if (fi < flen) {
+		    if (si >= slen || str[si] != fmt[fi])
 			fail();
-		si++;
+		    si++;
+		}
 		goto matched;
 	    }
-	  case ' ':
-	  case '\t':
-	  case '\n':
-	  case '\v':
-	  case '\f':
-	  case '\r':
-	    while (isspace((unsigned char)str[si]))
-		si++;
-	    fi++;
-	    break;
 	  default:
 	  ordinal:
 	    if (str[si] != fmt[fi])
diff --git a/ext/date/lib/date.rb b/ext/date/lib/date.rb
index 1899611440..a9fe3ce4b0 100644
--- a/ext/date/lib/date.rb
+++ b/ext/date/lib/date.rb
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 require 'date_core'
 
 class Date
-  VERSION = "3.2.3" # :nodoc:
+  VERSION = "3.3.3" # :nodoc:
 
   # call-seq:
   #   infinite? -> false
diff --git a/ext/date/zonetab.h b/ext/date/zonetab.h
index 39a435db16..7ced9e0308 100644
--- a/ext/date/zonetab.h
+++ b/ext/date/zonetab.h
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ struct zone {
     int name;
     int offset;
 };
-static const struct zone *zonetab();
+static const struct zone *zonetab(register const char *str, register size_t len);
 #line 9 "zonetab.list"
 struct zone;
 
diff --git a/ext/date/zonetab.list b/ext/date/zonetab.list
index d2f902d2d5..748aec1d8a 100644
--- a/ext/date/zonetab.list
+++ b/ext/date/zonetab.list
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ struct zone {
     int name;
     int offset;
 };
-static const struct zone *zonetab();
+static const struct zone *zonetab(register const char *str, register size_t len);
 %}
 
 struct zone;
diff --git a/ext/digest/digest_conf.rb b/ext/digest/digest_conf.rb
index 1b929d8732..36a7d75289 100644
--- a/ext/digest/digest_conf.rb
+++ b/ext/digest/digest_conf.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 def digest_conf(name)
   unless with_config("bundled-#{name}")
     cc = with_config("common-digest")
-    if cc == true or /\b#{name}\b/ =~ cc
+    if cc != false or /\b#{name}\b/ =~ cc
       if File.exist?("#$srcdir/#{name}cc.h") and
         have_header("CommonCrypto/CommonDigest.h")
         $defs << "-D#{name.upcase}_USE_COMMONDIGEST"
diff --git a/ext/digest/lib/digest/version.rb b/ext/digest/lib/digest/version.rb
index 79e6aeee99..42fd7acf6e 100644
--- a/ext/digest/lib/digest/version.rb
+++ b/ext/digest/lib/digest/version.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Digest
-  VERSION = "3.1.0"
+  VERSION = "3.1.1"
 end
diff --git a/ext/digest/md5/depend b/ext/digest/md5/depend
index 0353e7a40d..ea1ceec7fd 100644
--- a/ext/digest/md5/depend
+++ b/ext/digest/md5/depend
@@ -326,5 +326,6 @@ md5init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 md5init.o: $(srcdir)/../defs.h
 md5init.o: $(srcdir)/../digest.h
 md5init.o: md5.h
+md5init.o: md5cc.h
 md5init.o: md5init.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha1/depend b/ext/digest/sha1/depend
index a4e454d214..48aaef158b 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha1/depend
+++ b/ext/digest/sha1/depend
@@ -326,5 +326,6 @@ sha1init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 sha1init.o: $(srcdir)/../defs.h
 sha1init.o: $(srcdir)/../digest.h
 sha1init.o: sha1.h
+sha1init.o: sha1cc.h
 sha1init.o: sha1init.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/digest/sha2/depend b/ext/digest/sha2/depend
index 2fb598aa48..47a859068c 100644
--- a/ext/digest/sha2/depend
+++ b/ext/digest/sha2/depend
@@ -325,5 +325,6 @@ sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 sha2init.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
 sha2init.o: $(srcdir)/../digest.h
 sha2init.o: sha2.h
+sha2init.o: sha2cc.h
 sha2init.o: sha2init.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/erb/escape/escape.c b/ext/erb/escape/escape.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..67b2d1ef34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/erb/escape/escape.c
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+#include "ruby.h"
+#include "ruby/encoding.h"
+
+static VALUE rb_cERB, rb_mEscape, rb_cCGI;
+static ID id_escapeHTML;
+
+#define HTML_ESCAPE_MAX_LEN 6
+
+static const struct {
+    uint8_t len;
+    char str[HTML_ESCAPE_MAX_LEN+1];
+} html_escape_table[UCHAR_MAX+1] = {
+#define HTML_ESCAPE(c, str) [c] = {rb_strlen_lit(str), str}
+    HTML_ESCAPE('\'', "&#39;"),
+    HTML_ESCAPE('&', "&amp;"),
+    HTML_ESCAPE('"', "&quot;"),
+    HTML_ESCAPE('<', "&lt;"),
+    HTML_ESCAPE('>', "&gt;"),
+#undef HTML_ESCAPE
+};
+
+static inline void
+preserve_original_state(VALUE orig, VALUE dest)
+{
+    rb_enc_associate(dest, rb_enc_get(orig));
+}
+
+static inline long
+escaped_length(VALUE str)
+{
+    const long len = RSTRING_LEN(str);
+    if (len >= LONG_MAX / HTML_ESCAPE_MAX_LEN) {
+        ruby_malloc_size_overflow(len, HTML_ESCAPE_MAX_LEN);
+    }
+    return len * HTML_ESCAPE_MAX_LEN;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+optimized_escape_html(VALUE str)
+{
+    VALUE vbuf;
+    char *buf = ALLOCV_N(char, vbuf, escaped_length(str));
+    const char *cstr = RSTRING_PTR(str);
+    const char *end = cstr + RSTRING_LEN(str);
+
+    char *dest = buf;
+    while (cstr < end) {
+        const unsigned char c = *cstr++;
+        uint8_t len = html_escape_table[c].len;
+        if (len) {
+            memcpy(dest, html_escape_table[c].str, len);
+            dest += len;
+        }
+        else {
+            *dest++ = c;
+        }
+    }
+
+    VALUE escaped = str;
+    if (RSTRING_LEN(str) < (dest - buf)) {
+        escaped = rb_str_new(buf, dest - buf);
+        preserve_original_state(str, escaped);
+    }
+    ALLOCV_END(vbuf);
+    return escaped;
+}
+
+// ERB::Util.html_escape is different from CGI.escapeHTML in the following two parts:
+//   * ERB::Util.html_escape converts an argument with #to_s first (only if it's not T_STRING)
+//   * ERB::Util.html_escape does not allocate a new string when nothing needs to be escaped
+static VALUE
+erb_escape_html(VALUE self, VALUE str)
+{
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(str, T_STRING)) {
+        str = rb_convert_type(str, T_STRING, "String", "to_s");
+    }
+
+    if (rb_enc_str_asciicompat_p(str)) {
+        return optimized_escape_html(str);
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_funcall(rb_cCGI, id_escapeHTML, 1, str);
+    }
+}
+
+void
+Init_escape(void)
+{
+    rb_cERB = rb_define_class("ERB", rb_cObject);
+    rb_mEscape = rb_define_module_under(rb_cERB, "Escape");
+    rb_define_module_function(rb_mEscape, "html_escape", erb_escape_html, 1);
+
+    rb_cCGI = rb_define_class("CGI", rb_cObject);
+    id_escapeHTML = rb_intern("escapeHTML");
+}
diff --git a/ext/erb/escape/extconf.rb b/ext/erb/escape/extconf.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c1002548ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ext/erb/escape/extconf.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+require 'mkmf'
+
+if RUBY_ENGINE == 'truffleruby'
+  File.write('Makefile', dummy_makefile($srcdir).join)
+else
+  create_makefile 'erb/escape'
+end
diff --git a/ext/etc/etc.c b/ext/etc/etc.c
index 4cd941f586..6c7145b40b 100644
--- a/ext/etc/etc.c
+++ b/ext/etc/etc.c
@@ -47,12 +47,16 @@ static VALUE sGroup;
 #define HAVE_UNAME 1
 #endif
 
-#ifndef _WIN32
-char *getenv();
+#ifdef STDC_HEADERS
+# include <stdlib.h>
+#else
+# ifdef HAVE_STDLIB_H
+#  include <stdlib.h>
+# endif
 #endif
 char *getlogin();
 
-#define RUBY_ETC_VERSION "1.4.0"
+#define RUBY_ETC_VERSION "1.4.2"
 
 #ifdef HAVE_RB_DEPRECATE_CONSTANT
 void rb_deprecate_constant(VALUE mod, const char *name);
diff --git a/ext/extmk.rb b/ext/extmk.rb
index 40fc10ea1c..4e77a7167b 100755
--- a/ext/extmk.rb
+++ b/ext/extmk.rb
@@ -136,6 +136,14 @@ def extract_makefile(makefile, keep = true)
   true
 end
 
+def create_makefile(target, srcprefix = nil)
+  if $static and target.include?("/")
+    base = File.basename(target)
+    $defs << "-DInit_#{base}=Init_#{target.tr('/', '_')}"
+  end
+  super
+end
+
 def extmake(target, basedir = 'ext', maybestatic = true)
   FileUtils.mkpath target unless File.directory?(target)
   begin
@@ -144,7 +152,7 @@ def extmake(target, basedir = 'ext', maybestatic = true)
     d = target
     until (d = File.dirname(d)) == '.'
       if File.exist?("#{$top_srcdir}/#{basedir}/#{d}/extconf.rb")
-        parent = (/^all:\s*install/ =~ IO.read("#{d}/Makefile") rescue false)
+        parent = (/^all:\s*install/ =~ File.read("#{d}/Makefile") rescue false)
         break
       end
     end
@@ -163,8 +171,6 @@ def extmake(target, basedir = 'ext', maybestatic = true)
     $mdir = target
     $srcdir = File.join($top_srcdir, basedir, $mdir)
     $preload = nil
-    $objs = []
-    $srcs = []
     $extso = []
     makefile = "./Makefile"
     static = $static
@@ -198,7 +204,7 @@ def extmake(target, basedir = 'ext', maybestatic = true)
       begin
 	$extconf_h = nil
 	ok &&= extract_makefile(makefile)
-	old_objs = $objs
+	old_objs = $objs || []
 	old_cleanfiles = $distcleanfiles | $cleanfiles
 	conf = ["#{$srcdir}/makefile.rb", "#{$srcdir}/extconf.rb"].find {|f| File.exist?(f)}
 	if (!ok || ($extconf_h && !File.exist?($extconf_h)) ||
@@ -261,6 +267,8 @@ def extmake(target, basedir = 'ext', maybestatic = true)
     unless $destdir.to_s.empty? or $mflags.defined?("DESTDIR")
       args += ["DESTDIR=" + relative_from($destdir, "../"+prefix)]
     end
+    $objs ||= []
+    $srcs ||= []
     if $static and ok and !$objs.empty? and !noinstall
       args += ["static"]
       $extlist.push [(maybestatic ? $static : false), target, $target, $preload]
@@ -447,9 +455,8 @@ if $extstatic
 end
 for dir in ["ext", File::join($top_srcdir, "ext")]
   setup = File::join(dir, CONFIG['setup'])
-  if File.file? setup
-    f = open(setup)
-    while line = f.gets()
+  if (f = File.stat(setup) and f.file? rescue next)
+    File.foreach(setup) do |line|
       line.chomp!
       line.sub!(/#.*$/, '')
       next if /^\s*$/ =~ line
@@ -466,7 +473,6 @@ for dir in ["ext", File::join($top_srcdir, "ext")]
     end
     MTIMES << f.mtime
     $setup = setup
-    f.close
     break
   end
 end unless $extstatic
@@ -536,9 +542,14 @@ extend Module.new {
 
   def timestamp_file(name, target_prefix = nil)
     if @gemname and name == '$(TARGET_SO_DIR)'
-      name = "$(arch)/gems/#{@gemname}#{target_prefix}"
+      gem = true
+      name = "$(gem_platform)/$(ruby_version)/gems/#{@gemname}#{target_prefix}"
     end
-    super.sub(%r[/\.extout\.(?:-\.)?], '/.')
+    path = super.sub(%r[/\.extout\.(?:-\.)?], '/.')
+    if gem
+      nil while path.sub!(%r[/\.(gem_platform|ruby_version)\.-(?=\.)], '/$(\1)/')
+    end
+    path
   end
 
   def configuration(srcdir)
@@ -546,7 +557,13 @@ extend Module.new {
   end
 
   def create_makefile(*args, &block)
-    return super unless @gemname
+    unless @gemname
+      if $static and (target = args.first).include?("/")
+        base = File.basename(target)
+        $defs << "-DInit_#{base}=Init_#{target.tr('/', '_')}"
+      end
+      return super
+    end
     super(*args) do |conf|
       conf.find do |s|
         s.sub!(%r(^(srcdir *= *)\$\(top_srcdir\)/\.bundle/gems/[^/]+(?=/))) {
@@ -607,7 +624,7 @@ CP_R = #{config_string('CP')} -r
 
 gemlib = $(TARGET_TOPDIR)/gems/$(gem)/lib
 gemlib:#{%{ $(gemlib)\n$(gemlib): $(gem_srcdir)/lib} if $nmake}
-	$(Q) #{@inplace ? '$(NULLCMD) ' : ''}$(RUBY) $(top_srcdir)/tool/ln_sr.rb -f -T $(gem_srcdir)/lib $(gemlib)
+	$(Q) #{@inplace ? '$(NULLCMD) ' : ''}$(RUBY) $(top_srcdir)/tool/ln_sr.rb -q -f -T $(gem_srcdir)/lib $(gemlib)
 
 clean-gemlib:
 	$(Q) $(#{@inplace ? 'NULLCMD' : 'RM_RF'}) $(gemlib)
@@ -716,6 +733,8 @@ begin
     mf.puts "ECHO1 = $(V:1=@:)"
     mf.puts "ECHO = $(ECHO1:0=@echo)"
     mf.puts "MFLAGS = -$(MAKEFLAGS)" if $nmake
+    mf.puts "override MFLAGS := $(filter-out -j%,$(MFLAGS))" if $gnumake
+    mf.puts "ext_build_dir = #{File.dirname($command_output)}"
     mf.puts
 
     def mf.macro(name, values, max = 70)
@@ -758,6 +777,7 @@ begin
     mf.macro "SUBMAKEOPTS", submakeopts
     mf.macro "NOTE_MESG", %w[$(RUBY) $(top_srcdir)/tool/lib/colorize.rb skip]
     mf.macro "NOTE_NAME", %w[$(RUBY) $(top_srcdir)/tool/lib/colorize.rb fail]
+    %w[RM RMDIRS RMDIR RMALL].each {|w| mf.macro w, [RbConfig::CONFIG[w]]}
     mf.puts
     targets = %w[all install static install-so install-rb clean distclean realclean]
     targets.each do |tgt|
@@ -792,16 +812,20 @@ begin
       exts.each do |d|
         d = d[0..-2]
         t = "#{d}#{tgt}"
-        if  /^(dist|real)?clean$/ =~ tgt
+        if clean = /^(dist|real)?clean$/.match(tgt)
           deps = exts.select {|e|e.start_with?(d)}.map {|e|"#{e[0..-2]}#{tgt}"} - [t]
-          pd = ' ' + deps.join(' ') unless deps.empty?
+          pd = [' clean-local', *deps].join(' ')
         else
           pext = File.dirname(d)
           pd = " #{pext}/#{tgt}" if exts.include?("#{pext}/.")
         end
         mf.puts "#{t}:#{pd}\n\t$(Q)#{submake} $(MFLAGS) V=$(V) $(@F)"
+        if clean and clean.begin(1)
+          mf.puts "\t$(Q)$(RM) $(ext_build_dir)/exts.mk\n\t$(Q)$(RMDIRS) -p $(@D)"
+        end
       end
     end
+    mf.puts "\n""clean-local:\n\t$(Q)$(RM) $(ext_build_dir)/*~ $(ext_build_dir)/*.bak $(ext_build_dir)/core"
     mf.puts "\n""extso:\n"
     mf.puts "\t@echo EXTSO=$(EXTSO)"
 
diff --git a/ext/fcntl/fcntl.gemspec b/ext/fcntl/fcntl.gemspec
index 048e101aa5..09d3fc2568 100644
--- a/ext/fcntl/fcntl.gemspec
+++ b/ext/fcntl/fcntl.gemspec
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name          = "fcntl"
-  spec.version       = "1.0.1"
+  spec.version       = "1.0.2"
   spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
   spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
 
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/closure.c b/ext/fiddle/closure.c
index a74cc53b78..892f522a62 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/closure.c
+++ b/ext/fiddle/closure.c
@@ -56,6 +56,8 @@ closure_memsize(const void * ptr)
 const rb_data_type_t closure_data_type = {
     "fiddle/closure",
     {0, dealloc, closure_memsize,},
+    0, 0,
+    RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
 };
 
 struct callback_args {
@@ -74,7 +76,7 @@ with_gvl_callback(void *ptr)
     VALUE rbargs    = rb_iv_get(self, "@args");
     VALUE ctype     = rb_iv_get(self, "@ctype");
     int argc        = RARRAY_LENINT(rbargs);
-    VALUE params    = rb_ary_hidden_new(argc);
+    VALUE params    = rb_ary_tmp_new(argc);
     VALUE ret;
     VALUE cPointer;
     int i, type;
@@ -90,7 +92,7 @@ with_gvl_callback(void *ptr)
 	  case TYPE_INT:
 	    rb_ary_push(params, INT2NUM(*(int *)x->args[i]));
 	    break;
-	  case -TYPE_INT:
+	  case TYPE_UINT:
 	    rb_ary_push(params, UINT2NUM(*(unsigned int *)x->args[i]));
 	    break;
 	  case TYPE_VOIDP:
@@ -101,19 +103,19 @@ with_gvl_callback(void *ptr)
 	  case TYPE_LONG:
 	    rb_ary_push(params, LONG2NUM(*(long *)x->args[i]));
 	    break;
-	  case -TYPE_LONG:
+	  case TYPE_ULONG:
 	    rb_ary_push(params, ULONG2NUM(*(unsigned long *)x->args[i]));
 	    break;
 	  case TYPE_CHAR:
 	    rb_ary_push(params, INT2NUM(*(signed char *)x->args[i]));
 	    break;
-	  case -TYPE_CHAR:
+	  case TYPE_UCHAR:
 	    rb_ary_push(params, UINT2NUM(*(unsigned char *)x->args[i]));
 	    break;
 	  case TYPE_SHORT:
 	    rb_ary_push(params, INT2NUM(*(signed short *)x->args[i]));
 	    break;
-	  case -TYPE_SHORT:
+	  case TYPE_USHORT:
 	    rb_ary_push(params, UINT2NUM(*(unsigned short *)x->args[i]));
 	    break;
 	  case TYPE_DOUBLE:
@@ -126,7 +128,7 @@ with_gvl_callback(void *ptr)
 	  case TYPE_LONG_LONG:
 	    rb_ary_push(params, LL2NUM(*(LONG_LONG *)x->args[i]));
 	    break;
-	  case -TYPE_LONG_LONG:
+	  case TYPE_ULONG_LONG:
 	    rb_ary_push(params, ULL2NUM(*(unsigned LONG_LONG *)x->args[i]));
 	    break;
 #endif
@@ -149,7 +151,7 @@ with_gvl_callback(void *ptr)
       case TYPE_LONG:
 	*(long *)x->resp = NUM2LONG(ret);
 	break;
-      case -TYPE_LONG:
+      case TYPE_ULONG:
 	*(unsigned long *)x->resp = NUM2ULONG(ret);
 	break;
       case TYPE_CHAR:
@@ -157,9 +159,9 @@ with_gvl_callback(void *ptr)
       case TYPE_INT:
 	*(ffi_sarg *)x->resp = NUM2INT(ret);
 	break;
-      case -TYPE_CHAR:
-      case -TYPE_SHORT:
-      case -TYPE_INT:
+      case TYPE_UCHAR:
+      case TYPE_USHORT:
+      case TYPE_UINT:
 	*(ffi_arg *)x->resp = NUM2UINT(ret);
 	break;
       case TYPE_VOIDP:
@@ -175,7 +177,7 @@ with_gvl_callback(void *ptr)
       case TYPE_LONG_LONG:
 	*(LONG_LONG *)x->resp = NUM2LL(ret);
 	break;
-      case -TYPE_LONG_LONG:
+      case TYPE_ULONG_LONG:
 	*(unsigned LONG_LONG *)x->resp = NUM2ULL(ret);
 	break;
 #endif
@@ -224,9 +226,27 @@ allocate(VALUE klass)
     return i;
 }
 
+static fiddle_closure *
+get_raw(VALUE self)
+{
+    fiddle_closure *closure;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, fiddle_closure, &closure_data_type, closure);
+    if (!closure) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "already freed: %+"PRIsVALUE, self);
+    }
+    return closure;
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    VALUE self;
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+} initialize_data;
+
 static VALUE
-initialize(int rbargc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
+initialize_body(VALUE user_data)
 {
+    initialize_data *data = (initialize_data *)user_data;
     VALUE ret;
     VALUE args;
     VALUE normalized_args;
@@ -237,14 +257,14 @@ initialize(int rbargc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
     ffi_status result;
     int i, argc;
 
-    if (2 == rb_scan_args(rbargc, argv, "21", &ret, &args, &abi))
-	abi = INT2NUM(FFI_DEFAULT_ABI);
+    if (2 == rb_scan_args(data->argc, data->argv, "21", &ret, &args, &abi))
+        abi = INT2NUM(FFI_DEFAULT_ABI);
 
     Check_Type(args, T_ARRAY);
 
     argc = RARRAY_LENINT(args);
 
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, fiddle_closure, &closure_data_type, cl);
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(data->self, fiddle_closure, &closure_data_type, cl);
 
     cl->argv = (ffi_type **)xcalloc(argc + 1, sizeof(ffi_type *));
 
@@ -257,8 +277,8 @@ initialize(int rbargc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
     cl->argv[argc] = NULL;
 
     ret = rb_fiddle_type_ensure(ret);
-    rb_iv_set(self, "@ctype", ret);
-    rb_iv_set(self, "@args", normalized_args);
+    rb_iv_set(data->self, "@ctype", ret);
+    rb_iv_set(data->self, "@args", normalized_args);
 
     cif = &cl->cif;
     pcl = cl->pcl;
@@ -269,38 +289,75 @@ initialize(int rbargc, VALUE argv[], VALUE self)
                           rb_fiddle_int_to_ffi_type(NUM2INT(ret)),
                           cl->argv);
 
-    if (FFI_OK != result)
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "error prepping CIF %d", result);
+    if (FFI_OK != result) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "error prepping CIF %d", result);
+    }
 
 #if USE_FFI_CLOSURE_ALLOC
     result = ffi_prep_closure_loc(pcl, cif, callback,
-		(void *)self, cl->code);
+                                  (void *)(data->self), cl->code);
 #else
-    result = ffi_prep_closure(pcl, cif, callback, (void *)self);
+    result = ffi_prep_closure(pcl, cif, callback, (void *)(data->self));
     cl->code = (void *)pcl;
     i = mprotect(pcl, sizeof(*pcl), PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC);
     if (i) {
-	rb_sys_fail("mprotect");
+        rb_sys_fail("mprotect");
     }
 #endif
 
-    if (FFI_OK != result)
-	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "error prepping closure %d", result);
+    if (FFI_OK != result) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "error prepping closure %d", result);
+    }
 
-    return self;
+    return data->self;
 }
 
 static VALUE
-to_i(VALUE self)
+initialize_rescue(VALUE user_data, VALUE exception)
 {
-    fiddle_closure * cl;
-    void *code;
+    initialize_data *data = (initialize_data *)user_data;
+    dealloc(RTYPEDDATA_DATA(data->self));
+    RTYPEDDATA_DATA(data->self) = NULL;
+    rb_exc_raise(exception);
+    return data->self;
+}
 
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, fiddle_closure, &closure_data_type, cl);
+static VALUE
+initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    initialize_data data;
+    data.self = self;
+    data.argc = argc;
+    data.argv = argv;
+    return rb_rescue(initialize_body, (VALUE)&data,
+                     initialize_rescue, (VALUE)&data);
+}
 
-    code = cl->code;
+static VALUE
+to_i(VALUE self)
+{
+    fiddle_closure *closure = get_raw(self);
+    return PTR2NUM(closure->code);
+}
 
-    return PTR2NUM(code);
+static VALUE
+closure_free(VALUE self)
+{
+    fiddle_closure *closure;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, fiddle_closure, &closure_data_type, closure);
+    if (closure) {
+        dealloc(closure);
+        RTYPEDDATA_DATA(self) = NULL;
+    }
+    return RUBY_Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+closure_freed_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    fiddle_closure *closure;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, fiddle_closure, &closure_data_type, closure);
+    return closure ? RUBY_Qfalse : RUBY_Qtrue;
 }
 
 void
@@ -353,8 +410,24 @@ Init_fiddle_closure(void)
     /*
      * Document-method: to_i
      *
-     * Returns the memory address for this closure
+     * Returns the memory address for this closure.
      */
     rb_define_method(cFiddleClosure, "to_i", to_i, 0);
+
+    /*
+     * Document-method: free
+     *
+     * Free this closure explicitly. You can't use this closure anymore.
+     *
+     * If this closure is already freed, this does nothing.
+     */
+    rb_define_method(cFiddleClosure, "free", closure_free, 0);
+
+    /*
+     * Document-method: freed?
+     *
+     * Whether this closure was freed explicitly.
+     */
+    rb_define_method(cFiddleClosure, "freed?", closure_freed_p, 0);
 }
 /* vim: set noet sw=4 sts=4 */
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/conversions.c b/ext/fiddle/conversions.c
index 6e0ce36378..3b70f7de4c 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/conversions.c
+++ b/ext/fiddle/conversions.c
@@ -211,32 +211,32 @@ rb_fiddle_value_to_generic(int type, VALUE *src, fiddle_generic *dst)
       case TYPE_CHAR:
 	dst->schar = (signed char)NUM2INT(*src);
 	break;
-      case -TYPE_CHAR:
+      case TYPE_UCHAR:
 	dst->uchar = (unsigned char)NUM2UINT(*src);
 	break;
       case TYPE_SHORT:
 	dst->sshort = (unsigned short)NUM2INT(*src);
 	break;
-      case -TYPE_SHORT:
+      case TYPE_USHORT:
 	dst->sshort = (signed short)NUM2UINT(*src);
 	break;
       case TYPE_INT:
 	dst->sint = NUM2INT(*src);
 	break;
-      case -TYPE_INT:
+      case TYPE_UINT:
 	dst->uint = NUM2UINT(*src);
 	break;
       case TYPE_LONG:
 	dst->slong = NUM2LONG(*src);
 	break;
-      case -TYPE_LONG:
+      case TYPE_ULONG:
 	dst->ulong = NUM2ULONG(*src);
 	break;
 #if HAVE_LONG_LONG
       case TYPE_LONG_LONG:
 	dst->slong_long = NUM2LL(*src);
 	break;
-      case -TYPE_LONG_LONG:
+      case TYPE_ULONG_LONG:
 	dst->ulong_long = NUM2ULL(*src);
 	break;
 #endif
@@ -283,24 +283,24 @@ rb_fiddle_generic_to_value(VALUE rettype, fiddle_generic retval)
           PTR2NUM((void *)retval.pointer));
       case TYPE_CHAR:
 	return INT2NUM((signed char)retval.fffi_sarg);
-      case -TYPE_CHAR:
+      case TYPE_UCHAR:
 	return INT2NUM((unsigned char)retval.fffi_arg);
       case TYPE_SHORT:
 	return INT2NUM((signed short)retval.fffi_sarg);
-      case -TYPE_SHORT:
+      case TYPE_USHORT:
 	return INT2NUM((unsigned short)retval.fffi_arg);
       case TYPE_INT:
 	return INT2NUM((signed int)retval.fffi_sarg);
-      case -TYPE_INT:
+      case TYPE_UINT:
 	return UINT2NUM((unsigned int)retval.fffi_arg);
       case TYPE_LONG:
 	return LONG2NUM(retval.slong);
-      case -TYPE_LONG:
+      case TYPE_ULONG:
 	return ULONG2NUM(retval.ulong);
 #if HAVE_LONG_LONG
       case TYPE_LONG_LONG:
 	return LL2NUM(retval.slong_long);
-      case -TYPE_LONG_LONG:
+      case TYPE_ULONG_LONG:
 	return ULL2NUM(retval.ulong_long);
 #endif
       case TYPE_FLOAT:
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/extconf.rb b/ext/fiddle/extconf.rb
index 93b4f9d4fa..cf8b5223bb 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/fiddle/extconf.rb
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ end
 
 libffi_version = nil
 have_libffi = false
-bundle = enable_config('bundled-libffi')
+bundle = with_config("libffi-source-dir")
 unless bundle
   dir_config 'libffi'
 
@@ -67,27 +67,11 @@ unless bundle
 end
 
 unless have_libffi
-  # for https://github.com/ruby/fiddle
-  extlibs_rb = File.expand_path("../../bin/extlibs.rb", $srcdir)
-  if bundle && File.exist?(extlibs_rb)
-    require "fileutils"
-    require_relative "../../bin/extlibs"
-    extlibs = ExtLibs.new
-    cache_dir = File.expand_path("../../tmp/.download_cache", $srcdir)
-    ext_dir = File.expand_path("../../ext", $srcdir)
-    Dir.glob("#{$srcdir}/libffi-*/").each{|dir| FileUtils.rm_rf(dir)}
-    extlibs.run(["--cache=#{cache_dir}", ext_dir])
-  end
-  if bundle != false
-    libffi_package_name = Dir.glob("#{$srcdir}/libffi-*/")
-                            .map {|n| File.basename(n)}
-                            .max_by {|n| n.scan(/\d+/).map(&:to_i)}
-  end
-  unless libffi_package_name
-    raise "missing libffi. Please install libffi."
+  if bundle
+    libffi_srcdir = libffi_package_name = bundle
+  else
+    raise "missing libffi. Please install libffi or use --with-libffi-source-dir with libffi source location."
   end
-
-  libffi_srcdir = "#{$srcdir}/#{libffi_package_name}"
   ffi_header = 'ffi.h'
   libffi = Struct.new(*%I[dir srcdir builddir include lib a cflags ldflags opt arch]).new
   libffi.dir = libffi_package_name
@@ -167,7 +151,7 @@ if libffi_version
   libffi_version = libffi_version.gsub(/-rc\d+/, '')
   libffi_version = (libffi_version.split('.').map(&:to_i) + [0,0])[0,3]
   $defs.push(%{-DRUBY_LIBFFI_MODVERSION=#{ '%d%03d%03d' % libffi_version }})
-  puts "libffi_version: #{libffi_version.join('.')}"
+  warn "libffi_version: #{libffi_version.join('.')}"
 end
 
 case
@@ -226,7 +210,7 @@ types.each do |type, signed|
 end
 
 if libffi
-  $LOCAL_LIBS.prepend("./#{libffi.a} ").strip! # to exts.mk
+  $LOCAL_LIBS.prepend("#{libffi.a} ").strip! # to exts.mk
   $INCFLAGS.gsub!(/-I#{libffi.dir}/, '-I$(LIBFFI_DIR)')
 end
 create_makefile 'fiddle' do |conf|
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/extlibs b/ext/fiddle/extlibs
deleted file mode 100644
index 68dac46a95..0000000000
--- a/ext/fiddle/extlibs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-ver = 3.2.1
-pkg = libffi-$(ver)
-
-https://ftp.osuosl.org/pub/blfs/conglomeration/libffi/$(pkg).tar.gz \
-  md5:83b89587607e3eb65c70d361f13bab43 \
-  sha512:980ca30a8d76f963fca722432b1fe5af77d7a4e4d2eac5144fbc5374d4c596609a293440573f4294207e1bdd9fda80ad1e1cafb2ffb543df5a275bc3bd546483 \
-  #
-	win32/$(pkg)-mswin.patch -p0
-
-$(pkg)/config.guess -> /tool/config.guess
-$(pkg)/config.sub -> /tool/config.sub
-
-! chdir: $(pkg)| autoconf || exit 0
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/fiddle.c b/ext/fiddle/fiddle.c
index a8b5123269..c06cd5634a 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/fiddle.c
+++ b/ext/fiddle/fiddle.c
@@ -164,137 +164,193 @@ Init_fiddle(void)
      */
     rb_eFiddleDLError = rb_define_class_under(mFiddle, "DLError", rb_eFiddleError);
 
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_VOID
+    VALUE mFiddleTypes = rb_define_module_under(mFiddle, "Types");
+
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::VOID
      *
      * C type - void
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_VOID",      INT2NUM(TYPE_VOID));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "VOID",      INT2NUM(TYPE_VOID));
 
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_VOIDP
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::VOIDP
      *
      * C type - void*
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_VOIDP",     INT2NUM(TYPE_VOIDP));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "VOIDP",     INT2NUM(TYPE_VOIDP));
 
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_CHAR
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::CHAR
      *
      * C type - char
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_CHAR",      INT2NUM(TYPE_CHAR));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "CHAR",      INT2NUM(TYPE_CHAR));
 
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_SHORT
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::UCHAR
+     *
+     * C type - unsigned char
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "UCHAR",      INT2NUM(TYPE_UCHAR));
+
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::SHORT
      *
      * C type - short
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_SHORT",     INT2NUM(TYPE_SHORT));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "SHORT",     INT2NUM(TYPE_SHORT));
 
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_INT
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::USHORT
+     *
+     * C type - unsigned short
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "USHORT",     INT2NUM(TYPE_USHORT));
+
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::INT
      *
      * C type - int
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_INT",       INT2NUM(TYPE_INT));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "INT",       INT2NUM(TYPE_INT));
+
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::UINT
+     *
+     * C type - unsigned int
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "UINT",       INT2NUM(TYPE_UINT));
+
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::LONG
+     *
+     * C type - long
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "LONG",      INT2NUM(TYPE_LONG));
 
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_LONG
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::ULONG
      *
      * C type - long
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_LONG",      INT2NUM(TYPE_LONG));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "ULONG",      INT2NUM(TYPE_ULONG));
 
 #if HAVE_LONG_LONG
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_LONG_LONG
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::LONG_LONG
+     *
+     * C type - long long
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "LONG_LONG", INT2NUM(TYPE_LONG_LONG));
+
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::ULONG_LONG
      *
      * C type - long long
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_LONG_LONG", INT2NUM(TYPE_LONG_LONG));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "ULONG_LONG", INT2NUM(TYPE_ULONG_LONG));
 #endif
 
 #ifdef TYPE_INT8_T
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_INT8_T
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::INT8_T
      *
      * C type - int8_t
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_INT8_T",    INT2NUM(TYPE_INT8_T));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "INT8_T",    INT2NUM(TYPE_INT8_T));
+
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::UINT8_T
+     *
+     * C type - uint8_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "UINT8_T",    INT2NUM(TYPE_UINT8_T));
 #endif
 
 #ifdef TYPE_INT16_T
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_INT16_T
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::INT16_T
      *
      * C type - int16_t
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_INT16_T",   INT2NUM(TYPE_INT16_T));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "INT16_T",   INT2NUM(TYPE_INT16_T));
+
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::UINT16_T
+     *
+     * C type - uint16_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "UINT16_T",   INT2NUM(TYPE_UINT16_T));
 #endif
 
 #ifdef TYPE_INT32_T
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_INT32_T
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::INT32_T
      *
      * C type - int32_t
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_INT32_T",   INT2NUM(TYPE_INT32_T));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "INT32_T",   INT2NUM(TYPE_INT32_T));
+
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::UINT32_T
+     *
+     * C type - uint32_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "UINT32_T",   INT2NUM(TYPE_UINT32_T));
 #endif
 
 #ifdef TYPE_INT64_T
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_INT64_T
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::INT64_T
      *
      * C type - int64_t
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_INT64_T",   INT2NUM(TYPE_INT64_T));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "INT64_T",   INT2NUM(TYPE_INT64_T));
+
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::UINT64_T
+     *
+     * C type - uint64_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "UINT64_T",   INT2NUM(TYPE_UINT64_T));
 #endif
 
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_FLOAT
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::FLOAT
      *
      * C type - float
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_FLOAT",     INT2NUM(TYPE_FLOAT));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "FLOAT",     INT2NUM(TYPE_FLOAT));
 
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_DOUBLE
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::DOUBLE
      *
      * C type - double
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_DOUBLE",    INT2NUM(TYPE_DOUBLE));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "DOUBLE",    INT2NUM(TYPE_DOUBLE));
 
 #ifdef HAVE_FFI_PREP_CIF_VAR
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_VARIADIC
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::VARIADIC
      *
      * C type - ...
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_VARIADIC",  INT2NUM(TYPE_VARIADIC));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "VARIADIC",  INT2NUM(TYPE_VARIADIC));
 #endif
 
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_CONST_STRING
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::CONST_STRING
      *
      * C type - const char* ('\0' terminated const char*)
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_CONST_STRING",  INT2NUM(TYPE_CONST_STRING));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "CONST_STRING",  INT2NUM(TYPE_CONST_STRING));
 
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_SIZE_T
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::SIZE_T
      *
      * C type - size_t
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_SIZE_T",   INT2NUM(TYPE_SIZE_T));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "SIZE_T",   INT2NUM(TYPE_SIZE_T));
 
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_SSIZE_T
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::SSIZE_T
      *
      * C type - ssize_t
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_SSIZE_T",   INT2NUM(TYPE_SSIZE_T));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "SSIZE_T",   INT2NUM(TYPE_SSIZE_T));
 
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_PTRDIFF_T
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::PTRDIFF_T
      *
      * C type - ptrdiff_t
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_PTRDIFF_T", INT2NUM(TYPE_PTRDIFF_T));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "PTRDIFF_T", INT2NUM(TYPE_PTRDIFF_T));
 
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_INTPTR_T
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::INTPTR_T
      *
      * C type - intptr_t
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_INTPTR_T",  INT2NUM(TYPE_INTPTR_T));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "INTPTR_T",  INT2NUM(TYPE_INTPTR_T));
 
-    /* Document-const: TYPE_UINTPTR_T
+    /* Document-const: Fiddle::Types::UINTPTR_T
      *
      * C type - uintptr_t
      */
-    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "TYPE_UINTPTR_T",  INT2NUM(TYPE_UINTPTR_T));
+    rb_define_const(mFiddleTypes, "UINTPTR_T",  INT2NUM(TYPE_UINTPTR_T));
 
     /* Document-const: ALIGN_VOIDP
      *
@@ -422,30 +478,60 @@ Init_fiddle(void)
      */
     rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_CHAR",  INT2NUM(sizeof(char)));
 
+    /* Document-const: SIZEOF_UCHAR
+     *
+     * size of a unsigned char
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_UCHAR",  INT2NUM(sizeof(unsigned char)));
+
     /* Document-const: SIZEOF_SHORT
      *
      * size of a short
      */
     rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_SHORT", INT2NUM(sizeof(short)));
 
+    /* Document-const: SIZEOF_USHORT
+     *
+     * size of a unsigned short
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_USHORT", INT2NUM(sizeof(unsigned short)));
+
     /* Document-const: SIZEOF_INT
      *
      * size of an int
      */
     rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_INT",   INT2NUM(sizeof(int)));
 
+    /* Document-const: SIZEOF_UINT
+     *
+     * size of an unsigned int
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_UINT",   INT2NUM(sizeof(unsigned int)));
+
     /* Document-const: SIZEOF_LONG
      *
      * size of a long
      */
     rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_LONG",  INT2NUM(sizeof(long)));
 
+    /* Document-const: SIZEOF_ULONG
+     *
+     * size of a unsigned long
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_ULONG",  INT2NUM(sizeof(unsigned long)));
+
 #if HAVE_LONG_LONG
     /* Document-const: SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
      *
      * size of a long long
      */
     rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_LONG_LONG",  INT2NUM(sizeof(LONG_LONG)));
+
+    /* Document-const: SIZEOF_ULONG_LONG
+     *
+     * size of a unsigned long long
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_ULONG_LONG",  INT2NUM(sizeof(unsigned LONG_LONG)));
 #endif
 
     /* Document-const: SIZEOF_INT8_T
@@ -454,24 +540,48 @@ Init_fiddle(void)
      */
     rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_INT8_T",  INT2NUM(sizeof(int8_t)));
 
+    /* Document-const: SIZEOF_UINT8_T
+     *
+     * size of a uint8_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_UINT8_T",  INT2NUM(sizeof(uint8_t)));
+
     /* Document-const: SIZEOF_INT16_T
      *
      * size of a int16_t
      */
     rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_INT16_T", INT2NUM(sizeof(int16_t)));
 
+    /* Document-const: SIZEOF_UINT16_T
+     *
+     * size of a uint16_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_UINT16_T", INT2NUM(sizeof(uint16_t)));
+
     /* Document-const: SIZEOF_INT32_T
      *
      * size of a int32_t
      */
     rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_INT32_T", INT2NUM(sizeof(int32_t)));
 
+    /* Document-const: SIZEOF_UINT32_T
+     *
+     * size of a uint32_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_UINT32_T", INT2NUM(sizeof(uint32_t)));
+
     /* Document-const: SIZEOF_INT64_T
      *
      * size of a int64_t
      */
     rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_INT64_T", INT2NUM(sizeof(int64_t)));
 
+    /* Document-const: SIZEOF_UINT64_T
+     *
+     * size of a uint64_t
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "SIZEOF_UINT64_T", INT2NUM(sizeof(uint64_t)));
+
     /* Document-const: SIZEOF_FLOAT
      *
      * size of a float
@@ -540,6 +650,30 @@ Init_fiddle(void)
     rb_define_module_function(mFiddle, "realloc", rb_fiddle_realloc, 2);
     rb_define_module_function(mFiddle, "free", rb_fiddle_free, 1);
 
+    /* Document-const: Qtrue
+     *
+     * The value of Qtrue
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "Qtrue", INT2NUM(Qtrue));
+
+    /* Document-const: Qfalse
+     *
+     * The value of Qfalse
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "Qfalse", INT2NUM(Qfalse));
+
+    /* Document-const: Qnil
+     *
+     * The value of Qnil
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "Qnil", INT2NUM(Qnil));
+
+    /* Document-const: Qundef
+     *
+     * The value of Qundef
+     */
+    rb_define_const(mFiddle, "Qundef", INT2NUM(Qundef));
+
     Init_fiddle_function();
     Init_fiddle_closure();
     Init_fiddle_handle();
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/fiddle.gemspec b/ext/fiddle/fiddle.gemspec
index a9c0ec4026..878109395b 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/fiddle.gemspec
+++ b/ext/fiddle/fiddle.gemspec
@@ -20,15 +20,12 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
     "LICENSE.txt",
     "README.md",
     "Rakefile",
-    "bin/downloader.rb",
-    "bin/extlibs.rb",
     "ext/fiddle/closure.c",
     "ext/fiddle/closure.h",
     "ext/fiddle/conversions.c",
     "ext/fiddle/conversions.h",
     "ext/fiddle/depend",
     "ext/fiddle/extconf.rb",
-    "ext/fiddle/extlibs",
     "ext/fiddle/fiddle.c",
     "ext/fiddle/fiddle.h",
     "ext/fiddle/function.c",
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/fiddle.h b/ext/fiddle/fiddle.h
index 9de62a58cc..10eb9ceedb 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/fiddle.h
+++ b/ext/fiddle/fiddle.h
@@ -111,11 +111,16 @@
 #define TYPE_VOID  0
 #define TYPE_VOIDP 1
 #define TYPE_CHAR  2
+#define TYPE_UCHAR  -TYPE_CHAR
 #define TYPE_SHORT 3
+#define TYPE_USHORT -TYPE_SHORT
 #define TYPE_INT   4
+#define TYPE_UINT   -TYPE_INT
 #define TYPE_LONG  5
+#define TYPE_ULONG  -TYPE_LONG
 #if HAVE_LONG_LONG
 #define TYPE_LONG_LONG 6
+#define TYPE_ULONG_LONG -TYPE_LONG_LONG
 #endif
 #define TYPE_FLOAT 7
 #define TYPE_DOUBLE 8
@@ -123,11 +128,18 @@
 #define TYPE_CONST_STRING 10
 
 #define TYPE_INT8_T TYPE_CHAR
+#define TYPE_UINT8_T -TYPE_INT8_T
+
 #if SIZEOF_SHORT == 2
 # define TYPE_INT16_T TYPE_SHORT
 #elif SIZEOF_INT == 2
 # define TYPE_INT16_T TYPE_INT
 #endif
+
+#ifdef TYPE_INT16_T
+# define TYPE_UINT16_T -TYPE_INT16_T
+#endif
+
 #if SIZEOF_SHORT == 4
 # define TYPE_INT32_T TYPE_SHORT
 #elif SIZEOF_INT == 4
@@ -135,6 +147,11 @@
 #elif SIZEOF_LONG == 4
 # define TYPE_INT32_T TYPE_LONG
 #endif
+
+#ifdef TYPE_INT32_T
+#define TYPE_UINT32_T -TYPE_INT32_T
+#endif
+
 #if SIZEOF_INT == 8
 # define TYPE_INT64_T TYPE_INT
 #elif SIZEOF_LONG == 8
@@ -143,6 +160,10 @@
 # define TYPE_INT64_T TYPE_LONG_LONG
 #endif
 
+#ifdef TYPE_INT64_T
+#define TYPE_UINT64_T -TYPE_INT64_T
+#endif
+
 #ifndef TYPE_SSIZE_T
 # if SIZEOF_SIZE_T == SIZEOF_INT
 #   define TYPE_SSIZE_T TYPE_INT
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/handle.c b/ext/fiddle/handle.c
index 76b90909d3..ae8cc3a581 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/handle.c
+++ b/ext/fiddle/handle.c
@@ -321,8 +321,10 @@ rb_fiddle_handle_s_sym(VALUE self, VALUE sym)
     return fiddle_handle_sym(RTLD_NEXT, sym);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-fiddle_handle_sym(void *handle, VALUE symbol)
+typedef void (*fiddle_void_func)(void);
+
+static fiddle_void_func
+fiddle_handle_find_func(void *handle, VALUE symbol)
 {
 #if defined(HAVE_DLERROR)
     const char *err;
@@ -330,13 +332,13 @@ fiddle_handle_sym(void *handle, VALUE symbol)
 #else
 # define CHECK_DLERROR
 #endif
-    void (*func)();
+    fiddle_void_func func;
     const char *name = StringValueCStr(symbol);
 
 #ifdef HAVE_DLERROR
     dlerror();
 #endif
-    func = (void (*)())(VALUE)dlsym(handle, name);
+    func = (fiddle_void_func)(VALUE)dlsym(handle, name);
     CHECK_DLERROR;
 #if defined(FUNC_STDCALL)
     if( !func ){
@@ -379,6 +381,53 @@ fiddle_handle_sym(void *handle, VALUE symbol)
 	xfree(name_n);
     }
 #endif
+
+    return func;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_fiddle_handle_s_sym_defined(VALUE self, VALUE sym)
+{
+    fiddle_void_func func;
+
+    func = fiddle_handle_find_func(RTLD_NEXT, sym);
+
+    if( func ) {
+	return PTR2NUM(func);
+    }
+    else {
+	return Qnil;
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_fiddle_handle_sym_defined(VALUE self, VALUE sym)
+{
+    struct dl_handle *fiddle_handle;
+    fiddle_void_func func;
+
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct dl_handle, &fiddle_handle_data_type, fiddle_handle);
+    if( ! fiddle_handle->open ){
+	rb_raise(rb_eFiddleDLError, "closed handle");
+    }
+
+    func = fiddle_handle_find_func(fiddle_handle->ptr, sym);
+
+    if( func ) {
+	return PTR2NUM(func);
+    }
+    else {
+	return Qnil;
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+fiddle_handle_sym(void *handle, VALUE symbol)
+{
+    fiddle_void_func func;
+
+    func = fiddle_handle_find_func(handle, symbol);
+
     if( !func ){
 	rb_raise(rb_eFiddleDLError, "unknown symbol \"%"PRIsVALUE"\"", symbol);
     }
@@ -468,6 +517,7 @@ Init_fiddle_handle(void)
     rb_cHandle = rb_define_class_under(mFiddle, "Handle", rb_cObject);
     rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cHandle, rb_fiddle_handle_s_allocate);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cHandle, "sym", rb_fiddle_handle_s_sym, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cHandle, "sym_defined?", rb_fiddle_handle_s_sym_defined, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cHandle, "[]", rb_fiddle_handle_s_sym,  1);
 
     /* Document-const: NEXT
@@ -526,6 +576,7 @@ Init_fiddle_handle(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cHandle, "close", rb_fiddle_handle_close, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHandle, "sym",  rb_fiddle_handle_sym, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHandle, "[]",  rb_fiddle_handle_sym,  1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cHandle, "sym_defined?", rb_fiddle_handle_sym_defined, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHandle, "file_name", rb_fiddle_handle_file_name, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHandle, "disable_close", rb_fiddle_handle_disable_close, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cHandle, "enable_close", rb_fiddle_handle_enable_close, 0);
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle.rb b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle.rb
index 4512989310..6137c487c6 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle.rb
+++ b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle.rb
@@ -58,7 +58,36 @@ module Fiddle
   #
   # See Fiddle::Handle.new for more.
   def dlopen library
-    Fiddle::Handle.new library
+    begin
+      Fiddle::Handle.new(library)
+    rescue DLError => error
+      case RUBY_PLATFORM
+      when /linux/
+        case error.message
+        when /\A(\/.+?): (?:invalid ELF header|file too short)/
+          # This may be a linker script:
+          # https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs/ld.html#Scripts
+          path = $1
+        else
+          raise
+        end
+      else
+        raise
+      end
+
+      File.open(path) do |input|
+        input.each_line do |line|
+          case line
+          when /\A\s*(?:INPUT|GROUP)\s*\(\s*([^\s,\)]+)/
+            # TODO: Should we support multiple files?
+            return dlopen($1)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Not found
+      raise
+    end
   end
   module_function :dlopen
 
@@ -67,4 +96,8 @@ module Fiddle
   RTLD_GLOBAL = Handle::RTLD_GLOBAL # :nodoc:
   RTLD_LAZY   = Handle::RTLD_LAZY   # :nodoc:
   RTLD_NOW    = Handle::RTLD_NOW    # :nodoc:
+
+  Fiddle::Types.constants.each do |type|
+    const_set "TYPE_#{type}", Fiddle::Types.const_get(type)
+  end
 end
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/closure.rb b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/closure.rb
index c865a63c20..7e0077ea52 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/closure.rb
+++ b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/closure.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,31 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 module Fiddle
   class Closure
+    class << self
+      # Create a new closure. If a block is given, the created closure
+      # is automatically freed after the given block is executed.
+      #
+      # The all given arguments are passed to Fiddle::Closure.new. So
+      # using this method without block equals to Fiddle::Closure.new.
+      #
+      # == Example
+      #
+      #   Fiddle::Closure.create(TYPE_INT, [TYPE_INT]) do |closure|
+      #     # closure is freed automatically when this block is finished.
+      #   end
+      def create(*args)
+        if block_given?
+          closure = new(*args)
+          begin
+            yield(closure)
+          ensure
+            closure.free
+          end
+        else
+          new(*args)
+        end
+      end
+    end
 
     # the C type of the return of the FFI closure
     attr_reader :ctype
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/cparser.rb b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/cparser.rb
index 93a05513c9..9a70402953 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/cparser.rb
+++ b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/cparser.rb
@@ -164,23 +164,23 @@ module Fiddle
         unless Fiddle.const_defined?(:TYPE_LONG_LONG)
           raise(RuntimeError, "unsupported type: #{ty}")
         end
-        return -TYPE_LONG_LONG
+        return TYPE_ULONG_LONG
       when /\A(?:signed\s+)?long(?:\s+int\s+)?(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return TYPE_LONG
       when /\Aunsigned\s+long(?:\s+int\s+)?(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
-        return -TYPE_LONG
+        return TYPE_ULONG
       when /\A(?:signed\s+)?int(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return TYPE_INT
       when /\A(?:unsigned\s+int|uint)(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
-        return -TYPE_INT
+        return TYPE_UINT
       when /\A(?:signed\s+)?short(?:\s+int\s+)?(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return TYPE_SHORT
       when /\Aunsigned\s+short(?:\s+int\s+)?(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
-        return -TYPE_SHORT
+        return TYPE_USHORT
       when /\A(?:signed\s+)?char(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return TYPE_CHAR
       when /\Aunsigned\s+char(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
-        return  -TYPE_CHAR
+        return  TYPE_UCHAR
       when /\Aint8_t(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         unless Fiddle.const_defined?(:TYPE_INT8_T)
           raise(RuntimeError, "unsupported type: #{ty}")
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ module Fiddle
         unless Fiddle.const_defined?(:TYPE_INT8_T)
           raise(RuntimeError, "unsupported type: #{ty}")
         end
-        return -TYPE_INT8_T
+        return TYPE_UINT8_T
       when /\Aint16_t(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         unless Fiddle.const_defined?(:TYPE_INT16_T)
           raise(RuntimeError, "unsupported type: #{ty}")
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ module Fiddle
         unless Fiddle.const_defined?(:TYPE_INT16_T)
           raise(RuntimeError, "unsupported type: #{ty}")
         end
-        return -TYPE_INT16_T
+        return TYPE_UINT16_T
       when /\Aint32_t(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         unless Fiddle.const_defined?(:TYPE_INT32_T)
           raise(RuntimeError, "unsupported type: #{ty}")
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ module Fiddle
         unless Fiddle.const_defined?(:TYPE_INT32_T)
           raise(RuntimeError, "unsupported type: #{ty}")
         end
-        return -TYPE_INT32_T
+        return TYPE_UINT32_T
       when /\Aint64_t(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         unless Fiddle.const_defined?(:TYPE_INT64_T)
           raise(RuntimeError, "unsupported type: #{ty}")
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ module Fiddle
         unless Fiddle.const_defined?(:TYPE_INT64_T)
           raise(RuntimeError, "unsupported type: #{ty}")
         end
-        return -TYPE_INT64_T
+        return TYPE_UINT64_T
       when /\Afloat(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
         return TYPE_FLOAT
       when /\Adouble(?:\s+\w+)?\z/
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/pack.rb b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/pack.rb
index 22eccedb76..545b985d50 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/pack.rb
+++ b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/pack.rb
@@ -11,24 +11,24 @@ module Fiddle
       TYPE_LONG  => ALIGN_LONG,
       TYPE_FLOAT => ALIGN_FLOAT,
       TYPE_DOUBLE => ALIGN_DOUBLE,
-      -TYPE_CHAR  => ALIGN_CHAR,
-      -TYPE_SHORT => ALIGN_SHORT,
-      -TYPE_INT   => ALIGN_INT,
-      -TYPE_LONG  => ALIGN_LONG,
+      TYPE_UCHAR  => ALIGN_CHAR,
+      TYPE_USHORT => ALIGN_SHORT,
+      TYPE_UINT   => ALIGN_INT,
+      TYPE_ULONG  => ALIGN_LONG,
     }
 
     PACK_MAP = {
-      TYPE_VOIDP => "l!",
+      TYPE_VOIDP => "L!",
       TYPE_CHAR  => "c",
       TYPE_SHORT => "s!",
       TYPE_INT   => "i!",
       TYPE_LONG  => "l!",
       TYPE_FLOAT => "f",
       TYPE_DOUBLE => "d",
-      -TYPE_CHAR  => "c",
-      -TYPE_SHORT => "s!",
-      -TYPE_INT   => "i!",
-      -TYPE_LONG  => "l!",
+      TYPE_UCHAR  => "C",
+      TYPE_USHORT => "S!",
+      TYPE_UINT   => "I!",
+      TYPE_ULONG  => "L!",
     }
 
     SIZE_MAP = {
@@ -39,16 +39,17 @@ module Fiddle
       TYPE_LONG  => SIZEOF_LONG,
       TYPE_FLOAT => SIZEOF_FLOAT,
       TYPE_DOUBLE => SIZEOF_DOUBLE,
-      -TYPE_CHAR  => SIZEOF_CHAR,
-      -TYPE_SHORT => SIZEOF_SHORT,
-      -TYPE_INT   => SIZEOF_INT,
-      -TYPE_LONG  => SIZEOF_LONG,
+      TYPE_UCHAR  => SIZEOF_CHAR,
+      TYPE_USHORT => SIZEOF_SHORT,
+      TYPE_UINT   => SIZEOF_INT,
+      TYPE_ULONG  => SIZEOF_LONG,
     }
     if defined?(TYPE_LONG_LONG)
-      ALIGN_MAP[TYPE_LONG_LONG] = ALIGN_MAP[-TYPE_LONG_LONG] = ALIGN_LONG_LONG
-      PACK_MAP[TYPE_LONG_LONG] = PACK_MAP[-TYPE_LONG_LONG] = "q"
-      SIZE_MAP[TYPE_LONG_LONG] = SIZE_MAP[-TYPE_LONG_LONG] = SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
-      PACK_MAP[TYPE_VOIDP] = "q" if SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
+      ALIGN_MAP[TYPE_LONG_LONG] = ALIGN_MAP[TYPE_ULONG_LONG] = ALIGN_LONG_LONG
+      PACK_MAP[TYPE_LONG_LONG] = "q"
+      PACK_MAP[TYPE_ULONG_LONG] = "Q"
+      SIZE_MAP[TYPE_LONG_LONG] = SIZE_MAP[TYPE_ULONG_LONG] = SIZEOF_LONG_LONG
+      PACK_MAP[TYPE_VOIDP] = "Q" if SIZEOF_LONG_LONG == SIZEOF_VOIDP
     end
 
     def align(addr, align)
diff --git a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/version.rb b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/version.rb
index db6504b650..719dc62e37 100644
--- a/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/version.rb
+++ b/ext/fiddle/lib/fiddle/version.rb
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 module Fiddle
-  VERSION = "1.1.0"
+  VERSION = "1.1.1"
 end
diff --git a/ext/io/console/console.c b/ext/io/console/console.c
index 4ec24178c4..21454a73fa 100644
--- a/ext/io/console/console.c
+++ b/ext/io/console/console.c
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ getattr(int fd, conmode *t)
 #define SET_LAST_ERROR (0)
 #endif
 
-static ID id_getc, id_console, id_close, id_min, id_time, id_intr;
+static ID id_getc, id_console, id_close;
 #if ENABLE_IO_GETPASS
 static ID id_gets, id_chomp_bang;
 #endif
@@ -112,18 +112,34 @@ rb_f_send(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE recv)
 }
 #endif
 
+enum rawmode_opt_ids {
+    kwd_min,
+    kwd_time,
+    kwd_intr,
+    rawmode_opt_id_count
+};
+static ID rawmode_opt_ids[rawmode_opt_id_count];
+
 typedef struct {
     int vmin;
     int vtime;
     int intr;
 } rawmode_arg_t;
 
+#ifndef UNDEF_P
+# define UNDEF_P(obj) ((obj) == Qundef)
+#endif
+#ifndef NIL_OR_UNDEF_P
+# define NIL_OR_UNDEF_P(obj) (NIL_P(obj) || UNDEF_P(obj))
+#endif
+
 static rawmode_arg_t *
 rawmode_opt(int *argcp, VALUE *argv, int min_argc, int max_argc, rawmode_arg_t *opts)
 {
     int argc = *argcp;
     rawmode_arg_t *optp = NULL;
     VALUE vopts = Qnil;
+    VALUE optvals[rawmode_opt_id_count];
 #ifdef RB_SCAN_ARGS_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS
     argc = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "*:", NULL, &vopts);
 #else
@@ -138,19 +154,20 @@ rawmode_opt(int *argcp, VALUE *argv, int min_argc, int max_argc, rawmode_arg_t *
     }
 #endif
     rb_check_arity(argc, min_argc, max_argc);
-    if (!NIL_P(vopts)) {
-	VALUE vmin = rb_hash_aref(vopts, ID2SYM(id_min));
-	VALUE vtime = rb_hash_aref(vopts, ID2SYM(id_time));
-	VALUE intr = rb_hash_aref(vopts, ID2SYM(id_intr));
+    if (rb_get_kwargs(vopts, rawmode_opt_ids,
+		      0, rawmode_opt_id_count, optvals)) {
+	VALUE vmin = optvals[kwd_min];
+	VALUE vtime = optvals[kwd_time];
+	VALUE intr = optvals[kwd_intr];
 	/* default values by `stty raw` */
 	opts->vmin = 1;
 	opts->vtime = 0;
 	opts->intr = 0;
-	if (!NIL_P(vmin)) {
+	if (!NIL_OR_UNDEF_P(vmin)) {
 	    opts->vmin = NUM2INT(vmin);
 	    optp = opts;
 	}
-	if (!NIL_P(vtime)) {
+	if (!NIL_OR_UNDEF_P(vtime)) {
 	    VALUE v10 = INT2FIX(10);
 	    vtime = rb_funcall3(vtime, '*', 1, &v10);
 	    opts->vtime = NUM2INT(vtime);
@@ -165,6 +182,7 @@ rawmode_opt(int *argcp, VALUE *argv, int min_argc, int max_argc, rawmode_arg_t *
 	    opts->intr = 0;
 	    optp = opts;
 	    break;
+	  case Qundef:
 	  case Qnil:
 	    break;
 	  default:
@@ -1633,9 +1651,11 @@ Init_console(void)
 #endif
     id_console = rb_intern("console");
     id_close = rb_intern("close");
-    id_min = rb_intern("min");
-    id_time = rb_intern("time");
-    id_intr = rb_intern("intr");
+#define init_rawmode_opt_id(name) \
+    rawmode_opt_ids[kwd_##name] = rb_intern(#name)
+    init_rawmode_opt_id(min);
+    init_rawmode_opt_id(time);
+    init_rawmode_opt_id(intr);
 #ifndef HAVE_RB_F_SEND
     id___send__ = rb_intern("__send__");
 #endif
diff --git a/ext/io/console/depend b/ext/io/console/depend
index 06ccdde70d..36747ef583 100644
--- a/ext/io/console/depend
+++ b/ext/io/console/depend
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@ win32_vk.inc: win32_vk.list
 	-e 'n=$$F[1] and (n.strip!; /\AVK_/=~n) and' \
 	-e   'puts(%[#ifndef #{n}\n# define #{n} UNDEFINED_VK\n#endif])' \
 	$< && \
-	gperf --ignore-case -E -C -P -p -j1 -i 1 -g -o -t -K ofs -N console_win32_vk -k* $< \
+	gperf --ignore-case -L ANSI-C -E -C -P -p -j1 -i 1 -g -o -t -K ofs -N console_win32_vk -k* $< \
 	| sed -f $(top_srcdir)/tool/gperf.sed \
 	) > $(@F)
 
diff --git a/ext/io/console/io-console.gemspec b/ext/io/console/io-console.gemspec
index aa57f8ac52..d26a757b01 100644
--- a/ext/io/console/io-console.gemspec
+++ b/ext/io/console/io-console.gemspec
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # -*- ruby -*-
-_VERSION = "0.5.11"
+_VERSION = "0.6.0"
 
 Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.name = "io-console"
diff --git a/ext/io/console/win32_vk.inc b/ext/io/console/win32_vk.inc
index cbec7bef15..d15b1219fb 100644
--- a/ext/io/console/win32_vk.inc
+++ b/ext/io/console/win32_vk.inc
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@
 # define VK_OEM_CLEAR UNDEFINED_VK
 #endif
 /* ANSI-C code produced by gperf version 3.1 */
-/* Command-line: gperf --ignore-case -E -C -P -p -j1 -i 1 -g -o -t -K ofs -N console_win32_vk -k'*' win32_vk.list  */
+/* Command-line: gperf --ignore-case -L ANSI-C -E -C -P -p -j1 -i 1 -g -o -t -K ofs -N console_win32_vk -k'*' win32_vk.list  */
 
 #if !((' ' == 32) && ('!' == 33) && ('"' == 34) && ('#' == 35) \
       && ('%' == 37) && ('&' == 38) && ('\'' == 39) && ('(' == 40) \
@@ -509,18 +509,17 @@
 #error "gperf generated tables don't work with this execution character set. Please report a bug to <bug-gperf@gnu.org>."
 #endif
 
-#define gperf_offsetof(s, n) (short)offsetof(struct s##_t, s##_str##n)
 #line 1 "win32_vk.list"
 
 struct vktable {short ofs; unsigned short vk;};
-static const struct vktable *console_win32_vk(/*const char *, unsigned int*/);
+static const struct vktable *console_win32_vk(const char *, size_t);
 #line 5 "win32_vk.list"
 struct vktable;
 /* maximum key range = 245, duplicates = 0 */
 
 #ifndef GPERF_DOWNCASE
 #define GPERF_DOWNCASE 1
-static unsigned char gperf_downcase[256] =
+static const unsigned char gperf_downcase[256] =
   {
       0,   1,   2,   3,   4,   5,   6,   7,   8,   9,  10,  11,  12,  13,  14,
      15,  16,  17,  18,  19,  20,  21,  22,  23,  24,  25,  26,  27,  28,  29,
@@ -1007,368 +1006,368 @@ console_win32_vk (register const char *str, register size_t len)
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #line 40 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 12), VK_UP},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str12, VK_UP},
 #line 52 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 13), VK_APPS},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str13, VK_APPS},
 #line 159 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 14), VK_CRSEL},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str14, VK_CRSEL},
 #line 34 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 15), VK_SPACE},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str15, VK_SPACE},
 #line 95 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 16), VK_SCROLL},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str16, VK_SCROLL},
 #line 29 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 17), VK_ESCAPE},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str17, VK_ESCAPE},
 #line 9 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 18), VK_CANCEL},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str18, VK_CANCEL},
 #line 32 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 19), VK_ACCEPT},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str19, VK_ACCEPT},
 #line 66 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 20), VK_SEPARATOR},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str20, VK_SEPARATOR},
 #line 43 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 21), VK_SELECT},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str21, VK_SELECT},
 #line 18 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 22), VK_CONTROL},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str22, VK_CONTROL},
 #line 166 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 23), VK_OEM_CLEAR},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str23, VK_OEM_CLEAR},
 #line 145 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 24), VK_OEM_RESET},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str24, VK_OEM_RESET},
 #line 155 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 25), VK_OEM_AUTO},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str25, VK_OEM_AUTO},
 #line 151 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 26), VK_OEM_CUSEL},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str26, VK_OEM_CUSEL},
       {-1},
 #line 22 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 28), VK_KANA},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str28, VK_KANA},
 #line 127 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 29), VK_OEM_PLUS},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str29, VK_OEM_PLUS},
 #line 35 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 30), VK_PRIOR},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str30, VK_PRIOR},
 #line 152 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 31), VK_OEM_ATTN},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str31, VK_OEM_ATTN},
 #line 20 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 32), VK_PAUSE},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str32, VK_PAUSE},
 #line 13 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 33), VK_BACK},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str33, VK_BACK},
 #line 144 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 34), VK_PACKET},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str34, VK_PACKET},
 #line 105 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 35), VK_RCONTROL},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str35, VK_RCONTROL},
 #line 104 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 36), VK_LCONTROL},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str36, VK_LCONTROL},
 #line 37 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 37), VK_END},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str37, VK_END},
 #line 38 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 38), VK_HOME},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str38, VK_HOME},
 #line 44 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 39), VK_PRINT},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str39, VK_PRINT},
 #line 94 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 40), VK_NUMLOCK},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str40, VK_NUMLOCK},
 #line 39 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 41), VK_LEFT},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str41, VK_LEFT},
 #line 25 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 42), VK_JUNJA},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str42, VK_JUNJA},
 #line 19 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 43), VK_MENU},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str43, VK_MENU},
 #line 150 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 44), VK_OEM_WSCTRL},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str44, VK_OEM_WSCTRL},
 #line 156 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 45), VK_OEM_ENLW},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str45, VK_OEM_ENLW},
 #line 36 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 46), VK_NEXT},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str46, VK_NEXT},
 #line 51 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 47), VK_RWIN},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str47, VK_RWIN},
 #line 50 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 48), VK_LWIN},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str48, VK_LWIN},
 #line 21 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 49), VK_CAPITAL},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str49, VK_CAPITAL},
 #line 49 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 50), VK_HELP},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str50, VK_HELP},
 #line 164 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 51), VK_NONAME},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str51, VK_NONAME},
 #line 8 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 52), VK_RBUTTON},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str52, VK_RBUTTON},
 #line 7 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 53), VK_LBUTTON},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str53, VK_LBUTTON},
 #line 96 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 54), VK_OEM_NEC_EQUAL},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str54, VK_OEM_NEC_EQUAL},
       {-1},
 #line 47 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 56), VK_INSERT},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str56, VK_INSERT},
 #line 27 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 57), VK_HANJA},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str57, VK_HANJA},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 46 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 60), VK_SNAPSHOT},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str60, VK_SNAPSHOT},
 #line 158 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 61), VK_ATTN},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str61, VK_ATTN},
 #line 14 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 62), VK_TAB},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str62, VK_TAB},
 #line 157 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 63), VK_OEM_BACKTAB},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str63, VK_OEM_BACKTAB},
 #line 143 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 64), VK_ICO_CLEAR},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str64, VK_ICO_CLEAR},
 #line 30 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 65), VK_CONVERT},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str65, VK_CONVERT},
 #line 16 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 66), VK_RETURN},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str66, VK_RETURN},
 #line 146 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 67), VK_OEM_JUMP},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str67, VK_OEM_JUMP},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #line 111 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 71), VK_BROWSER_STOP},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str71, VK_BROWSER_STOP},
 #line 26 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 72), VK_FINAL},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str72, VK_FINAL},
 #line 163 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 73), VK_ZOOM},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str73, VK_ZOOM},
 #line 28 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 74), VK_KANJI},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str74, VK_KANJI},
 #line 48 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 75), VK_DELETE},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str75, VK_DELETE},
 #line 128 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 76), VK_OEM_COMMA},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str76, VK_OEM_COMMA},
 #line 67 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 77), VK_SUBTRACT},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str77, VK_SUBTRACT},
       {-1},
 #line 10 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 79), VK_MBUTTON},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str79, VK_MBUTTON},
 #line 78 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 80), VK_F9},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str80, VK_F9},
 #line 17 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 81), VK_SHIFT},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str81, VK_SHIFT},
 #line 103 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 82), VK_RSHIFT},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str82, VK_RSHIFT},
 #line 102 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 83), VK_LSHIFT},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str83, VK_LSHIFT},
 #line 65 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 84), VK_ADD},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str84, VK_ADD},
 #line 31 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 85), VK_NONCONVERT},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str85, VK_NONCONVERT},
 #line 160 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 86), VK_EXSEL},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str86, VK_EXSEL},
 #line 126 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 87), VK_OEM_1},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str87, VK_OEM_1},
 #line 138 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 88), VK_OEM_AX},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str88, VK_OEM_AX},
 #line 108 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 89), VK_BROWSER_BACK},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str89, VK_BROWSER_BACK},
 #line 137 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 90), VK_OEM_8},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str90, VK_OEM_8},
 #line 129 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 91), VK_OEM_MINUS},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str91, VK_OEM_MINUS},
 #line 162 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 92), VK_PLAY},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str92, VK_PLAY},
 #line 131 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 93), VK_OEM_2},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str93, VK_OEM_2},
 #line 15 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 94), VK_CLEAR},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str94, VK_CLEAR},
 #line 99 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 95), VK_OEM_FJ_TOUROKU},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str95, VK_OEM_FJ_TOUROKU},
 #line 147 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 96), VK_OEM_PA1},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str96, VK_OEM_PA1},
 #line 140 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 97), VK_ICO_HELP},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str97, VK_ICO_HELP},
 #line 112 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 98), VK_BROWSER_SEARCH},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str98, VK_BROWSER_SEARCH},
 #line 53 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 99), VK_SLEEP},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str99, VK_SLEEP},
       {-1},
 #line 70 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 101), VK_F1},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str101, VK_F1},
 #line 148 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 102), VK_OEM_PA2},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str102, VK_OEM_PA2},
 #line 154 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 103), VK_OEM_COPY},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str103, VK_OEM_COPY},
 #line 77 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 104), VK_F8},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str104, VK_F8},
 #line 88 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 105), VK_F19},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str105, VK_F19},
 #line 41 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 106), VK_RIGHT},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str106, VK_RIGHT},
 #line 71 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 107), VK_F2},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str107, VK_F2},
 #line 135 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 108), VK_OEM_6},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str108, VK_OEM_6},
 #line 87 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 109), VK_F18},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str109, VK_F18},
       {-1},
 #line 117 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 111), VK_VOLUME_UP},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str111, VK_VOLUME_UP},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 120 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 114), VK_MEDIA_STOP},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str114, VK_MEDIA_STOP},
 #line 130 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 115), VK_OEM_PERIOD},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str115, VK_OEM_PERIOD},
       {-1},
 #line 161 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 117), VK_EREOF},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str117, VK_EREOF},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #line 114 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 121), VK_BROWSER_HOME},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str121, VK_BROWSER_HOME},
 #line 75 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 122), VK_F6},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str122, VK_F6},
       {-1},
 #line 110 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 124), VK_BROWSER_REFRESH},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str124, VK_BROWSER_REFRESH},
       {-1},
 #line 165 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 126), VK_PA1},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str126, VK_PA1},
 #line 142 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 127), VK_PROCESSKEY},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str127, VK_PROCESSKEY},
 #line 68 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 128), VK_DECIMAL},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str128, VK_DECIMAL},
 #line 132 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 129), VK_OEM_3},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str129, VK_OEM_3},
 #line 107 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 130), VK_RMENU},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str130, VK_RMENU},
 #line 106 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 131), VK_LMENU},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str131, VK_LMENU},
 #line 98 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 132), VK_OEM_FJ_MASSHOU},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str132, VK_OEM_FJ_MASSHOU},
 #line 54 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 133), VK_NUMPAD0},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str133, VK_NUMPAD0},
 #line 24 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 134), VK_HANGUL},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str134, VK_HANGUL},
 #line 63 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 135), VK_NUMPAD9},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str135, VK_NUMPAD9},
 #line 23 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 136), VK_HANGEUL},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str136, VK_HANGEUL},
 #line 134 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 137), VK_OEM_5},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str137, VK_OEM_5},
 #line 149 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 138), VK_OEM_PA3},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str138, VK_OEM_PA3},
 #line 115 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 139), VK_VOLUME_MUTE},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str139, VK_VOLUME_MUTE},
 #line 133 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 140), VK_OEM_4},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str140, VK_OEM_4},
 #line 122 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 141), VK_LAUNCH_MAIL},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str141, VK_LAUNCH_MAIL},
 #line 97 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 142), VK_OEM_FJ_JISHO},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str142, VK_OEM_FJ_JISHO},
 #line 72 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 143), VK_F3},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str143, VK_F3},
 #line 101 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 144), VK_OEM_FJ_ROYA},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str144, VK_OEM_FJ_ROYA},
 #line 100 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 145), VK_OEM_FJ_LOYA},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str145, VK_OEM_FJ_LOYA},
       {-1},
 #line 42 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 147), VK_DOWN},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str147, VK_DOWN},
       {-1},
 #line 153 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 149), VK_OEM_FINISH},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str149, VK_OEM_FINISH},
       {-1},
 #line 74 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 151), VK_F5},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str151, VK_F5},
       {-1},
 #line 136 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 153), VK_OEM_7},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str153, VK_OEM_7},
 #line 73 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 154), VK_F4},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str154, VK_F4},
 #line 86 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 155), VK_F17},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str155, VK_F17},
 #line 55 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 156), VK_NUMPAD1},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str156, VK_NUMPAD1},
 #line 141 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 157), VK_ICO_00},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str157, VK_ICO_00},
       {-1},
 #line 62 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 159), VK_NUMPAD8},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str159, VK_NUMPAD8},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 56 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 162), VK_NUMPAD2},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str162, VK_NUMPAD2},
       {-1},
 #line 124 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 164), VK_LAUNCH_APP1},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str164, VK_LAUNCH_APP1},
 #line 109 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 165), VK_BROWSER_FORWARD},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str165, VK_BROWSER_FORWARD},
       {-1},
 #line 76 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 167), VK_F7},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str167, VK_F7},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 125 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 170), VK_LAUNCH_APP2},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str170, VK_LAUNCH_APP2},
 #line 64 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 171), VK_MULTIPLY},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str171, VK_MULTIPLY},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 45 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 174), VK_EXECUTE},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str174, VK_EXECUTE},
       {-1},
 #line 113 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 176), VK_BROWSER_FAVORITES},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str176, VK_BROWSER_FAVORITES},
 #line 60 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 177), VK_NUMPAD6},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str177, VK_NUMPAD6},
       {-1},
 #line 85 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 179), VK_F16},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str179, VK_F16},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 79 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 182), VK_F10},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str182, VK_F10},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 116 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 185), VK_VOLUME_DOWN},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str185, VK_VOLUME_DOWN},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 89 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 188), VK_F20},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str188, VK_F20},
 #line 119 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 189), VK_MEDIA_PREV_TRACK},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str189, VK_MEDIA_PREV_TRACK},
       {-1},
 #line 33 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 191), VK_MODECHANGE},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str191, VK_MODECHANGE},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #line 83 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 197), VK_F14},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str197, VK_F14},
 #line 57 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 198), VK_NUMPAD3},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str198, VK_NUMPAD3},
 #line 11 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 199), VK_XBUTTON1},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str199, VK_XBUTTON1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #line 93 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 203), VK_F24},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str203, VK_F24},
       {-1},
 #line 12 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 205), VK_XBUTTON2},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str205, VK_XBUTTON2},
 #line 59 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 206), VK_NUMPAD5},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str206, VK_NUMPAD5},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 58 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 209), VK_NUMPAD4},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str209, VK_NUMPAD4},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #line 121 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 215), VK_MEDIA_PLAY_PAUSE},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str215, VK_MEDIA_PLAY_PAUSE},
       {-1},
 #line 123 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 217), VK_LAUNCH_MEDIA_SELECT},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str217, VK_LAUNCH_MEDIA_SELECT},
 #line 80 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 218), VK_F11},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str218, VK_F11},
       {-1},
 #line 139 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 220), VK_OEM_102},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str220, VK_OEM_102},
 #line 118 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 221), VK_MEDIA_NEXT_TRACK},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str221, VK_MEDIA_NEXT_TRACK},
 #line 61 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 222), VK_NUMPAD7},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str222, VK_NUMPAD7},
       {-1},
 #line 90 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 224), VK_F21},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str224, VK_F21},
       {-1},
 #line 82 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 226), VK_F13},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str226, VK_F13},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 81 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 229), VK_F12},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str229, VK_F12},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 92 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 232), VK_F23},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str232, VK_F23},
       {-1}, {-1},
 #line 91 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 235), VK_F22},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str235, VK_F22},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #line 84 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 242), VK_F15},
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str242, VK_F15},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
       {-1}, {-1}, {-1}, {-1},
 #line 69 "win32_vk.list"
-      {gperf_offsetof(stringpool, 256), VK_DIVIDE}
+      {(int)(size_t)&((struct stringpool_t *)0)->stringpool_str256, VK_DIVIDE}
     };
 
   if (len <= MAX_WORD_LENGTH && len >= MIN_WORD_LENGTH)
diff --git a/ext/io/console/win32_vk.list b/ext/io/console/win32_vk.list
index 7909a4d1f0..5df3d6da57 100644
--- a/ext/io/console/win32_vk.list
+++ b/ext/io/console/win32_vk.list
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 %{
 struct vktable {short ofs; unsigned short vk;};
-static const struct vktable *console_win32_vk(/*!ANSI{*/const char *, unsigned int/*}!ANSI*/);
+static const struct vktable *console_win32_vk(const char *, size_t);
 %}
 struct vktable
 %%
diff --git a/ext/io/nonblock/io-nonblock.gemspec b/ext/io/nonblock/io-nonblock.gemspec
index f81d4fda0a..d6df21a84d 100644
--- a/ext/io/nonblock/io-nonblock.gemspec
+++ b/ext/io/nonblock/io-nonblock.gemspec
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name          = "io-nonblock"
-  spec.version       = "0.1.1"
+  spec.version       = "0.2.0"
   spec.authors       = ["Nobu Nakada"]
   spec.email         = ["nobu@ruby-lang.org"]
 
diff --git a/ext/io/wait/extconf.rb b/ext/io/wait/extconf.rb
index eecdcce99f..c6230b7783 100644
--- a/ext/io/wait/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/io/wait/extconf.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ if RUBY_VERSION < "2.6"
   File.write("Makefile", dummy_makefile($srcdir).join(""))
 else
   target = "io/wait"
-  have_func("rb_io_wait")
+  have_func("rb_io_wait", "ruby/io.h")
   unless macro_defined?("DOSISH", "#include <ruby.h>")
     have_header(ioctl_h = "sys/ioctl.h") or ioctl_h = nil
     fionread = %w[sys/ioctl.h sys/filio.h sys/socket.h].find do |h|
diff --git a/ext/io/wait/io-wait.gemspec b/ext/io/wait/io-wait.gemspec
index 7b73d64200..ebc1f6f5c7 100644
--- a/ext/io/wait/io-wait.gemspec
+++ b/ext/io/wait/io-wait.gemspec
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-_VERSION = "0.3.0.pre"
+_VERSION = "0.3.0"
 
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name          = "io-wait"
diff --git a/ext/json/VERSION b/ext/json/VERSION
index 097a15a2af..ec1cf33c3f 100644
--- a/ext/json/VERSION
+++ b/ext/json/VERSION
@@ -1 +1 @@
-2.6.2
+2.6.3
diff --git a/ext/json/lib/json/version.rb b/ext/json/lib/json/version.rb
index 9bedb65fa7..3d4326d836 100644
--- a/ext/json/lib/json/version.rb
+++ b/ext/json/lib/json/version.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
 module JSON
   # JSON version
-  VERSION         = '2.6.2'
+  VERSION         = '2.6.3'
   VERSION_ARRAY   = VERSION.split(/\./).map { |x| x.to_i } # :nodoc:
   VERSION_MAJOR   = VERSION_ARRAY[0] # :nodoc:
   VERSION_MINOR   = VERSION_ARRAY[1] # :nodoc:
diff --git a/ext/json/parser/extconf.rb b/ext/json/parser/extconf.rb
index feb586e1b4..4723a02aee 100644
--- a/ext/json/parser/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/json/parser/extconf.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: false
 require 'mkmf'
 
-have_func("rb_enc_raise", "ruby.h")
-have_func("rb_enc_interned_str", "ruby.h")
+have_func("rb_enc_raise", "ruby/encoding.h")
+have_func("rb_enc_interned_str", "ruby/encoding.h")
 
 # checking if String#-@ (str_uminus) dedupes... '
 begin
diff --git a/ext/nkf/nkf.gemspec b/ext/nkf/nkf.gemspec
index 2d77c71ff8..7f3bd4a4b1 100644
--- a/ext/nkf/nkf.gemspec
+++ b/ext/nkf/nkf.gemspec
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name          = "nkf"
-  spec.version       = "0.1.1"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.2"
   spec.authors       = ["NARUSE Yui"]
   spec.email         = ["naruse@airemix.jp"]
 
diff --git a/ext/objspace/depend b/ext/objspace/depend
index c4da8031cc..52797664e0 100644
--- a/ext/objspace/depend
+++ b/ext/objspace/depend
@@ -158,12 +158,14 @@ object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/missing.h
 object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 object_tracing.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+object_tracing.o: $(top_srcdir)/gc.h
 object_tracing.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 object_tracing.o: object_tracing.c
 object_tracing.o: objspace.h
 objspace.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
 objspace.o: $(arch_hdrdir)/ruby/config.h
 objspace.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/assert.h
+objspace.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/atomic.h
 objspace.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward.h
 objspace.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/assume.h
 objspace.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/backward/2/attributes.h
@@ -336,10 +338,16 @@ objspace.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/regex.h
 objspace.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/ruby.h
 objspace.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/st.h
 objspace.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/subst.h
+objspace.o: $(hdrdir)/ruby/thread_native.h
+objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
+objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
+objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
+objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/gc.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
@@ -348,9 +356,17 @@ objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/imemo.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
+objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/method.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/node.h
+objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/ruby_assert.h
+objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/ruby_atomic.h
+objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/symbol.h
+objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/thread_pthread.h
+objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/vm_core.h
+objspace.o: $(top_srcdir)/vm_opts.h
 objspace.o: objspace.c
 objspace.o: {$(VPATH)}id.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(RUBY_EXTCONF_H)
@@ -533,9 +549,13 @@ objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/check_type/check_type.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/container_of/container_of.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/list/list.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/ccan/str/str.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/constant.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/gc.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/id_table.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/array.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/basic_operators.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/class.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/hash.h
@@ -544,12 +564,15 @@ objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/sanitizers.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/serial.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/variable.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/method.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/node.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/ruby_assert.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/ruby_atomic.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
+objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/symbol.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/thread_pthread.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/vm_core.h
 objspace_dump.o: $(top_srcdir)/vm_opts.h
diff --git a/ext/objspace/lib/objspace.rb b/ext/objspace/lib/objspace.rb
index 0298b0646c..6865fdda4c 100644
--- a/ext/objspace/lib/objspace.rb
+++ b/ext/objspace/lib/objspace.rb
@@ -6,14 +6,15 @@ module ObjectSpace
   class << self
     private :_dump
     private :_dump_all
+    private :_dump_shapes
   end
 
   module_function
 
   # call-seq:
-  #   ObjectSpace.dump(obj[, output: :string]) # => "{ ... }"
-  #   ObjectSpace.dump(obj, output: :file)     # => #<File:/tmp/rubyobj20131125-88733-1xkfmpv.json>
-  #   ObjectSpace.dump(obj, output: :stdout)   # => nil
+  #   ObjectSpace.dump(obj[, output: :string]) -> "{ ... }"
+  #   ObjectSpace.dump(obj, output: :file) -> #<File:/tmp/rubyobj20131125-88733-1xkfmpv.json>
+  #   ObjectSpace.dump(obj, output: :stdout) -> nil
   #
   # Dump the contents of a ruby object as JSON.
   #
@@ -42,38 +43,88 @@ module ObjectSpace
   end
 
 
-  #  call-seq:
-  #    ObjectSpace.dump_all([output: :file]) # => #<File:/tmp/rubyheap20131125-88469-laoj3v.json>
-  #    ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: :stdout) # => nil
-  #    ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: :string) # => "{...}\n{...}\n..."
-  #    ObjectSpace.dump_all(output:
-  #      File.open('heap.json','w'))         # => #<File:heap.json>
-  #    ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: :string,
-  #      since: 42)                          # => "{...}\n{...}\n..."
+  # call-seq:
+  #   ObjectSpace.dump_all([output: :file]) -> #<File:/tmp/rubyheap20131125-88469-laoj3v.json>
+  #   ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: :stdout) -> nil
+  #   ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: :string) -> "{...}\n{...}\n..."
+  #   ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: File.open('heap.json','w')) -> #<File:heap.json>
+  #   ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: :string, since: 42) -> "{...}\n{...}\n..."
+  #
+  # Dump the contents of the ruby heap as JSON.
+  #
+  # _full_ must be a boolean. If true all heap slots are dumped including the empty ones (T_NONE).
+  #
+  # _since_ must be a non-negative integer or +nil+.
   #
-  #  Dump the contents of the ruby heap as JSON.
+  # If _since_ is a positive integer, only objects of that generation and
+  # newer generations are dumped. The current generation can be accessed using
+  # GC::count. Objects that were allocated without object allocation tracing enabled
+  # are ignored. See ::trace_object_allocations for more information and
+  # examples.
   #
-  #  _since_ must be a non-negative integer or +nil+.
+  # If _since_ is omitted or is +nil+, all objects are dumped.
   #
-  #  If _since_ is a positive integer, only objects of that generation and
-  #  newer generations are dumped. The current generation can be accessed using
-  #  GC::count.
+  # _shapes_ must be a boolean or a non-negative integer.
   #
-  #  Objects that were allocated without object allocation tracing enabled
-  #  are ignored. See ::trace_object_allocations for more information and
-  #  examples.
+  # If _shapes_ is a positive integer, only shapes newer than the provided
+  # shape id are dumped. The current shape_id can be accessed using <tt>RubyVM.stat(:next_shape_id)</tt>.
   #
-  #  If _since_ is omitted or is +nil+, all objects are dumped.
+  # If _shapes_ is +false+, no shapes are dumped.
+  #
+  # To only dump objects allocated past a certain point you can combine _since_ and _shapes_:
+  #   ObjectSpace.trace_object_allocations
+  #   GC.start
+  #   gc_generation = GC.count
+  #   shape_generation = RubyVM.stat(:next_shape_id)
+  #   call_method_to_instrument
+  #   ObjectSpace.dump_all(since: gc_generation, shapes: shape_generation)
+  #
+  # This method is only expected to work with C Ruby.
+  # This is an experimental method and is subject to change.
+  # In particular, the function signature and output format are
+  # not guaranteed to be compatible in future versions of ruby.
+  def dump_all(output: :file, full: false, since: nil, shapes: true)
+    out = case output
+    when :file, nil
+      require 'tempfile'
+      Tempfile.create(%w(rubyheap .json))
+    when :stdout
+      STDOUT
+    when :string
+      +''
+    when IO
+      output
+    else
+      raise ArgumentError, "wrong output option: #{output.inspect}"
+    end
+
+    shapes = 0 if shapes == true
+    ret = _dump_all(out, full, since, shapes)
+    return nil if output == :stdout
+    ret
+  end
+
+  #  call-seq:
+  #    ObjectSpace.dump_shapes([output: :file]) -> #<File:/tmp/rubyshapes20131125-88469-laoj3v.json>
+  #    ObjectSpace.dump_shapes(output: :stdout) -> nil
+  #    ObjectSpace.dump_shapes(output: :string) -> "{...}\n{...}\n..."
+  #    ObjectSpace.dump_shapes(output: File.open('shapes.json','w')) -> #<File:shapes.json>
+  #    ObjectSpace.dump_all(output: :string, since: 42) -> "{...}\n{...}\n..."
+  #
+  #  Dump the contents of the ruby shape tree as JSON.
+  #
+  #  If _shapes_ is a positive integer, only shapes newer than the provided
+  #  shape id are dumped. The current shape_id can be accessed using <tt>RubyVM.stat(:next_shape_id)</tt>.
   #
   #  This method is only expected to work with C Ruby.
   #  This is an experimental method and is subject to change.
   #  In particular, the function signature and output format are
   #  not guaranteed to be compatible in future versions of ruby.
-  def dump_all(output: :file, full: false, since: nil)
+  def dump_shapes(output: :file, since: 0)
     out = case output
     when :file, nil
       require 'tempfile'
-      Tempfile.create(%w(rubyheap .json))
+      Tempfile.create(%w(rubyshapes .json))
     when :stdout
       STDOUT
     when :string
@@ -84,7 +135,7 @@ module ObjectSpace
       raise ArgumentError, "wrong output option: #{output.inspect}"
     end
 
-    ret = _dump_all(out, full, since)
+    ret = _dump_shapes(out, since)
     return nil if output == :stdout
     ret
   end
diff --git a/ext/objspace/object_tracing.c b/ext/objspace/object_tracing.c
index 0bf866a8f1..8c54d51eab 100644
--- a/ext/objspace/object_tracing.c
+++ b/ext/objspace/object_tracing.c
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
+#include "gc.h"
 #include "internal.h"
 #include "ruby/debug.h"
 #include "objspace.h"
@@ -121,6 +122,10 @@ freeobj_i(VALUE tpval, void *data)
     st_data_t v;
     struct allocation_info *info;
 
+    /* Modifying the st table can cause allocations, which can trigger GC.
+     * Since freeobj_i is called during GC, it must not trigger another GC. */
+    VALUE gc_disabled = rb_gc_disable_no_rest();
+
     if (arg->keep_remains) {
         if (st_lookup(arg->object_table, obj, &v)) {
             info = (struct allocation_info *)v;
@@ -135,6 +140,8 @@ freeobj_i(VALUE tpval, void *data)
             ruby_xfree(info);
         }
     }
+
+    if (gc_disabled == Qfalse) rb_gc_enable();
 }
 
 static int
diff --git a/ext/objspace/objspace.c b/ext/objspace/objspace.c
index 0b1b094325..ca08604c95 100644
--- a/ext/objspace/objspace.c
+++ b/ext/objspace/objspace.c
@@ -493,6 +493,7 @@ count_nodes(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE os)
                 COUNT_NODE(NODE_ARYPTN);
                 COUNT_NODE(NODE_FNDPTN);
                 COUNT_NODE(NODE_HSHPTN);
+                COUNT_NODE(NODE_ERROR);
 #undef COUNT_NODE
               case NODE_LAST: break;
             }
diff --git a/ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c b/ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c
index 2917d49331..c3cc9a1e7b 100644
--- a/ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c
+++ b/ext/objspace/objspace_dump.c
@@ -13,10 +13,15 @@
 **********************************************************************/
 
 #include "gc.h"
+#include "id_table.h"
 #include "internal.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
+#include "internal/class.h"
 #include "internal/hash.h"
 #include "internal/string.h"
 #include "internal/sanitizers.h"
+#include "symbol.h"
+#include "shape.h"
 #include "node.h"
 #include "objspace.h"
 #include "ruby/debug.h"
@@ -41,6 +46,7 @@ struct dump_config {
     unsigned int full_heap: 1;
     unsigned int partial_dump;
     size_t since;
+    size_t shapes_since;
     unsigned long buffer_len;
     char buffer[BUFFER_CAPACITY];
 };
@@ -349,6 +355,20 @@ dump_append_string_content(struct dump_config *dc, VALUE obj)
     }
 }
 
+static inline void
+dump_append_id(struct dump_config *dc, ID id)
+{
+    if (is_instance_id(id)) {
+        dump_append_string_value(dc, rb_sym2str(ID2SYM(id)));
+    }
+    else {
+        dump_append(dc, "\"ID_INTERNAL(");
+        dump_append_sizet(dc, rb_id_to_serial(id));
+        dump_append(dc, ")\"");
+    }
+}
+
+
 static void
 dump_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_config *dc)
 {
@@ -365,7 +385,11 @@ dump_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_config *dc)
 
     dc->cur_obj = obj;
     dc->cur_obj_references = 0;
-    dc->cur_obj_klass = BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_NODE ? 0 : RBASIC_CLASS(obj);
+    if (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_NODE || BUILTIN_TYPE(obj) == T_IMEMO) {
+        dc->cur_obj_klass = 0;
+    } else {
+        dc->cur_obj_klass = RBASIC_CLASS(obj);
+    }
 
     if (dc->partial_dump && (!ainfo || ainfo->generation < dc->since)) {
         return;
@@ -381,6 +405,10 @@ dump_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_config *dc)
     dump_append(dc, obj_type(obj));
     dump_append(dc, "\"");
 
+    size_t shape_id = rb_shape_get_shape_id(obj);
+    dump_append(dc, ", \"shape_id\":");
+    dump_append_sizet(dc, shape_id);
+
     dump_append(dc, ", \"slot_size\":");
     dump_append_sizet(dc, dc->cur_page_slot_size);
 
@@ -456,7 +484,7 @@ dump_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_config *dc)
       case T_ARRAY:
         dump_append(dc, ", \"length\":");
         dump_append_ld(dc, RARRAY_LEN(obj));
-        if (RARRAY_LEN(obj) > 0 && FL_TEST(obj, ELTS_SHARED))
+        if (RARRAY_LEN(obj) > 0 && FL_TEST(obj, RARRAY_SHARED_FLAG))
             dump_append(dc, ", \"shared\":true");
         if (FL_TEST(obj, RARRAY_EMBED_FLAG))
             dump_append(dc, ", \"embedded\":true");
@@ -470,6 +498,9 @@ dump_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_config *dc)
         break;
 
       case T_CLASS:
+        dump_append(dc, ", \"variation_count\":");
+        dump_append_d(dc, RCLASS_EXT(obj)->variation_count);
+
       case T_MODULE:
         if (rb_class_get_superclass(obj)) {
             dump_append(dc, ", \"superclass\":");
@@ -514,7 +545,10 @@ dump_object(VALUE obj, struct dump_config *dc)
 
       case T_OBJECT:
         dump_append(dc, ", \"ivars\":");
-        dump_append_lu(dc, ROBJECT_NUMIV(obj));
+        dump_append_lu(dc, ROBJECT_IV_COUNT(obj));
+        if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex(obj)) {
+            dump_append(dc, ", \"too_complex_shape\":true");
+        }
         break;
 
       case T_FILE:
@@ -618,7 +652,7 @@ root_obj_i(const char *category, VALUE obj, void *data)
 }
 
 static void
-dump_output(struct dump_config *dc, VALUE output, VALUE full, VALUE since)
+dump_output(struct dump_config *dc, VALUE output, VALUE full, VALUE since, VALUE shapes)
 {
 
     dc->full_heap = 0;
@@ -644,6 +678,8 @@ dump_output(struct dump_config *dc, VALUE output, VALUE full, VALUE since)
     else {
         dc->partial_dump = 0;
     }
+
+    dc->shapes_since = RTEST(shapes) ? NUM2SIZET(shapes) : 0;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -660,6 +696,7 @@ dump_result(struct dump_config *dc)
     }
 }
 
+/* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
 objspace_dump(VALUE os, VALUE obj, VALUE output)
 {
@@ -668,18 +705,87 @@ objspace_dump(VALUE os, VALUE obj, VALUE output)
         dc.cur_page_slot_size = rb_gc_obj_slot_size(obj);
     }
 
-    dump_output(&dc, output, Qnil, Qnil);
+    dump_output(&dc, output, Qnil, Qnil, Qnil);
 
     dump_object(obj, &dc);
 
     return dump_result(&dc);
 }
 
+static void
+shape_i(rb_shape_t *shape, void *data)
+{
+    struct dump_config *dc = (struct dump_config *)data;
+
+    size_t shape_id = rb_shape_id(shape);
+    if (shape_id < dc->shapes_since) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    dump_append(dc, "{\"address\":");
+    dump_append_ref(dc, (VALUE)shape);
+
+    dump_append(dc, ", \"type\":\"SHAPE\", \"id\":");
+    dump_append_sizet(dc, shape_id);
+
+    if (shape->type != SHAPE_ROOT) {
+        dump_append(dc, ", \"parent_id\":");
+        dump_append_lu(dc, shape->parent_id);
+    }
+
+    dump_append(dc, ", \"depth\":");
+    dump_append_sizet(dc, rb_shape_depth(shape));
+
+    dump_append(dc, ", \"shape_type\":");
+    switch((enum shape_type)shape->type) {
+      case SHAPE_ROOT:
+        dump_append(dc, "\"ROOT\"");
+        break;
+      case SHAPE_IVAR:
+        dump_append(dc, "\"IVAR\"");
+
+        dump_append(dc, ",\"edge_name\":");
+        dump_append_id(dc, shape->edge_name);
+
+        break;
+      case SHAPE_FROZEN:
+        dump_append(dc, "\"FROZEN\"");
+        break;
+      case SHAPE_CAPACITY_CHANGE:
+        dump_append(dc, "\"CAPACITY_CHANGE\"");
+        dump_append(dc, ", \"capacity\":");
+        dump_append_sizet(dc, shape->capacity);
+        break;
+      case SHAPE_INITIAL_CAPACITY:
+        dump_append(dc, "\"INITIAL_CAPACITY\"");
+        dump_append(dc, ", \"capacity\":");
+        dump_append_sizet(dc, shape->capacity);
+        break;
+      case SHAPE_T_OBJECT:
+        dump_append(dc, "\"T_OBJECT\"");
+        break;
+      case SHAPE_OBJ_TOO_COMPLEX:
+        dump_append(dc, "\"OBJ_TOO_COMPLEX\"");
+        break;
+      default:
+        rb_bug("[objspace] unexpected shape type");
+    }
+
+    dump_append(dc, ", \"edges\":");
+    dump_append_sizet(dc, rb_shape_edges_count(shape));
+
+    dump_append(dc, ", \"memsize\":");
+    dump_append_sizet(dc, rb_shape_memsize(shape));
+
+    dump_append(dc, "}\n");
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
-objspace_dump_all(VALUE os, VALUE output, VALUE full, VALUE since)
+objspace_dump_all(VALUE os, VALUE output, VALUE full, VALUE since, VALUE shapes)
 {
     struct dump_config dc = {0,};
-    dump_output(&dc, output, full, since);
+    dump_output(&dc, output, full, since, shapes);
 
     if (!dc.partial_dump || dc.since == 0) {
         /* dump roots */
@@ -687,12 +793,29 @@ objspace_dump_all(VALUE os, VALUE output, VALUE full, VALUE since)
         if (dc.roots) dump_append(&dc, "]}\n");
     }
 
+    if (RTEST(shapes)) {
+        rb_shape_each_shape(shape_i, &dc);
+    }
+
     /* dump all objects */
     rb_objspace_each_objects(heap_i, &dc);
 
     return dump_result(&dc);
 }
 
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+objspace_dump_shapes(VALUE os, VALUE output, VALUE shapes)
+{
+    struct dump_config dc = {0,};
+    dump_output(&dc, output, Qfalse, Qnil, shapes);
+
+    if (RTEST(shapes)) {
+        rb_shape_each_shape(shape_i, &dc);
+    }
+    return dump_result(&dc);
+}
+
 void
 Init_objspace_dump(VALUE rb_mObjSpace)
 {
@@ -702,7 +825,8 @@ Init_objspace_dump(VALUE rb_mObjSpace)
 #endif
 
     rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "_dump", objspace_dump, 2);
-    rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "_dump_all", objspace_dump_all, 3);
+    rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "_dump_all", objspace_dump_all, 4);
+    rb_define_module_function(rb_mObjSpace, "_dump_shapes", objspace_dump_shapes, 2);
 
     /* force create static IDs */
     rb_obj_gc_flags(rb_mObjSpace, 0, 0);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/History.md b/ext/openssl/History.md
index 479ec3b4a2..1e0df7dd87 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/History.md
+++ b/ext/openssl/History.md
@@ -1,3 +1,77 @@
+Version 3.1.0
+=============
+
+Ruby/OpenSSL 3.1 will be maintained for the lifetime of Ruby 3.2.
+
+Merged bug fixes in 2.2.3 and 3.0.2. Among the new features and changes are:
+
+Notable changes
+---------------
+
+* Add `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ciphersuites=` to allow setting TLS 1.3 cipher
+  suites.
+  [[GitHub #493]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/493)
+* Add `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket#export_keying_material` for exporting keying
+  material of the session, as defined in RFC 5705.
+  [[GitHub #530]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/530)
+* Add `OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#keylog_cb=` for setting the TLS key logging
+  callback, which is useful for supporting NSS's SSLKEYLOGFILE debugging output.
+  [[GitHub #536]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/536)
+* Remove the default digest algorithm from `OpenSSL::OCSP::BasicResponse#sign`
+  and `OpenSSL::OCSP::Request#sign`. Omitting the 5th parameter of these
+  methods used to be equivalent of specifying SHA-1. This default value is now
+  removed and we will let the underlying OpenSSL library decide instead.
+  [[GitHub #507]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/507)
+* Add `OpenSSL::BN#mod_sqrt`.
+  [[GitHub #553]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/553)
+* Allow calling `OpenSSL::Cipher#update` with an empty string. This was
+  prohibited to workaround an ancient bug in OpenSSL.
+  [[GitHub #568]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/568)
+* Fix build on platforms without socket support, such as WASI. `OpenSSL::SSL`
+  will not be defined if OpenSSL is compiled with `OPENSSL_NO_SOCK`.
+  [[GitHub #558]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/558)
+* Improve support for recent LibreSSL versions. This includes HKDF support in
+  LibreSSL 3.6 and Ed25519 support in LibreSSL 3.7.
+
+
+Version 3.0.2
+=============
+
+Merged changes in 2.2.3. Additionally, the following issues are fixed by this
+release.
+
+Bug fixes
+---------
+
+* Fix OpenSSL::PKey::EC#check_key not working correctly on OpenSSL 3.0.
+  [[GitHub #563]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/563)
+  [[GitHub #580]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/580)
+
+
+Version 3.0.1
+=============
+
+Merged changes in 2.1.4 and 2.2.2. Additionally, the following issues are fixed
+by this release.
+
+Bug fixes
+---------
+
+* Add missing type check in OpenSSL::PKey::PKey#sign's optional parameters.
+  [[GitHub #531]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/531)
+* Work around OpenSSL 3.0's HMAC issues with a zero-length key.
+  [[GitHub #538]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/538)
+* Fix a regression in OpenSSL::PKey::DSA.generate's default of 'q' size.
+  [[GitHub #483]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/483)
+  [[GitHub #539]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/539)
+* Restore OpenSSL::PKey.read's ability to decode "openssl ecparam -genkey"
+  output when linked against OpenSSL 3.0.
+  [[GitHub #535]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/535)
+  [[GitHub #540]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/540)
+* Restore error checks in OpenSSL::PKey::EC#{to_der,to_pem}.
+  [[GitHub #541]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/541)
+
+
 Version 3.0.0
 =============
 
@@ -100,6 +174,27 @@ Notable changes
     [[GitHub #342]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/issues/342)
 
 
+Version 2.2.3
+=============
+
+Bug fixes
+---------
+
+* Fix serveral methods in OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point attempting to raise an error
+  with an incorrect class, which would end up with a TypeError.
+  [[GitHub #570]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/570)
+* Fix OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point#eql? and OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Group#eql?
+  incorrectly treated OpenSSL's internal errors as "not equal".
+  [[GitHub #564]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/564)
+* Fix build with LibreSSL 3.5 or later.
+
+
+Version 2.2.2
+=============
+
+Merged changes in 2.1.4.
+
+
 Version 2.2.1
 =============
 
@@ -194,6 +289,16 @@ Notable changes
   [[GitHub #297]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/297)
 
 
+Version 2.1.4
+=============
+
+Bug fixes
+---------
+
+* Do not use pkg-config if --with-openssl-dir option is specified.
+ [[GitHub #486]](https://github.com/ruby/openssl/pull/486)
+
+
 Version 2.1.3
 =============
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/extconf.rb b/ext/openssl/extconf.rb
index cc2b1f8ba2..bc3e4d3a21 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/extconf.rb
@@ -25,8 +25,9 @@ Logging::message "=== OpenSSL for Ruby configurator ===\n"
 if with_config("debug") or enable_config("debug")
   $defs.push("-DOSSL_DEBUG")
 end
+$defs.push("-D""OPENSSL_SUPPRESS_DEPRECATED")
 
-have_func("rb_io_maybe_wait") # Ruby 3.1
+have_func("rb_io_maybe_wait(0, Qnil, Qnil, Qnil)", "ruby/io.h") # Ruby 3.1
 
 Logging::message "=== Checking for system dependent stuff... ===\n"
 have_library("nsl", "t_open")
@@ -120,8 +121,13 @@ if is_libressl && ($mswin || $mingw)
 end
 
 Logging::message "=== Checking for OpenSSL features... ===\n"
+evp_h = "openssl/evp.h".freeze
+x509_h = "openssl/x509.h".freeze
+ts_h = "openssl/ts.h".freeze
+ssl_h = "openssl/ssl.h".freeze
+
 # compile options
-have_func("RAND_egd")
+have_func("RAND_egd()", "openssl/rand.h")
 engines = %w{dynamic 4758cca aep atalla chil
              cswift nuron sureware ubsec padlock capi gmp gost cryptodev}
 engines.each { |name|
@@ -132,65 +138,59 @@ engines.each { |name|
 if !have_struct_member("SSL", "ctx", "openssl/ssl.h") || is_libressl
   $defs.push("-DHAVE_OPAQUE_OPENSSL")
 end
-have_func("EVP_MD_CTX_new")
-have_func("EVP_MD_CTX_free")
-have_func("EVP_MD_CTX_pkey_ctx")
-have_func("X509_STORE_get_ex_data")
-have_func("X509_STORE_set_ex_data")
-have_func("X509_STORE_get_ex_new_index")
-have_func("X509_CRL_get0_signature")
-have_func("X509_REQ_get0_signature")
-have_func("X509_REVOKED_get0_serialNumber")
-have_func("X509_REVOKED_get0_revocationDate")
-have_func("X509_get0_tbs_sigalg")
-have_func("X509_STORE_CTX_get0_untrusted")
-have_func("X509_STORE_CTX_get0_cert")
-have_func("X509_STORE_CTX_get0_chain")
-have_func("OCSP_SINGLERESP_get0_id")
-have_func("SSL_CTX_get_ciphers")
-have_func("X509_up_ref")
-have_func("X509_CRL_up_ref")
-have_func("X509_STORE_up_ref")
-have_func("SSL_SESSION_up_ref")
-have_func("EVP_PKEY_up_ref")
-have_func("SSL_CTX_set_min_proto_version(NULL, 0)", "openssl/ssl.h")
-have_func("SSL_CTX_get_security_level")
-have_func("X509_get0_notBefore")
-have_func("SSL_SESSION_get_protocol_version")
-have_func("TS_STATUS_INFO_get0_status")
-have_func("TS_STATUS_INFO_get0_text")
-have_func("TS_STATUS_INFO_get0_failure_info")
-have_func("TS_VERIFY_CTS_set_certs(NULL, NULL)", "openssl/ts.h")
-have_func("TS_VERIFY_CTX_set_store")
-have_func("TS_VERIFY_CTX_add_flags")
-have_func("TS_RESP_CTX_set_time_cb")
-have_func("EVP_PBE_scrypt")
-have_func("SSL_CTX_set_post_handshake_auth")
+have_func("EVP_MD_CTX_new()", evp_h)
+have_func("EVP_MD_CTX_free(NULL)", evp_h)
+have_func("EVP_MD_CTX_pkey_ctx(NULL)", evp_h)
+have_func("X509_STORE_get_ex_data(NULL, 0)", x509_h)
+have_func("X509_STORE_set_ex_data(NULL, 0, NULL)", x509_h)
+have_func("X509_STORE_get_ex_new_index(0, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL)", x509_h)
+have_func("X509_CRL_get0_signature(NULL, NULL, NULL)", x509_h)
+have_func("X509_REQ_get0_signature(NULL, NULL, NULL)", x509_h)
+have_func("X509_REVOKED_get0_serialNumber(NULL)", x509_h)
+have_func("X509_REVOKED_get0_revocationDate(NULL)", x509_h)
+have_func("X509_get0_tbs_sigalg(NULL)", x509_h)
+have_func("X509_STORE_CTX_get0_untrusted(NULL)", x509_h)
+have_func("X509_STORE_CTX_get0_cert(NULL)", x509_h)
+have_func("X509_STORE_CTX_get0_chain(NULL)", x509_h)
+have_func("OCSP_SINGLERESP_get0_id(NULL)", "openssl/ocsp.h")
+have_func("SSL_CTX_get_ciphers(NULL)", ssl_h)
+have_func("X509_up_ref(NULL)", x509_h)
+have_func("X509_CRL_up_ref(NULL)", x509_h)
+have_func("X509_STORE_up_ref(NULL)", x509_h)
+have_func("SSL_SESSION_up_ref(NULL)", ssl_h)
+have_func("EVP_PKEY_up_ref(NULL)", evp_h)
+have_func("SSL_CTX_set_min_proto_version(NULL, 0)", ssl_h)
+have_func("SSL_CTX_get_security_level(NULL)", ssl_h)
+have_func("X509_get0_notBefore(NULL)", x509_h)
+have_func("SSL_SESSION_get_protocol_version(NULL)", ssl_h)
+have_func("TS_STATUS_INFO_get0_status(NULL)", ts_h)
+have_func("TS_STATUS_INFO_get0_text(NULL)", ts_h)
+have_func("TS_STATUS_INFO_get0_failure_info(NULL)", ts_h)
+have_func("TS_VERIFY_CTS_set_certs(NULL, NULL)", ts_h)
+have_func("TS_VERIFY_CTX_set_store(NULL, NULL)", ts_h)
+have_func("TS_VERIFY_CTX_add_flags(NULL, 0)", ts_h)
+have_func("TS_RESP_CTX_set_time_cb(NULL, NULL, NULL)", ts_h)
+have_func("EVP_PBE_scrypt(\"\", 0, (unsigned char *)\"\", 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, NULL, 0)", evp_h)
+have_func("SSL_CTX_set_post_handshake_auth(NULL, 0)", ssl_h)
 
 # added in 1.1.1
-have_func("EVP_PKEY_check")
-have_func("SSL_CTX_set_ciphersuites")
+have_func("EVP_PKEY_check(NULL)", evp_h)
+have_func("EVP_PKEY_new_raw_private_key(0, NULL, (unsigned char *)\"\", 0)", evp_h)
+have_func("SSL_CTX_set_ciphersuites(NULL, \"\")", ssl_h)
 
 # added in 3.0.0
-openssl_3 =
-have_func("SSL_set0_tmp_dh_pkey")
-have_func("ERR_get_error_all")
-have_func("TS_VERIFY_CTX_set_certs(NULL, NULL)", "openssl/ts.h")
-have_func("SSL_CTX_load_verify_file")
-have_func("BN_check_prime")
-have_func("EVP_MD_CTX_get0_md")
-have_func("EVP_MD_CTX_get_pkey_ctx")
-have_func("EVP_PKEY_eq")
-have_func("EVP_PKEY_dup")
+have_func("SSL_set0_tmp_dh_pkey(NULL, NULL)", ssl_h)
+have_func("ERR_get_error_all(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL)", "openssl/err.h")
+have_func("TS_VERIFY_CTX_set_certs(NULL, NULL)", ts_h)
+have_func("SSL_CTX_load_verify_file(NULL, \"\")", ssl_h)
+have_func("BN_check_prime(NULL, NULL, NULL)", "openssl/bn.h")
+have_func("EVP_MD_CTX_get0_md(NULL)", evp_h)
+have_func("EVP_MD_CTX_get_pkey_ctx(NULL)", evp_h)
+have_func("EVP_PKEY_eq(NULL, NULL)", evp_h)
+have_func("EVP_PKEY_dup(NULL)", evp_h)
 
 Logging::message "=== Checking done. ===\n"
 
-if openssl_3
-  if $warnflags&.sub!(/-W\K(?=deprecated-declarations)/, 'no-')
-    $warnflags << " -Wno-incompatible-pointer-types-discards-qualifiers"
-  end
-end
-
 create_header
 create_makefile("openssl")
 Logging::message "Done.\n"
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkey.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkey.rb
index c3e0629091..0414658a10 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkey.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/pkey.rb
@@ -167,8 +167,16 @@ module OpenSSL::PKey
       # +size+::
       #   The desired key size in bits.
       def generate(size, &blk)
+        # FIPS 186-4 specifies four (L,N) pairs: (1024,160), (2048,224),
+        # (2048,256), and (3072,256).
+        #
+        # q size is derived here with compatibility with
+        # DSA_generator_parameters_ex() which previous versions of ruby/openssl
+        # used to call.
+        qsize = size >= 2048 ? 256 : 160
         dsaparams = OpenSSL::PKey.generate_parameters("DSA", {
           "dsa_paramgen_bits" => size,
+          "dsa_paramgen_q_bits" => qsize,
         }, &blk)
         OpenSSL::PKey.generate_key(dsaparams)
       end
@@ -355,7 +363,8 @@ module OpenSSL::PKey
     #    rsa.private_encrypt(string, padding) -> String
     #
     # Encrypt +string+ with the private key.  +padding+ defaults to
-    # PKCS1_PADDING. The encrypted string output can be decrypted using
+    # PKCS1_PADDING, which is known to be insecure but is kept for backwards
+    # compatibility. The encrypted string output can be decrypted using
     # #public_decrypt.
     #
     # <b>Deprecated in version 3.0</b>.
@@ -378,7 +387,8 @@ module OpenSSL::PKey
     #    rsa.public_decrypt(string, padding) -> String
     #
     # Decrypt +string+, which has been encrypted with the private key, with the
-    # public key.  +padding+ defaults to PKCS1_PADDING.
+    # public key.  +padding+ defaults to PKCS1_PADDING which is known to be
+    # insecure but is kept for backwards compatibility.
     #
     # <b>Deprecated in version 3.0</b>.
     # Consider using PKey::PKey#sign_raw and PKey::PKey#verify_raw, and
@@ -399,7 +409,8 @@ module OpenSSL::PKey
     #    rsa.public_encrypt(string, padding) -> String
     #
     # Encrypt +string+ with the public key.  +padding+ defaults to
-    # PKCS1_PADDING. The encrypted string output can be decrypted using
+    # PKCS1_PADDING, which is known to be insecure but is kept for backwards
+    # compatibility. The encrypted string output can be decrypted using
     # #private_decrypt.
     #
     # <b>Deprecated in version 3.0</b>.
@@ -420,7 +431,8 @@ module OpenSSL::PKey
     #    rsa.private_decrypt(string, padding) -> String
     #
     # Decrypt +string+, which has been encrypted with the public key, with the
-    # private key. +padding+ defaults to PKCS1_PADDING.
+    # private key. +padding+ defaults to PKCS1_PADDING, which is known to be
+    # insecure but is kept for backwards compatibility.
     #
     # <b>Deprecated in version 3.0</b>.
     # Consider using PKey::PKey#encrypt and PKey::PKey#decrypt instead.
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb
index a9103ecd27..ea8bb2a18e 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/ssl.rb
@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
 =end
 
 require "openssl/buffering"
+
+if defined?(OpenSSL::SSL)
+
 require "io/nonblock"
 require "ipaddr"
 require "socket"
@@ -540,3 +543,5 @@ YoaOffgTf5qxiwkjnlVZQc3whgnEt9FpVMvQ9eknyeGB5KHfayAc3+hUAvI3/Cr3
     end
   end
 end
+
+end
diff --git a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/version.rb b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/version.rb
index 5e60604353..4163f55064 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/version.rb
+++ b/ext/openssl/lib/openssl/version.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module OpenSSL
-  VERSION = "3.0.0"
+  VERSION = "3.1.0"
 end
diff --git a/ext/openssl/openssl.gemspec b/ext/openssl/openssl.gemspec
index c6cd818336..8d83b69193 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/openssl.gemspec
+++ b/ext/openssl/openssl.gemspec
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name          = "openssl"
-  spec.version       = "3.0.0"
+  spec.version       = "3.1.0"
   spec.authors       = ["Martin Bosslet", "SHIBATA Hiroshi", "Zachary Scott", "Kazuki Yamaguchi"]
   spec.email         = ["ruby-core@ruby-lang.org"]
   spec.summary       = %q{OpenSSL provides SSL, TLS and general purpose cryptography.}
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl.h b/ext/openssl/ossl.h
index 2ab8aeaebb..facb80aa73 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl.h
@@ -52,6 +52,12 @@
       (LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= ((maj << 28) | (min << 20) | (pat << 12)))
 #endif
 
+#if OSSL_OPENSSL_PREREQ(3, 0, 0)
+# define OSSL_3_const const
+#else
+# define OSSL_3_const /* const */
+#endif
+
 #if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE) && !OSSL_OPENSSL_PREREQ(3, 0, 0)
 # define OSSL_USE_ENGINE
 #endif
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c
index 0d3fa9ad15..71c452c88a 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_asn1.c
@@ -509,7 +509,8 @@ ossl_asn1_get_asn1type(VALUE obj)
     ASN1_TYPE *ret;
     VALUE value, rflag;
     void *ptr;
-    void (*free_func)();
+    typedef void free_func_type(void *);
+    free_func_type *free_func;
     int tag;
 
     tag = ossl_asn1_default_tag(obj);
@@ -522,16 +523,16 @@ ossl_asn1_get_asn1type(VALUE obj)
     case V_ASN1_INTEGER:         /* FALLTHROUGH */
     case V_ASN1_ENUMERATED:
 	ptr = obj_to_asn1int(value);
-	free_func = ASN1_INTEGER_free;
+	free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_INTEGER_free;
 	break;
     case V_ASN1_BIT_STRING:
         rflag = rb_attr_get(obj, sivUNUSED_BITS);
 	ptr = obj_to_asn1bstr(value, NUM2INT(rflag));
-	free_func = ASN1_BIT_STRING_free;
+	free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_BIT_STRING_free;
 	break;
     case V_ASN1_NULL:
 	ptr = obj_to_asn1null(value);
-	free_func = ASN1_NULL_free;
+	free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_NULL_free;
 	break;
     case V_ASN1_OCTET_STRING:    /* FALLTHROUGH */
     case V_ASN1_UTF8STRING:      /* FALLTHROUGH */
@@ -546,24 +547,24 @@ ossl_asn1_get_asn1type(VALUE obj)
     case V_ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING: /* FALLTHROUGH */
     case V_ASN1_BMPSTRING:
 	ptr = obj_to_asn1str(value);
-	free_func = ASN1_STRING_free;
+	free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_STRING_free;
 	break;
     case V_ASN1_OBJECT:
 	ptr = obj_to_asn1obj(value);
-	free_func = ASN1_OBJECT_free;
+	free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_OBJECT_free;
 	break;
     case V_ASN1_UTCTIME:
 	ptr = obj_to_asn1utime(value);
-	free_func = ASN1_TIME_free;
+	free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_TIME_free;
 	break;
     case V_ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME:
 	ptr = obj_to_asn1gtime(value);
-	free_func = ASN1_TIME_free;
+	free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_TIME_free;
 	break;
     case V_ASN1_SET:             /* FALLTHROUGH */
     case V_ASN1_SEQUENCE:
 	ptr = obj_to_asn1derstr(obj);
-	free_func = ASN1_STRING_free;
+	free_func = (free_func_type *)ASN1_STRING_free;
 	break;
     default:
 	ossl_raise(eASN1Error, "unsupported ASN.1 type");
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c
index 56fa0ec302..bf2bac3679 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_bn.c
@@ -577,22 +577,33 @@ BIGNUM_2c(gcd)
  */
 BIGNUM_2c(mod_sqr)
 
+#define BIGNUM_2cr(func)					\
+    static VALUE						\
+    ossl_bn_##func(VALUE self, VALUE other)			\
+    {								\
+	BIGNUM *bn1, *bn2 = GetBNPtr(other), *result;		\
+	VALUE obj;						\
+	GetBN(self, bn1);					\
+	obj = NewBN(rb_obj_class(self));			\
+	if (!(result = BN_##func(NULL, bn1, bn2, ossl_bn_ctx)))	\
+	    ossl_raise(eBNError, NULL);				\
+	SetBN(obj, result);					\
+	return obj;						\
+    }
+
 /*
+ * Document-method: OpenSSL::BN#mod_sqrt
+ * call-seq:
+ *   bn.mod_sqrt(bn2) => aBN
+ */
+BIGNUM_2cr(mod_sqrt)
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: OpenSSL::BN#mod_inverse
  * call-seq:
  *    bn.mod_inverse(bn2) => aBN
  */
-static VALUE
-ossl_bn_mod_inverse(VALUE self, VALUE other)
-{
-    BIGNUM *bn1, *bn2 = GetBNPtr(other), *result;
-    VALUE obj;
-    GetBN(self, bn1);
-    obj = NewBN(rb_obj_class(self));
-    if (!(result = BN_mod_inverse(NULL, bn1, bn2, ossl_bn_ctx)))
-        ossl_raise(eBNError, "BN_mod_inverse");
-    SetBN(obj, result);
-    return obj;
-}
+BIGNUM_2cr(mod_inverse)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -1234,6 +1245,7 @@ Init_ossl_bn(void)
     rb_define_method(cBN, "mod_sub", ossl_bn_mod_sub, 2);
     rb_define_method(cBN, "mod_mul", ossl_bn_mod_mul, 2);
     rb_define_method(cBN, "mod_sqr", ossl_bn_mod_sqr, 1);
+    rb_define_method(cBN, "mod_sqrt", ossl_bn_mod_sqrt, 1);
     rb_define_method(cBN, "**", ossl_bn_exp, 1);
     rb_define_method(cBN, "mod_exp", ossl_bn_mod_exp, 2);
     rb_define_method(cBN, "gcd", ossl_bn_gcd, 1);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c
index d9c7891433..cb8fbc3ca2 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_cipher.c
@@ -384,8 +384,7 @@ ossl_cipher_update(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     StringValue(data);
     in = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(data);
-    if ((in_len = RSTRING_LEN(data)) == 0)
-        ossl_raise(rb_eArgError, "data must not be empty");
+    in_len = RSTRING_LEN(data);
     GetCipher(self, ctx);
     out_len = in_len+EVP_CIPHER_CTX_block_size(ctx);
     if (out_len <= 0) {
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c
index bfe3a74b12..1a5f471a27 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_hmac.c
@@ -97,11 +97,19 @@ ossl_hmac_initialize(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE digest)
 
     GetHMAC(self, ctx);
     StringValue(key);
+#ifdef HAVE_EVP_PKEY_NEW_RAW_PRIVATE_KEY
+    pkey = EVP_PKEY_new_raw_private_key(EVP_PKEY_HMAC, NULL,
+                                        (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(key),
+                                        RSTRING_LENINT(key));
+    if (!pkey)
+        ossl_raise(eHMACError, "EVP_PKEY_new_raw_private_key");
+#else
     pkey = EVP_PKEY_new_mac_key(EVP_PKEY_HMAC, NULL,
                                 (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(key),
                                 RSTRING_LENINT(key));
     if (!pkey)
         ossl_raise(eHMACError, "EVP_PKEY_new_mac_key");
+#endif
     if (EVP_DigestSignInit(ctx, NULL, ossl_evp_get_digestbyname(digest),
                            NULL, pkey) != 1) {
         EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_kdf.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_kdf.c
index 7fa38b865e..0d25a7304b 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_kdf.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_kdf.c
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
  * Copyright (C) 2007, 2017 Ruby/OpenSSL Project Authors
  */
 #include "ossl.h"
-#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10100000 && !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
+#if OSSL_OPENSSL_PREREQ(1, 1, 0) || OSSL_LIBRESSL_PREREQ(3, 6, 0)
 # include <openssl/kdf.h>
 #endif
 
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ kdf_scrypt(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 }
 #endif
 
-#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10100000 && !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
+#if OSSL_OPENSSL_PREREQ(1, 1, 0) || OSSL_LIBRESSL_PREREQ(3, 6, 0)
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    KDF.hkdf(ikm, salt:, info:, length:, hash:) -> String
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ Init_ossl_kdf(void)
 #if defined(HAVE_EVP_PBE_SCRYPT)
     rb_define_module_function(mKDF, "scrypt", kdf_scrypt, -1);
 #endif
-#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10100000 && !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
+#if OSSL_OPENSSL_PREREQ(1, 1, 0) || OSSL_LIBRESSL_PREREQ(3, 6, 0)
     rb_define_module_function(mKDF, "hkdf", kdf_hkdf, -1);
 #endif
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c
index 24d0da4683..476256679b 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.c
@@ -99,17 +99,56 @@ ossl_pkey_read_generic(BIO *bio, VALUE pass)
     /* First check DER */
     if (OSSL_DECODER_from_bio(dctx, bio) == 1)
         goto out;
+    OSSL_BIO_reset(bio);
 
     /* Then check PEM; multiple OSSL_DECODER_from_bio() calls may be needed */
-    OSSL_BIO_reset(bio);
     if (OSSL_DECODER_CTX_set_input_type(dctx, "PEM") != 1)
         goto out;
-    while (OSSL_DECODER_from_bio(dctx, bio) != 1) {
-        if (BIO_eof(bio))
+    /*
+     * First check for private key formats. This is to keep compatibility with
+     * ruby/openssl < 3.0 which decoded the following as a private key.
+     *
+     *     $ openssl ecparam -name prime256v1 -genkey -outform PEM
+     *     -----BEGIN EC PARAMETERS-----
+     *     BggqhkjOPQMBBw==
+     *     -----END EC PARAMETERS-----
+     *     -----BEGIN EC PRIVATE KEY-----
+     *     MHcCAQEEIAG8ugBbA5MHkqnZ9ujQF93OyUfL9tk8sxqM5Wv5tKg5oAoGCCqGSM49
+     *     AwEHoUQDQgAEVcjhJfkwqh5C7kGuhAf8XaAjVuG5ADwb5ayg/cJijCgs+GcXeedj
+     *     86avKpGH84DXUlB23C/kPt+6fXYlitUmXQ==
+     *     -----END EC PRIVATE KEY-----
+     *
+     * While the first PEM block is a proper encoding of ECParameters, thus
+     * OSSL_DECODER_from_bio() would pick it up, ruby/openssl used to return
+     * the latter instead. Existing applications expect this behavior.
+     *
+     * Note that normally, the input is supposed to contain a single decodable
+     * PEM block only, so this special handling should not create a new problem.
+     */
+    OSSL_DECODER_CTX_set_selection(dctx, EVP_PKEY_KEYPAIR);
+    while (1) {
+        if (OSSL_DECODER_from_bio(dctx, bio) == 1)
             goto out;
+        if (BIO_eof(bio))
+            break;
         pos2 = BIO_tell(bio);
         if (pos2 < 0 || pos2 <= pos)
+            break;
+        ossl_clear_error();
+        pos = pos2;
+    }
+
+    OSSL_BIO_reset(bio);
+    OSSL_DECODER_CTX_set_selection(dctx, 0);
+    while (1) {
+        if (OSSL_DECODER_from_bio(dctx, bio) == 1)
             goto out;
+        if (BIO_eof(bio))
+            break;
+        pos2 = BIO_tell(bio);
+        if (pos2 < 0 || pos2 <= pos)
+            break;
+        ossl_clear_error();
         pos = pos2;
     }
 
@@ -200,6 +239,7 @@ static VALUE
 pkey_ctx_apply_options0(VALUE args_v)
 {
     VALUE *args = (VALUE *)args_v;
+    Check_Type(args[1], T_HASH);
 
     rb_block_call(args[1], rb_intern("each"), 0, NULL,
                   pkey_ctx_apply_options_i, args[0]);
@@ -911,7 +951,7 @@ ossl_pkey_sign(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
             rb_jump_tag(state);
         }
     }
-#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10101000 && !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
+#if OSSL_OPENSSL_PREREQ(1, 1, 1) || OSSL_LIBRESSL_PREREQ(3, 4, 0)
     if (EVP_DigestSign(ctx, NULL, &siglen, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(data),
                        RSTRING_LEN(data)) < 1) {
         EVP_MD_CTX_free(ctx);
@@ -1016,7 +1056,7 @@ ossl_pkey_verify(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
             rb_jump_tag(state);
         }
     }
-#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10101000 && !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
+#if OSSL_OPENSSL_PREREQ(1, 1, 1) || OSSL_LIBRESSL_PREREQ(3, 4, 0)
     ret = EVP_DigestVerify(ctx, (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(sig),
                            RSTRING_LEN(sig), (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(data),
                            RSTRING_LEN(data));
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.h b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.h
index 38fb9fad10..10669b824c 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.h
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey.h
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ void Init_ossl_ec(void);
  */									\
 static VALUE ossl_##_keytype##_get_##_name(VALUE self)			\
 {									\
-	_type *obj;							\
+	const _type *obj;						\
 	const BIGNUM *bn;						\
 									\
 	Get##_type(self, obj);						\
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c
index 696455dcfd..83c41378fe 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dh.c
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ ossl_dh_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 static VALUE
 ossl_dh_is_public(VALUE self)
 {
-    DH *dh;
+    OSSL_3_const DH *dh;
     const BIGNUM *bn;
 
     GetDH(self, dh);
@@ -197,14 +197,14 @@ ossl_dh_is_public(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ossl_dh_is_private(VALUE self)
 {
-    DH *dh;
+    OSSL_3_const DH *dh;
     const BIGNUM *bn;
 
     GetDH(self, dh);
     DH_get0_key(dh, NULL, &bn);
 
 #if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE)
-    return (bn || DH_get0_engine(dh)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+    return (bn || DH_get0_engine((DH *)dh)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 #else
     return bn ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 #endif
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ ossl_dh_is_private(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ossl_dh_export(VALUE self)
 {
-    DH *dh;
+    OSSL_3_const DH *dh;
     BIO *out;
     VALUE str;
 
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ ossl_dh_export(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ossl_dh_to_der(VALUE self)
 {
-    DH *dh;
+    OSSL_3_const DH *dh;
     unsigned char *p;
     long len;
     VALUE str;
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ ossl_dh_to_der(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ossl_dh_get_params(VALUE self)
 {
-    DH *dh;
+    OSSL_3_const DH *dh;
     VALUE hash;
     const BIGNUM *p, *q, *g, *pub_key, *priv_key;
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c
index 25404aa7f5..b097f8c9d2 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_dsa.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 } while (0)
 
 static inline int
-DSA_HAS_PRIVATE(DSA *dsa)
+DSA_HAS_PRIVATE(OSSL_3_const DSA *dsa)
 {
     const BIGNUM *bn;
     DSA_get0_key(dsa, NULL, &bn);
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ DSA_HAS_PRIVATE(DSA *dsa)
 }
 
 static inline int
-DSA_PRIVATE(VALUE obj, DSA *dsa)
+DSA_PRIVATE(VALUE obj, OSSL_3_const DSA *dsa)
 {
     return DSA_HAS_PRIVATE(dsa) || OSSL_PKEY_IS_PRIVATE(obj);
 }
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ ossl_dsa_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 static VALUE
 ossl_dsa_is_public(VALUE self)
 {
-    DSA *dsa;
+    const DSA *dsa;
     const BIGNUM *bn;
 
     GetDSA(self, dsa);
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ ossl_dsa_is_public(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ossl_dsa_is_private(VALUE self)
 {
-    DSA *dsa;
+    OSSL_3_const DSA *dsa;
 
     GetDSA(self, dsa);
 
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ ossl_dsa_is_private(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ossl_dsa_export(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    DSA *dsa;
+    OSSL_3_const DSA *dsa;
 
     GetDSA(self, dsa);
     if (DSA_HAS_PRIVATE(dsa))
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ ossl_dsa_export(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ossl_dsa_to_der(VALUE self)
 {
-    DSA *dsa;
+    OSSL_3_const DSA *dsa;
 
     GetDSA(self, dsa);
     if (DSA_HAS_PRIVATE(dsa))
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ ossl_dsa_to_der(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ossl_dsa_get_params(VALUE self)
 {
-    DSA *dsa;
+    OSSL_3_const DSA *dsa;
     VALUE hash;
     const BIGNUM *p, *q, *g, *pub_key, *priv_key;
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_ec.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_ec.c
index 08972e92a1..92842f95ac 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_ec.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_ec.c
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ ossl_ec_key_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 static VALUE
 ossl_ec_key_get_group(VALUE self)
 {
-    EC_KEY *ec;
+    OSSL_3_const EC_KEY *ec;
     const EC_GROUP *group;
 
     GetEC(self, ec);
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ ossl_ec_key_set_group(VALUE self, VALUE group_v)
  */
 static VALUE ossl_ec_key_get_private_key(VALUE self)
 {
-    EC_KEY *ec;
+    OSSL_3_const EC_KEY *ec;
     const BIGNUM *bn;
 
     GetEC(self, ec);
@@ -323,7 +323,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_set_private_key(VALUE self, VALUE private_key)
  */
 static VALUE ossl_ec_key_get_public_key(VALUE self)
 {
-    EC_KEY *ec;
+    OSSL_3_const EC_KEY *ec;
     const EC_POINT *point;
 
     GetEC(self, ec);
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_set_public_key(VALUE self, VALUE public_key)
  */
 static VALUE ossl_ec_key_is_public(VALUE self)
 {
-    EC_KEY *ec;
+    OSSL_3_const EC_KEY *ec;
 
     GetEC(self, ec);
 
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_is_public(VALUE self)
  */
 static VALUE ossl_ec_key_is_private(VALUE self)
 {
-    EC_KEY *ec;
+    OSSL_3_const EC_KEY *ec;
 
     GetEC(self, ec);
 
@@ -411,9 +411,11 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_is_private(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ossl_ec_key_export(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    EC_KEY *ec;
+    OSSL_3_const EC_KEY *ec;
 
     GetEC(self, ec);
+    if (EC_KEY_get0_public_key(ec) == NULL)
+        ossl_raise(eECError, "can't export - no public key set");
     if (EC_KEY_get0_private_key(ec))
         return ossl_pkey_export_traditional(argc, argv, self, 0);
     else
@@ -429,9 +431,11 @@ ossl_ec_key_export(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ossl_ec_key_to_der(VALUE self)
 {
-    EC_KEY *ec;
+    OSSL_3_const EC_KEY *ec;
 
     GetEC(self, ec);
+    if (EC_KEY_get0_public_key(ec) == NULL)
+        ossl_raise(eECError, "can't export - no public key set");
     if (EC_KEY_get0_private_key(ec))
         return ossl_pkey_export_traditional(0, NULL, self, 1);
     else
@@ -479,16 +483,28 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_key_check_key(VALUE self)
 #ifdef HAVE_EVP_PKEY_CHECK
     EVP_PKEY *pkey;
     EVP_PKEY_CTX *pctx;
-    int ret;
+    const EC_KEY *ec;
 
     GetPKey(self, pkey);
+    GetEC(self, ec);
     pctx = EVP_PKEY_CTX_new(pkey, /* engine */NULL);
     if (!pctx)
-        ossl_raise(eDHError, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_new");
-    ret = EVP_PKEY_public_check(pctx);
+        ossl_raise(eECError, "EVP_PKEY_CTX_new");
+
+    if (EC_KEY_get0_private_key(ec) != NULL) {
+        if (EVP_PKEY_check(pctx) != 1) {
+            EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
+            ossl_raise(eECError, "EVP_PKEY_check");
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        if (EVP_PKEY_public_check(pctx) != 1) {
+            EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
+            ossl_raise(eECError, "EVP_PKEY_public_check");
+        }
+    }
+
     EVP_PKEY_CTX_free(pctx);
-    if (ret != 1)
-        ossl_raise(eECError, "EVP_PKEY_public_check");
 #else
     EC_KEY *ec;
 
@@ -664,10 +680,11 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_group_eql(VALUE a, VALUE b)
     GetECGroup(a, group1);
     GetECGroup(b, group2);
 
-    if (EC_GROUP_cmp(group1, group2, ossl_bn_ctx) == 1)
-       return Qfalse;
-
-    return Qtrue;
+    switch (EC_GROUP_cmp(group1, group2, ossl_bn_ctx)) {
+    case 0: return Qtrue;
+    case 1: return Qfalse;
+    default: ossl_raise(eEC_GROUP, "EC_GROUP_cmp");
+    }
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1228,10 +1245,13 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_point_eql(VALUE a, VALUE b)
     GetECPoint(b, point2);
     GetECGroup(group_v1, group);
 
-    if (EC_POINT_cmp(group, point1, point2, ossl_bn_ctx) == 1)
-        return Qfalse;
+    switch (EC_POINT_cmp(group, point1, point2, ossl_bn_ctx)) {
+    case 0: return Qtrue;
+    case 1: return Qfalse;
+    default: ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_cmp");
+    }
 
-    return Qtrue;
+    UNREACHABLE;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1249,7 +1269,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_point_is_at_infinity(VALUE self)
     switch (EC_POINT_is_at_infinity(group, point)) {
     case 1: return Qtrue;
     case 0: return Qfalse;
-    default: ossl_raise(cEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_is_at_infinity");
+    default: ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_is_at_infinity");
     }
 
     UNREACHABLE;
@@ -1270,7 +1290,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_point_is_on_curve(VALUE self)
     switch (EC_POINT_is_on_curve(group, point, ossl_bn_ctx)) {
     case 1: return Qtrue;
     case 0: return Qfalse;
-    default: ossl_raise(cEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_is_on_curve");
+    default: ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_is_on_curve");
     }
 
     UNREACHABLE;
@@ -1293,7 +1313,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_point_make_affine(VALUE self)
     rb_warn("OpenSSL::PKey::EC::Point#make_affine! is deprecated");
 #if !OSSL_OPENSSL_PREREQ(3, 0, 0)
     if (EC_POINT_make_affine(group, point, ossl_bn_ctx) != 1)
-        ossl_raise(cEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_make_affine");
+        ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_make_affine");
 #endif
 
     return self;
@@ -1312,7 +1332,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_point_invert(VALUE self)
     GetECPointGroup(self, group);
 
     if (EC_POINT_invert(group, point, ossl_bn_ctx) != 1)
-        ossl_raise(cEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_invert");
+        ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_invert");
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -1330,7 +1350,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_point_set_to_infinity(VALUE self)
     GetECPointGroup(self, group);
 
     if (EC_POINT_set_to_infinity(group, point) != 1)
-        ossl_raise(cEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_set_to_infinity");
+        ossl_raise(eEC_POINT, "EC_POINT_set_to_infinity");
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -1462,7 +1482,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ec_point_mul(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
                    "use #mul(bn) form instead");
 
 	num = RARRAY_LEN(arg1);
-	bns_tmp = rb_ary_hidden_new(num);
+	bns_tmp = rb_ary_tmp_new(num);
 	bignums = ALLOCV_N(const BIGNUM *, tmp_b, num);
 	for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
 	    VALUE item = RARRAY_AREF(arg1, i);
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c
index 4d66010f49..072adabe62 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_pkey_rsa.c
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
 } while (0)
 
 static inline int
-RSA_HAS_PRIVATE(RSA *rsa)
+RSA_HAS_PRIVATE(OSSL_3_const RSA *rsa)
 {
     const BIGNUM *e, *d;
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ RSA_HAS_PRIVATE(RSA *rsa)
 }
 
 static inline int
-RSA_PRIVATE(VALUE obj, RSA *rsa)
+RSA_PRIVATE(VALUE obj, OSSL_3_const RSA *rsa)
 {
     return RSA_HAS_PRIVATE(rsa) || OSSL_PKEY_IS_PRIVATE(obj);
 }
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ ossl_rsa_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
 static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_is_public(VALUE self)
 {
-    RSA *rsa;
+    OSSL_3_const RSA *rsa;
 
     GetRSA(self, rsa);
     /*
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ ossl_rsa_is_public(VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_is_private(VALUE self)
 {
-    RSA *rsa;
+    OSSL_3_const RSA *rsa;
 
     GetRSA(self, rsa);
 
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ ossl_rsa_is_private(VALUE self)
 static int
 can_export_rsaprivatekey(VALUE self)
 {
-    RSA *rsa;
+    OSSL_3_const RSA *rsa;
     const BIGNUM *n, *e, *d, *p, *q, *dmp1, *dmq1, *iqmp;
 
     GetRSA(self, rsa);
@@ -453,7 +453,7 @@ ossl_rsa_verify_pss(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 ossl_rsa_get_params(VALUE self)
 {
-    RSA *rsa;
+    OSSL_3_const RSA *rsa;
     VALUE hash;
     const BIGNUM *n, *e, *d, *p, *q, *dmp1, *dmq1, *iqmp;
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c
index af262d9f56..f63992664a 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl.c
@@ -11,11 +11,15 @@
  */
 #include "ossl.h"
 
+#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_SOCK
 #define numberof(ary) (int)(sizeof(ary)/sizeof((ary)[0]))
 
+#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_NEXTPROTONEG) && !OSSL_IS_LIBRESSL
+# define OSSL_USE_NEXTPROTONEG
+#endif
+
 #if !defined(TLS1_3_VERSION) && \
-    defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER) && \
-    LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x3020000fL
+    OSSL_LIBRESSL_PREREQ(3, 2, 0) && !OSSL_LIBRESSL_PREREQ(3, 4, 0)
 #  define TLS1_3_VERSION 0x0304
 #endif
 
@@ -30,7 +34,6 @@
 } while (0)
 
 VALUE mSSL;
-static VALUE mSSLExtConfig;
 static VALUE eSSLError;
 VALUE cSSLContext;
 VALUE cSSLSocket;
@@ -49,7 +52,7 @@ static ID id_i_cert_store, id_i_ca_file, id_i_ca_path, id_i_verify_mode,
 	  id_i_session_id_context, id_i_session_get_cb, id_i_session_new_cb,
 	  id_i_session_remove_cb, id_i_npn_select_cb, id_i_npn_protocols,
 	  id_i_alpn_select_cb, id_i_alpn_protocols, id_i_servername_cb,
-	  id_i_verify_hostname;
+	  id_i_verify_hostname, id_i_keylog_cb;
 static ID id_i_io, id_i_context, id_i_hostname;
 
 static int ossl_ssl_ex_vcb_idx;
@@ -291,7 +294,7 @@ ossl_tmp_dh_callback(SSL *ssl, int is_export, int keylength)
     if (!pkey)
 	return NULL;
 
-    return EVP_PKEY_get0_DH(pkey);
+    return (DH *)EVP_PKEY_get0_DH(pkey);
 }
 #endif /* OPENSSL_NO_DH */
 
@@ -441,6 +444,54 @@ ossl_sslctx_session_new_cb(SSL *ssl, SSL_SESSION *sess)
     return 0;
 }
 
+#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10101000 && !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
+/*
+ * It is only compatible with OpenSSL >= 1.1.1. Even if LibreSSL implements
+ * SSL_CTX_set_keylog_callback() from v3.4.2, it does nothing (see
+ * https://github.com/libressl-portable/openbsd/commit/648d39f0f035835d0653342d139883b9661e9cb6).
+ */
+
+struct ossl_call_keylog_cb_args {
+    VALUE ssl_obj;
+    const char * line;
+};
+
+static VALUE
+ossl_call_keylog_cb(VALUE args_v)
+{
+    VALUE sslctx_obj, cb, line_v;
+    struct ossl_call_keylog_cb_args *args = (struct ossl_call_keylog_cb_args *) args_v;
+
+    sslctx_obj = rb_attr_get(args->ssl_obj, id_i_context);
+
+    cb = rb_attr_get(sslctx_obj, id_i_keylog_cb);
+    if (NIL_P(cb)) return Qnil;
+
+    line_v = rb_str_new_cstr(args->line);
+
+    return rb_funcall(cb, id_call, 2, args->ssl_obj, line_v);
+}
+
+static void
+ossl_sslctx_keylog_cb(const SSL *ssl, const char *line)
+{
+    VALUE ssl_obj;
+    struct ossl_call_keylog_cb_args args;
+    int state = 0;
+
+    OSSL_Debug("SSL keylog callback entered");
+
+    ssl_obj = (VALUE)SSL_get_ex_data(ssl, ossl_ssl_ex_ptr_idx);
+    args.ssl_obj = ssl_obj;
+    args.line = line;
+
+    rb_protect(ossl_call_keylog_cb, (VALUE)&args, &state);
+    if (state) {
+        rb_ivar_set(ssl_obj, ID_callback_state, INT2NUM(state));
+    }
+}
+#endif
+
 static VALUE
 ossl_call_session_remove_cb(VALUE ary)
 {
@@ -655,7 +706,7 @@ ssl_npn_select_cb_common(SSL *ssl, VALUE cb, const unsigned char **out,
     return SSL_TLSEXT_ERR_OK;
 }
 
-#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_NEXTPROTONEG
+#ifdef OSSL_USE_NEXTPROTONEG
 static int
 ssl_npn_advertise_cb(SSL *ssl, const unsigned char **out, unsigned int *outlen,
 		     void *arg)
@@ -852,7 +903,7 @@ ossl_sslctx_setup(VALUE self)
     val = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_verify_depth);
     if(!NIL_P(val)) SSL_CTX_set_verify_depth(ctx, NUM2INT(val));
 
-#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_NEXTPROTONEG
+#ifdef OSSL_USE_NEXTPROTONEG
     val = rb_attr_get(self, id_i_npn_protocols);
     if (!NIL_P(val)) {
 	VALUE encoded = ssl_encode_npn_protocols(val);
@@ -911,6 +962,18 @@ ossl_sslctx_setup(VALUE self)
 	OSSL_Debug("SSL TLSEXT servername callback added");
     }
 
+#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10101000 && !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
+    /*
+     * It is only compatible with OpenSSL >= 1.1.1. Even if LibreSSL implements
+     * SSL_CTX_set_keylog_callback() from v3.4.2, it does nothing (see
+     * https://github.com/libressl-portable/openbsd/commit/648d39f0f035835d0653342d139883b9661e9cb6).
+     */
+    if (RTEST(rb_attr_get(self, id_i_keylog_cb))) {
+        SSL_CTX_set_keylog_callback(ctx, ossl_sslctx_keylog_cb);
+        OSSL_Debug("SSL keylog callback added");
+    }
+#endif
+
     return Qtrue;
 }
 
@@ -1478,7 +1541,6 @@ ossl_sslctx_flush_sessions(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 /*
  * SSLSocket class
  */
-#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_SOCK
 static inline int
 ssl_started(SSL *ssl)
 {
@@ -1641,11 +1703,16 @@ no_exception_p(VALUE opts)
     return 0;
 }
 
+// Provided by Ruby 3.2.0 and later in order to support the default IO#timeout.
+#ifndef RUBY_IO_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT
+#define RUBY_IO_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT Qnil
+#endif
+
 static void
 io_wait_writable(rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
 #ifdef HAVE_RB_IO_MAYBE_WAIT
-    rb_io_maybe_wait_writable(errno, fptr->self, Qnil);
+    rb_io_maybe_wait_writable(errno, fptr->self, RUBY_IO_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT);
 #else
     rb_io_wait_writable(fptr->fd);
 #endif
@@ -1655,14 +1722,14 @@ static void
 io_wait_readable(rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
 #ifdef HAVE_RB_IO_MAYBE_WAIT
-    rb_io_maybe_wait_readable(errno, fptr->self, Qnil);
+    rb_io_maybe_wait_readable(errno, fptr->self, RUBY_IO_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT);
 #else
     rb_io_wait_readable(fptr->fd);
 #endif
 }
 
 static VALUE
-ossl_start_ssl(VALUE self, int (*func)(), const char *funcname, VALUE opts)
+ossl_start_ssl(VALUE self, int (*func)(SSL *), const char *funcname, VALUE opts)
 {
     SSL *ssl;
     rb_io_t *fptr;
@@ -2381,7 +2448,7 @@ ossl_ssl_get_client_ca_list(VALUE self)
     return ossl_x509name_sk2ary(ca);
 }
 
-# ifndef OPENSSL_NO_NEXTPROTONEG
+# ifdef OSSL_USE_NEXTPROTONEG
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *    ssl.npn_protocol => String | nil
@@ -2431,6 +2498,49 @@ ossl_ssl_alpn_protocol(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
+ *    session.export_keying_material(label, length) -> String
+ *
+ * Enables use of shared session key material in accordance with RFC 5705.
+ */
+static VALUE
+ossl_ssl_export_keying_material(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    SSL *ssl;
+    VALUE str;
+    VALUE label;
+    VALUE length;
+    VALUE context;
+    unsigned char *p;
+    size_t len;
+    int use_ctx = 0;
+    unsigned char *ctx = NULL;
+    size_t ctx_len = 0;
+    int ret;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &label, &length, &context);
+    StringValue(label);
+
+    GetSSL(self, ssl);
+
+    len = (size_t)NUM2LONG(length);
+    str = rb_str_new(0, len);
+    p = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(str);
+    if (!NIL_P(context)) {
+	use_ctx = 1;
+	StringValue(context);
+	ctx = (unsigned char *)RSTRING_PTR(context);
+	ctx_len = RSTRING_LEN(context);
+    }
+    ret = SSL_export_keying_material(ssl, p, len, (char *)RSTRING_PTR(label),
+				     RSTRING_LENINT(label), ctx, ctx_len, use_ctx);
+    if (ret == 0 || ret == -1) {
+	ossl_raise(eSSLError, "SSL_export_keying_material");
+    }
+    return str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
  *    ssl.tmp_key => PKey or nil
  *
  * Returns the ephemeral key used in case of forward secrecy cipher.
@@ -2458,6 +2568,7 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
     rb_mWaitWritable = rb_define_module_under(rb_cIO, "WaitWritable");
 #endif
 
+#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_SOCK
     id_call = rb_intern_const("call");
     ID_callback_state = rb_intern_const("callback_state");
 
@@ -2480,16 +2591,6 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
      */
     mSSL = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "SSL");
 
-    /* Document-module: OpenSSL::ExtConfig
-     *
-     * This module contains configuration information about the SSL extension,
-     * for example if socket support is enabled, or the host name TLS extension
-     * is enabled.  Constants in this module will always be defined, but contain
-     * +true+ or +false+ values depending on the configuration of your OpenSSL
-     * installation.
-     */
-    mSSLExtConfig = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "ExtConfig");
-
     /* Document-class: OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError
      *
      * Generic error class raised by SSLSocket and SSLContext.
@@ -2652,8 +2753,6 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
      */
     rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("session_remove_cb"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
-    rb_define_const(mSSLExtConfig, "HAVE_TLSEXT_HOST_NAME", Qtrue);
-
     /*
      * A callback invoked whenever a new handshake is initiated on an
      * established connection. May be used to disable renegotiation entirely.
@@ -2674,7 +2773,7 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
      *   end
      */
     rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("renegotiation_cb"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
-#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_NEXTPROTONEG
+#ifdef OSSL_USE_NEXTPROTONEG
     /*
      * An Enumerable of Strings. Each String represents a protocol to be
      * advertised as the list of supported protocols for Next Protocol
@@ -2736,6 +2835,29 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
      */
     rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("alpn_select_cb"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
 
+    /*
+     * A callback invoked when TLS key material is generated or received, in
+     * order to allow applications to store this keying material for debugging
+     * purposes.
+     *
+     * The callback is invoked with an SSLSocket and a string containing the
+     * key material in the format used by NSS for its SSLKEYLOGFILE debugging
+     * output.
+     *
+     * It is only compatible with OpenSSL >= 1.1.1. Even if LibreSSL implements
+     * SSL_CTX_set_keylog_callback() from v3.4.2, it does nothing (see
+     * https://github.com/libressl-portable/openbsd/commit/648d39f0f035835d0653342d139883b9661e9cb6).
+     *
+     * === Example
+     *
+     *   context.keylog_cb = proc do |_sock, line|
+     *     File.open('ssl_keylog_file', "a") do |f|
+     *       f.write("#{line}\n")
+     *     end
+     *   end
+     */
+    rb_attr(cSSLContext, rb_intern_const("keylog_cb"), 1, 1, Qfalse);
+
     rb_define_alias(cSSLContext, "ssl_timeout", "timeout");
     rb_define_alias(cSSLContext, "ssl_timeout=", "timeout=");
     rb_define_private_method(cSSLContext, "set_minmax_proto_version",
@@ -2821,11 +2943,6 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
      * Document-class: OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket
      */
     cSSLSocket = rb_define_class_under(mSSL, "SSLSocket", rb_cObject);
-#ifdef OPENSSL_NO_SOCK
-    rb_define_const(mSSLExtConfig, "OPENSSL_NO_SOCK", Qtrue);
-    rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "initialize", rb_f_notimplement, -1);
-#else
-    rb_define_const(mSSLExtConfig, "OPENSSL_NO_SOCK", Qfalse);
     rb_define_alloc_func(cSSLSocket, ossl_ssl_s_alloc);
     rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "initialize", ossl_ssl_initialize, -1);
     rb_undef_method(cSSLSocket, "initialize_copy");
@@ -2856,10 +2973,10 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
     rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "peer_finished_message", ossl_ssl_get_peer_finished, 0);
     rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "tmp_key", ossl_ssl_tmp_key, 0);
     rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "alpn_protocol", ossl_ssl_alpn_protocol, 0);
-# ifndef OPENSSL_NO_NEXTPROTONEG
+    rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "export_keying_material", ossl_ssl_export_keying_material, -1);
+# ifdef OSSL_USE_NEXTPROTONEG
     rb_define_method(cSSLSocket, "npn_protocol", ossl_ssl_npn_protocol, 0);
 # endif
-#endif
 
     rb_define_const(mSSL, "VERIFY_NONE", INT2NUM(SSL_VERIFY_NONE));
     rb_define_const(mSSL, "VERIFY_PEER", INT2NUM(SSL_VERIFY_PEER));
@@ -3016,8 +3133,10 @@ Init_ossl_ssl(void)
     DefIVarID(alpn_select_cb);
     DefIVarID(servername_cb);
     DefIVarID(verify_hostname);
+    DefIVarID(keylog_cb);
 
     DefIVarID(io);
     DefIVarID(context);
     DefIVarID(hostname);
+#endif /* !defined(OPENSSL_NO_SOCK) */
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c
index 92eb1365fe..139a474b04 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_ssl_session.c
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 #include "ossl.h"
 
+#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_SOCK
 VALUE cSSLSession;
 static VALUE eSSLSession;
 
@@ -299,6 +300,7 @@ static VALUE ossl_ssl_session_to_text(VALUE self)
 	return ossl_membio2str(out);
 }
 
+#endif /* !defined(OPENSSL_NO_SOCK) */
 
 void Init_ossl_ssl_session(void)
 {
@@ -307,6 +309,7 @@ void Init_ossl_ssl_session(void)
     mSSL = rb_define_module_under(mOSSL, "SSL");
     eOSSLError = rb_define_class_under(mOSSL, "OpenSSLError", rb_eStandardError);
 #endif
+#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_SOCK
 	cSSLSession = rb_define_class_under(mSSL, "Session", rb_cObject);
 	eSSLSession = rb_define_class_under(cSSLSession, "SessionError", eOSSLError);
 
@@ -324,4 +327,5 @@ void Init_ossl_ssl_session(void)
 	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "to_der", ossl_ssl_session_to_der, 0);
 	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "to_pem", ossl_ssl_session_to_pem, 0);
 	rb_define_method(cSSLSession, "to_text", ossl_ssl_session_to_text, 0);
+#endif /* !defined(OPENSSL_NO_SOCK) */
 }
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c
index 996f184170..9443541645 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509cert.c
@@ -642,12 +642,12 @@ ossl_x509_set_extensions(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
 	OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), cX509Ext);
     }
     GetX509(self, x509);
-    while ((ext = X509_delete_ext(x509, 0)))
-	X509_EXTENSION_free(ext);
+    for (i = X509_get_ext_count(x509); i > 0; i--)
+        X509_EXTENSION_free(X509_delete_ext(x509, 0));
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
 	ext = GetX509ExtPtr(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i));
 	if (!X509_add_ext(x509, ext, -1)) { /* DUPs ext */
-	    ossl_raise(eX509CertError, NULL);
+	    ossl_raise(eX509CertError, "X509_add_ext");
 	}
     }
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509crl.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509crl.c
index 863f0286c0..6c1d915370 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509crl.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509crl.c
@@ -474,12 +474,12 @@ ossl_x509crl_set_extensions(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
 	OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), cX509Ext);
     }
     GetX509CRL(self, crl);
-    while ((ext = X509_CRL_delete_ext(crl, 0)))
-	X509_EXTENSION_free(ext);
+    for (i = X509_CRL_get_ext_count(crl); i > 0; i--)
+        X509_EXTENSION_free(X509_CRL_delete_ext(crl, 0));
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
 	ext = GetX509ExtPtr(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i)); /* NO NEED TO DUP */
 	if (!X509_CRL_add_ext(crl, ext, -1)) {
-	    ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, NULL);
+	    ossl_raise(eX509CRLError, "X509_CRL_add_ext");
 	}
     }
 
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c
index 6eb91e9c2f..77a7d3f2ff 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509req.c
@@ -380,13 +380,13 @@ ossl_x509req_set_attributes(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
 	OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), cX509Attr);
     }
     GetX509Req(self, req);
-    while ((attr = X509_REQ_delete_attr(req, 0)))
-	X509_ATTRIBUTE_free(attr);
+    for (i = X509_REQ_get_attr_count(req); i > 0; i--)
+        X509_ATTRIBUTE_free(X509_REQ_delete_attr(req, 0));
     for (i=0;i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
 	item = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
 	attr = GetX509AttrPtr(item);
 	if (!X509_REQ_add1_attr(req, attr)) {
-	    ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, NULL);
+	    ossl_raise(eX509ReqError, "X509_REQ_add1_attr");
 	}
     }
     return ary;
diff --git a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c
index 5fe6853430..10b8aa4ad6 100644
--- a/ext/openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c
+++ b/ext/openssl/ossl_x509revoked.c
@@ -223,13 +223,13 @@ ossl_x509revoked_set_extensions(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
 	OSSL_Check_Kind(RARRAY_AREF(ary, i), cX509Ext);
     }
     GetX509Rev(self, rev);
-    while ((ext = X509_REVOKED_delete_ext(rev, 0)))
-	X509_EXTENSION_free(ext);
+    for (i = X509_REVOKED_get_ext_count(rev); i > 0; i--)
+        X509_EXTENSION_free(X509_REVOKED_delete_ext(rev, 0));
     for (i=0; i<RARRAY_LEN(ary); i++) {
 	item = RARRAY_AREF(ary, i);
 	ext = GetX509ExtPtr(item);
 	if(!X509_REVOKED_add_ext(rev, ext, -1)) {
-	    ossl_raise(eX509RevError, NULL);
+	    ossl_raise(eX509RevError, "X509_REVOKED_add_ext");
 	}
     }
 
diff --git a/ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb b/ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb
index 9a297529ca..7bdfd0eb39 100644
--- a/ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb
+++ b/ext/pathname/lib/pathname.rb
@@ -338,6 +338,8 @@ class Pathname
 
   #
   # Appends a pathname fragment to +self+ to produce a new Pathname object.
+  # Since +other+ is considered as a path relative to +self+, if +other+ is
+  # an absolute path, the new Pathname object is created from just +other+.
   #
   #   p1 = Pathname.new("/usr")      # Pathname:/usr
   #   p2 = p1 + "bin/ruby"           # Pathname:/usr/bin/ruby
@@ -399,6 +401,8 @@ class Pathname
 
   #
   # Joins the given pathnames onto +self+ to create a new Pathname object.
+  # This is effectively the same as using Pathname#+ to append +self+ and
+  # all arguments sequentially.
   #
   #   path0 = Pathname.new("/usr")                # Pathname:/usr
   #   path0 = path0.join("bin/ruby")              # Pathname:/usr/bin/ruby
diff --git a/ext/pathname/pathname.gemspec b/ext/pathname/pathname.gemspec
index c9c0b84e69..92bc02b0db 100644
--- a/ext/pathname/pathname.gemspec
+++ b/ext/pathname/pathname.gemspec
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name          = "pathname"
-  spec.version       = "0.2.0"
+  spec.version       = "0.2.1"
   spec.authors       = ["Tanaka Akira"]
   spec.email         = ["akr@fsij.org"]
 
diff --git a/ext/psych/extconf.rb b/ext/psych/extconf.rb
index 6d03870436..41daf8c238 100644
--- a/ext/psych/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/extconf.rb
@@ -6,39 +6,9 @@ if $mswin or $mingw or $cygwin
   $CPPFLAGS << " -DYAML_DECLARE_STATIC"
 end
 
-yaml_source = with_config("libyaml-source-dir") || enable_config("bundled-libyaml", false)
-unless yaml_source # default to pre-installed libyaml
-  pkg_config('yaml-0.1')
-  dir_config('libyaml')
-  unless find_header('yaml.h') && find_library('yaml', 'yaml_get_version')
-    yaml_source = true # fallback to the bundled source if exists
-  end
-end
-
-if yaml_source == true
-  # search the latest libyaml source under $srcdir
-  yaml_source = Dir.glob("#{$srcdir}/yaml{,-*}/").max_by {|n| File.basename(n).scan(/\d+/).map(&:to_i)}
-  unless yaml_source
-    download_failure = "failed to download libyaml source. Try manually installing libyaml?"
-    begin
-      require_relative '../../tool/extlibs.rb'
-    rescue LoadError
-      # When running in ruby/ruby, we use miniruby and don't have stdlib.
-      # Avoid LoadError because it aborts the whole build. Usually when
-      # stdlib extension fail to configure we skip it and continue.
-      raise download_failure
-    end
-    extlibs = ExtLibs.new(cache_dir: File.expand_path("../../tmp/download_cache", $srcdir))
-    unless extlibs.process_under($srcdir)
-      raise download_failure
-    end
-    yaml_source, = Dir.glob("#{$srcdir}/yaml-*/")
-    raise "libyaml not found" unless yaml_source
-  end
-elsif yaml_source
-  yaml_source = yaml_source.gsub(/\$\((\w+)\)|\$\{(\w+)\}/) {ENV[$1||$2]}
-end
+yaml_source = with_config("libyaml-source-dir")
 if yaml_source
+  yaml_source = yaml_source.gsub(/\$\((\w+)\)|\$\{(\w+)\}/) {ENV[$1||$2]}
   yaml_source = yaml_source.chomp("/")
   yaml_configure = "#{File.expand_path(yaml_source)}/configure"
   unless File.exist?(yaml_configure)
@@ -66,6 +36,11 @@ if yaml_source
   libyaml = "libyaml.#$LIBEXT"
   $cleanfiles << libyaml
   $LOCAL_LIBS.prepend("$(LIBYAML) ")
+else # default to pre-installed libyaml
+  pkg_config('yaml-0.1')
+  dir_config('libyaml')
+  find_header('yaml.h') or abort "yaml.h not found"
+  find_library('yaml', 'yaml_get_version') or abort "libyaml not found"
 end
 
 create_makefile 'psych' do |mk|
diff --git a/ext/psych/extlibs b/ext/psych/extlibs
deleted file mode 100644
index 108aad42af..0000000000
--- a/ext/psych/extlibs
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-ver = 0.2.5
-pkg = yaml-$(ver)
-
-https://github.com/yaml/libyaml/releases/download/$(ver)/$(pkg).tar.gz \
-	rmd160:cc175ed640046722fb7790de828002633407b6b9 \
-	sha256:c642ae9b75fee120b2d96c712538bd2cf283228d2337df2cf2988e3c02678ef4 \
-	sha512:dadd7d8e0d88b5ebab005e5d521d56d541580198aa497370966b98c904586e642a1cd4f3881094eb57624f218d50db77417bbfd0ffdce50340f011e35e8c4c02 \
-	#
-
-$(pkg)/config/config.guess -> /tool/config.guess
-$(pkg)/config/config.sub -> /tool/config.sub
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/parser.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/parser.rb
index 39bc8289be..2181c730e5 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/parser.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/parser.rb
@@ -48,5 +48,18 @@ module Psych
       @handler = handler
       @external_encoding = ANY
     end
+
+    ###
+    # call-seq:
+    #    parser.parse(yaml)
+    #
+    # Parse the YAML document contained in +yaml+.  Events will be called on
+    # the handler set on the parser instance.
+    #
+    # See Psych::Parser and Psych::Parser#handler
+
+    def parse yaml, path = yaml.respond_to?(:path) ? yaml.path : "<unknown>"
+      _native_parse @handler, yaml, path
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/scalar_scanner.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/scalar_scanner.rb
index b50667c315..3cb4bf3c7e 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/scalar_scanner.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/scalar_scanner.rb
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ module Psych
       elsif string.match?(/^\d{4}-(?:1[012]|0\d|\d)-(?:[12]\d|3[01]|0\d|\d)$/)
         require 'date'
         begin
-          class_loader.date.strptime(string, '%Y-%m-%d')
+          class_loader.date.strptime(string, '%F', Date::GREGORIAN)
         rescue ArgumentError
           string
         end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/versions.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/versions.rb
index 0fdead154c..a592a6916c 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/versions.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/versions.rb
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 
 module Psych
   # The version of Psych you are using
-  VERSION = '5.0.0.dev'
+  VERSION = '5.0.1'
 
   if RUBY_ENGINE == 'jruby'
-    DEFAULT_SNAKEYAML_VERSION = '1.28'.freeze
+    DEFAULT_SNAKEYAML_VERSION = '1.33'.freeze
   end
 end
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb
index cce5daf3bb..8614251ca9 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/to_ruby.rb
@@ -80,7 +80,9 @@ module Psych
         when "!ruby/object:DateTime"
           class_loader.date_time
           require 'date' unless defined? DateTime
-          @ss.parse_time(o.value).to_datetime
+          t = @ss.parse_time(o.value)
+          DateTime.civil(*t.to_a[0, 6].reverse, Rational(t.utc_offset, 86400)) +
+            (t.subsec/86400)
         when '!ruby/encoding'
           ::Encoding.find o.value
         when "!ruby/object:Complex"
diff --git a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb
index 316a3a9496..31858798e4 100644
--- a/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb
+++ b/ext/psych/lib/psych/visitors/yaml_tree.rb
@@ -192,12 +192,13 @@ module Psych
         register o, @emitter.scalar(o.inspect, nil, '!ruby/regexp', false, false, Nodes::Scalar::ANY)
       end
 
+      def visit_Date o
+        register o, visit_Integer(o.gregorian)
+      end
+
       def visit_DateTime o
-        formatted = if o.offset.zero?
-                      o.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%9N Z".freeze)
-                    else
-                      o.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%9N %:z".freeze)
-                    end
+        t = o.italy
+        formatted = format_time t, t.offset.zero?
         tag = '!ruby/object:DateTime'
         register o, @emitter.scalar(formatted, nil, tag, false, false, Nodes::Scalar::ANY)
       end
@@ -235,7 +236,6 @@ module Psych
       end
       alias :visit_TrueClass :visit_Integer
       alias :visit_FalseClass :visit_Integer
-      alias :visit_Date :visit_Integer
 
       def visit_Float o
         if o.nan?
@@ -482,8 +482,8 @@ module Psych
         @emitter.end_mapping
       end
 
-      def format_time time
-        if time.utc?
+      def format_time time, utc = time.utc?
+        if utc
           time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%9N Z")
         else
           time.strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%9N %:z")
diff --git a/ext/psych/psych_parser.c b/ext/psych/psych_parser.c
index f91475b835..9c5179cc44 100644
--- a/ext/psych/psych_parser.c
+++ b/ext/psych/psych_parser.c
@@ -245,18 +245,8 @@ static VALUE protected_event_location(VALUE pointer)
     return rb_funcall3(args[0], id_event_location, 4, args + 1);
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *    parser.parse(yaml)
- *
- * Parse the YAML document contained in +yaml+.  Events will be called on
- * the handler set on the parser instance.
- *
- * See Psych::Parser and Psych::Parser#handler
- */
-static VALUE parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+static VALUE parse(VALUE self, VALUE handler, VALUE yaml, VALUE path)
 {
-    VALUE yaml, path;
     yaml_parser_t * parser;
     yaml_event_t event;
     int done = 0;
@@ -264,14 +254,6 @@ static VALUE parse(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     int parser_encoding = YAML_ANY_ENCODING;
     int encoding = rb_utf8_encindex();
     rb_encoding * internal_enc = rb_default_internal_encoding();
-    VALUE handler = rb_iv_get(self, "@handler");
-
-    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &yaml, &path) == 1) {
-	if(rb_respond_to(yaml, id_path))
-	    path = rb_funcall(yaml, id_path, 0);
-	else
-	    path = rb_str_new2("<unknown>");
-    }
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, yaml_parser_t, &psych_parser_type, parser);
 
@@ -562,7 +544,7 @@ void Init_psych_parser(void)
 
     rb_require("psych/syntax_error");
 
-    rb_define_method(cPsychParser, "parse", parse, -1);
+    rb_define_private_method(cPsychParser, "_native_parse", parse, 3);
     rb_define_method(cPsychParser, "mark", mark, 0);
 
     id_read            = rb_intern("read");
diff --git a/ext/pty/depend b/ext/pty/depend
index c43d3dcf9a..f251caae3f 100644
--- a/ext/pty/depend
+++ b/ext/pty/depend
@@ -181,5 +181,6 @@ pty.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/process.h
 pty.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/signal.h
 pty.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/static_assert.h
 pty.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+pty.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 pty.o: pty.c
 # AUTOGENERATED DEPENDENCIES END
diff --git a/ext/pty/lib/expect.rb b/ext/pty/lib/expect.rb
index 5dbfa09ae9..22cbf54115 100644
--- a/ext/pty/lib/expect.rb
+++ b/ext/pty/lib/expect.rb
@@ -1,19 +1,19 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 $expect_verbose = false
 
-# Expect library adds the IO instance method #expect, which does similar act to
-# tcl's expect extension.
-#
-# In order to use this method, you must require expect:
-#
-#   require 'expect'
-#
-# Please see #expect for usage.
 class IO
   # call-seq:
   #   IO#expect(pattern,timeout=9999999)                  ->  Array
   #   IO#expect(pattern,timeout=9999999) { |result| ... } ->  nil
   #
+  # The +expect+ library adds instance method IO#expect,
+  # which is similar to the
+  # {TCL expect extension}[https://www.tcl.tk/man/expect5.31/expect.1.html].
+  #
+  # To use this method, you must require +expect+:
+  #
+  #   require 'expect'
+  #
   # Reads from the IO until the given +pattern+ matches or the +timeout+ is over.
   #
   # It returns an array with the read buffer, followed by the matches.
diff --git a/ext/pty/pty.c b/ext/pty/pty.c
index 155d215942..acec33f9bf 100644
--- a/ext/pty/pty.c
+++ b/ext/pty/pty.c
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ establishShell(int argc, VALUE *argv, struct pty_info *info,
 {
     int 		master, slave, status = 0;
     rb_pid_t		pid;
-    char		*p, *getenv();
+    char		*p;
     VALUE		v;
     struct child_info   carg;
     char		errbuf[32];
diff --git a/ext/racc/cparse/cparse.c b/ext/racc/cparse/cparse.c
index f71ed2bba9..f752eb7749 100644
--- a/ext/racc/cparse/cparse.c
+++ b/ext/racc/cparse/cparse.c
@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@
     This library is free software.
     You can distribute/modify this program under the same terms of ruby.
 
-    $originalId: cparse.c,v 1.8 2006/07/06 11:39:46 aamine Exp $
-
 */
 
 #include <ruby.h>
@@ -24,7 +22,7 @@
                         Important Constants
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
 
-#define RACC_VERSION "1.4.15"
+#define RACC_VERSION "1.6.2"
 
 #define DEFAULT_TOKEN -1
 #define ERROR_TOKEN    1
diff --git a/ext/readline/readline-ext.gemspec b/ext/readline/readline-ext.gemspec
index 0c6f70ba91..1e16edbfe6 100644
--- a/ext/readline/readline-ext.gemspec
+++ b/ext/readline/readline-ext.gemspec
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name          = "readline-ext"
-  spec.version       = "0.1.4"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.5"
   spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
   spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
 
diff --git a/ext/ripper/depend b/ext/ripper/depend
index 80a6d62346..856283e177 100644
--- a/ext/ripper/depend
+++ b/ext/ripper/depend
@@ -17,12 +17,9 @@ ripper.o: ripper.c
 all: check
 static: check
 
-ripper.y: $(srcdir)/tools/preproc.rb $(srcdir)/tools/dsl.rb $(top_srcdir)/parse.y {$(VPATH)}id.h
+ripper.y: $(srcdir)/tools/preproc.rb $(srcdir)/tools/dsl.rb $(top_srcdir)/parse.y $(top_srcdir)/defs/id.def
 	$(ECHO) extracting $@ from $(top_srcdir)/parse.y
-	$(Q) $(RUBY) $(top_srcdir)/tool/id2token.rb --path-separator=.$(PATH_SEPARATOR)./ \
-		--vpath=$(VPATH)$(PATH_SEPARATOR)$(top_srcdir) id.h $(top_srcdir)/parse.y > ripper.tmp.y
-	$(Q) $(RUBY) $(top_srcdir)/tool/pure_parser.rb ripper.tmp.y $(BISON)
-	$(Q) $(RM) ripper.tmp.y.bak
+	$(Q) $(RUBY) $(top_srcdir)/tool/id2token.rb $(top_srcdir)/parse.y > ripper.tmp.y
 	$(Q) $(RUBY) $(srcdir)/tools/preproc.rb ripper.tmp.y --output=$@
 	$(Q) $(RM) ripper.tmp.y
 
@@ -234,6 +231,7 @@ ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/bits.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compile.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/compilers.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/complex.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/encoding.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/error.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/fixnum.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/gc.h
@@ -255,6 +253,7 @@ ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/node.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/regenc.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/ruby_assert.h
+ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 ripper.o: $(top_srcdir)/symbol.h
 ripper.o: ../../probes.h
 ripper.o: eventids2.c
diff --git a/ext/ripper/eventids2.c b/ext/ripper/eventids2.c
index ac38663f2d..05687497ac 100644
--- a/ext/ripper/eventids2.c
+++ b/ext/ripper/eventids2.c
@@ -1,22 +1,3 @@
-enum {
-    tIGNORED_NL  = tLAST_TOKEN + 1,
-# define tIGNORED_NL ((enum yytokentype)tIGNORED_NL)
-    tCOMMENT,
-# define tCOMMENT ((enum yytokentype)tCOMMENT)
-    tEMBDOC_BEG,
-# define tEMBDOC_BEG ((enum yytokentype)tEMBDOC_BEG)
-    tEMBDOC,
-# define tEMBDOC ((enum yytokentype)tEMBDOC)
-    tEMBDOC_END,
-# define tEMBDOC_END ((enum yytokentype)tEMBDOC_END)
-    tHEREDOC_BEG,
-# define tHEREDOC_BEG ((enum yytokentype)tHEREDOC_BEG)
-    tHEREDOC_END,
-# define tHEREDOC_END ((enum yytokentype)tHEREDOC_END)
-    k__END__,
-# define k__END__ ((enum yytokentype)k__END__)
-};
-
 typedef struct {
     ID ripper_id_backref;
     ID ripper_id_backtick;
diff --git a/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/lexer.rb b/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/lexer.rb
index 19c59e2ccc..a0f1cbeaa8 100644
--- a/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/lexer.rb
+++ b/ext/ripper/lib/ripper/lexer.rb
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ class Ripper
 
     def on_heredoc_end(tok)
       @buf.push Elem.new([lineno(), column()], __callee__, tok, state())
-      @buf = @stack.pop
+      @buf = @stack.pop unless @stack.empty?
     end
 
     def _push_token(tok)
@@ -242,7 +242,12 @@ class Ripper
     end
 
     def on_error2(mesg, elem)
-      @errors.push Elem.new(elem.pos, __callee__, elem.tok, elem.state, mesg)
+      if elem
+        elem = Elem.new(elem.pos, __callee__, elem.tok, elem.state, mesg)
+      else
+        elem = Elem.new([lineno(), column()], __callee__, token(), state(), mesg)
+      end
+      @errors.push elem
     end
     PARSER_EVENTS.grep(/_error\z/) do |e|
       arity = PARSER_EVENT_TABLE.fetch(e)
diff --git a/ext/ripper/tools/preproc.rb b/ext/ripper/tools/preproc.rb
index b838a78db7..cd85a5da61 100644
--- a/ext/ripper/tools/preproc.rb
+++ b/ext/ripper/tools/preproc.rb
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ def prelude(f, out)
     when /\A%%/
       out << "%%\n"
       return
-    when /\A%token/
+    when /\A%token/, /\A} <node>/
       out << line.sub(/<\w+>/, '<val>')
     when /\A%type/
       out << line.sub(/<\w+>/, '<val>')
diff --git a/ext/socket/ancdata.c b/ext/socket/ancdata.c
index 071e3323bb..7406177de2 100644
--- a/ext/socket/ancdata.c
+++ b/ext/socket/ancdata.c
@@ -1285,7 +1285,7 @@ bsock_sendmsg_internal(VALUE sock, VALUE data, VALUE vflags,
 
     if (ss == -1) {
         int e;
-        if (!nonblock && rb_io_maybe_wait_writable(errno, fptr->self, Qnil)) {
+        if (!nonblock && rb_io_maybe_wait_writable(errno, fptr->self, RUBY_IO_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT)) {
             rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
             goto retry;
         }
@@ -1557,7 +1557,7 @@ bsock_recvmsg_internal(VALUE sock,
 
     if (ss == -1) {
         int e;
-        if (!nonblock && rb_io_maybe_wait_readable(errno, fptr->self, Qnil)) {
+        if (!nonblock && rb_io_maybe_wait_readable(errno, fptr->self, RUBY_IO_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT)) {
             rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
             goto retry;
         }
diff --git a/ext/socket/basicsocket.c b/ext/socket/basicsocket.c
index 93196c924d..54c369f6fc 100644
--- a/ext/socket/basicsocket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/basicsocket.c
@@ -601,7 +601,7 @@ rsock_bsock_send(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE socket)
 
         if (n >= 0) return SSIZET2NUM(n);
 
-        if (rb_io_maybe_wait_writable(errno, socket, Qnil)) {
+        if (rb_io_maybe_wait_writable(errno, socket, RUBY_IO_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT)) {
             continue;
         }
 
diff --git a/ext/socket/depend b/ext/socket/depend
index ffe2fce844..28c5540cd6 100644
--- a/ext/socket/depend
+++ b/ext/socket/depend
@@ -197,6 +197,7 @@ ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+ancdata.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 ancdata.o: ancdata.c
 ancdata.o: constdefs.h
 ancdata.o: rubysocket.h
@@ -388,6 +389,7 @@ basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+basicsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 basicsocket.o: basicsocket.c
 basicsocket.o: constdefs.h
 basicsocket.o: rubysocket.h
@@ -579,6 +581,7 @@ constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+constants.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 constants.o: constants.c
 constants.o: constdefs.c
 constants.o: constdefs.h
@@ -771,6 +774,7 @@ ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+ifaddr.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 ifaddr.o: constdefs.h
 ifaddr.o: ifaddr.c
 ifaddr.o: rubysocket.h
@@ -962,6 +966,7 @@ init.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 init.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 init.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 init.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+init.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 init.o: constdefs.h
 init.o: init.c
 init.o: rubysocket.h
@@ -1153,6 +1158,7 @@ ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+ipsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 ipsocket.o: constdefs.h
 ipsocket.o: ipsocket.c
 ipsocket.o: rubysocket.h
@@ -1344,6 +1350,7 @@ option.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 option.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 option.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 option.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+option.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 option.o: constdefs.h
 option.o: option.c
 option.o: rubysocket.h
@@ -1535,6 +1542,7 @@ raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+raddrinfo.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 raddrinfo.o: constdefs.h
 raddrinfo.o: raddrinfo.c
 raddrinfo.o: rubysocket.h
@@ -1726,6 +1734,7 @@ socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+socket.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 socket.o: constdefs.h
 socket.o: rubysocket.h
 socket.o: socket.c
@@ -1917,6 +1926,7 @@ sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+sockssocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 sockssocket.o: constdefs.h
 sockssocket.o: rubysocket.h
 sockssocket.o: sockport.h
@@ -2108,6 +2118,7 @@ tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+tcpserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 tcpserver.o: constdefs.h
 tcpserver.o: rubysocket.h
 tcpserver.o: sockport.h
@@ -2299,6 +2310,7 @@ tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+tcpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 tcpsocket.o: constdefs.h
 tcpsocket.o: rubysocket.h
 tcpsocket.o: sockport.h
@@ -2490,6 +2502,7 @@ udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+udpsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 udpsocket.o: constdefs.h
 udpsocket.o: rubysocket.h
 udpsocket.o: sockport.h
@@ -2681,6 +2694,7 @@ unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+unixserver.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 unixserver.o: constdefs.h
 unixserver.o: rubysocket.h
 unixserver.o: sockport.h
@@ -2872,6 +2886,7 @@ unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/string.h
 unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/thread.h
 unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/vm.h
 unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/internal/warnings.h
+unixsocket.o: $(top_srcdir)/shape.h
 unixsocket.o: constdefs.h
 unixsocket.o: rubysocket.h
 unixsocket.o: sockport.h
diff --git a/ext/socket/extconf.rb b/ext/socket/extconf.rb
index b70a862414..37ff216560 100644
--- a/ext/socket/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/socket/extconf.rb
@@ -316,6 +316,7 @@ end
   netpacket/packet.h
   net/ethernet.h
   sys/un.h
+  afunix.h
   ifaddrs.h
   sys/ioctl.h
   sys/sockio.h
@@ -551,7 +552,7 @@ EOS
   end
 
   if !have_macro("IPPROTO_IPV6", headers) && have_const("IPPROTO_IPV6", headers)
-    IO.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "mkconstants.rb")).sub(/\A.*^__END__$/m, '').split(/\r?\n/).grep(/\AIPPROTO_\w*/){$&}.each {|name|
+    File.read(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), "mkconstants.rb")).sub(/\A.*^__END__$/m, '').split(/\r?\n/).grep(/\AIPPROTO_\w*/){$&}.each {|name|
       have_const(name, headers) unless $defs.include?("-DHAVE_CONST_#{name.upcase}")
     }
   end
@@ -655,12 +656,20 @@ EOS
   end
 
   hdr = "netinet6/in6.h"
-  if /darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM and !try_compile(<<"SRC", nil, :werror=>true)
+  /darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM and
+  checking_for("if apple's #{hdr} needs s6_addr patch") {!try_compile(<<"SRC", nil, :werror=>true)} and
 #include <netinet/in.h>
 int t(struct in6_addr *addr) {return IN6_IS_ADDR_UNSPECIFIED(addr);}
 SRC
-    print "fixing apple's netinet6/in6.h ..."; $stdout.flush
-    in6 = File.read("/usr/include/#{hdr}")
+  checking_for("fixing apple's #{hdr}", "%s") do
+    file = xpopen(%w"clang -include netinet/in.h -E -xc -", in: IO::NULL) do |f|
+      re = %r[^# *\d+ *"(.*/netinet/in\.h)"]
+      Logging.message "  grep(#{re})\n"
+      f.read[re, 1]
+    end
+    Logging.message "Substitute from #{file}\n"
+
+    in6 = File.read(file)
     if in6.gsub!(/\*\(const\s+__uint32_t\s+\*\)\(const\s+void\s+\*\)\(&(\(\w+\))->s6_addr\[(\d+)\]\)/) do
         i, r = $2.to_i.divmod(4)
         if r.zero?
@@ -670,12 +679,12 @@ SRC
         end
       end
       FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.dirname(hdr))
-      open(hdr, "w") {|f| f.write(in6)}
+      File.write(hdr, in6)
       $distcleanfiles << hdr
       $distcleandirs << File.dirname(hdr)
-      puts "done"
+      "done"
     else
-      puts "not needed"
+      "not needed"
     end
   end
   create_makefile("socket")
diff --git a/ext/socket/init.c b/ext/socket/init.c
index 0cff3d6794..557d4374a5 100644
--- a/ext/socket/init.c
+++ b/ext/socket/init.c
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ rsock_s_recvfrom(VALUE socket, int argc, VALUE *argv, enum sock_recv_type from)
 
         if (slen >= 0) break;
 
-        if (!rb_io_maybe_wait_readable(errno, socket, Qnil))
+        if (!rb_io_maybe_wait_readable(errno, socket, RUBY_IO_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT))
             rb_sys_fail("recvfrom(2)");
     }
 
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ rsock_s_recvfrom(VALUE socket, int argc, VALUE *argv, enum sock_recv_type from)
         else
             return rb_assoc_new(str, Qnil);
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
       case RECV_UNIX:
         return rb_assoc_new(str, rsock_unixaddr(&arg.buf.un, arg.alen));
 #endif
@@ -705,7 +705,7 @@ rsock_s_accept(VALUE klass, VALUE io, struct sockaddr *sockaddr, socklen_t *len)
             retry = 1;
             goto retry;
           default:
-            if (!rb_io_maybe_wait_readable(error, io, Qnil)) break;
+            if (!rb_io_maybe_wait_readable(error, io, RUBY_IO_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT)) break;
             retry = 0;
             goto retry;
         }
diff --git a/ext/socket/lib/socket.rb b/ext/socket/lib/socket.rb
index d756a32a5a..eecdc7d4b8 100644
--- a/ext/socket/lib/socket.rb
+++ b/ext/socket/lib/socket.rb
@@ -1,7 +1,11 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require 'socket.so'
-require 'io/wait'
+
+unless IO.method_defined?(:wait_writable, false)
+  # It's only required on older Rubies < v3.2:
+  require 'io/wait'
+end
 
 class Addrinfo
   # creates an Addrinfo object from the arguments.
@@ -197,7 +201,7 @@ class Addrinfo
     sock = Socket.new(self.pfamily, self.socktype, self.protocol)
     begin
       sock.ipv6only! if self.ipv6?
-      sock.setsockopt(:SOCKET, :REUSEADDR, 1)
+      sock.setsockopt(:SOCKET, :REUSEADDR, 1) unless self.pfamily == Socket::PF_UNIX
       sock.bind(self)
       sock.listen(backlog)
     rescue Exception
@@ -606,7 +610,6 @@ class Socket < BasicSocket
   # _opts_ may have following options:
   #
   # [:connect_timeout] specify the timeout in seconds.
-  # [:resolv_timeout] specify the name resolution timeout in seconds.
   #
   # If a block is given, the block is called with the socket.
   # The value of the block is returned.
diff --git a/ext/socket/mkconstants.rb b/ext/socket/mkconstants.rb
index 577958a358..5e6c0668f6 100644
--- a/ext/socket/mkconstants.rb
+++ b/ext/socket/mkconstants.rb
@@ -626,6 +626,7 @@ SO_SNDTIMEO	nil	Send timeout
 SO_ACCEPTCONN	nil	Socket has had listen() called on it
 SO_USELOOPBACK	nil	Bypass hardware when possible
 SO_ACCEPTFILTER	nil	There is an accept filter
+SO_USER_COOKIE	nil	Setting an identifier for ipfw purpose mainly
 SO_DONTTRUNC	nil	Retain unread data
 SO_WANTMORE	nil	Give a hint when more data is ready
 SO_WANTOOBFLAG	nil	OOB data is wanted in MSG_FLAG on receive
@@ -661,6 +662,10 @@ SO_SELECT_ERR_QUEUE     nil     Make select() detect socket error queue with err
 SO_BUSY_POLL    nil     Set the threshold in microseconds for low latency polling (Linux 3.11)
 SO_MAX_PACING_RATE      nil     Cap the rate computed by transport layer. [bytes per second] (Linux 3.13)
 SO_BPF_EXTENSIONS       nil     Query supported BPF extensions (Linux 3.14)
+SO_SETFIB       nil     Set the associated routing table for the socket (FreeBSD)
+SO_RTABLE               nil     Set the routing table for this socket (OpenBSD)
+SO_INCOMING_CPU         nil     Receive the cpu attached to the socket (Linux 3.19)
+SO_INCOMING_NAPI_ID     nil     Receive the napi ID attached to a RX queue (Linux 4.12)
 
 SOPRI_INTERACTIVE	nil	Interactive socket priority
 SOPRI_NORMAL	nil	Normal socket priority
@@ -670,9 +675,11 @@ IPX_TYPE
 
 TCP_NODELAY	nil	Don't delay sending to coalesce packets
 TCP_MAXSEG	nil	Set maximum segment size
+TCP_CONNECTION_INFO     nil     Retrieve information about this socket (macOS)
 TCP_CORK	nil	Don't send partial frames (Linux 2.2, glibc 2.2)
 TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT	nil	Don't notify a listening socket until data is ready (Linux 2.4, glibc 2.2)
 TCP_INFO	nil	Retrieve information about this socket (Linux 2.4, glibc 2.2)
+TCP_KEEPALIVE	nil	Idle time before keepalive probes are sent (macOS)
 TCP_KEEPCNT	nil	Maximum number of keepalive probes allowed before dropping a connection (Linux 2.4, glibc 2.2)
 TCP_KEEPIDLE	nil	Idle time before keepalive probes are sent (Linux 2.4, glibc 2.2)
 TCP_KEEPINTVL	nil	Time between keepalive probes (Linux 2.4, glibc 2.2)
diff --git a/ext/socket/option.c b/ext/socket/option.c
index 2dbe6379c4..0d818d0c70 100644
--- a/ext/socket/option.c
+++ b/ext/socket/option.c
@@ -670,10 +670,10 @@ rb_if_indextoname(const char *succ_prefix, const char *fail_prefix, unsigned int
 {
 #if defined(HAVE_IF_INDEXTONAME)
     char ifbuf[IFNAMSIZ];
-    if (if_indextoname(ifindex, ifbuf) == NULL)
-        return snprintf(buf, len, "%s%u", fail_prefix, ifindex);
-    else
+    if (if_indextoname(ifindex, ifbuf))
         return snprintf(buf, len, "%s%s", succ_prefix, ifbuf);
+    else
+        return snprintf(buf, len, "%s%u", fail_prefix, ifindex);
 #else
 #   ifndef IFNAMSIZ
 #       define IFNAMSIZ (sizeof(unsigned int)*3+1)
@@ -1229,7 +1229,7 @@ sockopt_inspect(VALUE self)
         else
             rb_str_catf(ret, " optname:%d", optname);
     }
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
     else if (family == AF_UNIX) {
         rb_str_catf(ret, " level:%d", level);
 
@@ -1393,7 +1393,7 @@ sockopt_inspect(VALUE self)
         }
         break;
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
       case AF_UNIX:
         switch (level) {
           case 0:
diff --git a/ext/socket/raddrinfo.c b/ext/socket/raddrinfo.c
index b914aa6520..45b4cad38f 100644
--- a/ext/socket/raddrinfo.c
+++ b/ext/socket/raddrinfo.c
@@ -287,8 +287,9 @@ numeric_getaddrinfo(const char *node, const char *service,
 void
 rb_freeaddrinfo(struct rb_addrinfo *ai)
 {
-    if (!ai->allocated_by_malloc)
-        freeaddrinfo(ai->ai);
+    if (!ai->allocated_by_malloc) {
+        if (ai->ai) freeaddrinfo(ai->ai);
+    }
     else {
         struct addrinfo *ai1, *ai2;
         ai1 = ai->ai;
@@ -618,8 +619,7 @@ rsock_ipaddr(struct sockaddr *sockaddr, socklen_t sockaddrlen, int norevlookup)
         family = rb_str_dup(rb_id2str(id));
     }
     else {
-        sprintf(pbuf, "unknown:%d", sockaddr->sa_family);
-        family = rb_str_new2(pbuf);
+        family = rb_sprintf("unknown:%d", sockaddr->sa_family);
     }
 
     addr1 = Qnil;
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ rsock_ipaddr(struct sockaddr *sockaddr, socklen_t sockaddrlen, int norevlookup)
     return ary;
 }
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
 static long
 unixsocket_len(const struct sockaddr_un *su, socklen_t socklen)
 {
@@ -1018,7 +1018,7 @@ addrinfo_list_new(VALUE node, VALUE service, VALUE family, VALUE socktype, VALUE
 }
 
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
 static void
 init_unix_addrinfo(rb_addrinfo_t *rai, VALUE path, int socktype)
 {
@@ -1147,7 +1147,7 @@ addrinfo_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
             break;
           }
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
           case AF_UNIX: /* ["AF_UNIX", "/tmp/sock"] */
           {
             VALUE path = rb_ary_entry(sockaddr_ary, 1);
@@ -1287,7 +1287,7 @@ rsock_inspect_sockaddr(struct sockaddr *sockaddr_arg, socklen_t socklen, VALUE r
           }
 #endif
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
           case AF_UNIX:
           {
             struct sockaddr_un *addr = &sockaddr->un;
@@ -1623,7 +1623,7 @@ addrinfo_mdump(VALUE self)
     afamily = rb_id2str(id);
 
     switch(afamily_int) {
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
       case AF_UNIX:
       {
         sockaddr = rb_str_new(rai->addr.un.sun_path, rai_unixsocket_len(rai));
@@ -1716,7 +1716,7 @@ addrinfo_mload(VALUE self, VALUE ary)
 
     v = rb_ary_entry(ary, 1);
     switch(afamily) {
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
       case AF_UNIX:
       {
         struct sockaddr_un uaddr;
@@ -2192,7 +2192,7 @@ addrinfo_ipv6_multicast_p(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * Returns true for IPv6 link local address (ff80::/10).
+ * Returns true for IPv6 link local address (fe80::/10).
  * It returns false otherwise.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -2204,7 +2204,7 @@ addrinfo_ipv6_linklocal_p(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * Returns true for IPv6 site local address (ffc0::/10).
+ * Returns true for IPv6 site local address (fec0::/10).
  * It returns false otherwise.
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -2344,7 +2344,7 @@ addrinfo_ipv6_to_ipv4(VALUE self)
 
 #endif
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   addrinfo.unix_path => path
@@ -2492,7 +2492,7 @@ addrinfo_s_udp(VALUE self, VALUE host, VALUE port)
             INT2NUM(PF_UNSPEC), INT2NUM(SOCK_DGRAM), INT2NUM(IPPROTO_UDP), INT2FIX(0));
 }
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -2630,7 +2630,7 @@ rsock_init_addrinfo(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cAddrinfo, "ip", addrinfo_s_ip, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cAddrinfo, "tcp", addrinfo_s_tcp, 2);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cAddrinfo, "udp", addrinfo_s_udp, 2);
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cAddrinfo, "unix", addrinfo_s_unix, -1);
 #endif
 
@@ -2671,7 +2671,7 @@ rsock_init_addrinfo(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cAddrinfo, "ipv6_to_ipv4", addrinfo_ipv6_to_ipv4, 0);
 #endif
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
     rb_define_method(rb_cAddrinfo, "unix_path", addrinfo_unix_path, 0);
 #endif
 
diff --git a/ext/socket/rubysocket.h b/ext/socket/rubysocket.h
index 9ec893ee8c..5f803ba0da 100644
--- a/ext/socket/rubysocket.h
+++ b/ext/socket/rubysocket.h
@@ -33,6 +33,9 @@
 #endif
 
 #ifdef _WIN32
+#  include <winsock2.h>
+#  include <ws2tcpip.h>
+#  include <iphlpapi.h>
 #  if defined(_MSC_VER)
 #    undef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_DL
 #  endif
@@ -69,6 +72,11 @@
 #  include <sys/un.h>
 #endif
 
+#ifdef HAVE_AFUNIX_H
+// Windows doesn't have sys/un.h, but it does have afunix.h just to be special:
+#  include <afunix.h>
+#endif
+
 #if defined(HAVE_FCNTL)
 #  ifdef HAVE_SYS_SELECT_H
 #    include <sys/select.h>
@@ -268,7 +276,7 @@ extern VALUE rb_cIPSocket;
 extern VALUE rb_cTCPSocket;
 extern VALUE rb_cTCPServer;
 extern VALUE rb_cUDPSocket;
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
 extern VALUE rb_cUNIXSocket;
 extern VALUE rb_cUNIXServer;
 #endif
@@ -336,7 +344,7 @@ VALUE rsock_sockaddr_obj(struct sockaddr *addr, socklen_t len);
 
 int rsock_revlookup_flag(VALUE revlookup, int *norevlookup);
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
 VALUE rsock_unixpath_str(struct sockaddr_un *sockaddr, socklen_t len);
 VALUE rsock_unixaddr(struct sockaddr_un *sockaddr, socklen_t len);
 socklen_t rsock_unix_sockaddr_len(VALUE path);
diff --git a/ext/socket/socket.c b/ext/socket/socket.c
index b1965deb9e..eb74f7a936 100644
--- a/ext/socket/socket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/socket.c
@@ -28,6 +28,10 @@ rsock_syserr_fail_host_port(int err, const char *mesg, VALUE host, VALUE port)
     message = rb_sprintf("%s for %+"PRIsVALUE" port % "PRIsVALUE"",
                          mesg, host, port);
 
+    if (err == ETIMEDOUT) {
+        rb_exc_raise(rb_exc_new3(rb_eIOTimeoutError, message));
+    }
+
     rb_syserr_fail_str(err, message);
 }
 
@@ -1379,7 +1383,7 @@ sock_s_unpack_sockaddr_in(VALUE self, VALUE addr)
     return rb_assoc_new(INT2NUM(ntohs(sockaddr->sin_port)), host);
 }
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
@@ -1467,7 +1471,7 @@ sockaddr_len(struct sockaddr *addr)
         return (socklen_t)sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6);
 #endif
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
       case AF_UNIX:
         return (socklen_t)sizeof(struct sockaddr_un);
 #endif
@@ -2016,7 +2020,7 @@ Init_socket(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cSocket, "sockaddr_in", sock_s_pack_sockaddr_in, 2);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cSocket, "pack_sockaddr_in", sock_s_pack_sockaddr_in, 2);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cSocket, "unpack_sockaddr_in", sock_s_unpack_sockaddr_in, 1);
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cSocket, "sockaddr_un", sock_s_pack_sockaddr_un, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cSocket, "pack_sockaddr_un", sock_s_pack_sockaddr_un, 1);
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cSocket, "unpack_sockaddr_un", sock_s_unpack_sockaddr_un, 1);
diff --git a/ext/socket/udpsocket.c b/ext/socket/udpsocket.c
index 3500107972..5224e48a96 100644
--- a/ext/socket/udpsocket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/udpsocket.c
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ udp_send_internal(VALUE v)
 
         if (n >= 0) return RB_SSIZE2NUM(n);
 
-        if (rb_io_maybe_wait_writable(errno, fptr->self, Qnil)) {
+        if (rb_io_maybe_wait_writable(errno, fptr->self, RUBY_IO_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT)) {
             goto retry;
         }
     }
diff --git a/ext/socket/unixserver.c b/ext/socket/unixserver.c
index 3a899cca1f..0ea5ac083c 100644
--- a/ext/socket/unixserver.c
+++ b/ext/socket/unixserver.c
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 #include "rubysocket.h"
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
 /*
  * call-seq:
  *   UNIXServer.new(path) => unixserver
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ unix_sysaccept(VALUE server)
 void
 rsock_init_unixserver(void)
 {
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
     /*
      * Document-class: UNIXServer < UNIXSocket
      *
diff --git a/ext/socket/unixsocket.c b/ext/socket/unixsocket.c
index ecffbd4e92..26ab76fc9f 100644
--- a/ext/socket/unixsocket.c
+++ b/ext/socket/unixsocket.c
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 
 #include "rubysocket.h"
 
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
 struct unixsock_arg {
     struct sockaddr_un *sockaddr;
     socklen_t sockaddrlen;
@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ unixsock_path_value(VALUE path)
         }
     }
 #endif
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    /* UNIXSocket requires UTF-8 per spec. */
+    path = rb_str_export_to_enc(path, rb_utf8_encoding());
+#endif
     return rb_get_path(path);
 }
 
@@ -571,7 +575,7 @@ unix_s_socketpair(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 void
 rsock_init_unixsocket(void)
 {
-#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UN_H
+#ifdef HAVE_TYPE_STRUCT_SOCKADDR_UN
     /*
      * Document-class: UNIXSocket < BasicSocket
      *
diff --git a/ext/stringio/stringio.c b/ext/stringio/stringio.c
index 9ba2cd92a1..0054766dac 100644
--- a/ext/stringio/stringio.c
+++ b/ext/stringio/stringio.c
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 **********************************************************************/
 
-#define STRINGIO_VERSION "3.0.3"
+#define STRINGIO_VERSION "3.0.4"
 
 #include "ruby.h"
 #include "ruby/io.h"
@@ -257,9 +257,20 @@ strio_s_allocate(VALUE klass)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq: StringIO.new(string=""[, mode])
+ * call-seq:
+ *   StringIO.new(string = '', mode = 'r+') -> new_stringio
+ *
+ * Note that +mode+ defaults to <tt>'r'</tt> if +string+ is frozen.
+ *
+ * Returns a new \StringIO instance formed from +string+ and +mode+;
+ * see {Access Modes}[rdoc-ref:File@Access+Modes]:
+ *
+ *   strio = StringIO.new # => #<StringIO>
+ *   strio.close
+ *
+ * The instance should be closed when no longer needed.
  *
- * Creates new StringIO instance from with _string_ and _mode_.
+ * Related: StringIO.open (accepts block; closes automatically).
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -392,11 +403,26 @@ strio_finalize(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq: StringIO.open(string=""[, mode]) {|strio| ...}
+ * call-seq:
+ *   StringIO.open(string = '', mode = 'r+') {|strio| ... }
+ *
+ * Note that +mode+ defaults to <tt>'r'</tt> if +string+ is frozen.
+ *
+ * Creates a new \StringIO instance formed from +string+ and +mode+;
+ * see {Access Modes}[rdoc-ref:File@Access+Modes].
+ *
+ * With no block, returns the new instance:
+ *
+ *   strio = StringIO.open # => #<StringIO>
  *
- * Equivalent to StringIO.new except that when it is called with a block, it
- * yields with the new instance and closes it, and returns the result which
- * returned from the block.
+ * With a block, calls the block with the new instance
+ * and returns the block's value;
+ * closes the instance on block exit.
+ *
+ *   StringIO.open {|strio| p strio }
+ *   # => #<StringIO>
+ *
+ * Related: StringIO.new.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_s_open(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
@@ -482,9 +508,23 @@ strio_unimpl(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * call-seq: strio.string     -> string
+ * call-seq:
+ *   string -> string
+ *
+ * Returns underlying string:
+ *
+ *   StringIO.open('foo') do |strio|
+ *     p strio.string
+ *     strio.string = 'bar'
+ *     p strio.string
+ *   end
  *
- * Returns underlying String object, the subject of IO.
+ * Output:
+ *
+ *   "foo"
+ *   "bar"
+ *
+ * Related: StringIO#string= (assigns the underlying string).
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_get_string(VALUE self)
@@ -494,9 +534,23 @@ strio_get_string(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.string = string  -> string
+ *   string = other_string -> other_string
+ *
+ * Assigns the underlying string as +other_string+, and sets position to zero;
+ * returns +other_string+:
+ *
+ *   StringIO.open('foo') do |strio|
+ *     p strio.string
+ *     strio.string = 'bar'
+ *     p strio.string
+ *   end
  *
- * Changes underlying String object, the subject of IO.
+ * Output:
+ *
+ *   "foo"
+ *   "bar"
+ *
+ * Related: StringIO#string (returns the underlying string).
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_set_string(VALUE self, VALUE string)
@@ -514,10 +568,13 @@ strio_set_string(VALUE self, VALUE string)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.close  -> nil
+ *   close -> nil
+ *
+ * Closes +self+ for both reading and writing.
  *
- * Closes a StringIO. The stream is unavailable for any further data
- * operations; an +IOError+ is raised if such an attempt is made.
+ * Raises IOError if reading or writing is attempted.
+ *
+ * Related: StringIO#close_read, StringIO#close_write.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_close(VALUE self)
@@ -529,10 +586,13 @@ strio_close(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.close_read    -> nil
+ *   close_read -> nil
+ *
+ * Closes +self+ for reading; closed-write setting remains unchanged.
  *
- * Closes the read end of a StringIO.  Will raise an +IOError+ if the
- * receiver is not readable.
+ * Raises IOError if reading is attempted.
+ *
+ * Related: StringIO#close, StringIO#close_write.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_close_read(VALUE self)
@@ -547,10 +607,13 @@ strio_close_read(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.close_write    -> nil
+ *   close_write -> nil
+ *
+ * Closes +self+ for writing; closed-read setting remains unchanged.
+ *
+ * Raises IOError if writing is attempted.
  *
- * Closes the write end of a StringIO.  Will raise an  +IOError+ if the
- * receiver is not writeable.
+ * Related: StringIO#close, StringIO#close_read.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_close_write(VALUE self)
@@ -565,9 +628,10 @@ strio_close_write(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.closed?    -> true or false
+ *   closed? -> true or false
  *
- * Returns +true+ if the stream is completely closed, +false+ otherwise.
+ * Returns +true+ if +self+ is closed for both reading and writing,
+ * +false+ otherwise.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_closed(VALUE self)
@@ -579,9 +643,9 @@ strio_closed(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.closed_read?    -> true or false
+ *   closed_read? -> true or false
  *
- * Returns +true+ if the stream is not readable, +false+ otherwise.
+ * Returns +true+ if +self+ is closed for reading, +false+ otherwise.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_closed_read(VALUE self)
@@ -593,9 +657,9 @@ strio_closed_read(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.closed_write?    -> true or false
+ *   closed_write? -> true or false
  *
- * Returns +true+ if the stream is not writable, +false+ otherwise.
+ * Returns +true+ if +self+ is closed for writing, +false+ otherwise.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_closed_write(VALUE self)
@@ -615,11 +679,14 @@ strio_to_read(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.eof     -> true or false
- *   strio.eof?    -> true or false
+ *   eof? -> true or false
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if positioned at end-of-stream, +false+ otherwise;
+ * see {Position}[rdoc-ref:File@Position].
+ *
+ * Raises IOError if the stream is not opened for reading.
  *
- * Returns true if the stream is at the end of the data (underlying string).
- * The stream must be opened for reading or an +IOError+ will be raised.
+ * StreamIO#eof is an alias for StreamIO#eof?.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_eof(VALUE self)
@@ -649,13 +716,10 @@ strio_copy(VALUE copy, VALUE orig)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.lineno    -> integer
+ *   lineno -> current_line_number
  *
- * Returns the current line number. The stream must be
- * opened for reading. +lineno+ counts the number of times  +gets+ is
- * called, rather than the number of newlines  encountered. The two
- * values will differ if +gets+ is  called with a separator other than
- * newline.  See also the  <code>$.</code> variable.
+ * Returns the current line number in +self+;
+ * see {Line Number}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Number].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_get_lineno(VALUE self)
@@ -665,10 +729,10 @@ strio_get_lineno(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.lineno = integer    -> integer
+ *   lineno = new_line_number -> new_line_number
  *
- * Manually sets the current line number to the given value.
- * <code>$.</code> is updated only on the next read.
+ * Sets the current line number in +self+ to the given +new_line_number+;
+ * see {Line Number}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Number].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_set_lineno(VALUE self, VALUE lineno)
@@ -679,9 +743,10 @@ strio_set_lineno(VALUE self, VALUE lineno)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.binmode    -> stringio
+ *   binmode -> self
  *
- * Puts stream into binary mode. See IO#binmode.
+ * Sets the data mode in +self+ to binary mode;
+ * see {Data Mode}[rdoc-ref:File@Data+Mode].
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -705,11 +770,27 @@ strio_binmode(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.reopen(other_StrIO)     -> strio
- *   strio.reopen(string, mode)    -> strio
+ *   reopen(other, mode = 'r+') -> self
+ *
+ * Reinitializes the stream with the given +other+ (string or StringIO) and +mode+;
+ * see IO.new:
+ *
+ *   StringIO.open('foo') do |strio|
+ *     p strio.string
+ *     strio.reopen('bar')
+ *     p strio.string
+ *     other_strio = StringIO.new('baz')
+ *     strio.reopen(other_strio)
+ *     p strio.string
+ *     other_strio.close
+ *   end
+ *
+ * Output:
+ *
+ *   "foo"
+ *   "bar"
+ *   "baz"
  *
- * Reinitializes the stream with the given <i>other_StrIO</i> or _string_
- * and _mode_ (see StringIO#new).
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_reopen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -723,10 +804,12 @@ strio_reopen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.pos     -> integer
- *   strio.tell    -> integer
+ *   pos -> stream_position
+ *
+ * Returns the current position (in bytes);
+ * see {Position}[rdoc-ref:IO@Position].
  *
- * Returns the current offset (in bytes).
+ * StringIO#tell is an alias for StringIO#pos.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_get_pos(VALUE self)
@@ -736,9 +819,10 @@ strio_get_pos(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.pos = integer    -> integer
+ *   pos = new_position -> new_position
  *
- * Seeks to the given position (in bytes).
+ * Sets the current position (in bytes);
+ * see {Position}[rdoc-ref:IO@Position].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_set_pos(VALUE self, VALUE pos)
@@ -754,10 +838,11 @@ strio_set_pos(VALUE self, VALUE pos)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.rewind    -> 0
+ *   rewind -> 0
  *
- * Positions the stream to the beginning of input, resetting
- * +lineno+ to zero.
+ * Sets the current position and line number to zero;
+ * see {Position}[rdoc-ref:IO@Position]
+ * and {Line Number}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Number].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_rewind(VALUE self)
@@ -770,10 +855,11 @@ strio_rewind(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.seek(amount, whence=SEEK_SET) -> 0
+ *   seek(offset, whence = SEEK_SET) -> 0
  *
- * Seeks to a given offset _amount_ in the stream according to
- * the value of _whence_ (see IO#seek).
+ * Sets the current position to the given integer +offset+ (in bytes),
+ * with respect to a given constant +whence+;
+ * see {Position}[rdoc-ref:IO@Position].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_seek(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -809,9 +895,9 @@ strio_seek(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.sync    -> true
+ *   sync -> true
  *
- * Returns +true+ always.
+ * Returns +true+; implemented only for compatibility with other stream classes.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_get_sync(VALUE self)
@@ -826,10 +912,12 @@ strio_get_sync(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.each_byte {|byte| block }  -> strio
- *   strio.each_byte                  -> anEnumerator
+ *   each_byte {|byte| ... } -> self
  *
- * See IO#each_byte.
+ * With a block given, calls the block with each remaining byte in the stream;
+ * see {Byte IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Byte+IO].
+ *
+ * With no block given, returns an enumerator.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_each_byte(VALUE self)
@@ -847,9 +935,10 @@ strio_each_byte(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.getc   -> string or nil
+ *   getc -> character or nil
  *
- * See IO#getc.
+ * Reads and returns the next character from the stream;
+ * see {Character IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Character+IO].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_getc(VALUE self)
@@ -872,9 +961,10 @@ strio_getc(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.getbyte   -> fixnum or nil
+ *   getbyte -> byte or nil
  *
- * See IO#getbyte.
+ * Reads and returns the next 8-bit byte from the stream;
+ * see {Byte IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Byte+IO].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_getbyte(VALUE self)
@@ -910,12 +1000,10 @@ strio_extend(struct StringIO *ptr, long pos, long len)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.ungetc(string)   -> nil
+ *   ungetc(character) -> nil
  *
- * Pushes back one character (passed as a parameter)
- * such that a subsequent buffered read will return it.  There is no
- * limitation for multiple pushbacks including pushing back behind the
- * beginning of the buffer string.
+ * Pushes back ("unshifts") a character or integer onto the stream;
+ * see {Character IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Character+IO].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_ungetc(VALUE self, VALUE c)
@@ -950,9 +1038,10 @@ strio_ungetc(VALUE self, VALUE c)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.ungetbyte(fixnum)   -> nil
+ *   ungetbyte(byte) -> nil
  *
- * See IO#ungetbyte
+ * Pushes back ("unshifts") an 8-bit byte onto the stream;
+ * see {Byte IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Byte+IO].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_ungetbyte(VALUE self, VALUE c)
@@ -1012,9 +1101,10 @@ strio_unget_bytes(struct StringIO *ptr, const char *cp, long cl)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.readchar   -> string
+ *   readchar -> string
  *
- * See IO#readchar.
+ * Like +getc+, but raises an exception if already at end-of-stream;
+ * see {Character IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Character+IO].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_readchar(VALUE self)
@@ -1026,9 +1116,10 @@ strio_readchar(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.readbyte   -> fixnum
+ *   readbyte -> byte
  *
- * See IO#readbyte.
+ * Like +getbyte+, but raises an exception if already at end-of-stream;
+ * see {Byte IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Byte+IO].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_readbyte(VALUE self)
@@ -1040,10 +1131,12 @@ strio_readbyte(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.each_char {|char| block }  -> strio
- *   strio.each_char                  -> anEnumerator
+ *   each_char {|c| ... } -> self
+ *
+ * With a block given, calls the block with each remaining character in the stream;
+ * see {Character IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Character+IO].
  *
- * See IO#each_char.
+ * With no block given, returns an enumerator.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_each_char(VALUE self)
@@ -1060,10 +1153,12 @@ strio_each_char(VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.each_codepoint {|c| block }  -> strio
- *   strio.each_codepoint               -> anEnumerator
+ *   each_codepoint {|codepoint| ... } -> self
  *
- * See IO#each_codepoint.
+ * With a block given, calls the block with each remaining codepoint in the stream;
+ * see {Codepoint IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Codepoint+IO].
+ *
+ * With no block given, returns an enumerator.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_each_codepoint(VALUE self)
@@ -1245,8 +1340,9 @@ strio_getline(struct getline_arg *arg, struct StringIO *ptr)
 	str = strio_substr(ptr, ptr->pos, e - s - w, enc);
     }
     else {
-	if (n < e - s) {
-	    if (e - s < 1024) {
+	if (n < e - s + arg->chomp) {
+	    /* unless chomping, RS at the end does not matter */
+	    if (e - s < 1024 || n == e - s) {
 		for (p = s; p + n <= e; ++p) {
 		    if (MEMCMP(p, RSTRING_PTR(str), char, n) == 0) {
 			e = p + n;
@@ -1273,11 +1369,13 @@ strio_getline(struct getline_arg *arg, struct StringIO *ptr)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.gets(sep=$/, chomp: false)     -> string or nil
- *   strio.gets(limit, chomp: false)      -> string or nil
- *   strio.gets(sep, limit, chomp: false) -> string or nil
+ *   gets(sep = $/, chomp: false) -> string or nil
+ *   gets(limit, chomp: false) -> string or nil
+ *   gets(sep, limit, chomp: false) -> string or nil
  *
- * See IO#gets.
+ * Reads and returns a line from the stream;
+ * assigns the return value to <tt>$_</tt>;
+ * see {Line IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+IO].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_gets(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -1297,11 +1395,12 @@ strio_gets(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.readline(sep=$/, chomp: false)     -> string
- *   strio.readline(limit, chomp: false)      -> string or nil
- *   strio.readline(sep, limit, chomp: false) -> string or nil
+ *   readline(sep = $/, chomp: false) -> string
+ *   readline(limit, chomp: false) -> string
+ *   readline(sep, limit, chomp: false) -> string
  *
- * See IO#readline.
+ * Reads a line as with IO#gets, but raises EOFError if already at end-of-file;
+ * see {Line IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+IO].
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_readline(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -1313,17 +1412,16 @@ strio_readline(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
 /*
  * call-seq:
- *   strio.each(sep=$/, chomp: false) {|line| block }         -> strio
- *   strio.each(limit, chomp: false) {|line| block }          -> strio
- *   strio.each(sep, limit, chomp: false) {|line| block }     -> strio
- *   strio.each(...)                                          -> anEnumerator
+ *   each_line(sep = $/, chomp: false) {|line| ... }   -> self
+ *   each_line(limit, chomp: false) {|line| ... }      -> self
+ *   each_line(sep, limit, chomp: false) {|line| ... } -> self
  *
- *   strio.each_line(sep=$/, chomp: false) {|line| block }     -> strio
- *   strio.each_line(limit, chomp: false) {|line| block }      -> strio
- *   strio.each_line(sep, limit, chomp: false) {|line| block } -> strio
- *   strio.each_line(...)                                      -> anEnumerator
+ * Calls the block with each remaining line read from the stream;
+ * does nothing if already at end-of-file;
+ * returns +self+.
+ * See {Line IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+IO].
  *
- * See IO#each.
+ * StringIO#each is an alias for StringIO#each_line.
  */
 static VALUE
 strio_each(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
@@ -1751,24 +1849,16 @@ strio_set_encoding_by_bom(VALUE self)
 }
 
 /*
- * Pseudo I/O on String object, with interface corresponding to IO.
+ * \IO streams for strings, with access similar to
+ * {IO}[rdoc-ref:IO];
+ * see {IO}[rdoc-ref:IO].
  *
- * Commonly used to simulate <code>$stdio</code> or <code>$stderr</code>
+ * === About the Examples
  *
- * === Examples
+ * Examples on this page assume that \StringIO has been required:
  *
  *   require 'stringio'
  *
- *   # Writing stream emulation
- *   io = StringIO.new
- *   io.puts "Hello World"
- *   io.string #=> "Hello World\n"
- *
- *   # Reading stream emulation
- *   io = StringIO.new "first\nsecond\nlast\n"
- *   io.getc #=> "f"
- *   io.gets #=> "irst\n"
- *   io.read #=> "second\nlast\n"
  */
 void
 Init_stringio(void)
diff --git a/ext/strscan/extconf.rb b/ext/strscan/extconf.rb
index f0ecbf85d8..3c311d2364 100644
--- a/ext/strscan/extconf.rb
+++ b/ext/strscan/extconf.rb
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 require 'mkmf'
-$INCFLAGS << " -I$(top_srcdir)" if $extmk
-have_func("onig_region_memsize", "ruby.h")
-create_makefile 'strscan'
+if RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby'
+  $INCFLAGS << " -I$(top_srcdir)" if $extmk
+  have_func("onig_region_memsize(NULL)")
+  have_func("rb_reg_onig_match", "ruby/re.h")
+  create_makefile 'strscan'
+else
+  File.write('Makefile', dummy_makefile("").join)
+end
diff --git a/ext/strscan/strscan.c b/ext/strscan/strscan.c
index e1426380b4..16d669d8a5 100644
--- a/ext/strscan/strscan.c
+++ b/ext/strscan/strscan.c
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ extern size_t onig_region_memsize(const struct re_registers *regs);
 
 #include <stdbool.h>
 
-#define STRSCAN_VERSION "3.0.1"
+#define STRSCAN_VERSION "3.0.7"
 
 /* =======================================================================
                          Data Type Definitions
@@ -435,11 +435,11 @@ strscan_get_pos(VALUE self)
  *
  * In short, it's a 0-based index into the string.
  *
- *   s = StringScanner.new("abcädeföghi")
- *   s.charpos           # -> 0
- *   s.scan_until(/ä/)   # -> "abcä"
- *   s.pos               # -> 5
- *   s.charpos           # -> 4
+ *   s = StringScanner.new("abc\u00e4def\u00f6ghi")
+ *   s.charpos                # -> 0
+ *   s.scan_until(/\u00e4/)   # -> "abc\u00E4"
+ *   s.pos                    # -> 5
+ *   s.charpos                # -> 4
  */
 static VALUE
 strscan_get_charpos(VALUE self)
@@ -539,6 +539,68 @@ adjust_register_position(struct strscanner *p, long position)
     }
 }
 
+/* rb_reg_onig_match is available in Ruby 3.3 and later. */
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_REG_ONIG_MATCH
+static OnigPosition
+rb_reg_onig_match(VALUE re, VALUE str,
+                  OnigPosition (*match)(regex_t *reg, VALUE str, struct re_registers *regs, void *args),
+                  void *args, struct re_registers *regs)
+{
+    regex_t *reg = rb_reg_prepare_re(re, str);
+
+    bool tmpreg = reg != RREGEXP_PTR(re);
+    if (!tmpreg) RREGEXP(re)->usecnt++;
+
+    OnigPosition result = match(reg, str, regs, args);
+
+    if (!tmpreg) RREGEXP(re)->usecnt--;
+    if (tmpreg) {
+        if (RREGEXP(re)->usecnt) {
+            onig_free(reg);
+        }
+        else {
+            onig_free(RREGEXP_PTR(re));
+            RREGEXP_PTR(re) = reg;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (result < 0) {
+        if (result != ONIG_MISMATCH) {
+            rb_raise(ScanError, "regexp buffer overflow");
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+static OnigPosition
+strscan_match(regex_t *reg, VALUE str, struct re_registers *regs, void *args_ptr)
+{
+    struct strscanner *p = (struct strscanner *)args_ptr;
+
+    return onig_match(reg,
+                      match_target(p),
+                      (UChar* )(CURPTR(p) + S_RESTLEN(p)),
+                      (UChar* )CURPTR(p),
+                      regs,
+                      ONIG_OPTION_NONE);
+}
+
+static OnigPosition
+strscan_search(regex_t *reg, VALUE str, struct re_registers *regs, void *args_ptr)
+{
+    struct strscanner *p = (struct strscanner *)args_ptr;
+
+    return onig_search(reg,
+                       match_target(p),
+                       (UChar *)(CURPTR(p) + S_RESTLEN(p)),
+                       (UChar *)CURPTR(p),
+                       (UChar *)(CURPTR(p) + S_RESTLEN(p)),
+                       regs,
+                       ONIG_OPTION_NONE);
+}
+
 static VALUE
 strscan_do_scan(VALUE self, VALUE pattern, int succptr, int getstr, int headonly)
 {
@@ -560,47 +622,14 @@ strscan_do_scan(VALUE self, VALUE pattern, int succptr, int getstr, int headonly
     }
 
     if (RB_TYPE_P(pattern, T_REGEXP)) {
-        regex_t *rb_reg_prepare_re(VALUE re, VALUE str);
-        regex_t *re;
-        long ret;
-        int tmpreg;
-
         p->regex = pattern;
-        re = rb_reg_prepare_re(pattern, p->str);
-        tmpreg = re != RREGEXP_PTR(pattern);
-        if (!tmpreg) RREGEXP(pattern)->usecnt++;
-
-        if (headonly) {
-            ret = onig_match(re,
-                             match_target(p),
-                             (UChar* )(CURPTR(p) + S_RESTLEN(p)),
-                             (UChar* )CURPTR(p),
-                             &(p->regs),
-                             ONIG_OPTION_NONE);
-        }
-        else {
-            ret = onig_search(re,
-                              match_target(p),
-                              (UChar* )(CURPTR(p) + S_RESTLEN(p)),
-                              (UChar* )CURPTR(p),
-                              (UChar* )(CURPTR(p) + S_RESTLEN(p)),
-                              &(p->regs),
-                              ONIG_OPTION_NONE);
-        }
-        if (!tmpreg) RREGEXP(pattern)->usecnt--;
-        if (tmpreg) {
-            if (RREGEXP(pattern)->usecnt) {
-                onig_free(re);
-            }
-            else {
-                onig_free(RREGEXP_PTR(pattern));
-                RREGEXP_PTR(pattern) = re;
-            }
-        }
+        OnigPosition ret = rb_reg_onig_match(pattern,
+                                             p->str,
+                                             headonly ? strscan_match : strscan_search,
+                                             (void *)p,
+                                             &(p->regs));
 
-        if (ret == -2) rb_raise(ScanError, "regexp buffer overflow");
-        if (ret < 0) {
-            /* not matched */
+        if (ret == ONIG_MISMATCH) {
             return Qnil;
         }
     }
@@ -1038,8 +1067,9 @@ strscan_empty_p(VALUE self)
  * This method is obsolete; use #eos? instead.
  *
  *   s = StringScanner.new('test string')
- *   s.eos?              # These two
- *   s.rest?             # are opposites.
+ *   # These two are opposites
+ *   s.eos? # => false
+ *   s.rest? # => true
  */
 static VALUE
 strscan_rest_p(VALUE self)
@@ -1458,6 +1488,56 @@ strscan_fixed_anchor_p(VALUE self)
     return p->fixed_anchor_p ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
+typedef struct {
+    VALUE self;
+    VALUE captures;
+} named_captures_data;
+
+static int
+named_captures_iter(const OnigUChar *name,
+                    const OnigUChar *name_end,
+                    int back_num,
+                    int *back_refs,
+                    OnigRegex regex,
+                    void *arg)
+{
+    named_captures_data *data = arg;
+
+    VALUE key = rb_str_new((const char *)name, name_end - name);
+    VALUE value = RUBY_Qnil;
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < back_num; i++) {
+        value = strscan_aref(data->self, INT2NUM(back_refs[i]));
+    }
+    rb_hash_aset(data->captures, key, value);
+    return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   scanner.named_captures -> hash
+ *
+ * Returns a hash of string variables matching the regular expression.
+ *
+ *   scan = StringScanner.new('foobarbaz')
+ *   scan.match?(/(?<f>foo)(?<r>bar)(?<z>baz)/)
+ *   scan.named_captures # -> {"f"=>"foo", "r"=>"bar", "z"=>"baz"}
+ */
+static VALUE
+strscan_named_captures(VALUE self)
+{
+    struct strscanner *p;
+    GET_SCANNER(self, p);
+    named_captures_data data;
+    data.self = self;
+    data.captures = rb_hash_new();
+    if (!RB_NIL_P(p->regex)) {
+        onig_foreach_name(RREGEXP_PTR(p->regex), named_captures_iter, &data);
+    }
+
+    return data.captures;
+}
+
 /* =======================================================================
                               Ruby Interface
    ======================================================================= */
@@ -1468,6 +1548,8 @@ strscan_fixed_anchor_p(VALUE self)
  * StringScanner provides for lexical scanning operations on a String.  Here is
  * an example of its usage:
  *
+ *   require 'strscan'
+ *
  *   s = StringScanner.new('This is an example string')
  *   s.eos?               # -> false
  *
@@ -1650,4 +1732,6 @@ Init_strscan(void)
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "inspect",     strscan_inspect,     0);
 
     rb_define_method(StringScanner, "fixed_anchor?", strscan_fixed_anchor_p, 0);
+
+    rb_define_method(StringScanner, "named_captures", strscan_named_captures, 0);
 }
diff --git a/ext/strscan/strscan.gemspec b/ext/strscan/strscan.gemspec
index 5d8119ea4c..8a61c7abe6 100644
--- a/ext/strscan/strscan.gemspec
+++ b/ext/strscan/strscan.gemspec
@@ -16,13 +16,26 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary = "Provides lexical scanning operations on a String."
   s.description = "Provides lexical scanning operations on a String."
 
-  s.require_path = %w{lib}
-  s.files = %w{ext/strscan/extconf.rb ext/strscan/strscan.c}
-  s.extensions = %w{ext/strscan/extconf.rb}
+  files = [
+    "COPYING",
+    "LICENSE.txt",
+  ]
+  if RUBY_ENGINE == "jruby"
+    s.require_paths = %w{ext/jruby/lib lib}
+    files << "ext/jruby/lib/strscan.rb"
+    files << "lib/strscan.jar"
+    s.platform = "java"
+  else
+    s.require_paths = %w{lib}
+    files << "ext/strscan/extconf.rb"
+    files << "ext/strscan/strscan.c"
+    s.extensions = %w{ext/strscan/extconf.rb}
+  end
+  s.files = files
   s.required_ruby_version = ">= 2.4.0"
 
-  s.authors = ["Minero Aoki", "Sutou Kouhei"]
-  s.email = [nil, "kou@cozmixng.org"]
+  s.authors = ["Minero Aoki", "Sutou Kouhei", "Charles Oliver Nutter"]
+  s.email = [nil, "kou@cozmixng.org", "headius@headius.com"]
   s.homepage = "https://github.com/ruby/strscan"
   s.licenses = ["Ruby", "BSD-2-Clause"]
 end
diff --git a/ext/syslog/syslog.gemspec b/ext/syslog/syslog.gemspec
index 8f73f5ad0d..6aa2e9570d 100644
--- a/ext/syslog/syslog.gemspec
+++ b/ext/syslog/syslog.gemspec
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name          = "syslog"
-  spec.version       = "0.1.0"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.1"
   spec.authors       = ["Akinori MUSHA"]
   spec.email         = ["knu@idaemons.org"]
 
diff --git a/ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb b/ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb
index b5b99ff684..bda8bb012f 100644
--- a/ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb
+++ b/ext/win32/lib/win32/registry.rb
@@ -69,7 +69,11 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
   WCHAR_NUL = "\0".encode(WCHAR).freeze
   WCHAR_CR = "\r".encode(WCHAR).freeze
   WCHAR_SIZE = WCHAR_NUL.bytesize
-  LOCALE = Encoding.find(Encoding.locale_charmap)
+  begin
+    LOCALE = Encoding.find(Encoding.locale_charmap)
+  rescue ArgumentError
+    LOCALE = Encoding::UTF_8
+  end
 
   class Registry
 
@@ -740,14 +744,11 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
     # method returns.
     #
     def write(name, type, data)
-      termsize = 0
       case type
       when REG_SZ, REG_EXPAND_SZ
-        data = data.encode(WCHAR)
-        termsize = WCHAR_SIZE
+        data = data.encode(WCHAR) << WCHAR_NUL
       when REG_MULTI_SZ
         data = data.to_a.map {|s| s.encode(WCHAR)}.join(WCHAR_NUL) << WCHAR_NUL
-        termsize = WCHAR_SIZE
       when REG_BINARY, REG_NONE
         data = data.to_s
       when REG_DWORD
@@ -759,7 +760,7 @@ For detail, see the MSDN[http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/en-us/sysinfo/base/pr
       else
         raise TypeError, "Unsupported type #{Registry.type2name(type)}"
       end
-      API.SetValue(@hkey, name, type, data, data.bytesize + termsize)
+      API.SetValue(@hkey, name, type, data, data.bytesize)
     end
 
     #
diff --git a/ext/win32ole/win32ole.gemspec b/ext/win32ole/win32ole.gemspec
index 977555c98d..b6ea8e8a55 100644
--- a/ext/win32ole/win32ole.gemspec
+++ b/ext/win32ole/win32ole.gemspec
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name          = "win32ole"
-  spec.version       = "1.8.8"
+  spec.version       = "1.8.9"
   spec.authors       = ["Masaki Suketa"]
   spec.email         = ["suke@ruby-lang.org"]
 
diff --git a/ext/zlib/zlib.c b/ext/zlib/zlib.c
index 20079a5d4c..aefdba0ebd 100644
--- a/ext/zlib/zlib.c
+++ b/ext/zlib/zlib.c
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
 # define VALGRIND_MAKE_MEM_UNDEFINED(p, n) 0
 #endif
 
-#define RUBY_ZLIB_VERSION "2.1.1"
+#define RUBY_ZLIB_VERSION "3.0.0"
 
 #ifndef RB_PASS_CALLED_KEYWORDS
 # define rb_class_new_instance_kw(argc, argv, klass, kw_splat) rb_class_new_instance(argc, argv, klass)
diff --git a/file.c b/file.c
index 5265d3a3a5..3a8439ef07 100644
--- a/file.c
+++ b/file.c
@@ -115,6 +115,8 @@ int flock(int, int);
 # define link(f, t)      rb_w32_ulink((f), (t))
 # undef unlink
 # define unlink(p)       rb_w32_uunlink(p)
+# undef readlink
+# define readlink(f, t, l)    rb_w32_ureadlink((f), (t), (l))
 # undef rename
 # define rename(f, t)    rb_w32_urename((f), (t))
 # undef symlink
@@ -268,6 +270,46 @@ rb_str_encode_ospath(VALUE path)
 
 #ifdef __APPLE__
 # define NORMALIZE_UTF8PATH 1
+
+# ifdef HAVE_WORKING_FORK
+static void
+rb_CFString_class_initialize_before_fork(void)
+{
+    /*
+     * Since macOS 13, CFString family API used in
+     * rb_str_append_normalized_ospath may internally use Objective-C classes
+     * (NSTaggedPointerString and NSPlaceholderMutableString) for small strings.
+     *
+     * On the other hand, Objective-C classes should not be used for the first
+     * time in a fork()'ed but not exec()'ed process. Violations for this rule
+     * can result deadlock during class initialization, so Objective-C runtime
+     * conservatively crashes on such cases by default.
+     *
+     * Therefore, we need to use CFString API to initialize Objective-C classes
+     * used internally *before* fork().
+     *
+     * For future changes, please note that this initialization process cannot
+     * be done in ctor because NSTaggedPointerString in CoreFoundation is enabled
+     * after CFStringInitializeTaggedStrings(), which is called during loading
+     * Objective-C runtime after ctor.
+     * For more details, see https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18912
+     */
+
+    /* Enough small but non-empty ASCII string to fit in NSTaggedPointerString. */
+    const char small_str[] = "/";
+    long len = sizeof(small_str) - 1;
+
+    const CFAllocatorRef alloc = kCFAllocatorDefault;
+    CFStringRef s = CFStringCreateWithBytesNoCopy(alloc,
+                                                  (const UInt8 *)small_str,
+                                                  len, kCFStringEncodingUTF8,
+                                                  FALSE, kCFAllocatorNull);
+    CFMutableStringRef m = CFStringCreateMutableCopy(alloc, len, s);
+    CFRelease(m);
+    CFRelease(s);
+}
+# endif
+
 static VALUE
 rb_str_append_normalized_ospath(VALUE str, const char *ptr, long len)
 {
@@ -442,41 +484,6 @@ apply2files(int (*func)(const char *, void *), int argc, VALUE *argv, void *arg)
     return LONG2FIX(argc);
 }
 
-/*
- *  call-seq:
- *    path -> filepath
- *
- *  Returns the string filepath used to create +self+:
- *
- *    f = File.new('t.txt') # => #<File:t.txt>
-      f.path                # => "t.txt"
- *
- *  Does not normalize the returned filepath:
- *
- *    f = File.new('../files/t.txt') # => #<File:../files/t.txt>
-      f.path                         # => "../files/t.txt"
- *
- *  Raises IOError for a file created using File::Constants::TMPFILE, because it has no filename.
- *
- *  File#to_path is an alias for File#path.
- *
- */
-
-static VALUE
-rb_file_path(VALUE obj)
-{
-    rb_io_t *fptr;
-
-    fptr = RFILE(rb_io_taint_check(obj))->fptr;
-    rb_io_check_initialized(fptr);
-
-    if (NIL_P(fptr->pathv)) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "File is unnamed (TMPFILE?)");
-    }
-
-    return rb_str_dup(fptr->pathv);
-}
-
 static size_t
 stat_memsize(const void *p)
 {
@@ -1723,8 +1730,8 @@ rb_file_socket_p(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
 
     if (rb_stat(fname, &st) < 0) return Qfalse;
     if (S_ISSOCK(st.st_mode)) return Qtrue;
-
 #endif
+
     return Qfalse;
 }
 
@@ -2517,7 +2524,7 @@ rb_file_birthtime(VALUE obj)
  *
  */
 
-off_t
+rb_off_t
 rb_file_size(VALUE file)
 {
     if (RB_TYPE_P(file, T_FILE)) {
@@ -2833,29 +2840,27 @@ utime_failed(struct apply_arg *aa)
 
 #if defined(HAVE_UTIMES)
 
-# if defined(__APPLE__) && \
+# if !defined(HAVE_UTIMENSAT)
+/* utimensat() is not found, runtime check is not needed */
+# elif defined(__APPLE__) && \
     (!defined(MAC_OS_X_VERSION_13_0) || (MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED < MAC_OS_X_VERSION_13_0))
 
 #   if defined(__has_attribute) && __has_attribute(availability)
 typedef int utimensat_func(int, const char *, const struct timespec [2], int);
 
-RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH();
-RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wunguarded-availability-new);
+RBIMPL_WARNING_PUSH()
+RBIMPL_WARNING_IGNORED(-Wunguarded-availability-new)
 static inline utimensat_func *
 rb_utimensat(void)
 {
     return &utimensat;
 }
-RBIMPL_WARNING_POP();
+RBIMPL_WARNING_POP()
 
 #   define utimensat rb_utimensat()
 #   else /* __API_AVAILABLE macro does nothing on gcc */
 __attribute__((weak)) int utimensat(int, const char *, const struct timespec [2], int);
 #   endif
-
-#   define utimensat_available_p() (utimensat != NULL)
-# else
-#   define utimensat_available_p() 1
 # endif
 
 static int
@@ -3114,7 +3119,6 @@ rb_file_s_readlink(VALUE klass, VALUE path)
     return rb_readlink(path, rb_filesystem_encoding());
 }
 
-#ifndef _WIN32
 struct readlink_arg {
     const char *path;
     char *buf;
@@ -3170,7 +3174,6 @@ rb_readlink(VALUE path, rb_encoding *enc)
 
     return v;
 }
-#endif
 #else
 #define rb_file_s_readlink rb_f_notimplement
 #endif
@@ -4500,9 +4503,9 @@ rb_check_realpath_internal(VALUE basedir, VALUE path, rb_encoding *origenc, enum
         rb_enc_associate(resolved, origenc);
     }
 
-    if (rb_enc_str_coderange(resolved) == ENC_CODERANGE_BROKEN) {
+    if (is_broken_string(resolved)) {
         rb_enc_associate(resolved, rb_filesystem_encoding());
-        if (rb_enc_str_coderange(resolved) == ENC_CODERANGE_BROKEN) {
+        if (is_broken_string(resolved)) {
             rb_enc_associate(resolved, rb_ascii8bit_encoding());
         }
     }
@@ -4862,7 +4865,7 @@ rb_file_dirname_n(VALUE fname, int n)
  *   dotfile       top       0
  *   end with dot  dot       1
  *   .ext          dot       len of .ext
- *   .ext:stream   dot       len of .ext without :stream (NT only)
+ *   .ext:stream   dot       len of .ext without :stream (NTFS only)
  *
  */
 const char *
@@ -5086,41 +5089,17 @@ rb_file_s_join(VALUE klass, VALUE args)
     return rb_file_join(args);
 }
 
-#if defined(HAVE_TRUNCATE) || defined(HAVE_CHSIZE)
+#if defined(HAVE_TRUNCATE)
 struct truncate_arg {
     const char *path;
-#if defined(HAVE_TRUNCATE)
-#define NUM2POS(n) NUM2OFFT(n)
-    off_t pos;
-#else
-#define NUM2POS(n) NUM2LONG(n)
-    long pos;
-#endif
+    rb_off_t pos;
 };
 
 static void *
 nogvl_truncate(void *ptr)
 {
     struct truncate_arg *ta = ptr;
-#ifdef HAVE_TRUNCATE
     return (void *)(VALUE)truncate(ta->path, ta->pos);
-#else /* defined(HAVE_CHSIZE) */
-    {
-        int tmpfd = rb_cloexec_open(ta->path, 0, 0);
-
-        if (tmpfd < 0)
-            return (void *)-1;
-        rb_update_max_fd(tmpfd);
-        if (chsize(tmpfd, ta->pos) < 0) {
-            int e = errno;
-            close(tmpfd);
-            errno = e;
-            return (void *)-1;
-        }
-        close(tmpfd);
-        return 0;
-    }
-#endif
 }
 
 /*
@@ -5144,7 +5123,7 @@ rb_file_s_truncate(VALUE klass, VALUE path, VALUE len)
     struct truncate_arg ta;
     int r;
 
-    ta.pos = NUM2POS(len);
+    ta.pos = NUM2OFFT(len);
     FilePathValue(path);
     path = rb_str_encode_ospath(path);
     ta.path = StringValueCStr(path);
@@ -5154,22 +5133,15 @@ rb_file_s_truncate(VALUE klass, VALUE path, VALUE len)
     if (r < 0)
         rb_sys_fail_path(path);
     return INT2FIX(0);
-#undef NUM2POS
 }
 #else
 #define rb_file_s_truncate rb_f_notimplement
 #endif
 
-#if defined(HAVE_FTRUNCATE) || defined(HAVE_CHSIZE)
+#if defined(HAVE_FTRUNCATE)
 struct ftruncate_arg {
     int fd;
-#if defined(HAVE_FTRUNCATE)
-#define NUM2POS(n) NUM2OFFT(n)
-    off_t pos;
-#else
-#define NUM2POS(n) NUM2LONG(n)
-    long pos;
-#endif
+    rb_off_t pos;
 };
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5177,11 +5149,7 @@ nogvl_ftruncate(void *ptr)
 {
     struct ftruncate_arg *fa = ptr;
 
-#ifdef HAVE_FTRUNCATE
     return (VALUE)ftruncate(fa->fd, fa->pos);
-#else /* defined(HAVE_CHSIZE) */
-    return (VALUE)chsize(fa->fd, fa->pos);
-#endif
 }
 
 /*
@@ -5204,7 +5172,7 @@ rb_file_truncate(VALUE obj, VALUE len)
     rb_io_t *fptr;
     struct ftruncate_arg fa;
 
-    fa.pos = NUM2POS(len);
+    fa.pos = NUM2OFFT(len);
     GetOpenFile(obj, fptr);
     if (!(fptr->mode & FMODE_WRITABLE)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eIOError, "not opened for writing");
@@ -5215,7 +5183,6 @@ rb_file_truncate(VALUE obj, VALUE len)
         rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
     }
     return INT2FIX(0);
-#undef NUM2POS
 }
 #else
 #define rb_file_truncate rb_f_notimplement
@@ -5375,8 +5342,7 @@ test_check(int n, int argc, VALUE *argv)
  *    "d"  | boolean | True if file1 exists and is a directory
  *    "e"  | boolean | True if file1 exists
  *    "f"  | boolean | True if file1 exists and is a regular file
- *    "g"  | boolean | True if file1 has the \CF{setgid} bit
- *         |         | set (false under NT)
+ *    "g"  | boolean | True if file1 has the setgid bit set
  *    "G"  | boolean | True if file1 exists and has a group
  *         |         | ownership equal to the caller's group
  *    "k"  | boolean | True if file1 exists and has the sticky bit set
@@ -5599,6 +5565,7 @@ rb_stat_init(VALUE obj, VALUE fname)
     if (STAT(StringValueCStr(fname), &st) == -1) {
         rb_sys_fail_path(fname);
     }
+
     if (DATA_PTR(obj)) {
         xfree(DATA_PTR(obj));
         DATA_PTR(obj) = NULL;
@@ -5807,7 +5774,7 @@ rb_stat_rowned(VALUE obj)
  *     stat.grpowned?   -> true or false
  *
  *  Returns true if the effective group id of the process is the same as
- *  the group id of <i>stat</i>. On Windows NT, returns <code>false</code>.
+ *  the group id of <i>stat</i>. On Windows, returns <code>false</code>.
  *
  *     File.stat("testfile").grpowned?      #=> true
  *     File.stat("/etc/passwd").grpowned?   #=> false
@@ -6129,7 +6096,7 @@ rb_stat_z(VALUE obj)
 static VALUE
 rb_stat_s(VALUE obj)
 {
-    off_t size = get_stat(obj)->st_size;
+    rb_off_t size = get_stat(obj)->st_size;
 
     if (size == 0) return Qnil;
     return OFFT2NUM(size);
@@ -6540,12 +6507,10 @@ rb_find_file(VALUE path)
     return copy_path_class(tmp, path);
 }
 
-static void
-define_filetest_function(const char *name, VALUE (*func)(ANYARGS), int argc)
-{
-    rb_define_module_function(rb_mFileTest, name, func, argc);
-    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, name, func, argc);
-}
+#define define_filetest_function(name, func, argc) do {        \
+    rb_define_module_function(rb_mFileTest, name, func, argc); \
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cFile, name, func, argc);    \
+} while(false)
 
 const char ruby_null_device[] =
 #if defined DOSISH
@@ -6565,6 +6530,602 @@ const char ruby_null_device[] =
  *  \Class \File extends module FileTest, supporting such singleton methods
  *  as <tt>File.exist?</tt>.
  *
+ *  === About the Examples
+ *
+ *  Many examples here use these variables:
+ *
+ *    :include: doc/examples/files.rdoc
+ *
+ *  == Access Modes
+ *
+ *  \Methods File.new and File.open each create a \File object for a given file path.
+ *
+ *  === \String Access Modes
+ *
+ *  \Methods File.new and File.open each may take string argument +mode+, which:
+ *
+ *  - Begins with a 1- or 2-character
+ *    {read/write mode}[rdoc-ref:File@Read-2FWrite+Mode].
+ *  - May also contain a 1-character {data mode}[rdoc-ref:File@Data+Mode].
+ *  - May also contain a 1-character
+ *    {file-create mode}[rdoc-ref:File@File-Create+Mode].
+ *
+ *  ==== Read/Write Mode
+ *
+ *  The read/write +mode+ determines:
+ *
+ *  - Whether the file is to be initially truncated.
+ *
+ *  - Whether reading is allowed, and if so:
+ *
+ *    - The initial read position in the file.
+ *    - Where in the file reading can occur.
+ *
+ *  - Whether writing is allowed, and if so:
+ *
+ *    - The initial write position in the file.
+ *    - Where in the file writing can occur.
+ *
+ *  These tables summarize:
+ *
+ *    Read/Write Modes for Existing File
+ *
+ *    |------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|-----------|
+ *    | R/W  | Initial   |          | Initial  |          | Initial   |
+ *    | Mode | Truncate? |  Read    | Read Pos |  Write   | Write Pos |
+ *    |------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|-----------|
+ *    | 'r'  |    No     | Anywhere |    0     |   Error  |     -     |
+ *    | 'w'  |    Yes    |   Error  |    -     | Anywhere |     0     |
+ *    | 'a'  |    No     |   Error  |    -     | End only |    End    |
+ *    | 'r+' |    No     | Anywhere |    0     | Anywhere |     0     |
+ *    | 'w+' |    Yes    | Anywhere |    0     | Anywhere |     0     |
+ *    | 'a+' |    No     | Anywhere |   End    | End only |    End    |
+ *    |------|-----------|----------|----------|----------|-----------|
+ *
+ *    Read/Write Modes for \File To Be Created
+ *
+ *    |------|----------|----------|----------|-----------|
+ *    | R/W  |          | Initial  |          | Initial   |
+ *    | Mode |  Read    | Read Pos |  Write   | Write Pos |
+ *    |------|----------|----------|----------|-----------|
+ *    | 'w'  |   Error  |    -     | Anywhere |     0     |
+ *    | 'a'  |   Error  |    -     | End only |     0     |
+ *    | 'w+' | Anywhere |    0     | Anywhere |     0     |
+ *    | 'a+' | Anywhere |    0     | End only |    End    |
+ *    |------|----------|----------|----------|-----------|
+ *
+ *  Note that modes <tt>'r'</tt> and <tt>'r+'</tt> are not allowed
+ *  for a non-existent file (exception raised).
+ *
+ *  In the tables:
+ *
+ *  - +Anywhere+ means that methods IO#rewind, IO#pos=, and IO#seek
+ *    may be used to change the file's position,
+ *    so that allowed reading or writing may occur anywhere in the file.
+ *  - <tt>End only</tt> means that writing can occur only at end-of-file,
+ *    and that methods IO#rewind, IO#pos=, and IO#seek do not affect writing.
+ *  - +Error+ means that an exception is raised if disallowed reading or writing
+ *    is attempted.
+ *
+ *  ===== Read/Write Modes for Existing \File
+ *
+ *  - <tt>'r'</tt>:
+ *
+ *    - File is not initially truncated:
+ *
+ *        f = File.new('t.txt') # => #<File:t.txt>
+ *        f.size == 0           # => false
+ *
+ *    - File's initial read position is 0:
+ *
+ *        f.pos # => 0
+ *
+ *    - File may be read anywhere; see IO#rewind, IO#pos=, IO#seek:
+ *
+ *        f.readline # => "First line\n"
+ *        f.readline # => "Second line\n"
+ *
+ *        f.rewind
+ *        f.readline # => "First line\n"
+ *
+ *        f.pos = 1
+ *        f.readline # => "irst line\n"
+ *
+ *        f.seek(1, :CUR)
+ *        f.readline # => "econd line\n"
+ *
+ *    - Writing is not allowed:
+ *
+ *        f.write('foo') # Raises IOError.
+ *
+ *  - <tt>'w'</tt>:
+ *
+ *    - File is initially truncated:
+ *
+ *        path = 't.tmp'
+ *        File.write(path, text)
+ *        f = File.new(path, 'w')
+ *        f.size == 0 # => true
+ *
+ *    - File's initial write position is 0:
+ *
+ *        f.pos # => 0
+ *
+ *    - File may be written anywhere (even past end-of-file);
+ *      see IO#rewind, IO#pos=, IO#seek:
+ *
+ *        f.write('foo')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "foo"
+ *        f.pos # => 3
+ *
+ *        f.write('bar')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "foobar"
+ *        f.pos # => 6
+ *
+ *        f.rewind
+ *        f.write('baz')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "bazbar"
+ *        f.pos # => 3
+ *
+ *        f.pos = 3
+ *        f.write('foo')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "bazfoo"
+ *        f.pos # => 6
+ *
+ *        f.seek(-3, :END)
+ *        f.write('bam')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "bazbam"
+ *        f.pos # => 6
+ *
+ *        f.pos = 8
+ *        f.write('bah')  # Zero padding as needed.
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "bazbam\u0000\u0000bah"
+ *        f.pos # => 11
+ *
+ *    - Reading is not allowed:
+ *
+ *        f.read # Raises IOError.
+ *
+ *  - <tt>'a'</tt>:
+ *
+ *    - File is not initially truncated:
+ *
+ *        path = 't.tmp'
+ *        File.write(path, 'foo')
+ *        f = File.new(path, 'a')
+ *        f.size == 0 # => false
+ *
+ *    - File's initial position is 0 (but is ignored):
+ *
+ *        f.pos # => 0
+ *
+ *    - File may be written only at end-of-file;
+ *      IO#rewind, IO#pos=, IO#seek do not affect writing:
+ *
+ *        f.write('bar')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "foobar"
+ *        f.write('baz')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "foobarbaz"
+ *
+ *        f.rewind
+ *        f.write('bat')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "foobarbazbat"
+ *
+ *    - Reading is not allowed:
+ *
+ *        f.read # Raises IOError.
+ *
+ *  - <tt>'r+'</tt>:
+ *
+ *    - File is not initially truncated:
+ *
+ *        path = 't.tmp'
+ *        File.write(path, text)
+ *        f = File.new(path, 'r+')
+ *        f.size == 0 # => false
+ *
+ *    - File's initial read position is 0:
+ *
+ *        f.pos # => 0
+ *
+ *    - File may be read or written anywhere (even past end-of-file);
+ *      see IO#rewind, IO#pos=, IO#seek:
+ *
+ *        f.readline # => "First line\n"
+ *        f.readline # => "Second line\n"
+ *
+ *        f.rewind
+ *        f.readline # => "First line\n"
+ *
+ *        f.pos = 1
+ *        f.readline # => "irst line\n"
+ *
+ *        f.seek(1, :CUR)
+ *        f.readline # => "econd line\n"
+ *
+ *        f.rewind
+ *        f.write('WWW')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path)
+ *        # => "WWWst line\nSecond line\nFourth line\nFifth line\n"
+ *
+ *        f.pos = 10
+ *        f.write('XXX')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path)
+ *        # => "WWWst lineXXXecond line\nFourth line\nFifth line\n"
+ *
+ *        f.seek(-6, :END)
+ *        # => 0
+ *        f.write('YYY')
+ *        # => 3
+ *        f.flush
+ *        # => #<File:t.tmp>
+ *        File.read(path)
+ *        # => "WWWst lineXXXecond line\nFourth line\nFifth YYYe\n"
+ *
+ *        f.seek(2, :END)
+ *        f.write('ZZZ') # Zero padding as needed.
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path)
+ *        # => "WWWst lineXXXecond line\nFourth line\nFifth YYYe\n\u0000\u0000ZZZ"
+ *
+ *
+ *  - <tt>'a+'</tt>:
+ *
+ *    - File is not initially truncated:
+ *
+ *        path = 't.tmp'
+ *        File.write(path, 'foo')
+ *        f = File.new(path, 'a+')
+ *        f.size == 0 # => false
+ *
+ *    - File's initial read position is 0:
+ *
+ *        f.pos # => 0
+ *
+ *    - File may be written only at end-of-file;
+ *      IO#rewind, IO#pos=, IO#seek do not affect writing:
+ *
+ *        f.write('bar')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path)      # => "foobar"
+ *        f.write('baz')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path)      # => "foobarbaz"
+ *
+ *        f.rewind
+ *        f.write('bat')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "foobarbazbat"
+ *
+ *    - File may be read anywhere; see IO#rewind, IO#pos=, IO#seek:
+ *
+ *        f.rewind
+ *        f.read # => "foobarbazbat"
+ *
+ *        f.pos = 3
+ *        f.read # => "barbazbat"
+ *
+ *        f.seek(-3, :END)
+ *        f.read # => "bat"
+ *
+ *  ===== Read/Write Modes for \File To Be Created
+ *
+ *  Note that modes <tt>'r'</tt> and <tt>'r+'</tt> are not allowed
+ *  for a non-existent file (exception raised).
+ *
+ *  - <tt>'w'</tt>:
+ *
+ *    - File's initial write position is 0:
+ *
+ *        path = 't.tmp'
+ *        FileUtils.rm_f(path)
+ *        f = File.new(path, 'w')
+ *        f.pos # => 0
+ *
+ *    - File may be written anywhere (even past end-of-file);
+ *      see IO#rewind, IO#pos=, IO#seek:
+ *
+ *        f.write('foo')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "foo"
+ *        f.pos # => 3
+ *
+ *        f.write('bar')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "foobar"
+ *        f.pos # => 6
+ *
+ *        f.rewind
+ *        f.write('baz')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "bazbar"
+ *        f.pos # => 3
+ *
+ *        f.pos = 3
+ *        f.write('foo')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "bazfoo"
+ *        f.pos # => 6
+ *
+ *        f.seek(-3, :END)
+ *        f.write('bam')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "bazbam"
+ *        f.pos # => 6
+ *
+ *        f.pos = 8
+ *        f.write('bah')  # Zero padding as needed.
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "bazbam\u0000\u0000bah"
+ *        f.pos # => 11
+ *
+ *    - Reading is not allowed:
+ *
+ *        f.read # Raises IOError.
+ *
+ *  - <tt>'a'</tt>:
+ *
+ *    - File's initial write position is 0:
+ *
+ *        path = 't.tmp'
+ *        FileUtils.rm_f(path)
+ *        f = File.new(path, 'a')
+ *        f.pos # => 0
+ *
+ *    - Writing occurs only at end-of-file:
+ *
+ *        f.write('foo')
+ *        f.pos # => 3
+ *        f.write('bar')
+ *        f.pos # => 6
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "foobar"
+ *
+ *        f.rewind
+ *        f.write('baz')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "foobarbaz"
+ *
+ *    - Reading is not allowed:
+ *
+ *        f.read # Raises IOError.
+ *
+ *  - <tt>'w+'</tt>:
+ *
+ *    - File's initial position is 0:
+ *
+ *        path = 't.tmp'
+ *        FileUtils.rm_f(path)
+ *        f = File.new(path, 'w+')
+ *        f.pos # => 0
+ *
+ *    - File may be written anywhere (even past end-of-file);
+ *      see IO#rewind, IO#pos=, IO#seek:
+ *
+ *        f.write('foo')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "foo"
+ *        f.pos # => 3
+ *
+ *        f.write('bar')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "foobar"
+ *        f.pos # => 6
+ *
+ *        f.rewind
+ *        f.write('baz')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "bazbar"
+ *        f.pos # => 3
+ *
+ *        f.pos = 3
+ *        f.write('foo')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "bazfoo"
+ *        f.pos # => 6
+ *
+ *        f.seek(-3, :END)
+ *        f.write('bam')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "bazbam"
+ *        f.pos # => 6
+ *
+ *        f.pos = 8
+ *        f.write('bah')  # Zero padding as needed.
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "bazbam\u0000\u0000bah"
+ *        f.pos # => 11
+ *
+ *    - File may be read anywhere (even past end-of-file);
+ *      see IO#rewind, IO#pos=, IO#seek:
+ *
+ *        f.rewind
+ *        # => 0
+ *        f.read
+ *        # => "bazbam\u0000\u0000bah"
+ *
+ *        f.pos = 3
+ *        # => 3
+ *        f.read
+ *        # => "bam\u0000\u0000bah"
+ *
+ *        f.seek(-3, :END)
+ *        # => 0
+ *        f.read
+ *        # => "bah"
+ *
+ *  - <tt>'a+'</tt>:
+ *
+ *    - File's initial write position is 0:
+ *
+ *        path = 't.tmp'
+ *        FileUtils.rm_f(path)
+ *        f = File.new(path, 'a+')
+ *        f.pos # => 0
+ *
+ *    - Writing occurs only at end-of-file:
+ *
+ *        f.write('foo')
+ *        f.pos # => 3
+ *        f.write('bar')
+ *        f.pos # => 6
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "foobar"
+ *
+ *        f.rewind
+ *        f.write('baz')
+ *        f.flush
+ *        File.read(path) # => "foobarbaz"
+ *
+ *    - File may be read anywhere (even past end-of-file);
+ *      see IO#rewind, IO#pos=, IO#seek:
+ *
+ *        f.rewind
+ *        f.read # => "foobarbaz"
+ *
+ *        f.pos = 3
+ *        f.read # => "barbaz"
+ *
+ *        f.seek(-3, :END)
+ *        f.read # => "baz"
+ *
+ *        f.pos = 800
+ *        f.read # => ""
+ *
+ *  ==== \Data Mode
+ *
+ *  To specify whether data is to be treated as text or as binary data,
+ *  either of the following may be suffixed to any of the string read/write modes
+ *  above:
+ *
+ *  - <tt>'t'</tt>: Text data; sets the default external encoding
+ *    to <tt>Encoding::UTF_8</tt>;
+ *    on Windows, enables conversion between EOL and CRLF
+ *    and enables interpreting <tt>0x1A</tt> as an end-of-file marker.
+ *  - <tt>'b'</tt>: Binary data; sets the default external encoding
+ *    to <tt>Encoding::ASCII_8BIT</tt>;
+ *    on Windows, suppresses conversion between EOL and CRLF
+ *    and disables interpreting <tt>0x1A</tt> as an end-of-file marker.
+ *
+ *  If neither is given, the stream defaults to text data.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *
+ *    File.new('t.txt', 'rt')
+ *    File.new('t.dat', 'rb')
+ *
+ *  When the data mode is specified, the read/write mode may not be omitted,
+ *  and the data mode must precede the file-create mode, if given:
+ *
+ *    File.new('t.dat', 'b')   # Raises an exception.
+ *    File.new('t.dat', 'rxb') # Raises an exception.
+ *
+ *  ==== \File-Create Mode
+ *
+ *  The following may be suffixed to any writable string mode above:
+ *
+ *  - <tt>'x'</tt>: Creates the file if it does not exist;
+ *    raises an exception if the file exists.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *
+ *    File.new('t.tmp', 'wx')
+ *
+ *  When the file-create mode is specified, the read/write mode may not be omitted,
+ *  and the file-create mode must follow the data mode:
+ *
+ *    File.new('t.dat', 'x')   # Raises an exception.
+ *    File.new('t.dat', 'rxb') # Raises an exception.
+ *
+ *  === \Integer Access Modes
+ *
+ *  When mode is an integer it must be one or more of the following constants,
+ *  which may be combined by the bitwise OR operator <tt>|</tt>:
+ *
+ *  - +File::RDONLY+: Open for reading only.
+ *  - +File::WRONLY+: Open for writing only.
+ *  - +File::RDWR+: Open for reading and writing.
+ *  - +File::APPEND+: Open for appending only.
+ *
+ *  Examples:
+ *
+ *    File.new('t.txt', File::RDONLY)
+ *    File.new('t.tmp', File::RDWR | File::CREAT | File::EXCL)
+ *
+ *  Note: Method IO#set_encoding does not allow the mode to be specified as an integer.
+ *
+ *  === File-Create Mode Specified as an \Integer
+ *
+ *  These constants may also be ORed into the integer mode:
+ *
+ *  - +File::CREAT+: Create file if it does not exist.
+ *  - +File::EXCL+: Raise an exception if +File::CREAT+ is given and the file exists.
+ *
+ *  === \Data Mode Specified as an \Integer
+ *
+ *  \Data mode cannot be specified as an integer.
+ *  When the stream access mode is given as an integer,
+ *  the data mode is always text, never binary.
+ *
+ *  Note that although there is a constant +File::BINARY+,
+ *  setting its value in an integer stream mode has no effect;
+ *  this is because, as documented in File::Constants,
+ *  the +File::BINARY+ value disables line code conversion,
+ *  but does not change the external encoding.
+ *
+ *  === Encodings
+ *
+ *  Any of the string modes above may specify encodings -
+ *  either external encoding only or both external and internal encodings -
+ *  by appending one or both encoding names, separated by colons:
+ *
+ *    f = File.new('t.dat', 'rb')
+ *    f.external_encoding # => #<Encoding:ASCII-8BIT>
+ *    f.internal_encoding # => nil
+ *    f = File.new('t.dat', 'rb:UTF-16')
+ *    f.external_encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-16 (dummy)>
+ *    f.internal_encoding # => nil
+ *    f = File.new('t.dat', 'rb:UTF-16:UTF-16')
+ *    f.external_encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-16 (dummy)>
+ *    f.internal_encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-16>
+ *    f.close
+ *
+ *  The numerous encoding names are available in array Encoding.name_list:
+ *
+ *    Encoding.name_list.take(3) # => ["ASCII-8BIT", "UTF-8", "US-ASCII"]
+ *
+ *  When the external encoding is set, strings read are tagged by that encoding
+ *  when reading, and strings written are converted to that encoding when
+ *  writing.
+ *
+ *  When both external and internal encodings are set,
+ *  strings read are converted from external to internal encoding,
+ *  and strings written are converted from internal to external encoding.
+ *  For further details about transcoding input and output,
+ *  see {Encodings}[rdoc-ref:encodings.rdoc@Encodings].
+ *
+ *  If the external encoding is <tt>'BOM|UTF-8'</tt>, <tt>'BOM|UTF-16LE'</tt>
+ *  or <tt>'BOM|UTF16-BE'</tt>,
+ *  Ruby checks for a Unicode BOM in the input document
+ *  to help determine the encoding.
+ *  For UTF-16 encodings the file open mode must be binary.
+ *  If the BOM is found,
+ *  it is stripped and the external encoding from the BOM is used.
+ *
+ *  Note that the BOM-style encoding option is case insensitive,
+ *  so <tt>'bom|utf-8'</tt> is also valid.
+ *
  *  == \File Permissions
  *
  *  A \File object has _permissions_, an octal integer representing
@@ -6616,40 +7177,12 @@ const char ruby_null_device[] =
  *    f.chmod(0644)
  *    f.chmod(0444)
  *
- *  == \File Constants
+ *  == \File \Constants
  *
  *  Various constants for use in \File and \IO methods
  *  may be found in module File::Constants;
  *  an array of their names is returned by <tt>File::Constants.constants</tt>.
  *
- *  == Example Files
- *
- *  Many examples here use these filenames and their corresponding files:
- *
- *  - <tt>t.txt</tt>: A text-only file that is assumed to exist via:
- *
- *      text = <<~EOT
- *        First line
- *        Second line
- *
- *        Fourth line
- *        Fifth line
- *      EOT
- *      File.write('t.txt', text)
- *
- *  - <tt>t.dat</tt>: A data file that is assumed to exist via:
- *
- *      data = "\u9990\u9991\u9992\u9993\u9994"
- *      f = File.open('t.dat', 'wb:UTF-16')
- *      f.write(data)
- *      f.close
- *
- *  - <tt>t.rus</tt>: A Russian-language text file that is assumed to exist via:
- *
- *      File.write('t.rus', "\u{442 435 441 442}")
- *
- *  - <tt>t.tmp</tt>: A file that is assumed _not_ to exist.
- *
  *  == What's Here
  *
  *  First, what's elsewhere. \Class \File:
@@ -6716,7 +7249,7 @@ const char ruby_null_device[] =
  *
  *  - ::blockdev?: Returns whether the file at the given path is a block device.
  *  - ::chardev?: Returns whether the file at the given path is a character device.
- *  - ::directory?: Returns whether the file at the given path is a diretory.
+ *  - ::directory?: Returns whether the file at the given path is a directory.
  *  - ::executable?: Returns whether the file at the given path is executable
  *    by the effective user and group of the current process.
  *  - ::executable_real?: Returns whether the file at the given path is executable
@@ -6787,6 +7320,10 @@ const char ruby_null_device[] =
 void
 Init_File(void)
 {
+#if defined(__APPLE__) && defined(HAVE_WORKING_FORK)
+    rb_CFString_class_initialize_before_fork();
+#endif
+
     VALUE separator;
 
     rb_mFileTest = rb_define_module("FileTest");
@@ -6983,8 +7520,6 @@ Init_File(void)
     /* Name of the null device */
     rb_define_const(rb_mFConst, "NULL", rb_fstring_cstr(ruby_null_device));
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFile, "path",  rb_file_path, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cFile, "to_path",  rb_file_path, 0);
     rb_define_global_function("test", rb_f_test, -1);
 
     rb_cStat = rb_define_class_under(rb_cFile, "Stat", rb_cObject);
diff --git a/gc.c b/gc.c
index ecb4aa7e20..919d57989a 100644
--- a/gc.c
+++ b/gc.c
@@ -138,6 +138,7 @@
 #include "ractor_core.h"
 
 #include "builtin.h"
+#include "shape.h"
 
 #define rb_setjmp(env) RUBY_SETJMP(env)
 #define rb_jmp_buf rb_jmpbuf_t
@@ -573,6 +574,7 @@ struct RMoved {
     VALUE flags;
     VALUE dummy;
     VALUE destination;
+    shape_id_t original_shape_id;
 };
 
 #define RMOVED(obj) ((struct RMoved *)(obj))
@@ -620,17 +622,29 @@ typedef struct RVALUE {
             VALUE v3;
         } values;
     } as;
+
+    /* Start of RVALUE_OVERHEAD.
+     * Do not directly read these members from the RVALUE as they're located
+     * at the end of the slot (which may differ in size depending on the size
+     * pool). */
+#if RACTOR_CHECK_MODE
+    uint32_t _ractor_belonging_id;
+#endif
 #if GC_DEBUG
     const char *file;
     int line;
 #endif
 } RVALUE;
 
-#if GC_DEBUG
-STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_rvalue, offsetof(RVALUE, file) == SIZEOF_VALUE * 5);
+#if RACTOR_CHECK_MODE
+# define RVALUE_OVERHEAD (sizeof(RVALUE) - offsetof(RVALUE, _ractor_belonging_id))
+#elif GC_DEBUG
+# define RVALUE_OVERHEAD (sizeof(RVALUE) - offsetof(RVALUE, file))
 #else
-STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_rvalue, sizeof(RVALUE) == SIZEOF_VALUE * 5);
+# define RVALUE_OVERHEAD 0
 #endif
+
+STATIC_ASSERT(sizeof_rvalue, sizeof(RVALUE) == (SIZEOF_VALUE * 5) + RVALUE_OVERHEAD);
 STATIC_ASSERT(alignof_rvalue, RUBY_ALIGNOF(RVALUE) == SIZEOF_VALUE);
 
 typedef uintptr_t bits_t;
@@ -870,7 +884,7 @@ typedef struct rb_objspace {
 
 #define BASE_SLOT_SIZE sizeof(RVALUE)
 
-#define CEILDIV(i, mod) (((i) + (mod) - 1)/(mod))
+#define CEILDIV(i, mod) roomof(i, mod)
 enum {
     HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN = (1UL << HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN_LOG),
     HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN_MASK = (~(~0UL << HEAP_PAGE_ALIGN_LOG)),
@@ -932,7 +946,6 @@ struct heap_page {
     short slot_size;
     short total_slots;
     short free_slots;
-    short pinned_slots;
     short final_slots;
     struct {
         unsigned int before_sweep : 1;
@@ -1359,6 +1372,27 @@ tick(void)
     return val;
 }
 
+/* Implementation for macOS PPC by @nobu
+ * See: https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5975#discussion_r890045558
+ */
+#elif defined(__POWERPC__) && defined(__APPLE__)
+typedef unsigned long long tick_t;
+#define PRItick "llu"
+
+static __inline__ tick_t
+tick(void)
+{
+    unsigned long int upper, lower, tmp;
+    # define mftbu(r) __asm__ volatile("mftbu   %0" : "=r"(r))
+    # define mftb(r)  __asm__ volatile("mftb    %0" : "=r"(r))
+        do {
+            mftbu(upper);
+            mftb(lower);
+            mftbu(tmp);
+        } while (tmp != upper);
+    return ((tick_t)upper << 32) | lower;
+}
+
 #elif defined(__aarch64__) &&  defined(__GNUC__)
 typedef unsigned long tick_t;
 #define PRItick "lu"
@@ -2440,6 +2474,7 @@ rb_objspace_set_event_hook(const rb_event_flag_t event)
 static void
 gc_event_hook_body(rb_execution_context_t *ec, rb_objspace_t *objspace, const rb_event_flag_t event, VALUE data)
 {
+    if (UNLIKELY(!ec->cfp)) return;
     const VALUE *pc = ec->cfp->pc;
     if (pc && VM_FRAME_RUBYFRAME_P(ec->cfp)) {
         /* increment PC because source line is calculated with PC-1 */
@@ -2554,7 +2589,7 @@ newobj_init(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, int wb_protected, rb_objspace_t *objspace,
 size_t
 rb_gc_obj_slot_size(VALUE obj)
 {
-    return GET_HEAP_PAGE(obj)->slot_size;
+    return GET_HEAP_PAGE(obj)->slot_size - RVALUE_OVERHEAD;
 }
 
 static inline size_t
@@ -2569,9 +2604,17 @@ size_pool_slot_size(unsigned char pool_id)
     GC_ASSERT(size_pools[pool_id].slot_size == (short)slot_size);
 #endif
 
+    slot_size -= RVALUE_OVERHEAD;
+
     return slot_size;
 }
 
+size_t
+rb_size_pool_slot_size(unsigned char pool_id)
+{
+    return size_pool_slot_size(pool_id);
+}
+
 bool
 rb_gc_size_allocatable_p(size_t size)
 {
@@ -2677,6 +2720,8 @@ static inline size_t
 size_pool_idx_for_size(size_t size)
 {
 #if USE_RVARGC
+    size += RVALUE_OVERHEAD;
+
     size_t slot_count = CEILDIV(size, BASE_SLOT_SIZE);
 
     /* size_pool_idx is ceil(log2(slot_count)) */
@@ -2751,6 +2796,12 @@ newobj_alloc(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_ractor_t *cr, size_t size_pool_idx, boo
     return obj;
 }
 
+static void
+newobj_zero_slot(VALUE obj)
+{
+    memset((char *)obj + sizeof(struct RBasic), 0, rb_gc_obj_slot_size(obj) - sizeof(struct RBasic));
+}
+
 ALWAYS_INLINE(static VALUE newobj_slowpath(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_ractor_t *cr, int wb_protected, size_t size_pool_idx));
 
 static inline VALUE
@@ -2776,9 +2827,12 @@ newobj_slowpath(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_ractor_t *
         }
 
         obj = newobj_alloc(objspace, cr, size_pool_idx, true);
+#if SHAPE_IN_BASIC_FLAGS
+        flags |= (VALUE)(size_pool_idx) << SHAPE_FLAG_SHIFT;
+#endif
         newobj_init(klass, flags, wb_protected, objspace, obj);
 
-        gc_event_hook_prep(objspace, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_NEWOBJ, obj, newobj_fill(obj, 0, 0, 0));
+        gc_event_hook_prep(objspace, RUBY_INTERNAL_EVENT_NEWOBJ, obj, newobj_zero_slot(obj));
     }
     RB_VM_LOCK_LEAVE_CR_LEV(cr, &lev);
 
@@ -2827,6 +2881,9 @@ newobj_of0(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, int wb_protected, rb_ractor_t *cr, size_t a
                   gc_event_hook_available_p(objspace)) &&
             wb_protected) {
         obj = newobj_alloc(objspace, cr, size_pool_idx, false);
+#if SHAPE_IN_BASIC_FLAGS
+        flags |= (VALUE)size_pool_idx << SHAPE_FLAG_SHIFT;
+#endif
         newobj_init(klass, flags, wb_protected, objspace, obj);
     }
     else {
@@ -2880,7 +2937,7 @@ rb_ec_wb_protected_newobj_of(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE klass, VALUE flag
 VALUE
 rb_newobj(void)
 {
-    return newobj_of(0, T_NONE, 0, 0, 0, FALSE, sizeof(RVALUE));
+    return newobj_of(0, T_NONE, 0, 0, 0, FALSE, RVALUE_SIZE);
 }
 
 static size_t
@@ -2895,44 +2952,33 @@ rb_class_instance_allocate_internal(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, bool wb_protected)
     GC_ASSERT((flags & RUBY_T_MASK) == T_OBJECT);
     GC_ASSERT(flags & ROBJECT_EMBED);
 
-    st_table *index_tbl = RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(klass);
-    uint32_t index_tbl_num_entries = index_tbl == NULL ? 0 : (uint32_t)index_tbl->num_entries;
-
     size_t size;
-    bool embed = true;
 #if USE_RVARGC
+    uint32_t index_tbl_num_entries = RCLASS_EXT(klass)->max_iv_count;
+
     size = rb_obj_embedded_size(index_tbl_num_entries);
     if (!rb_gc_size_allocatable_p(size)) {
         size = sizeof(struct RObject);
-        embed = false;
     }
 #else
     size = sizeof(struct RObject);
-    if (index_tbl_num_entries > ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX) {
-        embed = false;
-    }
 #endif
 
-#if USE_RVARGC
     VALUE obj = newobj_of(klass, flags, 0, 0, 0, wb_protected, size);
-#else
-    VALUE obj = newobj_of(klass, flags, Qundef, Qundef, Qundef, wb_protected, size);
-#endif
+    RUBY_ASSERT(rb_shape_get_shape(obj)->type == SHAPE_ROOT ||
+            rb_shape_get_shape(obj)->type == SHAPE_INITIAL_CAPACITY);
 
-    if (embed) {
-#if USE_RVARGC
-        uint32_t capa = (uint32_t)((rb_gc_obj_slot_size(obj) - offsetof(struct RObject, as.ary)) / sizeof(VALUE));
-        GC_ASSERT(capa >= index_tbl_num_entries);
+    // Set the shape to the specific T_OBJECT shape which is always
+    // SIZE_POOL_COUNT away from the root shape.
+    ROBJECT_SET_SHAPE_ID(obj, ROBJECT_SHAPE_ID(obj) + SIZE_POOL_COUNT);
 
-        ROBJECT(obj)->numiv = capa;
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < capa; i++) {
-            ROBJECT(obj)->as.ary[i] = Qundef;
-        }
-#endif
-    }
-    else {
-        rb_init_iv_list(obj);
+#if RUBY_DEBUG
+    RUBY_ASSERT(!rb_shape_obj_too_complex(obj));
+    VALUE *ptr = ROBJECT_IVPTR(obj);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < ROBJECT_IV_CAPACITY(obj); i++) {
+        ptr[i] = Qundef;
     }
+#endif
 
     return obj;
 }
@@ -2944,7 +2990,7 @@ rb_newobj_of(VALUE klass, VALUE flags)
         return rb_class_instance_allocate_internal(klass, (flags | ROBJECT_EMBED) & ~FL_WB_PROTECTED, flags & FL_WB_PROTECTED);
     }
     else {
-        return newobj_of(klass, flags & ~FL_WB_PROTECTED, 0, 0, 0, flags & FL_WB_PROTECTED, sizeof(RVALUE));
+        return newobj_of(klass, flags & ~FL_WB_PROTECTED, 0, 0, 0, flags & FL_WB_PROTECTED, RVALUE_SIZE);
     }
 }
 
@@ -2982,7 +3028,7 @@ rb_imemo_name(enum imemo_type type)
 VALUE
 rb_imemo_new(enum imemo_type type, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, VALUE v0)
 {
-    size_t size = sizeof(RVALUE);
+    size_t size = RVALUE_SIZE;
     VALUE flags = T_IMEMO | (type << FL_USHIFT);
     return newobj_of(v0, flags, v1, v2, v3, TRUE, size);
 }
@@ -2990,7 +3036,7 @@ rb_imemo_new(enum imemo_type type, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, VALUE v0)
 static VALUE
 rb_imemo_tmpbuf_new(VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, VALUE v0)
 {
-    size_t size = sizeof(RVALUE);
+    size_t size = sizeof(struct rb_imemo_tmpbuf_struct);
     VALUE flags = T_IMEMO | (imemo_tmpbuf << FL_USHIFT);
     return newobj_of(v0, flags, v1, v2, v3, FALSE, size);
 }
@@ -3051,7 +3097,7 @@ rb_imemo_new_debug(enum imemo_type type, VALUE v1, VALUE v2, VALUE v3, VALUE v0,
 }
 #endif
 
-VALUE
+MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
 rb_class_allocate_instance(VALUE klass)
 {
     return rb_class_instance_allocate_internal(klass, T_OBJECT | ROBJECT_EMBED, RGENGC_WB_PROTECTED_OBJECT);
@@ -3071,7 +3117,7 @@ rb_data_object_wrap(VALUE klass, void *datap, RUBY_DATA_FUNC dmark, RUBY_DATA_FU
 {
     RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(dfree != (RUBY_DATA_FUNC)1);
     if (klass) rb_data_object_check(klass);
-    return newobj_of(klass, T_DATA, (VALUE)dmark, (VALUE)dfree, (VALUE)datap, FALSE, sizeof(RVALUE));
+    return newobj_of(klass, T_DATA, (VALUE)dmark, (VALUE)dfree, (VALUE)datap, FALSE, sizeof(struct RTypedData));
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -3087,7 +3133,7 @@ rb_data_typed_object_wrap(VALUE klass, void *datap, const rb_data_type_t *type)
 {
     RBIMPL_NONNULL_ARG(type);
     if (klass) rb_data_object_check(klass);
-    return newobj_of(klass, T_DATA, (VALUE)type, (VALUE)1, (VALUE)datap, type->flags & RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED, sizeof(RVALUE));
+    return newobj_of(klass, T_DATA, (VALUE)type, (VALUE)1, (VALUE)datap, type->flags & RUBY_FL_WB_PROTECTED, sizeof(struct RTypedData));
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -3206,20 +3252,6 @@ rb_free_const_table(struct rb_id_table *tbl)
     rb_id_table_free(tbl);
 }
 
-static int
-free_iv_index_tbl_free_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t data)
-{
-    xfree((void *)value);
-    return ST_CONTINUE;
-}
-
-static void
-iv_index_tbl_free(struct st_table *tbl)
-{
-    st_foreach(tbl, free_iv_index_tbl_free_i, 0);
-    st_free_table(tbl);
-}
-
 // alive: if false, target pointers can be freed already.
 //        To check it, we need objspace parameter.
 static void
@@ -3428,7 +3460,11 @@ obj_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
       case T_OBJECT:
-        if (RANY(obj)->as.basic.flags & ROBJECT_EMBED) {
+        if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex(obj)) {
+            RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_obj_too_complex);
+            st_free_table(ROBJECT_IV_HASH(obj));
+        }
+        else if (RANY(obj)->as.basic.flags & ROBJECT_EMBED) {
             RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_obj_embed);
         }
         else if (ROBJ_TRANSIENT_P(obj)) {
@@ -3443,15 +3479,12 @@ obj_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
       case T_CLASS:
         rb_id_table_free(RCLASS_M_TBL(obj));
         cc_table_free(objspace, obj, FALSE);
-        if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(obj)) {
-            st_free_table(RCLASS_IV_TBL(obj));
+        if (RCLASS_IVPTR(obj)) {
+            xfree(RCLASS_IVPTR(obj));
         }
         if (RCLASS_CONST_TBL(obj)) {
             rb_free_const_table(RCLASS_CONST_TBL(obj));
         }
-        if (RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(obj)) {
-            iv_index_tbl_free(RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(obj));
-        }
         if (RCLASS_CVC_TBL(obj)) {
             rb_id_table_foreach_values(RCLASS_CVC_TBL(obj), cvar_table_free_i, NULL);
             rb_id_table_free(RCLASS_CVC_TBL(obj));
@@ -3462,11 +3495,8 @@ obj_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
         if (FL_TEST_RAW(obj, RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES_INCLUDE_SELF)) {
             xfree(RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES(obj));
         }
-#if SIZEOF_SERIAL_T != SIZEOF_VALUE && USE_RVARGC
-        xfree(RCLASS(obj)->class_serial_ptr);
-#endif
 
-#if !USE_RVARGC
+#if SIZE_POOL_COUNT == 1
         if (RCLASS_EXT(obj))
             xfree(RCLASS_EXT(obj));
 #endif
@@ -3632,7 +3662,7 @@ obj_free(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
         cc_table_free(objspace, obj, FALSE);
         rb_class_remove_from_module_subclasses(obj);
         rb_class_remove_from_super_subclasses(obj);
-#if !USE_RVARGC
+#if !RCLASS_EXT_EMBEDDED
         xfree(RCLASS_EXT(obj));
 #endif
 
@@ -4311,7 +4341,7 @@ run_single_final(VALUE cmd, VALUE objid)
 static void
 warn_exception_in_finalizer(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE final)
 {
-    if (final != Qundef && !NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) {
+    if (!UNDEF_P(final) && !NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) {
         VALUE errinfo = ec->errinfo;
         rb_warn("Exception in finalizer %+"PRIsVALUE, final);
         rb_ec_error_print(ec, errinfo);
@@ -4328,16 +4358,20 @@ run_finalizer(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj, VALUE table)
         VALUE objid;
         VALUE final;
         rb_control_frame_t *cfp;
+        VALUE *sp;
         long finished;
     } saved;
+
     rb_execution_context_t * volatile ec = GET_EC();
 #define RESTORE_FINALIZER() (\
         ec->cfp = saved.cfp, \
+        ec->cfp->sp = saved.sp, \
         ec->errinfo = saved.errinfo)
 
     saved.errinfo = ec->errinfo;
     saved.objid = rb_obj_id(obj);
     saved.cfp = ec->cfp;
+    saved.sp = ec->cfp->sp;
     saved.finished = 0;
     saved.final = Qundef;
 
@@ -4677,7 +4711,7 @@ id2ref(VALUE objid)
         }
     }
 
-    if ((orig = id2ref_obj_tbl(objspace, objid)) != Qundef &&
+    if (!UNDEF_P(orig = id2ref_obj_tbl(objspace, objid)) &&
         is_live_object(objspace, orig)) {
 
         if (!rb_multi_ractor_p() || rb_ractor_shareable_p(orig)) {
@@ -4696,6 +4730,7 @@ id2ref(VALUE objid)
     }
 }
 
+/* :nodoc: */
 static VALUE
 os_id2ref(VALUE os, VALUE objid)
 {
@@ -4857,8 +4892,11 @@ obj_memsize_of(VALUE obj, int use_all_types)
 
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(obj)) {
       case T_OBJECT:
-        if (!(RBASIC(obj)->flags & ROBJECT_EMBED)) {
-            size += ROBJECT_NUMIV(obj) * sizeof(VALUE);
+        if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex(obj)) {
+            size += rb_st_memsize(ROBJECT_IV_HASH(obj));
+        }
+        else if (!(RBASIC(obj)->flags & ROBJECT_EMBED)) {
+            size += ROBJECT_IV_CAPACITY(obj) * sizeof(VALUE);
         }
         break;
       case T_MODULE:
@@ -4867,19 +4905,11 @@ obj_memsize_of(VALUE obj, int use_all_types)
             if (RCLASS_M_TBL(obj)) {
                 size += rb_id_table_memsize(RCLASS_M_TBL(obj));
             }
-            if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(obj)) {
-                size += st_memsize(RCLASS_IV_TBL(obj));
-            }
+            // class IV sizes are allocated as powers of two
+            size += SIZEOF_VALUE << bit_length(RCLASS_IV_COUNT(obj));
             if (RCLASS_CVC_TBL(obj)) {
                 size += rb_id_table_memsize(RCLASS_CVC_TBL(obj));
             }
-            if (RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(obj)) {
-                // TODO: more correct value
-                size += st_memsize(RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(obj));
-            }
-            if (RCLASS_EXT(obj)->iv_tbl) {
-                size += st_memsize(RCLASS_EXT(obj)->iv_tbl);
-            }
             if (RCLASS_EXT(obj)->const_tbl) {
                 size += rb_id_table_memsize(RCLASS_EXT(obj)->const_tbl);
             }
@@ -4889,7 +4919,7 @@ obj_memsize_of(VALUE obj, int use_all_types)
             if (FL_TEST_RAW(obj, RCLASS_SUPERCLASSES_INCLUDE_SELF)) {
                 size += (RCLASS_SUPERCLASS_DEPTH(obj) + 1) * sizeof(VALUE);
             }
-#if !USE_RVARGC
+#if SIZE_POOL_COUNT == 1
             size += sizeof(rb_classext_t);
 #endif
         }
@@ -4980,7 +5010,7 @@ obj_memsize_of(VALUE obj, int use_all_types)
                BUILTIN_TYPE(obj), (void*)obj);
     }
 
-    return size + GET_HEAP_PAGE(obj)->slot_size;
+    return size + rb_gc_obj_slot_size(obj);
 }
 
 size_t
@@ -5212,6 +5242,8 @@ unlock_page_body(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct heap_page_body *body)
 static bool
 try_move(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, struct heap_page *free_page, VALUE src)
 {
+    GC_ASSERT(gc_is_moveable_obj(objspace, src));
+
     struct heap_page *src_page = GET_HEAP_PAGE(src);
     if (!free_page) {
         return false;
@@ -5220,33 +5252,33 @@ try_move(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, struct heap_page *free_page,
     /* We should return true if either src is successfully moved, or src is
      * unmoveable. A false return will cause the sweeping cursor to be
      * incremented to the next page, and src will attempt to move again */
-    if (gc_is_moveable_obj(objspace, src)) {
-        GC_ASSERT(MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS(src), src));
-
-        VALUE dest = (VALUE)free_page->freelist;
-        asan_unpoison_object(dest, false);
-        if (!dest) {
-            /* if we can't get something from the freelist then the page must be
-             * full */
-            return false;
-        }
-        free_page->freelist = RANY(dest)->as.free.next;
-
-        GC_ASSERT(RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(dest) == T_NONE);
+    GC_ASSERT(MARKED_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARK_BITS(src), src));
+
+    asan_unlock_freelist(free_page);
+    VALUE dest = (VALUE)free_page->freelist;
+    asan_lock_freelist(free_page);
+    asan_unpoison_object(dest, false);
+    if (!dest) {
+        /* if we can't get something from the freelist then the page must be
+         * full */
+        return false;
+    }
+    free_page->freelist = RANY(dest)->as.free.next;
 
-        if (src_page->slot_size > free_page->slot_size) {
-            objspace->rcompactor.moved_down_count_table[BUILTIN_TYPE(src)]++;
-        }
-        else if (free_page->slot_size > src_page->slot_size) {
-            objspace->rcompactor.moved_up_count_table[BUILTIN_TYPE(src)]++;
-        }
-        objspace->rcompactor.moved_count_table[BUILTIN_TYPE(src)]++;
-        objspace->rcompactor.total_moved++;
+    GC_ASSERT(RB_BUILTIN_TYPE(dest) == T_NONE);
 
-        gc_move(objspace, src, dest, src_page->slot_size, free_page->slot_size);
-        gc_pin(objspace, src);
-        free_page->free_slots--;
+    if (src_page->slot_size > free_page->slot_size) {
+        objspace->rcompactor.moved_down_count_table[BUILTIN_TYPE(src)]++;
     }
+    else if (free_page->slot_size > src_page->slot_size) {
+        objspace->rcompactor.moved_up_count_table[BUILTIN_TYPE(src)]++;
+    }
+    objspace->rcompactor.moved_count_table[BUILTIN_TYPE(src)]++;
+    objspace->rcompactor.total_moved++;
+
+    gc_move(objspace, src, dest, src_page->slot_size, free_page->slot_size);
+    gc_pin(objspace, src);
+    free_page->free_slots--;
 
     return true;
 }
@@ -5823,18 +5855,13 @@ gc_sweep_finish_size_pool(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_size_pool_t *size_pool)
     size_t swept_slots = size_pool->freed_slots + size_pool->empty_slots;
 
     size_t min_free_slots = (size_t)(total_slots * gc_params.heap_free_slots_min_ratio);
-    /* Some size pools may have very few pages (or even no pages). These size pools
-     * should still have allocatable pages. */
-    if (min_free_slots < gc_params.heap_init_slots) {
-        min_free_slots = gc_params.heap_init_slots;
-    }
 
     /* If we don't have enough slots and we have pages on the tomb heap, move
      * pages from the tomb heap to the eden heap. This may prevent page
      * creation thrashing (frequently allocating and deallocting pages) and
      * GC thrashing (running GC more frequently than required). */
     struct heap_page *resurrected_page;
-    while (swept_slots < min_free_slots &&
+    while ((swept_slots < min_free_slots || swept_slots < gc_params.heap_init_slots) &&
             (resurrected_page = heap_page_resurrect(objspace, size_pool))) {
         swept_slots += resurrected_page->free_slots;
 
@@ -5842,6 +5869,17 @@ gc_sweep_finish_size_pool(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_size_pool_t *size_pool)
         heap_add_freepage(heap, resurrected_page);
     }
 
+    /* Some size pools may have very few pages (or even no pages). These size pools
+     * should still have allocatable pages. */
+    if (min_free_slots < gc_params.heap_init_slots && swept_slots < gc_params.heap_init_slots) {
+        int multiple = size_pool->slot_size / BASE_SLOT_SIZE;
+        size_t extra_slots = gc_params.heap_init_slots - swept_slots;
+        size_t extend_page_count = CEILDIV(extra_slots * multiple, HEAP_PAGE_OBJ_LIMIT);
+        if (extend_page_count > size_pool->allocatable_pages) {
+            size_pool_allocatable_pages_set(objspace, size_pool, extend_page_count);
+        }
+    }
+
     if (swept_slots < min_free_slots) {
         bool grow_heap = is_full_marking(objspace);
 
@@ -6069,9 +6107,19 @@ invalidate_moved_plane(rb_objspace_t *objspace, struct heap_page *page, uintptr_
 
                     object = rb_gc_location(forwarding_object);
 
+                    shape_id_t original_shape_id = 0;
+                    if (RB_TYPE_P(object, T_OBJECT)) {
+                        original_shape_id = RMOVED(forwarding_object)->original_shape_id;
+                    }
+
                     gc_move(objspace, object, forwarding_object, GET_HEAP_PAGE(object)->slot_size, page->slot_size);
                     /* forwarding_object is now our actual object, and "object"
                      * is the free slot for the original page */
+
+                    if (original_shape_id) {
+                        ROBJECT_SET_SHAPE_ID(forwarding_object, original_shape_id);
+                    }
+
                     struct heap_page *orig_page = GET_HEAP_PAGE(object);
                     orig_page->free_slots++;
                     heap_page_add_freeobj(objspace, orig_page, object);
@@ -6774,8 +6822,10 @@ mark_current_machine_context(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_execution_context_t *ec
 static void
 mark_current_machine_context(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_execution_context_t *ec)
 {
-    rb_wasm_scan_stack(rb_mark_locations);
-    each_stack_location(objspace, ec, rb_stack_range_tmp[0], rb_stack_range_tmp[1], gc_mark_maybe);
+    VALUE *stack_start, *stack_end;
+    SET_STACK_END;
+    GET_STACK_BOUNDS(stack_start, stack_end, 1);
+    each_stack_location(objspace, ec, stack_start, stack_end, gc_mark_maybe);
 
     rb_wasm_scan_locals(rb_mark_locations);
     each_stack_location(objspace, ec, rb_stack_range_tmp[0], rb_stack_range_tmp[1], gc_mark_maybe);
@@ -7169,6 +7219,8 @@ gc_mark_imemo(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
     }
 }
 
+static void mark_cvc_tbl(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE klass);
+
 static void
 gc_mark_children(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -7215,8 +7267,11 @@ gc_mark_children(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
         if (!RCLASS_EXT(obj)) break;
 
         mark_m_tbl(objspace, RCLASS_M_TBL(obj));
+        mark_cvc_tbl(objspace, obj);
         cc_table_mark(objspace, obj);
-        mark_tbl_no_pin(objspace, RCLASS_IV_TBL(obj));
+        for (attr_index_t i = 0; i < RCLASS_IV_COUNT(obj); i++) {
+            gc_mark(objspace, RCLASS_IVPTR(obj)[i]);
+        }
         mark_const_tbl(objspace, RCLASS_CONST_TBL(obj));
         break;
 
@@ -7280,16 +7335,31 @@ gc_mark_children(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 
       case T_OBJECT:
         {
-            const VALUE * const ptr = ROBJECT_IVPTR(obj);
+            rb_shape_t *shape = rb_shape_get_shape_by_id(ROBJECT_SHAPE_ID(obj));
+            if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex(obj)) {
+                mark_tbl_no_pin(objspace, ROBJECT_IV_HASH(obj));
+            }
+            else {
+                const VALUE * const ptr = ROBJECT_IVPTR(obj);
 
-            uint32_t i, len = ROBJECT_NUMIV(obj);
-            for (i  = 0; i < len; i++) {
-                gc_mark(objspace, ptr[i]);
+                uint32_t i, len = ROBJECT_IV_COUNT(obj);
+                for (i  = 0; i < len; i++) {
+                    gc_mark(objspace, ptr[i]);
+                }
+
+                if (LIKELY(during_gc) &&
+                        ROBJ_TRANSIENT_P(obj)) {
+                    rb_transient_heap_mark(obj, ptr);
+                }
             }
+            if (shape) {
+                VALUE klass = RBASIC_CLASS(obj);
 
-            if (LIKELY(during_gc) &&
-                    ROBJ_TRANSIENT_P(obj)) {
-                rb_transient_heap_mark(obj, ptr);
+                // Increment max_iv_count if applicable, used to determine size pool allocation
+                uint32_t num_of_ivs = shape->next_iv_index;
+                if (RCLASS_EXT(klass)->max_iv_count < num_of_ivs) {
+                    RCLASS_EXT(klass)->max_iv_count = num_of_ivs;
+                }
             }
         }
         break;
@@ -7303,6 +7373,7 @@ gc_mark_children(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
             gc_mark(objspace, any->as.file.fptr->writeconv_pre_ecopts);
             gc_mark(objspace, any->as.file.fptr->encs.ecopts);
             gc_mark(objspace, any->as.file.fptr->write_lock);
+            gc_mark(objspace, any->as.file.fptr->timeout);
         }
         break;
 
@@ -7372,7 +7443,7 @@ gc_mark_stacked_objects(rb_objspace_t *objspace, int incremental, size_t count)
 #endif
 
     while (pop_mark_stack(mstack, &obj)) {
-        if (obj == Qundef) continue; /* skip */
+        if (UNDEF_P(obj)) continue; /* skip */
 
         if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE && !RVALUE_MARKED(obj)) {
             rb_bug("gc_mark_stacked_objects: %s is not marked.", obj_info(obj));
@@ -8389,42 +8460,64 @@ static rb_size_pool_t *
 gc_compact_destination_pool(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_size_pool_t *src_pool, VALUE src)
 {
     size_t obj_size;
+    size_t idx = 0;
 
     switch (BUILTIN_TYPE(src)) {
-        case T_ARRAY:
-            obj_size = rb_ary_size_as_embedded(src);
-            break;
+      case T_ARRAY:
+        obj_size = rb_ary_size_as_embedded(src);
+        break;
 
-        case T_OBJECT:
-            obj_size = rb_obj_embedded_size(ROBJECT_NUMIV(src));
-            break;
+      case T_OBJECT:
+        if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex(src)) {
+            return &size_pools[0];
+        }
+        else {
+            obj_size = rb_obj_embedded_size(ROBJECT_IV_CAPACITY(src));
+        }
+        break;
 
-        case T_STRING:
-            obj_size = rb_str_size_as_embedded(src);
-            break;
+      case T_STRING:
+        obj_size = rb_str_size_as_embedded(src);
+        break;
 
-        default:
-            return src_pool;
+      default:
+        return src_pool;
     }
 
     if (rb_gc_size_allocatable_p(obj_size)){
-        return &size_pools[size_pool_idx_for_size(obj_size)];
-    }
-    else {
-        return &size_pools[0];
+        idx = size_pool_idx_for_size(obj_size);
     }
+    return &size_pools[idx];
 }
 
 static bool
 gc_compact_move(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, rb_size_pool_t *size_pool, VALUE src)
 {
     GC_ASSERT(BUILTIN_TYPE(src) != T_MOVED);
-    rb_heap_t *dheap = SIZE_POOL_EDEN_HEAP(gc_compact_destination_pool(objspace, size_pool, src));
+    GC_ASSERT(gc_is_moveable_obj(objspace, src));
+
+    rb_size_pool_t *dest_pool = gc_compact_destination_pool(objspace, size_pool, src);
+    rb_heap_t *dheap = SIZE_POOL_EDEN_HEAP(dest_pool);
+    rb_shape_t *new_shape = NULL;
+    rb_shape_t *orig_shape = NULL;
 
     if (gc_compact_heap_cursors_met_p(dheap)) {
         return dheap != heap;
     }
 
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(src, T_OBJECT)) {
+        orig_shape = rb_shape_get_shape(src);
+        if (dheap != heap && !rb_shape_obj_too_complex(src)) {
+            rb_shape_t *initial_shape = rb_shape_get_shape_by_id((shape_id_t)((dest_pool - size_pools) + SIZE_POOL_COUNT));
+            new_shape = rb_shape_traverse_from_new_root(initial_shape, orig_shape);
+
+            if (!new_shape) {
+                dest_pool = size_pool;
+                dheap = heap;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     while (!try_move(objspace, dheap, dheap->free_pages, src)) {
         struct gc_sweep_context ctx = {
             .page = dheap->sweeping_page,
@@ -8446,9 +8539,18 @@ gc_compact_move(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_heap_t *heap, rb_size_pool_t *size_p
 
         dheap->sweeping_page = ccan_list_next(&dheap->pages, dheap->sweeping_page, page_node);
         if (gc_compact_heap_cursors_met_p(dheap)) {
-            return false;
+            return dheap != heap;
         }
     }
+
+    if (orig_shape) {
+        if (new_shape) {
+            VALUE dest = rb_gc_location(src);
+            rb_shape_set_shape(dest, new_shape);
+        }
+        RMOVED(src)->original_shape_id = rb_shape_id(orig_shape);
+    }
+
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -8466,9 +8568,11 @@ gc_compact_plane(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_size_pool_t *size_pool, rb_heap_t *
         if (bitset & 1) {
             objspace->rcompactor.considered_count_table[BUILTIN_TYPE(vp)]++;
 
-            if (!gc_compact_move(objspace, heap, size_pool, vp)) {
-                //the cursors met. bubble up
-                return false;
+            if (gc_is_moveable_obj(objspace, vp)) {
+                if (!gc_compact_move(objspace, heap, size_pool, vp)) {
+                    //the cursors met. bubble up
+                    return false;
+                }
             }
         }
         p += slot_size;
@@ -8922,8 +9026,10 @@ rb_gc_writebarrier(VALUE a, VALUE b)
 {
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
 
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE && SPECIAL_CONST_P(a)) rb_bug("rb_gc_writebarrier: a is special const");
-    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE && SPECIAL_CONST_P(b)) rb_bug("rb_gc_writebarrier: b is special const");
+    if (RGENGC_CHECK_MODE) {
+        if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(a)) rb_bug("rb_gc_writebarrier: a is special const: %"PRIxVALUE, a);
+        if (SPECIAL_CONST_P(b)) rb_bug("rb_gc_writebarrier: b is special const: %"PRIxVALUE, b);
+    }
 
   retry:
     if (!is_incremental_marking(objspace)) {
@@ -9175,10 +9281,23 @@ rb_gc_register_address(VALUE *addr)
     rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
     struct gc_list *tmp;
 
+    VALUE obj = *addr;
+
     tmp = ALLOC(struct gc_list);
     tmp->next = global_list;
     tmp->varptr = addr;
     global_list = tmp;
+
+    /*
+     * Because some C extensions have assignment-then-register bugs,
+     * we guard `obj` here so that it would not get swept defensively.
+     */
+    RB_GC_GUARD(obj);
+    if (0 && !SPECIAL_CONST_P(obj)) {
+	rb_warn("Object is assigned to registering address already: %"PRIsVALUE,
+		rb_obj_class(obj));
+	rb_print_backtrace();
+    }
 }
 
 void
@@ -9816,6 +9935,17 @@ gc_is_moveable_obj(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
     return FALSE;
 }
 
+/* Used in places that could malloc, which can cause the GC to run. We need to
+ * temporarily disable the GC to allow the malloc to happen. */
+#define COULD_MALLOC_REGION_START() \
+    GC_ASSERT(during_gc); \
+    VALUE _already_disabled = rb_gc_disable_no_rest(); \
+    during_gc = false;
+
+#define COULD_MALLOC_REGION_END() \
+    during_gc = true; \
+    if (_already_disabled == Qfalse) rb_objspace_gc_enable(objspace);
+
 static VALUE
 gc_move(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE scan, VALUE free, size_t src_slot_size, size_t slot_size)
 {
@@ -9844,11 +9974,12 @@ gc_move(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE scan, VALUE free, size_t src_slot_size, s
     CLEAR_IN_BITMAP(GET_HEAP_MARKING_BITS((VALUE)src), (VALUE)src);
 
     if (FL_TEST((VALUE)src, FL_EXIVAR)) {
-        /* Same deal as below. Generic ivars are held in st tables.
-         * Resizing the table could cause a GC to happen and we can't allow it */
-        VALUE already_disabled = rb_gc_disable_no_rest();
-        rb_mv_generic_ivar((VALUE)src, (VALUE)dest);
-        if (already_disabled == Qfalse) rb_objspace_gc_enable(objspace);
+        /* Resizing the st table could cause a malloc */
+        COULD_MALLOC_REGION_START();
+        {
+            rb_mv_generic_ivar((VALUE)src, (VALUE)dest);
+        }
+        COULD_MALLOC_REGION_END();
     }
 
     st_data_t srcid = (st_data_t)src, id;
@@ -9857,17 +9988,25 @@ gc_move(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE scan, VALUE free, size_t src_slot_size, s
      * the object to object id mapping. */
     if (st_lookup(objspace->obj_to_id_tbl, srcid, &id)) {
         gc_report(4, objspace, "Moving object with seen id: %p -> %p\n", (void *)src, (void *)dest);
-        /* inserting in the st table can cause the GC to run. We need to
-         * prevent re-entry in to the GC since `gc_move` is running in the GC,
-         * so temporarily disable the GC around the st table mutation */
-        VALUE already_disabled = rb_gc_disable_no_rest();
-        st_delete(objspace->obj_to_id_tbl, &srcid, 0);
-        st_insert(objspace->obj_to_id_tbl, (st_data_t)dest, id);
-        if (already_disabled == Qfalse) rb_objspace_gc_enable(objspace);
+        /* Resizing the st table could cause a malloc */
+        COULD_MALLOC_REGION_START();
+        {
+            st_delete(objspace->obj_to_id_tbl, &srcid, 0);
+            st_insert(objspace->obj_to_id_tbl, (st_data_t)dest, id);
+        }
+        COULD_MALLOC_REGION_END();
     }
 
     /* Move the object */
     memcpy(dest, src, MIN(src_slot_size, slot_size));
+
+    if (RVALUE_OVERHEAD > 0) {
+        void *dest_overhead = (void *)(((uintptr_t)dest) + slot_size - RVALUE_OVERHEAD);
+        void *src_overhead = (void *)(((uintptr_t)src) + src_slot_size - RVALUE_OVERHEAD);
+
+        memcpy(dest_overhead, src_overhead, RVALUE_OVERHEAD);
+    }
+
     memset(src, 0, src_slot_size);
 
     /* Set bits for object in new location */
@@ -9990,7 +10129,7 @@ gc_ref_update_array(rb_objspace_t * objspace, VALUE v)
         }
 
 #if USE_RVARGC
-        if ((size_t)GET_HEAP_PAGE(v)->slot_size >= rb_ary_size_as_embedded(v)) {
+        if (rb_gc_obj_slot_size(v) >= rb_ary_size_as_embedded(v)) {
             if (rb_ary_embeddable_p(v)) {
                 rb_ary_make_embedded(v);
             }
@@ -10003,14 +10142,18 @@ static void
 gc_ref_update_object(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE v)
 {
     VALUE *ptr = ROBJECT_IVPTR(v);
-    uint32_t numiv = ROBJECT_NUMIV(v);
+
+    if (rb_shape_obj_too_complex(v)) {
+        rb_gc_update_tbl_refs(ROBJECT_IV_HASH(v));
+        return;
+    }
 
 #if USE_RVARGC
     size_t slot_size = rb_gc_obj_slot_size(v);
-    size_t embed_size = rb_obj_embedded_size(numiv);
+    size_t embed_size = rb_obj_embedded_size(ROBJECT_IV_CAPACITY(v));
     if (slot_size >= embed_size && !RB_FL_TEST_RAW(v, ROBJECT_EMBED)) {
         // Object can be re-embedded
-        memcpy(ROBJECT(v)->as.ary, ptr, sizeof(VALUE) * numiv);
+        memcpy(ROBJECT(v)->as.ary, ptr, sizeof(VALUE) * ROBJECT_IV_COUNT(v));
         RB_FL_SET_RAW(v, ROBJECT_EMBED);
         if (ROBJ_TRANSIENT_P(v)) {
             ROBJ_TRANSIENT_UNSET(v);
@@ -10019,18 +10162,10 @@ gc_ref_update_object(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE v)
             xfree(ptr);
         }
         ptr = ROBJECT(v)->as.ary;
-
-        uint32_t capa = (uint32_t)((slot_size - offsetof(struct RObject, as.ary)) / sizeof(VALUE));
-        ROBJECT(v)->numiv = capa;
-
-        // Fill end with Qundef
-        for (uint32_t i = numiv; i < capa; i++) {
-            ptr[i] = Qundef;
-        }
     }
 #endif
 
-    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < numiv; i++) {
+    for (uint32_t i = 0; i < ROBJECT_IV_COUNT(v); i++) {
         UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, ptr[i]);
     }
 }
@@ -10357,9 +10492,14 @@ static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
 update_cvc_tbl_i(VALUE cvc_entry, void *data)
 {
     struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry *entry;
+    rb_objspace_t * objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)data;
 
     entry = (struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry *)cvc_entry;
 
+    if (entry->cref) {
+        TYPED_UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, rb_cref_t *, entry->cref);
+    }
+
     entry->class_value = rb_gc_location(entry->class_value);
 
     return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
@@ -10375,6 +10515,28 @@ update_cvc_tbl(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE klass)
 }
 
 static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
+mark_cvc_tbl_i(VALUE cvc_entry, void *data)
+{
+    struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry *entry;
+
+    entry = (struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry *)cvc_entry;
+
+    RUBY_ASSERT(entry->cref == 0 || (BUILTIN_TYPE((VALUE)entry->cref) == T_IMEMO && IMEMO_TYPE_P(entry->cref, imemo_cref)));
+    rb_gc_mark((VALUE) entry->cref);
+
+    return ID_TABLE_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static void
+mark_cvc_tbl(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE klass)
+{
+    struct rb_id_table *tbl = RCLASS_CVC_TBL(klass);
+    if (tbl) {
+        rb_id_table_foreach_values(tbl, mark_cvc_tbl_i, objspace);
+    }
+}
+
+static enum rb_id_table_iterator_result
 update_const_table(VALUE value, void *data)
 {
     rb_const_entry_t *ce = (rb_const_entry_t *)value;
@@ -10407,15 +10569,6 @@ update_subclass_entries(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_subclass_entry_t *entry)
     }
 }
 
-static int
-update_iv_index_tbl_i(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t arg)
-{
-    rb_objspace_t *objspace = (rb_objspace_t *)arg;
-    struct rb_iv_index_tbl_entry *ent = (struct rb_iv_index_tbl_entry *)value;
-    UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, ent->class_value);
-    return ST_CONTINUE;
-}
-
 static void
 update_class_ext(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_classext_t *ext)
 {
@@ -10423,11 +10576,6 @@ update_class_ext(rb_objspace_t *objspace, rb_classext_t *ext)
     UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, ext->includer);
     UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, ext->refined_class);
     update_subclass_entries(objspace, ext->subclasses);
-
-    // ext->iv_index_tbl
-    if (ext->iv_index_tbl) {
-        st_foreach(ext->iv_index_tbl, update_iv_index_tbl_i, (st_data_t)objspace);
-    }
 }
 
 static void
@@ -10459,7 +10607,9 @@ gc_update_object_references(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
         update_cvc_tbl(objspace, obj);
         update_superclasses(objspace, obj);
 
-        gc_update_tbl_refs(objspace, RCLASS_IV_TBL(obj));
+        for (attr_index_t i = 0; i < RCLASS_IV_COUNT(obj); i++) {
+            UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RCLASS_IVPTR(obj)[i]);
+        }
 
         update_class_ext(objspace, RCLASS_EXT(obj));
         update_const_tbl(objspace, RCLASS_CONST_TBL(obj));
@@ -10474,9 +10624,6 @@ gc_update_object_references(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
             UPDATE_IF_MOVED(objspace, RCLASS(obj)->super);
         }
         if (!RCLASS_EXT(obj)) break;
-        if (RCLASS_IV_TBL(obj)) {
-            gc_update_tbl_refs(objspace, RCLASS_IV_TBL(obj));
-        }
         update_class_ext(objspace, RCLASS_EXT(obj));
         update_m_tbl(objspace, RCLASS_CALLABLE_M_TBL(obj));
         update_cc_tbl(objspace, obj);
@@ -10516,16 +10663,18 @@ gc_update_object_references(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 #if USE_RVARGC
                 VALUE new_root = any->as.string.as.heap.aux.shared;
                 rb_str_update_shared_ary(obj, old_root, new_root);
+#endif
+            }
 
-                // if, after move the string is not embedded, and can fit in the
-                // slot it's been placed in, then re-embed it
-                if ((size_t)GET_HEAP_PAGE(obj)->slot_size >= rb_str_size_as_embedded(obj)) {
-                    if (!STR_EMBED_P(obj) && rb_str_reembeddable_p(obj)) {
-                        rb_str_make_embedded(obj);
-                    }
+#if USE_RVARGC
+            /* If, after move the string is not embedded, and can fit in the
+             * slot it's been placed in, then re-embed it. */
+            if (rb_gc_obj_slot_size(obj) >= rb_str_size_as_embedded(obj)) {
+                if (!STR_EMBED_P(obj) && rb_str_reembeddable_p(obj)) {
+                    rb_str_make_embedded(obj);
                 }
-#endif
             }
+#endif
 
             break;
         }
@@ -10701,9 +10850,9 @@ gc_update_references(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 #if GC_CAN_COMPILE_COMPACTION
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *     GC.latest_compact_info -> {:considered=>{:T_CLASS=>11}, :moved=>{:T_CLASS=>11}}
+ *     GC.latest_compact_info -> hash
  *
- *  Returns information about object moved in the most recent GC compaction.
+ * Returns information about object moved in the most recent \GC compaction.
  *
  * The returned hash has two keys :considered and :moved.  The hash for
  * :considered lists the number of objects that were considered for movement
@@ -10807,13 +10956,13 @@ heap_check_moved_i(void *vstart, void *vend, size_t stride, void *data)
  * This function compacts objects together in Ruby's heap.  It eliminates
  * unused space (or fragmentation) in the heap by moving objects in to that
  * unused space.  This function returns a hash which contains statistics about
- * which objects were moved.  See `GC.latest_gc_info` for details about
+ * which objects were moved.  See <tt>GC.latest_gc_info</tt> for details about
  * compaction statistics.
  *
  * This method is implementation specific and not expected to be implemented
  * in any implementation besides MRI.
  *
- * To test whether GC compaction is supported, use the idiom:
+ * To test whether \GC compaction is supported, use the idiom:
  *
  *   GC.respond_to?(:compact)
  */
@@ -10934,7 +11083,7 @@ gc_count(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 gc_info_decode(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const VALUE hash_or_key, const unsigned int orig_flags)
 {
-    static VALUE sym_major_by = Qnil, sym_gc_by, sym_immediate_sweep, sym_have_finalizer, sym_state;
+    static VALUE sym_major_by = Qnil, sym_gc_by, sym_immediate_sweep, sym_have_finalizer, sym_state, sym_need_major_by;
     static VALUE sym_nofree, sym_oldgen, sym_shady, sym_force, sym_stress;
 #if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
     static VALUE sym_oldmalloc;
@@ -10942,7 +11091,7 @@ gc_info_decode(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const VALUE hash_or_key, const unsigned
     static VALUE sym_newobj, sym_malloc, sym_method, sym_capi;
     static VALUE sym_none, sym_marking, sym_sweeping;
     VALUE hash = Qnil, key = Qnil;
-    VALUE major_by;
+    VALUE major_by, need_major_by;
     unsigned int flags = orig_flags ? orig_flags : objspace->profile.latest_gc_info;
 
     if (SYMBOL_P(hash_or_key)) {
@@ -10962,6 +11111,7 @@ gc_info_decode(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const VALUE hash_or_key, const unsigned
         S(immediate_sweep);
         S(have_finalizer);
         S(state);
+        S(need_major_by);
 
         S(stress);
         S(nofree);
@@ -10999,6 +11149,20 @@ gc_info_decode(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const VALUE hash_or_key, const unsigned
       Qnil;
     SET(major_by, major_by);
 
+    if (orig_flags == 0) { /* set need_major_by only if flags not set explicitly */
+        unsigned int need_major_flags = objspace->rgengc.need_major_gc;
+        need_major_by =
+            (need_major_flags & GPR_FLAG_MAJOR_BY_NOFREE) ? sym_nofree :
+            (need_major_flags & GPR_FLAG_MAJOR_BY_OLDGEN) ? sym_oldgen :
+            (need_major_flags & GPR_FLAG_MAJOR_BY_SHADY)  ? sym_shady :
+            (need_major_flags & GPR_FLAG_MAJOR_BY_FORCE)  ? sym_force :
+#if RGENGC_ESTIMATE_OLDMALLOC
+            (need_major_flags & GPR_FLAG_MAJOR_BY_OLDMALLOC) ? sym_oldmalloc :
+#endif
+            Qnil;
+        SET(need_major_by, need_major_by);
+    }
+
     SET(gc_by,
         (flags & GPR_FLAG_NEWOBJ) ? sym_newobj :
         (flags & GPR_FLAG_MALLOC) ? sym_malloc :
@@ -11609,24 +11773,25 @@ get_envparam_double(const char *name, double *default_value, double lower_bound,
 }
 
 static void
-gc_set_initial_pages(void)
+gc_set_initial_pages(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
 {
-    size_t min_pages;
-    rb_objspace_t *objspace = &rb_objspace;
-
     gc_rest(objspace);
 
-    min_pages = gc_params.heap_init_slots / HEAP_PAGE_OBJ_LIMIT;
-
-    size_t pages_per_class = (min_pages - heap_eden_total_pages(objspace)) / SIZE_POOL_COUNT;
-
     for (int i = 0; i < SIZE_POOL_COUNT; i++) {
         rb_size_pool_t *size_pool = &size_pools[i];
 
-        heap_add_pages(objspace, size_pool, SIZE_POOL_EDEN_HEAP(size_pool), pages_per_class);
+        if (gc_params.heap_init_slots > size_pool->eden_heap.total_slots) {
+            size_t slots = gc_params.heap_init_slots - size_pool->eden_heap.total_slots;
+            int multiple = size_pool->slot_size / BASE_SLOT_SIZE;
+            size_pool->allocatable_pages = slots * multiple / HEAP_PAGE_OBJ_LIMIT;
+        }
+        else {
+            /* We already have more slots than heap_init_slots allows, so
+             * prevent creating more pages. */
+            size_pool->allocatable_pages = 0;
+        }
     }
-
-    heap_add_pages(objspace, &size_pools[0], SIZE_POOL_EDEN_HEAP(&size_pools[0]), min_pages - heap_eden_total_pages(objspace));
+    heap_pages_expand_sorted(objspace);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -11682,7 +11847,7 @@ ruby_gc_set_params(void)
 
     /* RUBY_GC_HEAP_INIT_SLOTS */
     if (get_envparam_size("RUBY_GC_HEAP_INIT_SLOTS", &gc_params.heap_init_slots, 0)) {
-        gc_set_initial_pages();
+        gc_set_initial_pages(objspace);
     }
 
     get_envparam_double("RUBY_GC_HEAP_GROWTH_FACTOR", &gc_params.growth_factor, 1.0, 0.0, FALSE);
@@ -12098,6 +12263,16 @@ objspace_malloc_prepare(rb_objspace_t *objspace, size_t size)
     return size;
 }
 
+static bool
+malloc_during_gc_p(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
+{
+    /* malloc is not allowed during GC when we're not using multiple ractors
+     * (since ractors can run while another thread is sweeping) and when we
+     * have the GVL (since if we don't have the GVL, we'll try to acquire the
+     * GVL which will block and ensure the other thread finishes GC). */
+    return during_gc && !rb_multi_ractor_p() && ruby_thread_has_gvl_p();
+}
+
 static inline void *
 objspace_malloc_fixup(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *mem, size_t size)
 {
@@ -12121,10 +12296,16 @@ objspace_malloc_fixup(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *mem, size_t size)
 }
 
 #if defined(__GNUC__) && RUBY_DEBUG
-#define RB_BUG_INSTEAD_OF_RB_MEMERROR
+#define RB_BUG_INSTEAD_OF_RB_MEMERROR 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RB_BUG_INSTEAD_OF_RB_MEMERROR
+# define RB_BUG_INSTEAD_OF_RB_MEMERROR 0
 #endif
 
-#ifdef RB_BUG_INSTEAD_OF_RB_MEMERROR
+#define GC_MEMERROR(...) \
+    ((RB_BUG_INSTEAD_OF_RB_MEMERROR+0) ? rb_bug("" __VA_ARGS__) : rb_memerror())
+
 #define TRY_WITH_GC(siz, expr) do {                          \
         const gc_profile_record_flag gpr =                   \
             GPR_FLAG_FULL_MARK           |                   \
@@ -12138,29 +12319,27 @@ objspace_malloc_fixup(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *mem, size_t size)
         }                                                    \
         else if (!garbage_collect_with_gvl(objspace, gpr)) { \
             /* @shyouhei thinks this doesn't happen */       \
-            rb_bug("TRY_WITH_GC: could not GC");             \
+            GC_MEMERROR("TRY_WITH_GC: could not GC");        \
         }                                                    \
         else if ((expr)) {                                   \
             /* Success on 2nd try */                         \
         }                                                    \
         else {                                               \
-            rb_bug("TRY_WITH_GC: could not allocate:"        \
-                   "%"PRIdSIZE" bytes for %s",               \
-                   siz, # expr);                             \
+            GC_MEMERROR("TRY_WITH_GC: could not allocate:"   \
+                        "%"PRIdSIZE" bytes for %s",          \
+                        siz, # expr);                        \
         }                                                    \
     } while (0)
-#else
-#define TRY_WITH_GC(siz, alloc) do { \
-        objspace_malloc_gc_stress(objspace); \
-        if (!(alloc) && \
-            (!garbage_collect_with_gvl(objspace, GPR_FLAG_FULL_MARK | \
-                GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_MARK | GPR_FLAG_IMMEDIATE_SWEEP | \
-                GPR_FLAG_MALLOC) || \
-             !(alloc))) { \
-            ruby_memerror(); \
-        } \
-    } while (0)
-#endif
+
+static void
+check_malloc_not_in_gc(rb_objspace_t *objspace, const char *msg)
+{
+    if (UNLIKELY(malloc_during_gc_p(objspace))) {
+        dont_gc_on();
+        during_gc = false;
+        rb_bug("Cannot %s during GC", msg);
+    }
+}
 
 /* these shouldn't be called directly.
  * objspace_* functions do not check allocation size.
@@ -12168,6 +12347,8 @@ objspace_malloc_fixup(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *mem, size_t size)
 static void *
 objspace_xmalloc0(rb_objspace_t *objspace, size_t size)
 {
+    check_malloc_not_in_gc(objspace, "malloc");
+
     void *mem;
 
     size = objspace_malloc_prepare(objspace, size);
@@ -12185,6 +12366,8 @@ xmalloc2_size(const size_t count, const size_t elsize)
 static void *
 objspace_xrealloc(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t old_size)
 {
+    check_malloc_not_in_gc(objspace, "realloc");
+
     void *mem;
 
     if (!ptr) return objspace_xmalloc0(objspace, new_size);
@@ -12242,7 +12425,7 @@ objspace_xrealloc(rb_objspace_t *objspace, void *ptr, size_t new_size, size_t ol
 #endif
 
     old_size = objspace_malloc_size(objspace, ptr, old_size);
-    TRY_WITH_GC(new_size, mem = realloc(ptr, new_size));
+    TRY_WITH_GC(new_size, mem = RB_GNUC_EXTENSION_BLOCK(realloc(ptr, new_size)));
     new_size = objspace_malloc_size(objspace, mem, new_size);
 
 #if CALC_EXACT_MALLOC_SIZE
@@ -12422,6 +12605,13 @@ ruby_xmalloc2_body(size_t n, size_t size)
 static void *
 objspace_xcalloc(rb_objspace_t *objspace, size_t size)
 {
+    if (UNLIKELY(malloc_during_gc_p(objspace))) {
+        rb_warn("calloc during GC detected, this could cause crashes if it triggers another GC");
+#if RGENGC_CHECK_MODE || RUBY_DEBUG
+        rb_bug("Cannot calloc during GC");
+#endif
+    }
+
     void *mem;
 
     size = objspace_malloc_prepare(objspace, size);
@@ -12476,8 +12666,16 @@ ruby_xrealloc2_body(void *ptr, size_t n, size_t size)
 void
 ruby_sized_xfree(void *x, size_t size)
 {
-    if (x) {
-        objspace_xfree(&rb_objspace, x, size);
+    if (LIKELY(x)) {
+        /* It's possible for a C extension's pthread destructor function set by pthread_key_create
+         * to be called after ruby_vm_destruct and attempt to free memory. Fall back to mimfree in
+         * that case. */
+        if (LIKELY(GET_VM())) {
+            objspace_xfree(&rb_objspace, x, size);
+        }
+        else {
+            ruby_mimfree(x);
+        }
     }
 }
 
@@ -12671,12 +12869,47 @@ wmap_mark_map(st_data_t key, st_data_t val, st_data_t arg)
 }
 #endif
 
+static int
+wmap_replace_ref(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t _argp, int existing)
+{
+    *key = rb_gc_location((VALUE)*key);
+
+    VALUE *values = (VALUE *)*value;
+    VALUE size = values[0];
+
+    for (VALUE index = 1; index <= size; index++) {
+        values[index] = rb_gc_location(values[index]);
+    }
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+static int
+wmap_foreach_replace(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t _argp, int error)
+{
+    if (rb_gc_location((VALUE)key) != (VALUE)key) {
+        return ST_REPLACE;
+    }
+
+    VALUE *values = (VALUE *)value;
+    VALUE size = values[0];
+
+    for (VALUE index = 1; index <= size; index++) {
+        VALUE val = values[index];
+        if (rb_gc_location(val) != val) {
+            return ST_REPLACE;
+        }
+    }
+
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
 static void
 wmap_compact(void *ptr)
 {
     struct weakmap *w = ptr;
     if (w->wmap2obj) rb_gc_update_tbl_refs(w->wmap2obj);
-    if (w->obj2wmap) rb_gc_update_tbl_refs(w->obj2wmap);
+    if (w->obj2wmap) st_foreach_with_replace(w->obj2wmap, wmap_foreach_replace, wmap_replace_ref, (st_data_t)NULL);
     w->final = rb_gc_location(w->final);
 }
 
@@ -12705,6 +12938,7 @@ wmap_free(void *ptr)
     st_foreach(w->obj2wmap, wmap_free_map, 0);
     st_free_table(w->obj2wmap);
     st_free_table(w->wmap2obj);
+    xfree(w);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -12773,25 +13007,40 @@ wmap_live_p(rb_objspace_t *objspace, VALUE obj)
 }
 
 static int
-wmap_final_func(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, st_data_t arg, int existing)
+wmap_remove_inverse_ref(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *val, st_data_t arg, int existing)
 {
-    VALUE wmap, *ptr, size, i, j;
     if (!existing) return ST_STOP;
-    wmap = (VALUE)arg, ptr = (VALUE *)*value;
-    for (i = j = 1, size = ptr[0]; i <= size; ++i) {
-        if (ptr[i] != wmap) {
-            ptr[j++] = ptr[i];
-        }
-    }
-    if (j == 1) {
-        ruby_sized_xfree(ptr, i * sizeof(VALUE));
+
+    VALUE old_ref = (VALUE)arg;
+
+    VALUE *values = (VALUE *)*val;
+    VALUE size = values[0];
+
+    if (size == 1) {
+        // fast path, we only had one backref
+        RUBY_ASSERT(values[1] == old_ref);
+        ruby_sized_xfree(values, 2 * sizeof(VALUE));
         return ST_DELETE;
     }
-    if (j < i) {
-        SIZED_REALLOC_N(ptr, VALUE, j + 1, i);
-        ptr[0] = j;
-        *value = (st_data_t)ptr;
+
+    bool found = false;
+    VALUE index = 1;
+    for (; index <= size; index++) {
+        if (values[index] == old_ref) {
+            found = true;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    if (!found) return ST_STOP;
+
+    if (size > index) {
+        MEMMOVE(&values[index], &values[index + 1], VALUE, size - index);
     }
+
+    size -= 1;
+    values[0] = size;
+    SIZED_REALLOC_N(values, VALUE, size + 1, size + 2);
+    *val = (st_data_t)values;
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
@@ -12805,7 +13054,7 @@ wmap_finalize(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(objid, self))
 
     TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct weakmap, &weakmap_type, w);
     /* Get reference from object id. */
-    if ((obj = id2ref_obj_tbl(&rb_objspace, objid)) == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(obj = id2ref_obj_tbl(&rb_objspace, objid))) {
         rb_bug("wmap_finalize: objid is not found.");
     }
 
@@ -12824,7 +13073,7 @@ wmap_finalize(RB_BLOCK_CALL_FUNC_ARGLIST(objid, self))
     wmap = (st_data_t)obj;
     if (st_delete(w->wmap2obj, &wmap, &orig)) {
         wmap = (st_data_t)obj;
-        st_update(w->obj2wmap, orig, wmap_final_func, wmap);
+        st_update(w->obj2wmap, orig, wmap_remove_inverse_ref, wmap);
     }
     return self;
 }
@@ -13040,6 +13289,14 @@ wmap_aset_update(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *val, st_data_t arg, int existing)
     VALUE size, *ptr, *optr;
     if (existing) {
         size = (ptr = optr = (VALUE *)*val)[0];
+
+        for (VALUE index = 1; index <= size; index++) {
+            if (ptr[index] == (VALUE)arg) {
+                // The reference was already registered.
+                return ST_STOP;
+            }
+        }
+
         ++size;
         SIZED_REALLOC_N(ptr, VALUE, size + 1, size);
     }
@@ -13055,6 +13312,23 @@ wmap_aset_update(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *val, st_data_t arg, int existing)
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
+struct wmap_aset_replace_args {
+    VALUE new_value;
+    VALUE old_value;
+};
+
+static int
+wmap_aset_replace_value(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *val, st_data_t _args, int existing)
+{
+    struct wmap_aset_replace_args *args = (struct wmap_aset_replace_args *)_args;
+
+    if (existing) {
+        args->old_value = *val;
+    }
+    *val = (st_data_t)args->new_value;
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
 /* Creates a weak reference from the given key to the given value */
 static VALUE
 wmap_aset(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE value)
@@ -13069,8 +13343,25 @@ wmap_aset(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE value)
         define_final0(key, w->final);
     }
 
-    st_update(w->obj2wmap, (st_data_t)value, wmap_aset_update, key);
-    st_insert(w->wmap2obj, (st_data_t)key, (st_data_t)value);
+    struct wmap_aset_replace_args aset_args = {
+        .new_value = value,
+        .old_value = Qundef,
+    };
+    st_update(w->wmap2obj, (st_data_t)key, wmap_aset_replace_value, (st_data_t)&aset_args);
+
+    // If the value is unchanged, we have nothing to do.
+    if (value != aset_args.old_value) {
+        if (!UNDEF_P(aset_args.old_value) && FL_ABLE(aset_args.old_value)) {
+            // That key existed and had an inverse reference, we need to clear the outdated inverse reference.
+            st_update(w->obj2wmap, (st_data_t)aset_args.old_value, wmap_remove_inverse_ref, key);
+        }
+
+        if (FL_ABLE(value)) {
+            // If the value has no finalizer, we don't need to keep the inverse reference
+            st_update(w->obj2wmap, (st_data_t)value, wmap_aset_update, key);
+        }
+    }
+
     return nonspecial_obj_id(value);
 }
 
@@ -13096,14 +13387,14 @@ static VALUE
 wmap_aref(VALUE self, VALUE key)
 {
     VALUE obj = wmap_lookup(self, key);
-    return obj != Qundef ? obj : Qnil;
+    return !UNDEF_P(obj) ? obj : Qnil;
 }
 
 /* Returns +true+ if +key+ is registered */
 static VALUE
 wmap_has_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
 {
-    return RBOOL(wmap_lookup(self, key) != Qundef);
+    return RBOOL(!UNDEF_P(wmap_lookup(self, key)));
 }
 
 /* Returns the number of referenced objects */
@@ -13370,7 +13661,7 @@ gc_prof_set_heap_info(rb_objspace_t *objspace)
  *  call-seq:
  *    GC::Profiler.clear          -> nil
  *
- *  Clears the GC profiler data.
+ *  Clears the \GC profiler data.
  *
  */
 
@@ -13684,7 +13975,7 @@ gc_profile_total_time(VALUE self)
  *  call-seq:
  *    GC::Profiler.enabled?	-> true or false
  *
- *  The current status of GC profile mode.
+ *  The current status of \GC profile mode.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -13698,7 +13989,7 @@ gc_profile_enable_get(VALUE self)
  *  call-seq:
  *    GC::Profiler.enable	-> nil
  *
- *  Starts the GC profiler.
+ *  Starts the \GC profiler.
  *
  */
 
@@ -13715,7 +14006,7 @@ gc_profile_enable(VALUE _)
  *  call-seq:
  *    GC::Profiler.disable	-> nil
  *
- *  Stops the GC profiler.
+ *  Stops the \GC profiler.
  *
  */
 
@@ -13804,11 +14095,10 @@ rb_raw_iseq_info(char *const buff, const size_t buff_size, const rb_iseq_t *iseq
 {
     if (buff_size > 0 && ISEQ_BODY(iseq) && ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.label && !RB_TYPE_P(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.pathobj, T_MOVED)) {
         VALUE path = rb_iseq_path(iseq);
-        VALUE n = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.first_lineno;
+        int n = ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.first_lineno;
         snprintf(buff, buff_size, " %s@%s:%d",
                  RSTRING_PTR(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.label),
-                 RSTRING_PTR(path),
-                 n ? FIX2INT(n) : 0 );
+                 RSTRING_PTR(path), n);
     }
 }
 
@@ -13979,7 +14269,7 @@ rb_raw_obj_info_buitin_type(char *const buff, const size_t buff_size, const VALU
             }
           case T_OBJECT:
             {
-                uint32_t len = ROBJECT_NUMIV(obj);
+                uint32_t len = ROBJECT_IV_CAPACITY(obj);
 
                 if (RANY(obj)->as.basic.flags & ROBJECT_EMBED) {
                     APPEND_F("(embed) len:%d", len);
@@ -14021,7 +14311,7 @@ rb_raw_obj_info_buitin_type(char *const buff, const size_t buff_size, const VALU
                 {
                     const rb_method_entry_t *me = &RANY(obj)->as.imemo.ment;
 
-                    APPEND_F(":%s (%s%s%s%s) type:%s alias:%d owner:%p defined_class:%p",
+                    APPEND_F(":%s (%s%s%s%s) type:%s aliased:%d owner:%p defined_class:%p",
                              rb_id2name(me->called_id),
                              METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(me) == METHOD_VISI_PUBLIC ?  "pub" :
                              METHOD_ENTRY_VISI(me) == METHOD_VISI_PRIVATE ? "pri" : "pro",
@@ -14029,7 +14319,7 @@ rb_raw_obj_info_buitin_type(char *const buff, const size_t buff_size, const VALU
                              METHOD_ENTRY_CACHED(me) ? ",cc" : "",
                              METHOD_ENTRY_INVALIDATED(me) ? ",inv" : "",
                              me->def ? rb_method_type_name(me->def->type) : "NULL",
-                             me->def ? me->def->alias_count : -1,
+                             me->def ? me->def->aliased : -1,
                              (void *)me->owner, // obj_info(me->owner),
                              (void *)me->defined_class); //obj_info(me->defined_class)));
 
@@ -14320,6 +14610,22 @@ rb_gcdebug_remove_stress_to_class(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  */
 
 #include "gc.rbinc"
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *      GC.using_rvargc? -> true or false
+ *
+ *  Returns true if using experimental feature Variable Width Allocation, false
+ *  otherwise.
+ */
+static VALUE
+gc_using_rvargc_p(VALUE mod)
+{
+#if USE_RVARGC
+    return Qtrue;
+#else
+    return Qfalse;
+#endif
+}
 
 void
 Init_GC(void)
@@ -14333,7 +14639,8 @@ Init_GC(void)
 
     gc_constants = rb_hash_new();
     rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("DEBUG")), RBOOL(GC_DEBUG));
-    rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("BASE_SLOT_SIZE")), SIZET2NUM(BASE_SLOT_SIZE));
+    rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("BASE_SLOT_SIZE")), SIZET2NUM(BASE_SLOT_SIZE - RVALUE_OVERHEAD));
+    rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("RVALUE_OVERHEAD")), SIZET2NUM(RVALUE_OVERHEAD));
     rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("RVALUE_SIZE")), SIZET2NUM(sizeof(RVALUE)));
     rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("HEAP_PAGE_OBJ_LIMIT")), SIZET2NUM(HEAP_PAGE_OBJ_LIMIT));
     rb_hash_aset(gc_constants, ID2SYM(rb_intern("HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_SIZE")), SIZET2NUM(HEAP_PAGE_BITMAP_SIZE));
@@ -14398,6 +14705,8 @@ Init_GC(void)
     rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "malloc_allocations", gc_malloc_allocations, 0);
 #endif
 
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "using_rvargc?", gc_using_rvargc_p, 0);
+
     if (GC_COMPACTION_SUPPORTED) {
         rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "compact", gc_compact, 0);
         rb_define_singleton_method(rb_mGC, "auto_compact", gc_get_auto_compact, 0);
@@ -14420,7 +14729,7 @@ Init_GC(void)
 
     {
         VALUE opts;
-        /* GC build options */
+        /* \GC build options */
         rb_define_const(rb_mGC, "OPTS", opts = rb_ary_new());
 #define OPT(o) if (o) rb_ary_push(opts, rb_fstring_lit(#o))
         OPT(GC_DEBUG);
diff --git a/gc.h b/gc.h
index 3d863fce8a..23218c1a9e 100644
--- a/gc.h
+++ b/gc.h
@@ -6,10 +6,12 @@
 #define SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(p) __asm__ __volatile__ ("movq\t%%rsp, %0" : "=r" (*(p)))
 #elif defined(__i386) && defined(__GNUC__)
 #define SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(p) __asm__ __volatile__ ("movl\t%%esp, %0" : "=r" (*(p)))
-#elif (defined(__powerpc__) || defined(__powerpc64__)) && defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(_AIX)
+#elif (defined(__powerpc__) || defined(__powerpc64__)) && defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(_AIX) && !defined(__APPLE__) // Not Apple is NEEDED to unbreak ppc64 build on Darwin. Don't ask.
 #define SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(p) __asm__ __volatile__ ("mr\t%0, %%r1" : "=r" (*(p)))
 #elif (defined(__powerpc__) || defined(__powerpc64__)) && defined(__GNUC__) && defined(_AIX)
 #define SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(p) __asm__ __volatile__ ("mr %0,1" : "=r" (*(p)))
+#elif defined(__POWERPC__) && defined(__APPLE__) // Darwin ppc and ppc64
+#define SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(p) __asm__ volatile("mr %0, r1" : "=r" (*(p)))
 #elif defined(__aarch64__) && defined(__GNUC__)
 #define SET_MACHINE_STACK_END(p) __asm__ __volatile__ ("mov\t%0, sp" : "=r" (*(p)))
 #else
@@ -114,10 +116,10 @@ int ruby_get_stack_grow_direction(volatile VALUE *addr);
 const char *rb_obj_info(VALUE obj);
 const char *rb_raw_obj_info(char *const buff, const size_t buff_size, VALUE obj);
 
-VALUE rb_gc_disable_no_rest(void);
-
 struct rb_thread_struct;
 
+size_t rb_size_pool_slot_size(unsigned char pool_id);
+
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 
 /* exports for objspace module */
@@ -138,6 +140,8 @@ void rb_objspace_each_objects_without_setup(
 
 size_t rb_gc_obj_slot_size(VALUE obj);
 
+VALUE rb_gc_disable_no_rest(void);
+
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
 #endif /* RUBY_GC_H */
diff --git a/gc.rb b/gc.rb
index 9144a96603..57aeeb9131 100644
--- a/gc.rb
+++ b/gc.rb
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 #  Some of the underlying methods are also available via the ObjectSpace
 #  module.
 #
-#  You may obtain information about the operation of the GC through
+#  You may obtain information about the operation of the \GC through
 #  GC::Profiler.
 module GC
 
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ module GC
   #
   #     def GC.start(full_mark: true, immediate_sweep: true); end
   #
-  #  Use full_mark: false to perform a minor GC.
+  #  Use full_mark: false to perform a minor \GC.
   #  Use immediate_sweep: false to defer sweeping (use lazy sweep).
   #
   #  Note: These keyword arguments are implementation and version dependent. They
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ module GC
   #  call-seq:
   #    GC.stress	    -> integer, true or false
   #
-  #  Returns current status of GC stress mode.
+  #  Returns current status of \GC stress mode.
   def self.stress
     Primitive.gc_stress_get
   end
@@ -75,9 +75,9 @@ module GC
   #  call-seq:
   #    GC.stress = flag          -> flag
   #
-  #  Updates the GC stress mode.
+  #  Updates the \GC stress mode.
   #
-  #  When stress mode is enabled, the GC is invoked at every GC opportunity:
+  #  When stress mode is enabled, the \GC is invoked at every \GC opportunity:
   #  all memory and object allocations.
   #
   #  Enabling stress mode will degrade performance, it is only for debugging.
@@ -93,9 +93,9 @@ module GC
   #  call-seq:
   #     GC.count -> Integer
   #
-  #  The number of times GC occurred.
+  #  The number of times \GC occurred.
   #
-  #  It returns the number of times GC occurred since the process started.
+  #  It returns the number of times \GC occurred since the process started.
   def self.count
     Primitive.gc_count
   end
@@ -105,12 +105,12 @@ module GC
   #     GC.stat(hash) -> Hash
   #     GC.stat(:key) -> Numeric
   #
-  #  Returns a Hash containing information about the GC.
+  #  Returns a Hash containing information about the \GC.
   #
   #  The contents of the hash are implementation specific and may change in
   #  the future without notice.
   #
-  #  The hash includes information about internal statistics about GC such as:
+  #  The hash includes information about internal statistics about \GC such as:
   #
   #  [count]
   #    The total number of garbage collections ran since application start
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ module GC
   #    The number of pages that can fit into the buffer that holds references to
   #    all pages
   #  [heap_allocatable_pages]
-  #    The total number of pages the application could allocate without additional GC
+  #    The total number of pages the application could allocate without additional \GC
   #  [heap_available_slots]
   #    The total number of slots in all `:heap_allocated_pages`
   #  [heap_live_slots]
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ module GC
   #  [heap_final_slots]
   #    The total number of slots with pending finalizers to be run
   #  [heap_marked_slots]
-  #    The total number of objects marked in the last GC
+  #    The total number of objects marked in the last \GC
   #  [heap_eden_pages]
   #    The total number of pages which contain at least one live slot
   #  [heap_tomb_pages]
@@ -147,9 +147,9 @@ module GC
   #  [total_freed_objects]
   #    The cumulative number of objects freed since application start
   #  [malloc_increase_bytes]
-  #    Amount of memory allocated on the heap for objects. Decreased by any GC
+  #    Amount of memory allocated on the heap for objects. Decreased by any \GC
   #  [malloc_increase_bytes_limit]
-  #    When `:malloc_increase_bytes` crosses this limit, GC is triggered
+  #    When `:malloc_increase_bytes` crosses this limit, \GC is triggered
   #  [minor_gc_count]
   #    The total number of minor garbage collections run since process start
   #  [major_gc_count]
@@ -165,15 +165,15 @@ module GC
   #    The total number of objects without write barriers
   #  [remembered_wb_unprotected_objects_limit]
   #    When `:remembered_wb_unprotected_objects` crosses this limit,
-  #    major GC is triggered
+  #    major \GC is triggered
   #  [old_objects]
   #    Number of live, old objects which have survived at least 3 garbage collections
   #  [old_objects_limit]
-  #    When `:old_objects` crosses this limit, major GC is triggered
+  #    When `:old_objects` crosses this limit, major \GC is triggered
   #  [oldmalloc_increase_bytes]
-  #    Amount of memory allocated on the heap for objects. Decreased by major GC
+  #    Amount of memory allocated on the heap for objects. Decreased by major \GC
   #  [oldmalloc_increase_bytes_limit]
-  #    When `:old_malloc_increase_bytes` crosses this limit, major GC is triggered
+  #    When `:old_malloc_increase_bytes` crosses this limit, major \GC is triggered
   #
   #  If the optional argument, hash, is given,
   #  it is overwritten and returned.
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ module GC
   #    GC.stat_heap(heap_name, hash) -> Hash
   #    GC.stat_heap(heap_name, :key) -> Numeric
   #
-  # Returns information for memory pools in the GC.
+  # Returns information for memory pools in the \GC.
   #
   # If the first optional argument, +heap_name+, is passed in and not +nil+, it
   # returns a +Hash+ containing information about the particular memory pool.
@@ -218,12 +218,12 @@ module GC
     Primitive.gc_stat_heap heap_name, hash_or_key
   end
 
-  #  call-seq:
-  #     GC.latest_gc_info -> {:gc_by=>:newobj}
+  # call-seq:
+  #     GC.latest_gc_info -> hash
   #     GC.latest_gc_info(hash) -> hash
   #     GC.latest_gc_info(:major_by) -> :malloc
   #
-  #  Returns information about the most recent garbage collection.
+  # Returns information about the most recent garbage collection.
   #
   # If the optional argument, hash, is given,
   # it is overwritten and returned.
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ module GC
     #
     # This function expands the heap to ensure room to move all objects,
     # compacts the heap to make sure everything moves, updates all references,
-    # then performs a full GC.  If any object contains a reference to a T_MOVED
+    # then performs a full \GC.  If any object contains a reference to a T_MOVED
     # object, that object should be pushed on the mark stack, and will
     # make a SEGV.
     def self.verify_compaction_references(toward: nil, double_heap: false, expand_heap: false)
@@ -253,21 +253,11 @@ module GC
   end
 
   # call-seq:
-  #     GC.using_rvargc? -> true or false
-  #
-  # Returns true if using experimental feature Variable Width Allocation, false
-  # otherwise.
-  def self.using_rvargc? # :nodoc:
-    GC::INTERNAL_CONSTANTS[:SIZE_POOL_COUNT] > 1
-  end
-
-
-  # call-seq:
   #    GC.measure_total_time = true/false
   #
-  # Enable to measure GC time.
+  # Enable to measure \GC time.
   # You can get the result with <tt>GC.stat(:time)</tt>.
-  # Note that GC time measurement can cause some performance overhead.
+  # Note that \GC time measurement can cause some performance overhead.
   def self.measure_total_time=(flag)
     Primitive.cstmt! %{
       rb_objspace.flags.measure_gc = RTEST(flag) ? TRUE : FALSE;
@@ -289,7 +279,7 @@ module GC
   # call-seq:
   #    GC.total_time -> int
   #
-  # Return measured GC total time in nano seconds.
+  # Return measured \GC total time in nano seconds.
   def self.total_time
     Primitive.cexpr! %{
       ULL2NUM(rb_objspace.profile.total_time_ns)
diff --git a/gems/bundled_gems b/gems/bundled_gems
index be637125fb..d37d869d41 100644
--- a/gems/bundled_gems
+++ b/gems/bundled_gems
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 # gem-name version-to-bundle repository-url [optional-commit-hash-to-test-or-defaults-to-v-version]
-minitest        5.16.3  https://github.com/seattlerb/minitest
-power_assert    2.0.1   https://github.com/ruby/power_assert
+minitest        5.25.1  https://github.com/seattlerb/minitest
+power_assert    2.0.3   https://github.com/ruby/power_assert
 rake            13.0.6  https://github.com/ruby/rake
-test-unit       3.5.3   https://github.com/test-unit/test-unit
-rexml           3.2.5   https://github.com/ruby/rexml
-rss             0.2.9   https://github.com/ruby/rss
-net-ftp         0.1.3   https://github.com/ruby/net-ftp
-net-imap        0.2.3   https://github.com/ruby/net-imap
-net-pop         0.1.1   https://github.com/ruby/net-pop
-net-smtp        0.3.1   https://github.com/ruby/net-smtp
+test-unit       3.5.7   https://github.com/test-unit/test-unit
+rexml           3.3.9   https://github.com/ruby/rexml
+rss             0.3.1   https://github.com/ruby/rss
+net-ftp         0.2.1   https://github.com/ruby/net-ftp
+net-imap        0.3.9   https://github.com/ruby/net-imap
+net-pop         0.1.2   https://github.com/ruby/net-pop
+net-smtp        0.3.4   https://github.com/ruby/net-smtp
 matrix          0.4.2   https://github.com/ruby/matrix
 prime           0.1.2   https://github.com/ruby/prime
-rbs             2.6.0   https://github.com/ruby/rbs             5ec9d53efe4bf0a97f33c3016aed430be135583a
+rbs             2.8.2   https://github.com/ruby/rbs
 typeprof        0.21.3  https://github.com/ruby/typeprof
-debug           1.6.2   https://github.com/ruby/debug           e7c37486ff9579251e5d25645b8d38ec96708f12
+debug           1.7.1   https://github.com/ruby/debug
diff --git a/gems/lib/core_assertions.rb b/gems/lib/core_assertions.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7334063885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gems/lib/core_assertions.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+require_relative "../../tool/lib/core_assertions.rb"
diff --git a/gems/lib/envutil.rb b/gems/lib/envutil.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d684c22cf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gems/lib/envutil.rb
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+require_relative "../../tool/lib/envutil.rb"
diff --git a/tool/dummy-rake-compiler/rake/extensiontask.rb b/gems/lib/rake/extensiontask.rb
index 62b7ff8018..fdbe8d8874 100644
--- a/tool/dummy-rake-compiler/rake/extensiontask.rb
+++ b/gems/lib/rake/extensiontask.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
+require "rake/tasklib" unless defined?(Rake::TaskLib)
+
 module Rake
   class ExtensionTask < TaskLib
     def initialize(...)
-      task :compile do
+      task :compile do |args|
         puts "Dummy `compile` task defined in #{__FILE__}"
+        puts "#{args.name} => #{args.prereqs.join(' ')}"
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/hash.c b/hash.c
index 8c20791ede..d2dce30624 100644
--- a/hash.c
+++ b/hash.c
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@
 #include "internal.h"
 #include "internal/array.h"
 #include "internal/bignum.h"
+#include "internal/basic_operators.h"
 #include "internal/class.h"
 #include "internal/cont.h"
 #include "internal/error.h"
@@ -93,9 +94,11 @@ rb_hash_freeze(VALUE hash)
 VALUE rb_cHash;
 
 static VALUE envtbl;
-static ID id_hash, id_default, id_flatten_bang;
+static ID id_hash, id_flatten_bang;
 static ID id_hash_iter_lev;
 
+#define id_default idDefault
+
 VALUE
 rb_hash_set_ifnone(VALUE hash, VALUE ifnone)
 {
@@ -111,7 +114,7 @@ rb_any_cmp(VALUE a, VALUE b)
         RB_TYPE_P(b, T_STRING) && RBASIC(b)->klass == rb_cString) {
         return rb_str_hash_cmp(a, b);
     }
-    if (a == Qundef || b == Qundef) return -1;
+    if (UNDEF_P(a) || UNDEF_P(b)) return -1;
     if (SYMBOL_P(a) && SYMBOL_P(b)) {
         return a != b;
     }
@@ -195,7 +198,7 @@ obj_any_hash(VALUE obj)
 {
     VALUE hval = rb_check_funcall_basic_kw(obj, id_hash, rb_mKernel, 0, 0, 0);
 
-    if (hval == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(hval)) {
         hval = rb_exec_recursive_outer_mid(hash_recursive, obj, 0, id_hash);
     }
 
@@ -218,7 +221,7 @@ obj_any_hash(VALUE obj)
     return FIX2LONG(hval);
 }
 
-static st_index_t
+st_index_t
 rb_any_hash(VALUE a)
 {
     return any_hash(a, obj_any_hash);
@@ -358,6 +361,9 @@ const struct st_hash_type rb_hashtype_ident = {
     rb_ident_hash,
 };
 
+#define RHASH_IDENTHASH_P(hash) (RHASH_TYPE(hash) == &identhash)
+#define RHASH_STRING_KEY_P(hash, key) (!RHASH_IDENTHASH_P(hash) && (rb_obj_class(key) == rb_cString))
+
 typedef st_index_t st_hash_t;
 
 /*
@@ -437,7 +443,7 @@ ar_cleared_entry(VALUE hash, unsigned int index)
          * so you need to check key == Qundef
          */
         ar_table_pair *pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, index);
-        return pair->key == Qundef;
+        return UNDEF_P(pair->key);
     }
     else {
         return FALSE;
@@ -517,8 +523,8 @@ hash_verify_(VALUE hash, const char *file, int line)
                 ar_table_pair *pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i);
                 k = pair->key;
                 v = pair->val;
-                HASH_ASSERT(k != Qundef);
-                HASH_ASSERT(v != Qundef);
+                HASH_ASSERT(!UNDEF_P(k));
+                HASH_ASSERT(!UNDEF_P(v));
                 n++;
             }
         }
@@ -764,31 +770,39 @@ ar_free_and_clear_table(VALUE hash)
     HASH_ASSERT(RHASH_TRANSIENT_P(hash) == 0);
 }
 
-static void
-ar_try_convert_table(VALUE hash)
-{
-    if (!RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) return;
-
-    const unsigned size = RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash);
+void rb_st_add_direct_with_hash(st_table *tab, st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_hash_t hash); // st.c
 
-    st_table *new_tab;
-    st_index_t i;
+enum ar_each_key_type {
+    ar_each_key_copy,
+    ar_each_key_cmp,
+    ar_each_key_insert,
+};
 
-    if (size < RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_SIZE) {
-        return;
+static inline int
+ar_each_key(ar_table *ar, int max, enum ar_each_key_type type, st_data_t *dst_keys, st_table *new_tab, st_hash_t *hashes)
+{
+    for (int i = 0; i < max; i++) {
+        ar_table_pair *pair = &ar->pairs[i];
+
+        switch (type) {
+          case ar_each_key_copy:
+            dst_keys[i] = pair->key;
+            break;
+          case ar_each_key_cmp:
+            if (dst_keys[i] != pair->key) return 1;
+            break;
+          case ar_each_key_insert:
+            if (UNDEF_P(pair->key)) continue; // deleted entry
+            rb_st_add_direct_with_hash(new_tab, pair->key, pair->val, hashes[i]);
+            break;
+        }
     }
 
-    new_tab = st_init_table_with_size(&objhash, size * 2);
-
-    for (i = 0; i < RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_BOUND; i++) {
-        ar_table_pair *pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i);
-        st_add_direct(new_tab, pair->key, pair->val);
-    }
-    ar_free_and_clear_table(hash);
-    RHASH_ST_TABLE_SET(hash, new_tab);
-    return;
+    return 0;
 }
 
+
+
 static st_table *
 ar_force_convert_table(VALUE hash, const char *file, int line)
 {
@@ -799,22 +813,32 @@ ar_force_convert_table(VALUE hash, const char *file, int line)
     }
 
     if (RHASH_AR_TABLE(hash)) {
-        unsigned i, bound = RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash);
-
-#if defined(RHASH_CONVERT_TABLE_DEBUG) && RHASH_CONVERT_TABLE_DEBUG
-        rb_obj_info_dump(hash);
-        fprintf(stderr, "force_convert: %s:%d\n", file, line);
-        RB_DEBUG_COUNTER_INC(obj_hash_force_convert);
-#endif
+        ar_table *ar = RHASH_AR_TABLE(hash);
+        st_hash_t hashes[RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_SIZE];
+        unsigned int bound, size;
+
+        // prepare hash values
+        do {
+            st_data_t keys[RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_SIZE];
+            bound = RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash);
+            size = RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash);
+            ar_each_key(ar, bound, ar_each_key_copy, keys, NULL, NULL);
+
+            for (unsigned int i = 0; i < bound; i++) {
+                // do_hash calls #hash method and it can modify hash object
+                hashes[i] = UNDEF_P(keys[i]) ? 0 : ar_do_hash(keys[i]);
+            }
 
-        new_tab = st_init_table_with_size(&objhash, RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash));
+            // check if modified
+            if (UNLIKELY(!RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash))) return RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash);
+            if (UNLIKELY(RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash) != bound)) continue;
+            if (UNLIKELY(ar_each_key(ar, bound, ar_each_key_cmp, keys, NULL, NULL))) continue;
+        } while (0);
 
-        for (i = 0; i < bound; i++) {
-            if (ar_cleared_entry(hash, i)) continue;
 
-            ar_table_pair *pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i);
-            st_add_direct(new_tab, pair->key, pair->val);
-        }
+        // make st
+        new_tab = st_init_table_with_size(&objhash, size);
+        ar_each_key(ar, bound, ar_each_key_insert, NULL, new_tab, hashes);
         ar_free_and_clear_table(hash);
     }
     else {
@@ -963,7 +987,7 @@ ar_foreach(VALUE hash, st_foreach_callback_func *func, st_data_t arg)
 
 static int
 ar_foreach_check(VALUE hash, st_foreach_check_callback_func *func, st_data_t arg,
-                     st_data_t never)
+                 st_data_t never)
 {
     if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE(hash) > 0) {
         unsigned i, ret = 0, bound = RHASH_AR_TABLE_BOUND(hash);
@@ -984,13 +1008,13 @@ ar_foreach_check(VALUE hash, st_foreach_check_callback_func *func, st_data_t arg
 
             switch (retval) {
               case ST_CHECK: {
-                  pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i);
-                  if (pair->key == never) break;
-                  ret = ar_find_entry_hint(hash, hint, key);
-                  if (ret == RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_BOUND) {
-                      retval = (*func)(0, 0, arg, 1);
-                      return 2;
-                  }
+                pair = RHASH_AR_TABLE_REF(hash, i);
+                if (pair->key == never) break;
+                ret = ar_find_entry_hint(hash, hint, key);
+                if (ret == RHASH_AR_TABLE_MAX_BOUND) {
+                    retval = (*func)(0, 0, arg, 1);
+                    return 2;
+                }
               }
               case ST_CONTINUE:
                 break;
@@ -998,11 +1022,11 @@ ar_foreach_check(VALUE hash, st_foreach_check_callback_func *func, st_data_t arg
               case ST_REPLACE:
                 return 0;
               case ST_DELETE: {
-                  if (!ar_cleared_entry(hash, i)) {
-                      ar_clear_entry(hash, i);
-                      RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_DEC(hash);
-                  }
-                  break;
+                if (!ar_cleared_entry(hash, i)) {
+                    ar_clear_entry(hash, i);
+                    RHASH_AR_TABLE_SIZE_DEC(hash);
+                }
+                break;
               }
             }
         }
@@ -1346,15 +1370,8 @@ struct hash_foreach_arg {
 };
 
 static int
-hash_ar_foreach_iter(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t argp, int error)
+hash_iter_status_check(int status)
 {
-    struct hash_foreach_arg *arg = (struct hash_foreach_arg *)argp;
-    int status;
-
-    if (error) return ST_STOP;
-    status = (*arg->func)((VALUE)key, (VALUE)value, arg->arg);
-    /* TODO: rehash check? rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "rehash occurred during iteration"); */
-
     switch (status) {
       case ST_DELETE:
         return ST_DELETE;
@@ -1363,31 +1380,38 @@ hash_ar_foreach_iter(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t argp, int error)
       case ST_STOP:
         return ST_STOP;
     }
+
     return ST_CHECK;
 }
 
 static int
+hash_ar_foreach_iter(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t argp, int error)
+{
+    struct hash_foreach_arg *arg = (struct hash_foreach_arg *)argp;
+
+    if (error) return ST_STOP;
+
+    int status = (*arg->func)((VALUE)key, (VALUE)value, arg->arg);
+    /* TODO: rehash check? rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "rehash occurred during iteration"); */
+
+    return hash_iter_status_check(status);
+}
+
+static int
 hash_foreach_iter(st_data_t key, st_data_t value, st_data_t argp, int error)
 {
     struct hash_foreach_arg *arg = (struct hash_foreach_arg *)argp;
-    int status;
-    st_table *tbl;
 
     if (error) return ST_STOP;
-    tbl = RHASH_ST_TABLE(arg->hash);
-    status = (*arg->func)((VALUE)key, (VALUE)value, arg->arg);
+
+    st_table *tbl = RHASH_ST_TABLE(arg->hash);
+    int status = (*arg->func)((VALUE)key, (VALUE)value, arg->arg);
+
     if (RHASH_ST_TABLE(arg->hash) != tbl) {
-    	rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "rehash occurred during iteration");
+        rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "rehash occurred during iteration");
     }
-    switch (status) {
-      case ST_DELETE:
-        return ST_DELETE;
-      case ST_CONTINUE:
-        break;
-      case ST_STOP:
-        return ST_STOP;
-    }
-    return ST_CHECK;
+
+    return hash_iter_status_check(status);
 }
 
 static int
@@ -1406,13 +1430,19 @@ iter_lev_in_ivar_set(VALUE hash, int lev)
     rb_ivar_set_internal(hash, id_hash_iter_lev, INT2FIX(lev));
 }
 
-static int
+static inline int
 iter_lev_in_flags(VALUE hash)
 {
     unsigned int u = (unsigned int)((RBASIC(hash)->flags >> RHASH_LEV_SHIFT) & RHASH_LEV_MAX);
     return (int)u;
 }
 
+static inline void
+iter_lev_in_flags_set(VALUE hash, int lev)
+{
+    RBASIC(hash)->flags = ((RBASIC(hash)->flags & ~RHASH_LEV_MASK) | ((VALUE)lev << RHASH_LEV_SHIFT));
+}
+
 static int
 RHASH_ITER_LEV(VALUE hash)
 {
@@ -1436,7 +1466,7 @@ hash_iter_lev_inc(VALUE hash)
     }
     else {
         lev += 1;
-        RBASIC(hash)->flags = ((RBASIC(hash)->flags & ~RHASH_LEV_MASK) | ((VALUE)lev << RHASH_LEV_SHIFT));
+        iter_lev_in_flags_set(hash, lev);
         if (lev == RHASH_LEV_MAX) {
             iter_lev_in_ivar_set(hash, lev);
         }
@@ -1454,7 +1484,7 @@ hash_iter_lev_dec(VALUE hash)
     }
     else {
         HASH_ASSERT(lev > 0);
-        RBASIC(hash)->flags = ((RBASIC(hash)->flags & ~RHASH_LEV_MASK) | ((lev-1) << RHASH_LEV_SHIFT));
+        iter_lev_in_flags_set(hash, lev - 1);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1533,6 +1563,16 @@ rb_hash_foreach(VALUE hash, rb_foreach_func *func, VALUE farg)
     hash_verify(hash);
 }
 
+void rb_st_compact_table(st_table *tab);
+
+static void
+compact_after_delete(VALUE hash)
+{
+    if (RHASH_ITER_LEV(hash) == 0 && RHASH_ST_TABLE_P(hash)) {
+        rb_st_compact_table(RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash));
+    }
+}
+
 static VALUE
 hash_alloc_flags(VALUE klass, VALUE flags, VALUE ifnone)
 {
@@ -1705,7 +1745,7 @@ rb_hash_stlike_update(VALUE hash, st_data_t key, st_update_callback_func *func,
     if (RHASH_AR_TABLE_P(hash)) {
         int result = ar_update(hash, key, func, arg);
         if (result == -1) {
-            ar_try_convert_table(hash);
+            ar_force_convert_table(hash, __FILE__, __LINE__);
         }
         else {
             return result;
@@ -2070,13 +2110,27 @@ call_default_proc(VALUE proc, VALUE hash, VALUE key)
     return rb_proc_call_with_block(proc, 2, args, Qnil);
 }
 
+static bool
+rb_hash_default_unredefined(VALUE hash)
+{
+    VALUE klass = RBASIC_CLASS(hash);
+    if (LIKELY(klass == rb_cHash)) {
+        return !!BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_DEFAULT, HASH_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG);
+    }
+    else {
+        return LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(klass, id_default));
+    }
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_hash_default_value(VALUE hash, VALUE key)
 {
-    if (LIKELY(rb_method_basic_definition_p(CLASS_OF(hash), id_default))) {
+    RUBY_ASSERT(RB_TYPE_P(hash, T_HASH));
+
+    if (LIKELY(rb_hash_default_unredefined(hash))) {
         VALUE ifnone = RHASH_IFNONE(hash);
-        if (!FL_TEST(hash, RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT)) return ifnone;
-        if (key == Qundef) return Qnil;
+        if (LIKELY(!FL_TEST_RAW(hash, RHASH_PROC_DEFAULT))) return ifnone;
+        if (UNDEF_P(key)) return Qnil;
         return call_default_proc(ifnone, hash, key);
     }
     else {
@@ -2402,7 +2456,7 @@ rb_hash_delete(VALUE hash, VALUE key)
 {
     VALUE deleted_value = rb_hash_delete_entry(hash, key);
 
-    if (deleted_value != Qundef) { /* likely pass */
+    if (!UNDEF_P(deleted_value)) { /* likely pass */
         return deleted_value;
     }
     else {
@@ -2445,7 +2499,8 @@ rb_hash_delete_m(VALUE hash, VALUE key)
     rb_hash_modify_check(hash);
     val = rb_hash_delete_entry(hash, key);
 
-    if (val != Qundef) {
+    if (!UNDEF_P(val)) {
+        compact_after_delete(hash);
         return val;
     }
     else {
@@ -2502,7 +2557,7 @@ rb_hash_shift(VALUE hash)
         }
         else {
             rb_hash_foreach(hash, shift_i_safe, (VALUE)&var);
-            if (var.key != Qundef) {
+            if (!UNDEF_P(var.key)) {
                 rb_hash_delete_entry(hash, var.key);
                 return rb_assoc_new(var.key, var.val);
             }
@@ -2517,7 +2572,7 @@ rb_hash_shift(VALUE hash)
         }
         else {
             rb_hash_foreach(hash, shift_i_safe, (VALUE)&var);
-            if (var.key != Qundef) {
+            if (!UNDEF_P(var.key)) {
                 rb_hash_delete_entry(hash, var.key);
                 return rb_assoc_new(var.key, var.val);
             }
@@ -2566,6 +2621,7 @@ rb_hash_delete_if(VALUE hash)
     rb_hash_modify_check(hash);
     if (!RHASH_TABLE_EMPTY_P(hash)) {
         rb_hash_foreach(hash, delete_if_i, hash);
+        compact_after_delete(hash);
     }
     return hash;
 }
@@ -2629,6 +2685,7 @@ rb_hash_reject(VALUE hash)
     result = hash_dup_with_compare_by_id(hash);
     if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(hash)) {
         rb_hash_foreach(result, delete_if_i, result);
+        compact_after_delete(result);
     }
     return result;
 }
@@ -2658,7 +2715,7 @@ rb_hash_slice(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE hash)
     for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
         key = argv[i];
         value = rb_hash_lookup2(hash, key, Qundef);
-        if (value != Qundef)
+        if (!UNDEF_P(value))
             rb_hash_aset(result, key, value);
     }
 
@@ -2688,6 +2745,7 @@ rb_hash_except(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE hash)
         key = argv[i];
         rb_hash_delete(result, key);
     }
+    compact_after_delete(result);
 
     return result;
 }
@@ -2785,6 +2843,7 @@ rb_hash_select(VALUE hash)
     result = hash_dup_with_compare_by_id(hash);
     if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(hash)) {
         rb_hash_foreach(result, keep_if_i, result);
+        compact_after_delete(result);
     }
     return result;
 }
@@ -2876,6 +2935,7 @@ rb_hash_clear(VALUE hash)
     }
     else {
         st_clear(RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash));
+        compact_after_delete(hash);
     }
 
     return hash;
@@ -2949,7 +3009,7 @@ rb_hash_aset(VALUE hash, VALUE key, VALUE val)
         ar_alloc_table(hash);
     }
 
-    if (RHASH_TYPE(hash) == &identhash || rb_obj_class(key) != rb_cString) {
+    if (!RHASH_STRING_KEY_P(hash, key)) {
         RHASH_UPDATE_ITER(hash, iter_lev, key, hash_aset, val);
     }
     else {
@@ -3181,7 +3241,7 @@ transform_keys_hash_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE transarg)
     struct transform_keys_args *p = (void *)transarg;
     VALUE trans = p->trans, result = p->result;
     VALUE new_key = rb_hash_lookup2(trans, key, Qundef);
-    if (new_key == Qundef) {
+    if (UNDEF_P(new_key)) {
         if (p->block_given)
             new_key = rb_yield(key);
         else
@@ -3302,7 +3362,7 @@ rb_hash_transform_keys_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE hash)
             if (!trans) {
                 new_key = rb_yield(key);
             }
-            else if ((new_key = rb_hash_lookup2(trans, key, Qundef)) != Qundef) {
+            else if (!UNDEF_P(new_key = rb_hash_lookup2(trans, key, Qundef))) {
                 /* use the transformed key */
             }
             else if (block_given) {
@@ -3321,6 +3381,7 @@ rb_hash_transform_keys_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE hash)
         rb_ary_clear(pairs);
         rb_hash_clear(new_keys);
     }
+    compact_after_delete(hash);
     return hash;
 }
 
@@ -3371,6 +3432,7 @@ rb_hash_transform_values(VALUE hash)
 
     if (!RHASH_EMPTY_P(hash)) {
         rb_hash_stlike_foreach_with_replace(result, transform_values_foreach_func, transform_values_foreach_replace, result);
+        compact_after_delete(result);
     }
 
     return result;
@@ -3907,18 +3969,9 @@ rb_hash_invert(VALUE hash)
 }
 
 static int
-rb_hash_update_callback(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, struct update_arg *arg, int existing)
-{
-    *value = arg->arg;
-    return ST_CONTINUE;
-}
-
-NOINSERT_UPDATE_CALLBACK(rb_hash_update_callback)
-
-static int
 rb_hash_update_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE hash)
 {
-    RHASH_UPDATE(hash, key, rb_hash_update_callback, value);
+    rb_hash_aset(hash, key, value);
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
 
@@ -3930,6 +3983,9 @@ rb_hash_update_block_callback(st_data_t *key, st_data_t *value, struct update_ar
     if (existing) {
         newvalue = (st_data_t)rb_yield_values(3, (VALUE)*key, (VALUE)*value, (VALUE)newvalue);
     }
+    else if (RHASH_STRING_KEY_P(arg->hash, *key) && !RB_OBJ_FROZEN(*key)) {
+        *key = rb_hash_key_str(*key);
+    }
     *value = newvalue;
     return ST_CONTINUE;
 }
@@ -4182,7 +4238,7 @@ rb_hash_assoc(VALUE hash, VALUE key)
     table = RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash);
     orighash = table->type;
 
-    if (orighash != &identhash) {
+    if (!RHASH_IDENTHASH_P(hash)) {
         VALUE value;
         struct reset_hash_type_arg ensure_arg;
         struct st_hash_type assochash;
@@ -4195,7 +4251,7 @@ rb_hash_assoc(VALUE hash, VALUE key)
         ensure_arg.hash = hash;
         ensure_arg.orighash = orighash;
         value = rb_ensure(lookup2_call, (VALUE)&args, reset_hash_type, (VALUE)&ensure_arg);
-        if (value != Qundef) return rb_assoc_new(key, value);
+        if (!UNDEF_P(value)) return rb_assoc_new(key, value);
     }
 
     args[0] = key;
@@ -4442,7 +4498,7 @@ rb_hash_compare_by_id(VALUE hash)
 MJIT_FUNC_EXPORTED VALUE
 rb_hash_compare_by_id_p(VALUE hash)
 {
-    return RBOOL(RHASH_ST_TABLE_P(hash) && RHASH_ST_TABLE(hash)->type == &identhash);
+    return RBOOL(RHASH_IDENTHASH_P(hash));
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -4608,7 +4664,7 @@ hash_le_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE arg)
 {
     VALUE *args = (VALUE *)arg;
     VALUE v = rb_hash_lookup2(args[0], key, Qundef);
-    if (v != Qundef && rb_equal(value, v)) return ST_CONTINUE;
+    if (!UNDEF_P(v) && rb_equal(value, v)) return ST_CONTINUE;
     args[1] = Qfalse;
     return ST_STOP;
 }
@@ -4760,7 +4816,7 @@ rb_hash_add_new_element(VALUE hash, VALUE key, VALUE val)
         if (ret != -1) {
             return ret;
         }
-        ar_try_convert_table(hash);
+        ar_force_convert_table(hash, __FILE__, __LINE__);
     }
     tbl = RHASH_TBL_RAW(hash);
     return st_update(tbl, (st_data_t)key, add_new_i, (st_data_t)args);
@@ -4939,7 +4995,7 @@ env_name(volatile VALUE *s)
 static VALUE env_aset(VALUE nm, VALUE val);
 
 static void
-reset_by_modified_env(const char *nam)
+reset_by_modified_env(const char *nam, const char *val)
 {
     /*
      * ENV['TZ'] = nil has a special meaning.
@@ -4948,7 +5004,7 @@ reset_by_modified_env(const char *nam)
      * This hack might works only on Linux glibc.
      */
     if (ENVMATCH(nam, TZ_ENV)) {
-        ruby_reset_timezone();
+        ruby_reset_timezone(val);
     }
 }
 
@@ -4956,7 +5012,7 @@ static VALUE
 env_delete(VALUE name)
 {
     const char *nam = env_name(name);
-    reset_by_modified_env(nam);
+    reset_by_modified_env(nam, NULL);
     VALUE val = getenv_with_lock(nam);
 
     if (!NIL_P(val)) {
@@ -5416,7 +5472,7 @@ env_aset(VALUE nm, VALUE val)
     get_env_ptr(value, val);
 
     ruby_setenv(name, value);
-    reset_by_modified_env(name);
+    reset_by_modified_env(name, value);
     return val;
 }
 
@@ -5971,24 +6027,23 @@ env_to_s(VALUE _)
 static VALUE
 env_inspect(VALUE _)
 {
-    VALUE i;
     VALUE str = rb_str_buf_new2("{");
+    rb_encoding *enc = env_encoding();
 
     ENV_LOCK();
     {
         char **env = GET_ENVIRON(environ);
         while (*env) {
-            char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
+            const char *s = strchr(*env, '=');
 
             if (env != environ) {
                 rb_str_buf_cat2(str, ", ");
             }
             if (s) {
-                rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "\"");
-                rb_str_buf_cat(str, *env, s-*env);
-                rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "\"=>");
-                i = rb_inspect(rb_str_new2(s+1));
-                rb_str_buf_append(str, i);
+                rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_str_inspect(env_enc_str_new(*env, s-*env, enc)));
+                rb_str_buf_cat2(str, "=>");
+                s++;
+                rb_str_buf_append(str, rb_str_inspect(env_enc_str_new(s, strlen(s), enc)));
             }
             env++;
         }
@@ -7164,7 +7219,6 @@ void
 Init_Hash(void)
 {
     id_hash = rb_intern_const("hash");
-    id_default = rb_intern_const("default");
     id_flatten_bang = rb_intern_const("flatten!");
     id_hash_iter_lev = rb_make_internal_id();
 
diff --git a/hrtime.h b/hrtime.h
index 80aff5deb3..7ed4e6b04c 100644
--- a/hrtime.h
+++ b/hrtime.h
@@ -206,6 +206,7 @@ double2hrtime(rb_hrtime_t *hrt, double d)
     const double TIMESPEC_SEC_MAX_PLUS_ONE = 2.0 * (TIMESPEC_SEC_MAX_as_double / 2.0 + 1.0);
 
     if (TIMESPEC_SEC_MAX_PLUS_ONE <= d) {
+        *hrt = RB_HRTIME_MAX;
         return NULL;
     }
     else if (d <= 0) {
diff --git a/id_table.h b/id_table.h
index 9d9eb5648e..f72e2d1d92 100644
--- a/id_table.h
+++ b/id_table.h
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ struct rb_id_table *rb_id_table_create(size_t size);
 void rb_id_table_free(struct rb_id_table *tbl);
 void rb_id_table_clear(struct rb_id_table *tbl);
 
-size_t rb_id_table_size(const struct rb_id_table *tbl);
 size_t rb_id_table_memsize(const struct rb_id_table *tbl);
 
 int rb_id_table_insert(struct rb_id_table *tbl, ID id, VALUE val);
@@ -33,4 +32,8 @@ void rb_id_table_foreach(struct rb_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_func_t *fu
 void rb_id_table_foreach_values(struct rb_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_values_func_t *func, void *data);
 void rb_id_table_foreach_values_with_replace(struct rb_id_table *tbl, rb_id_table_foreach_values_func_t *func, rb_id_table_update_value_callback_func_t *replace, void *data);
 
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+size_t rb_id_table_size(const struct rb_id_table *tbl);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
 #endif	/* RUBY_ID_TABLE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/debug.h b/include/ruby/debug.h
index c88da9c43d..f95acdb17e 100644
--- a/include/ruby/debug.h
+++ b/include/ruby/debug.h
@@ -207,6 +207,17 @@ typedef VALUE (*rb_debug_inspector_func_t)(const rb_debug_inspector_t *dc, void
 VALUE rb_debug_inspector_open(rb_debug_inspector_func_t func, void *data);
 
 /**
+ * Queries  the backtrace  object  of the  context.   This is  as  if you  call
+ * `caller_locations` at the point of debugger.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  dc  A debug context.
+ * @return     An array  of `Thread::Backtrace::Location` which  represents the
+ *             current point of execution at `dc`.
+
+ */
+VALUE rb_debug_inspector_backtrace_locations(const rb_debug_inspector_t *dc);
+
+/**
  * Queries the current receiver of the passed context's upper frame.
  *
  * @param[in]  dc           A debug context.
@@ -250,15 +261,27 @@ VALUE rb_debug_inspector_frame_binding_get(const rb_debug_inspector_t *dc, long
 VALUE rb_debug_inspector_frame_iseq_get(const rb_debug_inspector_t *dc, long index);
 
 /**
- * Queries  the backtrace  object  of the  context.   This is  as  if you  call
- * `caller_locations` at the point of debugger.
+ * Queries the depth of the passed context's upper frame.
  *
- * @param[in]  dc  A debug context.
- * @return     An array  of `Thread::Backtrace::Location` which  represents the
- *             current point of execution at `dc`.
+ * Note that the depth is not same as the frame index because debug_inspector
+ * skips some special frames but the depth counts all frames.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  dc           A debug context.
+ * @param[in]  index        Index of the frame from top to bottom.
+ * @exception  rb_eArgError `index` out of range.
+ * @retval     The depth at `index`-th frame in Integer.
+ */
+VALUE rb_debug_inspector_frame_depth(const rb_debug_inspector_t *dc, long index);
+
+// A macro to recognize `rb_debug_inspector_frame_depth()` is available or not
+#define RB_DEBUG_INSPECTOR_FRAME_DEPTH(dc, index) rb_debug_inspector_frame_depth(dc, index)
 
+/**
+ * Return current frmae depth.
+ *
+ * @retval     The depth of the current frame in Integer.
  */
-VALUE rb_debug_inspector_backtrace_locations(const rb_debug_inspector_t *dc);
+VALUE rb_debug_inspector_current_depth(void);
 
 /** @} */
 
diff --git a/include/ruby/fiber/scheduler.h b/include/ruby/fiber/scheduler.h
index 9f67bd5bf6..250b39b6df 100644
--- a/include/ruby/fiber/scheduler.h
+++ b/include/ruby/fiber/scheduler.h
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@
 
 RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 
+#define RUBY_FIBER_SCHEDULER_VERSION 2
+
 struct timeval;
 
 /**
@@ -144,7 +146,7 @@ VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_make_timeout(struct timeval *timeout);
 VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_close(VALUE scheduler);
 
 /**
- * Nonblocking  `sleep`.   Depending  on  scheduler  implementation,  this  for
+ * Non-blocking  `sleep`.  Depending  on  scheduler  implementation,  this  for
  * instance switches to another fiber etc.
  *
  * @param[in]  scheduler  Target scheduler.
@@ -172,7 +174,7 @@ int rb_fiber_scheduler_supports_process_wait(VALUE scheduler);
 #endif
 
 /**
- * Nonblocking  `waitpid`.  Depending  on  scheduler  implementation, this  for
+ * Non-blocking `waitpid`.  Depending  on  scheduler  implementation, this  for
  * instance switches to another fiber etc.
  *
  * @param[in]  scheduler  Target scheduler.
@@ -183,7 +185,7 @@ int rb_fiber_scheduler_supports_process_wait(VALUE scheduler);
 VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_process_wait(VALUE scheduler, rb_pid_t pid, int flags);
 
 /**
- * Nonblocking  wait   for  the  passed   "blocker",  which  is   for  instance
+ * Non-blocking  wait  for  the  passed   "blocker",  which  is   for  instance
  * `Thread.join` or `Mutex.lock`.  Depending  on scheduler implementation, this
  * for instance switches to another fiber etc.
  *
@@ -205,8 +207,8 @@ VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_block(VALUE scheduler, VALUE blocker, VALUE timeout);
 VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_unblock(VALUE scheduler, VALUE blocker, VALUE fiber);
 
 /**
- * Nonblocking version of rb_io_wait().  Depending on scheduler implementation,
- * this for instance switches to another fiber etc.
+ * Non-blocking version of rb_io_wait().  Depending on scheduler
+ * implementation, this for instance switches to another fiber etc.
  *
  * The  "events" here  is a  Ruby level  integer, which  is an  OR-ed value  of
  * `IO::READABLE`, `IO::WRITABLE`, and `IO::PRIORITY`.
@@ -220,7 +222,7 @@ VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_unblock(VALUE scheduler, VALUE blocker, VALUE fiber);
 VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_wait(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, VALUE events, VALUE timeout);
 
 /**
- * Nonblocking  wait until  the passed  IO  is ready  for reading.   This is  a
+ * Non-blocking  wait until the passed  IO  is ready  for reading.   This is  a
  * special  case   of  rb_fiber_scheduler_io_wait(),  where  the   interest  is
  * `IO::READABLE` and timeout is never.
  *
@@ -231,7 +233,7 @@ VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_wait(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, VALUE events, VALUE
 VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_wait_readable(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io);
 
 /**
- * Nonblocking  wait until  the passed  IO  is ready  for writing.   This is  a
+ * Non-blocking  wait until  the passed  IO  is ready  for writing.   This is a
  * special  case   of  rb_fiber_scheduler_io_wait(),  where  the   interest  is
  * `IO::WRITABLE` and timeout is never.
  *
@@ -242,57 +244,81 @@ VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_wait_readable(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io);
 VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_wait_writable(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io);
 
 /**
- * Nonblocking read from the passed IO.
+ * Non-blocking version of `IO.select`.
+ *
+ * It's possible that this will be emulated using a thread, so you should not
+ * rely on it for high performance.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  scheduler    Target scheduler.
+ * @param[in]  readables    An array of readable objects.
+ * @param[in]  writables    An array of writable objects.
+ * @param[in]  exceptables  An array of objects that might encounter exceptional conditions.
+ * @param[in]  timeout      Numeric timeout or nil.
+ * @return     What `scheduler.io_select` returns, normally a 3-tuple of arrays of ready objects.
+ */
+VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_select(VALUE scheduler, VALUE readables, VALUE writables, VALUE exceptables, VALUE timeout);
+
+/**
+ * Non-blocking version of `IO.select`, `argv` variant.
+ */
+VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_selectv(VALUE scheduler, int argc, VALUE *argv);
+
+/**
+ * Non-blocking read from the passed IO.
  *
  * @param[in]   scheduler    Target scheduler.
  * @param[out]  io           An io object to read from.
  * @param[out]  buffer       Return buffer.
  * @param[in]   length       Requested number of bytes to read.
+ * @param[in]   offset       The offset in the buffer to read to.
  * @retval      RUBY_Qundef  `scheduler` doesn't have `#io_read`.
  * @return      otherwise    What `scheduler.io_read` returns `[-errno, size]`.
  */
-VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_read(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, VALUE buffer, size_t length);
+VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_read(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, VALUE buffer, size_t length, size_t offset);
 
 /**
- * Nonblocking write to the passed IO.
+ * Non-blocking write to the passed IO.
  *
  * @param[in]   scheduler    Target scheduler.
  * @param[out]  io           An io object to write to.
  * @param[in]   buffer       What to write.
  * @param[in]   length       Number of bytes to write.
+ * @param[in]   offset       The offset in the buffer to write from.
  * @retval      RUBY_Qundef  `scheduler` doesn't have `#io_write`.
  * @return      otherwise    What `scheduler.io_write` returns `[-errno, size]`.
  */
-VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_write(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, VALUE buffer, size_t length);
+VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_write(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, VALUE buffer, size_t length, size_t offset);
 
 /**
- * Nonblocking read from the passed IO at the specified offset.
+ * Non-blocking read from the passed IO at the specified offset.
  *
  * @param[in]   scheduler    Target scheduler.
  * @param[out]  io           An io object to read from.
- * @param[out]  buffer       Return buffer.
+ * @param[in]   from         The offset in the given IO to read the data from.
+ * @param[out]  buffer       The buffer to read the data to.
  * @param[in]   length       Requested number of bytes to read.
- * @param[in]   offset       The offset in the given IO to read the data from.
+ * @param[in]   offset       The offset in the buffer to read to.
  * @retval      RUBY_Qundef  `scheduler` doesn't have `#io_read`.
  * @return      otherwise    What `scheduler.io_read` returns.
  */
-VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_pread(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, VALUE buffer, size_t length, off_t offset);
+VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_pread(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, rb_off_t from, VALUE buffer, size_t length, size_t offset);
 
 /**
- * Nonblocking write to the passed IO at the specified offset.
+ * Non-blocking write to the passed IO at the specified offset.
  *
  * @param[in]   scheduler    Target scheduler.
  * @param[out]  io           An io object to write to.
- * @param[in]   buffer       What to write.
+ * @param[in]   from         The offset in the given IO to write the data to.
+ * @param[in]   buffer       The buffer to write the data from.
  * @param[in]   length       Number of bytes to write.
- * @param[in]   offset       The offset in the given IO to write the data to.
+ * @param[in]   offset       The offset in the buffer to write from.
  * @retval      RUBY_Qundef  `scheduler` doesn't have `#io_write`.
  * @return      otherwise    What `scheduler.io_write` returns.
  */
-VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_pwrite(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, VALUE buffer, size_t length, off_t offset);
+VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_pwrite(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, rb_off_t from, VALUE buffer, size_t length, size_t offset);
 
 /**
- * Nonblocking read from the passed IO using a native buffer.
+ * Non-blocking read from the passed IO using a native buffer.
  *
  * @param[in]   scheduler    Target scheduler.
  * @param[out]  io           An io object to read from.
@@ -305,7 +331,7 @@ VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_pwrite(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, VALUE buffer, size
 VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_read_memory(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, void *buffer, size_t size, size_t length);
 
 /**
- * Nonblocking write to the passed IO using a native buffer.
+ * Non-blocking write to the passed IO using a native buffer.
  *
  * @param[in]   scheduler    Target scheduler.
  * @param[out]  io           An io object to write to.
@@ -318,7 +344,7 @@ VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_read_memory(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, void *buffer,
 VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_write_memory(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, const void *buffer, size_t size, size_t length);
 
 /**
- * Nonblocking close the given IO.
+ * Non-blocking close the given IO.
  *
  * @param[in]  scheduler    Target scheduler.
  * @param[in]  io           An io object to close.
@@ -328,7 +354,7 @@ VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_write_memory(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io, const void *
 VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_close(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io);
 
 /**
- * Nonblocking DNS lookup.
+ * Non-blocking DNS lookup.
  *
  * @param[in]  scheduler    Target scheduler.
  * @param[in]  hostname     A host name to query.
@@ -337,6 +363,12 @@ VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_io_close(VALUE scheduler, VALUE io);
  */
 VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_address_resolve(VALUE scheduler, VALUE hostname);
 
+/**
+ * Create and schedule a non-blocking fiber.
+ *
+ */
+VALUE rb_fiber_scheduler_fiber(VALUE scheduler, int argc, VALUE *argv, int kw_splat);
+
 RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
 
 #endif /* RUBY_FIBER_SCHEDULER_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/abi.h b/include/ruby/internal/abi.h
index fe1977a9a1..44111a0055 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/abi.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/abi.h
@@ -24,13 +24,14 @@
  * In released versions of Ruby, this number is not defined since teeny
  * versions of Ruby should guarantee ABI compatibility.
  */
-#define RUBY_ABI_VERSION 2
+#define RUBY_ABI_VERSION 3
 
 /* Windows does not support weak symbols so ruby_abi_version will not exist
  * in the shared library. */
 #if defined(HAVE_FUNC_WEAK) && !defined(_WIN32) && !defined(__MINGW32__) && !defined(__CYGWIN__)
 # define RUBY_DLN_CHECK_ABI
 #endif
+#endif  /* RUBY_ABI_VERSION */
 
 #ifdef RUBY_DLN_CHECK_ABI
 
@@ -41,7 +42,11 @@ extern "C" {
 RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED unsigned long long __attribute__((weak))
 ruby_abi_version(void)
 {
+# ifdef RUBY_ABI_VERSION
     return RUBY_ABI_VERSION;
+# else
+    return 0;
+# endif
 }
 
 # ifdef __cplusplus
@@ -51,5 +56,3 @@ ruby_abi_version(void)
 #endif
 
 #endif
-
-#endif
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/anyargs.h b/include/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
index 9d8d16fdab..e4c6d155cc 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/anyargs.h
@@ -84,12 +84,15 @@
 
 #elif defined(_WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
 # /* Skip due to [Bug #16134] */
+# define RBIMPL_CAST_FN_PTR 1
 
 #elif ! RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(transparent_union)
 # /* :TODO: improve here, please find a way to support. */
+# define RBIMPL_CAST_FN_PTR 1
 
 #elif ! defined(HAVE_VA_ARGS_MACRO)
 # /* :TODO: improve here, please find a way to support. */
+# define RBIMPL_CAST_FN_PTR 1
 
 #else
 # /** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
@@ -239,15 +242,16 @@
 # define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_13(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 13, rb_define_method_13,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_12(n))
 # define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_14(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 14, rb_define_method_14,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_13(n))
 # define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_15(n)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH((n) == 15, rb_define_method_15,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_14(n))
-# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method(n, f) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_singleton_method_m3, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_15(n))
-# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method(n, f) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_protected_method_m3, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_15(n))
-# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method(n, f)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_private_method_m3,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_15(n))
-# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function(n, f)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_module_function_m3,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_15(n))
-# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function(n, f)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_global_function_m3,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_15(n))
-# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id(n, f)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_method_id_m3,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_15(n))
-# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method(n, f)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_method_m3,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_15(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method(n, f) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_singleton_method_notimpl, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_singleton_method_15(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method(n, f) RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_protected_method_notimpl, RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_protected_method_15(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method(n, f)   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_private_method_notimpl,   RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_private_method_15(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function(n, f)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_module_function_notimpl,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_module_function_15(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function(n, f)  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_global_function_notimpl,  RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_global_function_15(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id(n, f)        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_method_id_notimpl,        RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_id_15(n))
+# define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method(n, f)           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH(RBIMPL_CFUNC_IS_rb_f_notimplement(f), rb_define_method_notimpl,           RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DISPATCH_rb_define_method_15(n))
 # define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) RBIMPL_ATTR_MAYBE_UNUSED() RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(()) RBIMPL_ATTR_WEAKREF(sym)
 # define RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DECL(sym, ...) \
+RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _notimpl(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(int, const VALUE *, VALUE, VALUE), int); \
 RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _m3(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(ANYARGS), int); \
 RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _m2(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(VALUE, VALUE), int); \
 RBIMPL_ANYARGS_ATTRSET(sym) static void sym ## _m1(__VA_ARGS__, VALUE(*)(int, union { VALUE *x; const VALUE *y; } __attribute__((__transparent_union__)), VALUE), int); \
@@ -347,6 +351,25 @@ RBIMPL_ANYARGS_DECL(rb_define_method, VALUE, const char *)
 
 #endif /* __cplusplus */
 
+#if defined(RBIMPL_CAST_FN_PTR) && !defined(__cplusplus)
+/* In C23, K&R style prototypes are gone and so `void foo(ANYARGS)` became
+ * equivalent to `void foo(void)` unlike in earlier versions. This is a problem
+ * for rb_define_* functions since that makes all valid functions one can pass
+ * trip -Wincompatible-pointer-types, which we treat as errors. This is mostly
+ * not a problem for the __builtin_choose_expr path, but outside of that we
+ * need to add a cast for compatibility.
+ */
+#define rb_define_method(klass, mid, func, arity)           rb_define_method((klass), (mid), (VALUE (*)(ANYARGS))(func), (arity))
+#define rb_define_method_id(klass, mid, func, arity)        rb_define_method_id((klass), (mid), (VALUE (*)(ANYARGS))(func), (arity))
+#define rb_define_singleton_method(obj, mid, func, arity)   rb_define_singleton_method((obj), (mid), (VALUE (*)(ANYARGS))(func), (arity))
+#define rb_define_protected_method(klass, mid, func, arity) rb_define_protected_method((klass), (mid), (VALUE (*)(ANYARGS))(func), (arity))
+#define rb_define_private_method(klass, mid, func, arity)   rb_define_private_method((klass), (mid), (VALUE (*)(ANYARGS))(func), (arity))
+#define rb_define_module_function(mod, mid, func, arity)    rb_define_module_function((mod), (mid), (VALUE (*)(ANYARGS))(func), (arity))
+#define rb_define_global_function(mid, func, arity)         rb_define_global_function((mid), (VALUE (*)(ANYARGS))(func), (arity))
+
+#undef RBIMPL_CAST_FN_PTR
+#endif /* defined(RBIMPL_CAST_FN_PTR) && !defined(__cplusplus) */
+
 /**
  * This  macro is  to properly  cast  a function  parameter of  *_define_method
  * family.  It  has been  around since  1.x era so  you can  maximise backwards
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/attr/nonstring.h b/include/ruby/internal/attr/nonstring.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..de26e926d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/attr/nonstring.h
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#ifndef RBIMPL_ATTR_NONSTRING_H                        /*-*-C++-*-vi:se ft=cpp:*/
+#define RBIMPL_ATTR_NONSTRING_H
+/**
+ * @file
+ * @author     Ruby developers <ruby-core@ruby-lang.org>
+ * @copyright  This  file  is   a  part  of  the   programming  language  Ruby.
+ *             Permission  is hereby  granted,  to  either redistribute  and/or
+ *             modify this file, provided that  the conditions mentioned in the
+ *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
+ * @warning    Symbols   prefixed  with   either  `RBIMPL`   or  `rbimpl`   are
+ *             implementation details.   Don't take  them as canon.  They could
+ *             rapidly appear then vanish.  The name (path) of this header file
+ *             is also an  implementation detail.  Do not expect  it to persist
+ *             at the place it is now.  Developers are free to move it anywhere
+ *             anytime at will.
+ * @note       To  ruby-core:  remember  that   this  header  can  be  possibly
+ *             recursively included  from extension  libraries written  in C++.
+ *             Do not  expect for  instance `__VA_ARGS__` is  always available.
+ *             We assume C99  for ruby itself but we don't  assume languages of
+ *             extension libraries.  They could be written in C++98.
+ * @brief      Defines #RBIMPL_ATTR_NONSTRING.
+ */
+#include "ruby/internal/has/attribute.h"
+
+/** Wraps (or simulates) `__attribute__((nonstring))` */
+#if RBIMPL_HAS_ATTRIBUTE(nonstring)
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NONSTRING() __attribute__((nonstring))
+#else
+# define RBIMPL_ATTR_NONSTRING() /* void */
+#endif
+
+#endif /* RBIMPL_ATTR_NONSTRING_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/config.h b/include/ruby/internal/config.h
index 0c434e5b05..aa63376d7c 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/config.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/config.h
@@ -113,6 +113,8 @@
 # define UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS 1
 #elif defined(__powerpc64__)
 # define UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS 1
+#elif defined(__POWERPC__) // __POWERPC__ is defined for ppc and ppc64 on Darwin
+# define UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS 1
 #elif defined(__aarch64__)
 # define UNALIGNED_WORD_ACCESS 1
 #elif defined(__mc68020__)
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/core/robject.h b/include/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
index 7823061d8f..b1c2e1b0a9 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/core/robject.h
@@ -37,16 +37,15 @@
 /**
  * Convenient casting macro.
  *
- * @param   obj  An object, which is in fact an ::RRegexp.
- * @return  The passed object casted to ::RRegexp.
+ * @param   obj  An object, which is in fact an ::RObject.
+ * @return  The passed object casted to ::RObject.
  */
 #define ROBJECT(obj)          RBIMPL_CAST((struct RObject *)(obj))
 /** @cond INTERNAL_MACRO */
 #define ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX
 #define ROBJECT_EMBED         ROBJECT_EMBED
-#define ROBJECT_NUMIV         ROBJECT_NUMIV
+#define ROBJECT_IV_CAPACITY   ROBJECT_IV_CAPACITY
 #define ROBJECT_IVPTR         ROBJECT_IVPTR
-#define ROBJECT_IV_INDEX_TBL  ROBJECT_IV_INDEX_TBL
 /** @endcond */
 
 /**
@@ -97,14 +96,6 @@ struct RObject {
     /** Basic part, including flags and class. */
     struct RBasic basic;
 
-#if USE_RVARGC
-    /**
-    * Number of instance variables.  This is per object; objects might
-    * differ in this field even if they have the identical classes.
-    */
-    uint32_t numiv;
-#endif
-
     /** Object's specific fields. */
     union {
 
@@ -113,14 +104,6 @@ struct RObject {
          * this pattern.
          */
         struct {
-#if !USE_RVARGC
-            /**
-             * Number of instance variables.  This is per object; objects might
-             * differ in this field even if they have the identical classes.
-             */
-            uint32_t numiv;
-#endif
-
             /** Pointer to a C array that holds instance variables. */
             VALUE *ivptr;
 
@@ -132,7 +115,7 @@ struct RObject {
              *
              * This is a shortcut for `RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(rb_obj_class(obj))`.
              */
-            struct st_table *iv_index_tbl;
+            struct rb_id_table *iv_index_tbl;
         } heap;
 
 #if USE_RVARGC
@@ -157,11 +140,6 @@ struct RObject {
 
 /* Offsets for YJIT */
 #ifndef __cplusplus
-# if USE_RVARGC
-static const int32_t ROBJECT_OFFSET_NUMIV = offsetof(struct RObject, numiv);
-# else
-static const int32_t ROBJECT_OFFSET_NUMIV = offsetof(struct RObject, as.heap.numiv);
-# endif
 static const int32_t ROBJECT_OFFSET_AS_HEAP_IVPTR = offsetof(struct RObject, as.heap.ivptr);
 static const int32_t ROBJECT_OFFSET_AS_HEAP_IV_INDEX_TBL = offsetof(struct RObject, as.heap.iv_index_tbl);
 static const int32_t ROBJECT_OFFSET_AS_ARY = offsetof(struct RObject, as.ary);
@@ -170,32 +148,6 @@ static const int32_t ROBJECT_OFFSET_AS_ARY = offsetof(struct RObject, as.ary);
 RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 /**
- * Queries the number of instance variables.
- *
- * @param[in]  obj  Object in question.
- * @return     Its number of instance variables.
- * @pre        `obj` must be an instance of ::RObject.
- */
-static inline uint32_t
-ROBJECT_NUMIV(VALUE obj)
-{
-    RBIMPL_ASSERT_TYPE(obj, RUBY_T_OBJECT);
-
-#if USE_RVARGC
-    return ROBJECT(obj)->numiv;
-#else
-    if (RB_FL_ANY_RAW(obj, ROBJECT_EMBED)) {
-        return ROBJECT_EMBED_LEN_MAX;
-    }
-    else {
-        return ROBJECT(obj)->as.heap.numiv;
-    }
-#endif
-}
-
-RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE_UNLESS_DEBUG()
-RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
-/**
  * Queries the instance variables.
  *
  * @param[in]  obj  Object in question.
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/eval.h b/include/ruby/internal/eval.h
index 34a53849da..5bcbb97746 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/eval.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/eval.h
@@ -28,10 +28,12 @@ RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
 /**
- * Evaluates the given string in an isolated binding.
+ * Evaluates the given string.
  *
- * Here  "isolated"  means  that  the   binding  does  not  inherit  any  other
- * bindings.  This behaves same as the binding for required libraries.
+ * In case  it is called  from within a  C-backended method, the  evaluation is
+ * done under  the current binding.  However  there can be no  method.  On such
+ * situation this  function evaluates  in an  isolated binding,  like `require`
+ * runs in a separate one.
  *
  * `__FILE__`  will  be  `"(eval)"`,  and  `__LINE__`  starts  from  1  in  the
  * evaluation.
@@ -39,6 +41,31 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
  * @param[in]  str            Ruby code to evaluate.
  * @exception  rb_eException  Raises an exception on error.
  * @return     The evaluated result.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ *
+ * @shyouhei's old tale about the birth and growth of this function:
+ *
+ * At  the beginning,  there  was no  rb_eval_string().   @shyouhei heard  that
+ * @shugo, author of  Apache httpd's mod_ruby module, requested  @matz for this
+ * API.  He wanted a way so that mod_ruby can evaluate ruby scripts one by one,
+ * separately, in each different contexts.  So  this function was made.  It was
+ * designed to be a global interpreter entry point like ruby_run_node().
+ *
+ * The  way it  is implemented  however  allows extension  libraries (not  just
+ * programs like  Apache httpd) to call  this function.  Because its  name says
+ * nothing  about the  initial design,  people  started to  think of  it as  an
+ * orthodox  way  to  call  ruby  level  `eval`  method  from  their  extension
+ * libraries.  Even our `extension.rdoc` has had a description of this function
+ * basically according to this understanding.
+ *
+ * The old  (mod_ruby like) usage still  works.  But over time,  usages of this
+ * function from extension libraries got  popular, while mod_ruby faded out; is
+ * no  longer maintained  now.  Devs  decided to  actively support  both.  This
+ * function  now auto-detects  how  it is  called, and  switches  how it  works
+ * depending on it.
+ *
+ * @see https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18780
  */
 VALUE rb_eval_string(const char *str);
 
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/fl_type.h b/include/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
index c51bd2e9d9..7383426b23 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/fl_type.h
@@ -941,21 +941,8 @@ RB_OBJ_FREEZE_RAW(VALUE obj)
     RB_FL_SET_RAW(obj, RUBY_FL_FREEZE);
 }
 
-/**
- * Prevents further modifications to the given object.  ::rb_eFrozenError shall
- * be raised if modification is attempted.
- *
- * @param[out]  x  Object in question.
- */
-static inline void
-rb_obj_freeze_inline(VALUE x)
-{
-    if (RB_FL_ABLE(x)) {
-        RB_OBJ_FREEZE_RAW(x);
-        if (RBASIC_CLASS(x) && !(RBASIC(x)->flags & RUBY_FL_SINGLETON)) {
-            rb_freeze_singleton_class(x);
-        }
-    }
-}
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+void rb_obj_freeze_inline(VALUE obj);
+RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
 #endif /* RBIMPL_FL_TYPE_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/gc.h b/include/ruby/internal/gc.h
index 66fc14e511..054e4b0f9c 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/gc.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/gc.h
@@ -26,10 +26,15 @@
 RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 
 /**
- * Inform the garbage collector that `valptr` points to a live Ruby object that
- * should not be moved. Note that extensions should use this API on global
- * constants instead of assuming constants defined in Ruby are always alive.
- * Ruby code can remove global constants.
+ * Inform the garbage  collector that the global or static  variable pointed by
+ * `valptr` stores  a live  Ruby object  that should not  be moved.   Note that
+ * extensions  should use  this API  on  global constants  instead of  assuming
+ * constants defined  in Ruby are  always alive.   Ruby code can  remove global
+ * constants.
+ *
+ * Because this  registration itself has  a possibility  to trigger a  GC, this
+ * function  must be  called  before any  GC-able objects  is  assigned to  the
+ * address pointed by `valptr`.
  */
 void rb_gc_register_address(VALUE *valptr);
 
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/class.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
index 2181ab93c7..0fb2d001bc 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/class.h
@@ -200,6 +200,18 @@ VALUE rb_class_descendants(VALUE klass);
  */
 VALUE rb_class_subclasses(VALUE klass);
 
+
+/**
+ *  Returns the attached object for a singleton class.
+ *  If the given class is not a singleton class, raises a TypeError.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  klass A class.
+ * @return     The object which has the singleton class `klass`.
+ *
+ * @internal
+ */
+VALUE rb_class_attached_object(VALUE klass);
+
 /**
  * Generates an array of symbols, which are the list of method names defined in
  * the passed class.
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
index 37493009f5..32647f48aa 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/cont.h
@@ -39,6 +39,28 @@ RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 VALUE rb_fiber_new(rb_block_call_func_t func, VALUE callback_obj);
 
 /**
+ * Creates a Fiber instance from a C-backended block with the specified
+ * storage.
+ *
+ * If the given storage is Qundef or Qtrue, this function is equivalent to
+ * rb_fiber_new() which inherits storage from the current fiber.
+ *
+ * Specifying Qtrue is experimental and may be changed in the future.
+ *
+ * If the given storage is Qnil, this function will lazy initialize the
+ * internal storage which starts of empty (without any inheritance).
+ *
+ * Otherwise, the given storage is used as the internal storage.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  func          A function, to become the fiber's body.
+ * @param[in]  callback_obj  Passed as-is to `func`.
+ * @param[in]  storage       The way to set up the storage for the fiber.
+ * @return     An allocated  new instance  of rb_cFiber, which  is ready  to be
+ *             "resume"d.
+ */
+VALUE rb_fiber_new_storage(rb_block_call_func_t func, VALUE callback_obj, VALUE storage);
+
+/**
  * Queries  the fiber  which  is  calling this  function.   Any ruby  execution
  * context has its fiber, either explicitly or implicitly.
  *
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/file.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
index 2dc60c7ba7..79820fdc61 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/file.h
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ int rb_is_absolute_path(const char *path);
  *              unpredictable.  POSIX's `<sys/stat.h>` states  that "the use of
  *              this field is unspecified" then.
  */
-off_t rb_file_size(VALUE file);
+rb_off_t rb_file_size(VALUE file);
 
 RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
 
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
index e7b8008729..2ee1d257db 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/gc.h
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@
 # include <stddef.h>                       /* size_t */
 #endif
 
-#if HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
 # include <sys/types.h>                    /* ssize_t */
 #endif
 
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((1))
  *              addressable.
  * @param[out]  start  Pointer to an array of objects.
  * @param[out]  end    Pointer that terminates the array of objects.
- * @post        Objects from `start` to `end`, both inclusive, are marked.
+ * @post        Objects from `start` (included) to `end` (excluded) are marked.
  *
  * @internal
  *
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/intern/object.h b/include/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
index 19af49b140..b9ffa57c06 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/intern/object.h
@@ -92,8 +92,8 @@ VALUE rb_class_new_instance_kw(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE klass, int kw_
  *
  * @param[in]  lhs          Comparison left hand side.
  * @param[in]  rhs          Comparison right hand side.
- * @retval     RUBY_Qtrue   They are equal.
- * @retval     RUBY_Qfalse  Otherwise.
+ * @retval     non-zero     They are equal.
+ * @retval     0            Otherwise.
  * @note       This  function  actually  calls `lhs.eql?(rhs)`  so  you  cannot
  *             implement your class' `#eql?` method using it.
  */
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/memory.h b/include/ruby/internal/memory.h
index 0f59262a91..6884db195d 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/memory.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/memory.h
@@ -287,12 +287,12 @@ typedef uint128_t DSIZE_T;
     RBIMPL_CAST((type *)alloca(rbimpl_size_mul_or_raise(sizeof(type), (n))))
 
 /**
- * Identical to #RB_ALLOCV_N(), except it  implicitly assumes the type of array
- * is ::VALUE.
+ * Identical to #RB_ALLOCV_N(), except that it allocates a number of bytes and
+ * returns a void* .
  *
  * @param   v  A variable to hold the just-in-case opaque Ruby object.
  * @param   n  Size of allocation, in bytes.
- * @return  An array of `n` bytes of ::VALUE.
+ * @return  A void pointer to `n` bytes storage.
  * @note    `n` may be evaluated twice.
  */
 #define RB_ALLOCV(v, n)        \
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/scan_args.h b/include/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
index cf5b18f77d..1ed2bf6368 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/scan_args.h
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL((2, 3))
  * param-arg-spec        := pre-arg-spec [post-arg-spec] / post-arg-spec /
  *                          pre-opt-post-arg-spec
  * pre-arg-spec          := num-of-leading-mandatory-args
-                            [num-of-optional-args]
+ *                          [num-of-optional-args]
  * post-arg-spec         := sym-for-variable-length-args
  *                          [num-of-trailing-mandatory-args]
  * pre-opt-post-arg-spec := num-of-leading-mandatory-args num-of-optional-args
diff --git a/include/ruby/internal/special_consts.h b/include/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
index 38934e4da3..dc0a6b41d6 100644
--- a/include/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
+++ b/include/ruby/internal/special_consts.h
@@ -76,6 +76,8 @@
 #define RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P
 #define RB_STATIC_SYM_P    RB_STATIC_SYM_P
 #define RB_TEST            RB_TEST
+#define RB_UNDEF_P         RB_UNDEF_P
+#define RB_NIL_OR_UNDEF_P  RB_NIL_OR_UNDEF_P
 /** @endcond */
 
 /** special constants - i.e. non-zero and non-fixnum constants */
@@ -94,9 +96,9 @@ ruby_special_consts {
     RUBY_SYMBOL_FLAG,           /**< Flag to denote a static symbol. */
 #elif USE_FLONUM
     RUBY_Qfalse         = 0x00, /* ...0000 0000 */
+    RUBY_Qnil           = 0x04, /* ...0000 0100 */
     RUBY_Qtrue          = 0x14, /* ...0001 0100 */
-    RUBY_Qnil           = 0x08, /* ...0000 1000 */
-    RUBY_Qundef         = 0x34, /* ...0011 0100 */
+    RUBY_Qundef         = 0x24, /* ...0010 0100 */
     RUBY_IMMEDIATE_MASK = 0x07, /* ...0000 0111 */
     RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG    = 0x01, /* ...xxxx xxx1 */
     RUBY_FLONUM_MASK    = 0x03, /* ...0000 0011 */
@@ -104,14 +106,14 @@ ruby_special_consts {
     RUBY_SYMBOL_FLAG    = 0x0c, /* ...xxxx 1100 */
 #else
     RUBY_Qfalse         = 0x00, /* ...0000 0000 */
-    RUBY_Qtrue          = 0x02, /* ...0000 0010 */
-    RUBY_Qnil           = 0x04, /* ...0000 0100 */
-    RUBY_Qundef         = 0x06, /* ...0000 0110 */
+    RUBY_Qnil           = 0x02, /* ...0000 0010 */
+    RUBY_Qtrue          = 0x06, /* ...0000 0110 */
+    RUBY_Qundef         = 0x0a, /* ...0000 1010 */
     RUBY_IMMEDIATE_MASK = 0x03, /* ...0000 0011 */
     RUBY_FIXNUM_FLAG    = 0x01, /* ...xxxx xxx1 */
     RUBY_FLONUM_MASK    = 0x00, /* any values ANDed with FLONUM_MASK cannot be FLONUM_FLAG */
     RUBY_FLONUM_FLAG    = 0x02, /* ...0000 0010 */
-    RUBY_SYMBOL_FLAG    = 0x0e, /* ...0000 1110 */
+    RUBY_SYMBOL_FLAG    = 0x0e, /* ...xxxx 1110 */
 #endif
 
     RUBY_SPECIAL_SHIFT  = 8 /**< Least significant 8 bits are reserved. */
@@ -136,12 +138,21 @@ static inline bool
 RB_TEST(VALUE obj)
 {
     /*
+     * if USE_FLONUM
      *  Qfalse:  ....0000 0000
-     *  Qnil:    ....0000 1000
-     * ~Qnil:    ....1111 0111
+     *  Qnil:    ....0000 0100
+     * ~Qnil:    ....1111 1011
      *  v        ....xxxx xxxx
      * ----------------------------
-     *  RTEST(v) ....xxxx 0xxx
+     *  RTEST(v) ....xxxx x0xx
+     *
+     * if ! USE_FLONUM
+     *  Qfalse:  ....0000 0000
+     *  Qnil:    ....0000 0010
+     * ~Qnil:    ....1111 1101
+     *  v        ....xxxx xxxx
+     * ----------------------------
+     *  RTEST(v) ....xxxx xx0x
      *
      *  RTEST(v) can be 0 if and only if (v == Qfalse || v == Qnil).
      */
@@ -168,6 +179,62 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
 RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
 RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 /**
+ * Checks if the given object is undef.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  obj    An arbitrary ruby object.
+ * @retval     true   `obj` is ::RUBY_Qundef.
+ * @retval     false  Anything else.
+ */
+static inline bool
+RB_UNDEF_P(VALUE obj)
+{
+    return obj == RUBY_Qundef;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX14)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+/**
+ * Checks if the given object is nil or undef.  Can be used to see if
+ * a keyword argument is not given or given `nil`.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  obj    An arbitrary ruby object.
+ * @retval     true   `obj` is ::RUBY_Qnil or ::RUBY_Qundef.
+ * @retval     false  Anything else.
+ */
+static inline bool
+RB_NIL_OR_UNDEF_P(VALUE obj)
+{
+    /*
+     * if USE_FLONUM
+     *  Qundef:       ....0010 0100
+     *  Qnil:         ....0000 0100
+     *  mask:         ....1101 1111
+     *  common_bits:  ....0000 0100
+     * ---------------------------------
+     *  Qnil & mask   ....0000 0100
+     *  Qundef & mask ....0000 0100
+     *
+     * if ! USE_FLONUM
+     *  Qundef:       ....0000 1010
+     *  Qnil:         ....0000 0010
+     *  mask:         ....1111 0111
+     *  common_bits:  ....0000 0010
+     * ----------------------------
+     *  Qnil & mask   ....0000 0010
+     *  Qundef & mask ....0000 0010
+     *
+     *  NIL_OR_UNDEF_P(v) can be true only when v is Qundef or Qnil.
+     */
+    const VALUE mask = ~(RUBY_Qundef ^ RUBY_Qnil);
+    const VALUE common_bits = RUBY_Qundef & RUBY_Qnil;
+    return (obj & mask) == common_bits;
+}
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
+RBIMPL_ATTR_CONSTEXPR(CXX11)
+RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
+/**
  * Checks if the given object is a so-called Fixnum.
  *
  * @param[in]  obj    An arbitrary ruby object.
@@ -259,7 +326,7 @@ RBIMPL_ATTR_ARTIFICIAL()
 static inline bool
 RB_SPECIAL_CONST_P(VALUE obj)
 {
-    return RB_IMMEDIATE_P(obj) || ! RB_TEST(obj);
+    return RB_IMMEDIATE_P(obj) || obj == RUBY_Qfalse;
 }
 
 RBIMPL_ATTR_CONST()
diff --git a/include/ruby/io.h b/include/ruby/io.h
index dc4c8becf6..88029b1bb9 100644
--- a/include/ruby/io.h
+++ b/include/ruby/io.h
@@ -58,12 +58,20 @@
 // IO#wait, IO#wait_readable, IO#wait_writable, IO#wait_priority are defined by this implementation.
 #define RUBY_IO_WAIT_METHODS
 
+// Used as the default timeout argument to `rb_io_wait` to use the `IO#timeout` value.
+#define RUBY_IO_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT Qnil
+
 RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 
 struct stat;
 struct timeval;
 
 /**
+ * Indicates that a timeout has occurred while performing an IO operation.
+ */
+RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_eIOTimeoutError;
+
+/**
  * Type of events that an IO can wait.
  *
  * @internal
@@ -214,6 +222,11 @@ typedef struct rb_io_t {
      * This of course doesn't help inter-process IO interleaves, though.
      */
     VALUE write_lock;
+
+    /**
+     * The timeout associated with this IO when performing blocking operations.
+     */
+    VALUE timeout;
 } rb_io_t;
 
 /** @alias{rb_io_enc_t} */
@@ -845,13 +858,37 @@ int rb_io_wait_writable(int fd);
 int rb_wait_for_single_fd(int fd, int events, struct timeval *tv);
 
 /**
+ * Get the timeout associated with the specified io object.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  io                   An IO object.
+ * @retval     RUBY_Qnil            There is no associated timeout.
+ * @retval     Otherwise            The timeout value.
+ */
+VALUE rb_io_timeout(VALUE io);
+
+/**
+ * Set the timeout associated with the specified io object. This timeout is
+ * used as a best effort timeout to prevent operations from blocking forever.
+ *
+ * @param[in]  io                   An IO object.
+ * @param[in]  timeout              A timeout value. Must respond to #to_f.
+ * @
+ */
+VALUE rb_io_set_timeout(VALUE io, VALUE timeout);
+
+/**
  * Blocks until  the passed IO  is ready for  the passed events.   The "events"
  * here is  a Ruby level  integer, which is  an OR-ed value  of `IO::READABLE`,
  * `IO::WRITable`, and `IO::PRIORITY`.
  *
+ * If timeout is `Qnil`, it will use the default timeout as given by
+ * `rb_io_timeout(io)`.
+ *
  * @param[in]  io                   An IO object to wait.
  * @param[in]  events               See above.
  * @param[in]  timeout              Time, or numeric seconds since UNIX epoch.
+ *                                  If Qnil, use the default timeout. If Qfalse
+ *                                  or Qundef, wait forever.
  * @exception  rb_eIOError          `io` is not open.
  * @exception  rb_eRangeError       `timeout` is out of range.
  * @exception  rb_eSystemCallError  `select(2)` failed for some reason.
@@ -903,13 +940,8 @@ VALUE rb_io_maybe_wait(int error, VALUE io, VALUE events, VALUE timeout);
  * @exception  rb_eIOError          `io` is not open.
  * @exception  rb_eRangeError       `timeout` is out of range.
  * @exception  rb_eSystemCallError  `select(2)` failed for some reason.
- * @exception  rb_eTypeError        Operation timed out.
- * @return     Always returns ::RUBY_IO_READABLE.
- *
- * @internal
- *
- * Because rb_io_maybe_wait()  returns ::RUBY_Qfalse on timeout,  this function
- * fails to convert that value to `int`, and raises ::rb_eTypeError.
+ * @retval     0                    Operation timed out.
+ * @retval     Otherwise            Always returns ::RUBY_IO_READABLE.
  */
 int rb_io_maybe_wait_readable(int error, VALUE io, VALUE timeout);
 
@@ -924,13 +956,8 @@ int rb_io_maybe_wait_readable(int error, VALUE io, VALUE timeout);
  * @exception  rb_eIOError          `io` is not open.
  * @exception  rb_eRangeError       `timeout` is out of range.
  * @exception  rb_eSystemCallError  `select(2)` failed for some reason.
- * @exception  rb_eTypeError        Operation timed out.
- * @return     Always returns ::RUBY_IO_WRITABLE.
- *
- * @internal
- *
- * Because rb_io_maybe_wait()  returns ::RUBY_Qfalse on timeout,  this function
- * fails to convert that value to `int`, and raises ::rb_eTypeError.
+ * @retval     0                    Operation timed out.
+ * @retval     Otherwise            Always returns ::RUBY_IO_WRITABLE.
  */
 int rb_io_maybe_wait_writable(int error, VALUE io, VALUE timeout);
 
diff --git a/include/ruby/io/buffer.h b/include/ruby/io/buffer.h
index 907fec20bb..e4b855d8e7 100644
--- a/include/ruby/io/buffer.h
+++ b/include/ruby/io/buffer.h
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-#ifndef RUBY_IO_BUFFER_T
-#define RUBY_IO_BUFFER_T 1
+#ifndef RUBY_IO_BUFFER_H
+#define RUBY_IO_BUFFER_H
 /**
  * @file
  * @author     Samuel Williams
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 // WARNING: This entire interface is experimental and may change in the future!
 #define RB_IO_BUFFER_EXPERIMENTAL 1
 
+#define RUBY_IO_BUFFER_VERSION 2
+
 RUBY_EXTERN VALUE rb_cIOBuffer;
 RUBY_EXTERN size_t RUBY_IO_BUFFER_PAGE_SIZE;
 RUBY_EXTERN size_t RUBY_IO_BUFFER_DEFAULT_SIZE;
@@ -35,6 +37,9 @@ enum rb_io_buffer_flags {
     // A non-private mapping is marked as external.
     RB_IO_BUFFER_MAPPED = 4,
 
+    // A mapped buffer that is also shared.
+    RB_IO_BUFFER_SHARED = 8,
+
     // The buffer is locked and cannot be resized.
     // More specifically, it means we can't change the base address or size.
     // A buffer is typically locked before a system call that uses the data.
@@ -51,21 +56,17 @@ enum rb_io_buffer_endian {
     RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN = 4,
     RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN = 8,
 
-#if __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_LITTLE_ENDIAN__
-    RB_IO_BUFFER_HOST_ENDIAN = RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
-#elif __BYTE_ORDER__ == __ORDER_BIG_ENDIAN__
+#if defined(WORDS_BIGENDIAN)
     RB_IO_BUFFER_HOST_ENDIAN = RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN,
-#elif REG_DWORD == REG_DWORD_LITTLE_ENDIAN
+#else
     RB_IO_BUFFER_HOST_ENDIAN = RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN,
-#elif REG_DWORD == REG_DWORD_BIG_ENDIAN
-    RB_IO_BUFFER_HOST_ENDIAN = RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN,
 #endif
 
     RB_IO_BUFFER_NETWORK_ENDIAN = RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN
 };
 
 VALUE rb_io_buffer_new(void *base, size_t size, enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags);
-VALUE rb_io_buffer_map(VALUE io, size_t size, off_t offset, enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags);
+VALUE rb_io_buffer_map(VALUE io, size_t size, rb_off_t offset, enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags);
 
 VALUE rb_io_buffer_lock(VALUE self);
 VALUE rb_io_buffer_unlock(VALUE self);
@@ -81,11 +82,11 @@ void rb_io_buffer_resize(VALUE self, size_t size);
 void rb_io_buffer_clear(VALUE self, uint8_t value, size_t offset, size_t length);
 
 // The length is the minimum required length.
-VALUE rb_io_buffer_read(VALUE self, VALUE io, size_t length);
-VALUE rb_io_buffer_pread(VALUE self, VALUE io, size_t length, off_t offset);
-VALUE rb_io_buffer_write(VALUE self, VALUE io, size_t length);
-VALUE rb_io_buffer_pwrite(VALUE self, VALUE io, size_t length, off_t offset);
+VALUE rb_io_buffer_read(VALUE self, VALUE io, size_t length, size_t offset);
+VALUE rb_io_buffer_pread(VALUE self, VALUE io, rb_off_t from, size_t length, size_t offset);
+VALUE rb_io_buffer_write(VALUE self, VALUE io, size_t length, size_t offset);
+VALUE rb_io_buffer_pwrite(VALUE self, VALUE io, rb_off_t from, size_t length, size_t offset);
 
 RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END()
 
-#endif  /* RUBY_IO_BUFFER_T */
+#endif  /* RUBY_IO_BUFFER_H */
diff --git a/include/ruby/memory_view.h b/include/ruby/memory_view.h
index 83931038a0..1ddca2d46f 100644
--- a/include/ruby/memory_view.h
+++ b/include/ruby/memory_view.h
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 # include <stddef.h>                       /* size_t */
 #endif
 
-#if HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
 # include <sys/types.h>                    /* ssize_t */
 #endif
 
diff --git a/include/ruby/onigmo.h b/include/ruby/onigmo.h
index a7ef59c7c8..8d7c601703 100644
--- a/include/ruby/onigmo.h
+++ b/include/ruby/onigmo.h
@@ -356,9 +356,9 @@ int onigenc_ascii_only_case_map(OnigCaseFoldType* flagP, const OnigUChar** pp, c
 #define ONIGENC_PRECISE_MBC_ENC_LEN(enc,p,e)   (enc)->precise_mbc_enc_len(p,e,enc)
 
 ONIG_EXTERN
-int onigenc_mbclen_approximate(const OnigUChar* p,const OnigUChar* e, const struct OnigEncodingTypeST* enc);
+int onigenc_mbclen(const OnigUChar* p,const OnigUChar* e, const struct OnigEncodingTypeST* enc);
 
-#define ONIGENC_MBC_ENC_LEN(enc,p,e)           onigenc_mbclen_approximate(p,e,enc)
+#define ONIGENC_MBC_ENC_LEN(enc,p,e)           onigenc_mbclen(p,e,enc)
 #define ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN(enc)               ((enc)->max_enc_len)
 #define ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN_DIST(enc)           ONIGENC_MBC_MAXLEN(enc)
 #define ONIGENC_MBC_MINLEN(enc)               ((enc)->min_enc_len)
@@ -744,6 +744,8 @@ typedef struct {
 typedef struct {
   int lower;
   int upper;
+  long base_num;
+  long inner_num;
 } OnigRepeatRange;
 
 typedef void (*OnigWarnFunc)(const char* s);
@@ -852,6 +854,8 @@ OnigPosition onig_search_gpos(OnigRegex, const OnigUChar* str, const OnigUChar*
 ONIG_EXTERN
 OnigPosition onig_match(OnigRegex, const OnigUChar* str, const OnigUChar* end, const OnigUChar* at, OnigRegion* region, OnigOptionType option);
 ONIG_EXTERN
+int onig_check_linear_time(OnigRegex reg);
+ONIG_EXTERN
 OnigRegion* onig_region_new(void);
 ONIG_EXTERN
 void onig_region_init(OnigRegion* region);
diff --git a/include/ruby/random.h b/include/ruby/random.h
index 657b37f034..39bdb6f3e3 100644
--- a/include/ruby/random.h
+++ b/include/ruby/random.h
@@ -16,6 +16,26 @@
 
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"
 
+/*
+ * version
+ * 0: before versioning; deprecated
+ * 1: added version, flags and init_32bit function
+ */
+#define RUBY_RANDOM_INTERFACE_VERSION_MAJOR 1
+#define RUBY_RANDOM_INTERFACE_VERSION_MINOR 0
+
+#define RUBY_RANDOM_PASTE_VERSION_SUFFIX(x, y, z) x##_##y##_##z
+#define RUBY_RANDOM_WITH_VERSION_SUFFIX(name, major, minor) \
+    RUBY_RANDOM_PASTE_VERSION_SUFFIX(name, major, minor)
+#define rb_random_data_type \
+    RUBY_RANDOM_WITH_VERSION_SUFFIX(rb_random_data_type, \
+                                    RUBY_RANDOM_INTERFACE_VERSION_MAJOR, \
+                                    RUBY_RANDOM_INTERFACE_VERSION_MINOR)
+#define RUBY_RANDOM_INTERFACE_VERSION_INITIALIZER \
+    {RUBY_RANDOM_INTERFACE_VERSION_MAJOR, RUBY_RANDOM_INTERFACE_VERSION_MINOR}
+#define RUBY_RANDOM_INTERFACE_VERSION_MAJOR_MAX 0xff
+#define RUBY_RANDOM_INTERFACE_VERSION_MINOR_MAX 0xff
+
 RBIMPL_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN()
 
 /**
@@ -48,6 +68,17 @@ typedef void rb_random_init_func(rb_random_t *rng, const uint32_t *buf, size_t l
 
 RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
 /**
+ * This is the type of functions called when your random object is initialised.
+ * Passed data is the seed integer.
+ *
+ * @param[out]  rng  Your random struct to fill in.
+ * @param[in]   data Seed, single word.
+ * @post        `rng` is initialised using the passed seeds.
+ */
+typedef void rb_random_init_int32_func(rb_random_t *rng, uint32_t data);
+
+RBIMPL_ATTR_NONNULL(())
+/**
  * This is the type of functions  called from your object's `#rand` method.
  *
  * @param[out]  rng  Your random struct to extract an integer from.
@@ -84,9 +115,24 @@ typedef struct {
     /** Number of bits of seed numbers. */
     size_t default_seed_bits;
 
-    /** Initialiser function. */
+    /**
+     * Major/minor versions of this interface
+     */
+    struct {
+        uint8_t major, minor;
+    } version;
+
+    /**
+     * Reserved flags
+     */
+    uint16_t flags;
+
+    /** Function to initialize from uint32_t array. */
     rb_random_init_func *init;
 
+    /** Function to initialize from single uint32_t. */
+    rb_random_init_int32_func *init_int32;
+
     /** Function to obtain a random integer. */
     rb_random_get_int32_func *get_int32;
 
@@ -130,11 +176,12 @@ typedef struct {
 } rb_random_interface_t;
 
 /**
- * This utility macro defines  3 functions named prefix_init, prefix_get_int32,
- * prefix_get_bytes.
+ * This utility macro defines 4 functions named prefix_init, prefix_init_int32,
+ * prefix_get_int32, prefix_get_bytes.
  */
 #define RB_RANDOM_INTERFACE_DECLARE(prefix) \
     static void prefix##_init(rb_random_t *, const uint32_t *, size_t); \
+    static void prefix##_init_int32(rb_random_t *, uint32_t); \
     static unsigned int prefix##_get_int32(rb_random_t *); \
     static void prefix##_get_bytes(rb_random_t *, void *, size_t)
 
@@ -161,7 +208,9 @@ typedef struct {
  * ```
  */
 #define RB_RANDOM_INTERFACE_DEFINE(prefix) \
+    RUBY_RANDOM_INTERFACE_VERSION_INITIALIZER, 0, \
     prefix##_init, \
+    prefix##_init_int32, \
     prefix##_get_int32, \
     prefix##_get_bytes
 
@@ -173,6 +222,12 @@ typedef struct {
     RB_RANDOM_INTERFACE_DEFINE(prefix), \
     prefix##_get_real
 
+#define RB_RANDOM_DEFINE_INIT_INT32_FUNC(prefix) \
+    static void prefix##_init_int32(rb_random_t *rnd, uint32_t data) \
+    { \
+        prefix##_init(rnd, &data, 1); \
+    }
+
 #if defined _WIN32 && !defined __CYGWIN__
 typedef rb_data_type_t rb_random_data_type_t;
 # define RB_RANDOM_PARENT 0
@@ -189,7 +244,7 @@ typedef const rb_data_type_t rb_random_data_type_t;
  *     0, RB_RANDOM_INTERFACE_DEFINE(your),
  * };
  *
- * static inline constexpr your_prng = {
+ * static inline constexpr rb_random_data_type_t your_prng_type = {
  *     "your PRNG",
  *     { rb_random_mark, },
  *     RB_RANDOM_PARENT,                 // <<-- HERE
diff --git a/include/ruby/st.h b/include/ruby/st.h
index 1e4bb80686..f35ab43603 100644
--- a/include/ruby/st.h
+++ b/include/ruby/st.h
@@ -98,6 +98,8 @@ struct st_table {
 
 enum st_retval {ST_CONTINUE, ST_STOP, ST_DELETE, ST_CHECK, ST_REPLACE};
 
+size_t rb_st_table_size(const struct st_table *tbl);
+#define st_table_size rb_st_table_size
 st_table *rb_st_init_table(const struct st_hash_type *);
 #define st_init_table rb_st_init_table
 st_table *rb_st_init_table_with_size(const struct st_hash_type *, st_index_t);
diff --git a/include/ruby/util.h b/include/ruby/util.h
index f0ea874322..e8727a3200 100644
--- a/include/ruby/util.h
+++ b/include/ruby/util.h
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 # include <stddef.h>                       /* size_t */
 #endif
 
-#if HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
+#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
 # include <sys/types.h>                    /* ssize_t */
 #endif
 
diff --git a/include/ruby/win32.h b/include/ruby/win32.h
index ea460a5e46..18de3a17d8 100644
--- a/include/ruby/win32.h
+++ b/include/ruby/win32.h
@@ -19,11 +19,6 @@ RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
  */
 
 /*
- * Definitions for NT port of Perl
- */
-
-
-/*
  * Ok now we can include the normal include files.
  */
 
@@ -130,8 +125,15 @@ typedef unsigned int uintptr_t;
 #define O_SHARE_DELETE 0x20000000 /* for rb_w32_open(), rb_w32_wopen() */
 
 typedef int clockid_t;
+#if defined(__MINGW32__)
+#undef CLOCK_PROCESS_CPUTIME_ID
+#undef CLOCK_THREAD_CPUTIME_ID
+#undef CLOCK_REALTIME_COARSE
+#endif
+#if defined(HAVE_CLOCK_GETTIME) && !defined(CLOCK_REALTIME)
 #define CLOCK_REALTIME  0
 #define CLOCK_MONOTONIC 1
+#endif
 
 #undef utime
 #undef lseek
@@ -195,7 +197,6 @@ struct stati128 {
   long st_ctimensec;
 };
 
-#define off_t __int64
 #define stat stati128
 #undef SIZEOF_STRUCT_STAT_ST_INO
 #define SIZEOF_STRUCT_STAT_ST_INO sizeof(unsigned __int64)
@@ -303,7 +304,6 @@ extern DWORD  rb_w32_osver(void);
 extern int rb_w32_uchown(const char *, int, int);
 extern int rb_w32_ulink(const char *, const char *);
 extern ssize_t rb_w32_ureadlink(const char *, char *, size_t);
-extern ssize_t rb_w32_wreadlink(const WCHAR *, WCHAR *, size_t);
 extern int rb_w32_usymlink(const char *src, const char *link);
 extern int gettimeofday(struct timeval *, struct timezone *);
 extern int clock_gettime(clockid_t, struct timespec *);
@@ -394,6 +394,7 @@ scalb(double a, long b)
 #endif
 
 #define S_IFLNK 0xa000
+#define S_IFSOCK 0xc000
 
 /*
  * define this so we can do inplace editing
@@ -401,9 +402,9 @@ scalb(double a, long b)
 
 #define SUFFIX
 
-extern int rb_w32_ftruncate(int fd, off_t length);
-extern int rb_w32_truncate(const char *path, off_t length);
-extern int rb_w32_utruncate(const char *path, off_t length);
+extern int rb_w32_ftruncate(int fd, rb_off_t length);
+extern int rb_w32_truncate(const char *path, rb_off_t length);
+extern int rb_w32_utruncate(const char *path, rb_off_t length);
 
 #undef HAVE_FTRUNCATE
 #define HAVE_FTRUNCATE 1
@@ -722,7 +723,7 @@ int  rb_w32_fclose(FILE*);
 int  rb_w32_pipe(int[2]);
 ssize_t rb_w32_read(int, void *, size_t);
 ssize_t rb_w32_write(int, const void *, size_t);
-off_t  rb_w32_lseek(int, off_t, int);
+rb_off_t  rb_w32_lseek(int, rb_off_t, int);
 int  rb_w32_uutime(const char *, const struct utimbuf *);
 int  rb_w32_uutimes(const char *, const struct timeval *);
 int  rb_w32_uutimensat(int /* must be AT_FDCWD */, const char *, const struct timespec *, int /* must be 0 */);
@@ -815,7 +816,7 @@ double rb_w32_pow(double x, double y);
 #define MAP_ANON	0x1000
 #define MAP_ANONYMOUS	MAP_ANON
 
-extern void *rb_w32_mmap(void *, size_t, int, int, int, off_t);
+extern void *rb_w32_mmap(void *, size_t, int, int, int, rb_off_t);
 extern int rb_w32_munmap(void *, size_t);
 extern int rb_w32_mprotect(void *, size_t, int);
 
diff --git a/inits.c b/inits.c
index 22ba6d5a8c..e809b56cc9 100644
--- a/inits.c
+++ b/inits.c
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ static void Init_builtin_prelude(void);
 void
 rb_call_inits(void)
 {
+    CALL(default_shapes);
     CALL(Thread_Mutex);
 #if USE_TRANSIENT_HEAP
     CALL(TransientHeap);
@@ -77,6 +78,7 @@ rb_call_inits(void)
     CALL(vm_stack_canary);
     CALL(ast);
     CALL(gc_stress);
+    CALL(shape);
 
     // enable builtin loading
     CALL(builtin);
@@ -97,6 +99,7 @@ rb_call_builtin_inits(void)
     BUILTIN(warning);
     BUILTIN(array);
     BUILTIN(kernel);
+    BUILTIN(symbol);
     BUILTIN(timev);
     BUILTIN(thread_sync);
     BUILTIN(yjit);
@@ -104,6 +107,7 @@ rb_call_builtin_inits(void)
     BUILTIN(marshal);
 #if USE_MJIT
     BUILTIN(mjit);
+    BUILTIN(mjit_c);
 #endif
     Init_builtin_prelude();
 }
diff --git a/insns.def b/insns.def
index 15c4734b8b..9f5ee7095a 100644
--- a/insns.def
+++ b/insns.def
@@ -253,6 +253,29 @@ setclassvariable
     vm_setclassvariable(GET_ISEQ(), GET_CFP(), id,  val, ic);
 }
 
+DEFINE_INSN
+opt_getconstant_path
+(IC ic)
+()
+(VALUE val)
+// attr bool leaf = false; /* may autoload or raise */
+{
+    const ID *segments = ic->segments;
+    struct iseq_inline_constant_cache_entry *ice = ic->entry;
+    if (ice && vm_ic_hit_p(ice, GET_EP())) {
+        val = ice->value;
+
+        VM_ASSERT(val == vm_get_ev_const_chain(ec, segments));
+    } else {
+        ruby_vm_constant_cache_misses++;
+        val = vm_get_ev_const_chain(ec, segments);
+        vm_ic_track_const_chain(GET_CFP(), ic, segments);
+        // Because leaf=false, we need to undo the PC increment to get the address to this instruction
+        // INSN_ATTR(width) == 2
+        vm_ic_update(GET_ISEQ(), ic, val, GET_EP(), GET_PC() - 2);
+    }
+}
+
 /* Get constant variable id. If klass is Qnil and allow_nil is Qtrue, constants
    are searched in the current scope. Otherwise, get constant under klass
    class or module.
@@ -674,7 +697,7 @@ defined
 {
     val = Qnil;
     if (vm_defined(ec, GET_CFP(), op_type, obj, v)) {
-      val = pushval;
+        val = pushval;
     }
 }
 
@@ -1039,46 +1062,6 @@ branchnil
 /* for optimize                                           */
 /**********************************************************/
 
-/* push inline-cached value and go to dst if it is valid */
-DEFINE_INSN
-opt_getinlinecache
-(OFFSET dst, IC ic)
-()
-(VALUE val)
-{
-    struct iseq_inline_constant_cache_entry *ice = ic->entry;
-
-    // If there isn't an entry, then we're going to walk through the ISEQ
-    // starting at this instruction until we get to the associated
-    // opt_setinlinecache and associate this inline cache with every getconstant
-    // listed in between. We're doing this here instead of when the instructions
-    // are first compiled because it's possible to turn off inline caches and we
-    // want this to work in either case.
-    if (!ice) {
-        vm_ic_compile(GET_CFP(), ic);
-    }
-
-    if (ice && vm_ic_hit_p(ice, GET_EP())) {
-        val = ice->value;
-        JUMP(dst);
-    }
-    else {
-        ruby_vm_constant_cache_misses++;
-        val = Qnil;
-    }
-}
-
-/* set inline cache */
-DEFINE_INSN
-opt_setinlinecache
-(IC ic)
-(VALUE val)
-(VALUE val)
-// attr bool leaf = false;
-{
-    vm_ic_update(GET_ISEQ(), ic, val, GET_EP());
-}
-
 /* run iseq only once */
 DEFINE_INSN
 once
diff --git a/internal.h b/internal.h
index 0740ae99e5..b63af50616 100644
--- a/internal.h
+++ b/internal.h
@@ -25,6 +25,9 @@
 /* Prevent compiler from reordering access */
 #define ACCESS_ONCE(type,x) (*((volatile type *)&(x)))
 
+#define UNDEF_P         RB_UNDEF_P
+#define NIL_OR_UNDEF_P  RB_NIL_OR_UNDEF_P
+
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"
 
 /* Following macros were formerly defined in this header but moved to somewhere
@@ -48,9 +51,6 @@
 #undef RHASH_TBL
 #undef RHASH_EMPTY_P
 
-/* internal/object.h */
-#undef ROBJECT_IV_INDEX_TBL
-
 /* internal/struct.h */
 #undef RSTRUCT_LEN
 #undef RSTRUCT_PTR
diff --git a/internal/array.h b/internal/array.h
index 17d91a800b..a0d16dec3f 100644
--- a/internal/array.h
+++ b/internal/array.h
@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ void rb_ary_cancel_sharing(VALUE ary);
 size_t rb_ary_size_as_embedded(VALUE ary);
 void rb_ary_make_embedded(VALUE ary);
 bool rb_ary_embeddable_p(VALUE ary);
+VALUE rb_ary_diff(VALUE ary1, VALUE ary2);
 
 static inline VALUE rb_ary_entry_internal(VALUE ary, long offset);
 static inline bool ARY_PTR_USING_P(VALUE ary);
diff --git a/internal/basic_operators.h b/internal/basic_operators.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2cd9f50073
--- /dev/null
+++ b/internal/basic_operators.h
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+#ifndef INTERNAL_BOP_H                                /*-*-C-*-vi:se ft=c:*/
+#define INTERNAL_BOP_H
+
+#include "internal.h"
+#include "ruby/internal/dllexport.h"
+
+enum ruby_basic_operators {
+    BOP_PLUS,
+    BOP_MINUS,
+    BOP_MULT,
+    BOP_DIV,
+    BOP_MOD,
+    BOP_EQ,
+    BOP_EQQ,
+    BOP_LT,
+    BOP_LE,
+    BOP_LTLT,
+    BOP_AREF,
+    BOP_ASET,
+    BOP_LENGTH,
+    BOP_SIZE,
+    BOP_EMPTY_P,
+    BOP_NIL_P,
+    BOP_SUCC,
+    BOP_GT,
+    BOP_GE,
+    BOP_NOT,
+    BOP_NEQ,
+    BOP_MATCH,
+    BOP_FREEZE,
+    BOP_UMINUS,
+    BOP_MAX,
+    BOP_MIN,
+    BOP_CALL,
+    BOP_AND,
+    BOP_OR,
+    BOP_CMP,
+    BOP_DEFAULT,
+
+    BOP_LAST_
+};
+
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+RUBY_EXTERN short ruby_vm_redefined_flag[BOP_LAST_];
+MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
+
+/* optimize insn */
+#define INTEGER_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG (1 << 0)
+#define FLOAT_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG  (1 << 1)
+#define STRING_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG (1 << 2)
+#define ARRAY_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG  (1 << 3)
+#define HASH_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG   (1 << 4)
+/* #define BIGNUM_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG (1 << 5) */
+#define SYMBOL_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG (1 << 6)
+#define TIME_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG   (1 << 7)
+#define REGEXP_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG (1 << 8)
+#define NIL_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG    (1 << 9)
+#define TRUE_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG   (1 << 10)
+#define FALSE_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG  (1 << 11)
+#define PROC_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG   (1 << 12)
+
+#define BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(op, klass) (LIKELY((ruby_vm_redefined_flag[(op)]&(klass)) == 0))
+
+#endif
diff --git a/internal/class.h b/internal/class.h
index ae680564a6..63917e867f 100644
--- a/internal/class.h
+++ b/internal/class.h
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@
 #include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"     /* for bool */
 #include "ruby/intern.h"        /* for rb_alloc_func_t */
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for struct RBasic */
+#include "shape.h"
+#include "ruby_assert.h"
+#include "vm_core.h"
+#include "method.h"             /* for rb_cref_t */
 
 #ifdef RCLASS_SUPER
 # undef RCLASS_SUPER
@@ -25,24 +29,15 @@ struct rb_subclass_entry {
     struct rb_subclass_entry *prev;
 };
 
-struct rb_iv_index_tbl_entry {
-    uint32_t index;
-    rb_serial_t class_serial;
-    VALUE class_value;
-};
-
 struct rb_cvar_class_tbl_entry {
     uint32_t index;
     rb_serial_t global_cvar_state;
+    const rb_cref_t * cref;
     VALUE class_value;
 };
 
 struct rb_classext_struct {
-    struct st_table *iv_index_tbl; // ID -> struct rb_iv_index_tbl_entry
-    struct st_table *iv_tbl;
-#if SIZEOF_SERIAL_T == SIZEOF_VALUE /* otherwise m_tbl is in struct RClass */
-    struct rb_id_table *m_tbl;
-#endif
+    VALUE *iv_ptr;
     struct rb_id_table *const_tbl;
     struct rb_id_table *callable_m_tbl;
     struct rb_id_table *cc_tbl; /* ID -> [[ci, cc1], cc2, ...] */
@@ -57,63 +52,42 @@ struct rb_classext_struct {
      * included. Hopefully that makes sense.
      */
     struct rb_subclass_entry *module_subclass_entry;
-#if SIZEOF_SERIAL_T != SIZEOF_VALUE && !USE_RVARGC /* otherwise class_serial is in struct RClass */
-    rb_serial_t class_serial;
-#endif
     const VALUE origin_;
     const VALUE refined_class;
     rb_alloc_func_t allocator;
     const VALUE includer;
+    uint32_t max_iv_count;
+    uint32_t variation_count;
+#if !SHAPE_IN_BASIC_FLAGS
+    shape_id_t shape_id;
+#endif
 };
 
 struct RClass {
     struct RBasic basic;
     VALUE super;
-#if !USE_RVARGC
-    struct rb_classext_struct *ptr;
-#endif
-#if SIZEOF_SERIAL_T == SIZEOF_VALUE
-    /* Class serial is as wide as VALUE.  Place it here. */
-    rb_serial_t class_serial;
-#else
-    /* Class serial does not fit into struct RClass. Place m_tbl instead. */
     struct rb_id_table *m_tbl;
-# if USE_RVARGC
-    rb_serial_t *class_serial_ptr;
-# endif
+#if SIZE_POOL_COUNT == 1
+    struct rb_classext_struct *ptr;
 #endif
 };
 
 typedef struct rb_subclass_entry rb_subclass_entry_t;
 typedef struct rb_classext_struct rb_classext_t;
 
-#if USE_RVARGC
+#if RCLASS_EXT_EMBEDDED
 #  define RCLASS_EXT(c) ((rb_classext_t *)((char *)(c) + sizeof(struct RClass)))
 #else
 #  define RCLASS_EXT(c) (RCLASS(c)->ptr)
 #endif
-#define RCLASS_IV_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->iv_tbl)
 #define RCLASS_CONST_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->const_tbl)
-#if SIZEOF_SERIAL_T == SIZEOF_VALUE
-# define RCLASS_M_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->m_tbl)
-#else
-# define RCLASS_M_TBL(c) (RCLASS(c)->m_tbl)
-#endif
+#define RCLASS_M_TBL(c) (RCLASS(c)->m_tbl)
+#define RCLASS_IVPTR(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->iv_ptr)
 #define RCLASS_CALLABLE_M_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->callable_m_tbl)
 #define RCLASS_CC_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->cc_tbl)
 #define RCLASS_CVC_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->cvc_tbl)
-#define RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->iv_index_tbl)
 #define RCLASS_ORIGIN(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->origin_)
 #define RCLASS_REFINED_CLASS(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->refined_class)
-#if SIZEOF_SERIAL_T == SIZEOF_VALUE
-# define RCLASS_SERIAL(c) (RCLASS(c)->class_serial)
-#else
-# if USE_RVARGC
-#  define RCLASS_SERIAL(c) (*RCLASS(c)->class_serial_ptr)
-# else
-#  define RCLASS_SERIAL(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->class_serial)
-# endif
-#endif
 #define RCLASS_INCLUDER(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->includer)
 #define RCLASS_SUBCLASS_ENTRY(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->subclass_entry)
 #define RCLASS_MODULE_SUBCLASS_ENTRY(c) (RCLASS_EXT(c)->module_subclass_entry)
@@ -145,6 +119,7 @@ void rb_class_foreach_subclass(VALUE klass, void (*f)(VALUE, VALUE), VALUE);
 void rb_class_detach_subclasses(VALUE);
 void rb_class_detach_module_subclasses(VALUE);
 void rb_class_remove_from_module_subclasses(VALUE);
+VALUE rb_define_class_id_under_no_pin(VALUE outer, ID id, VALUE super);
 VALUE rb_obj_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj);
 VALUE rb_obj_protected_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj);
 VALUE rb_obj_private_methods(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE obj);
diff --git a/internal/cmdlineopt.h b/internal/cmdlineopt.h
index 71568a8745..bf52f1214b 100644
--- a/internal/cmdlineopt.h
+++ b/internal/cmdlineopt.h
@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ typedef struct ruby_cmdline_options {
     unsigned int do_split: 1;
     unsigned int do_search: 1;
     unsigned int setids: 2;
+#if USE_YJIT
+    unsigned int yjit: 1;
+#endif
 } ruby_cmdline_options_t;
 
 struct ruby_opt_message {
diff --git a/internal/compar.h b/internal/compar.h
index 5e336adafa..9115e4bd63 100644
--- a/internal/compar.h
+++ b/internal/compar.h
@@ -8,38 +8,18 @@
  *             file COPYING are met.  Consult the file for details.
  * @brief      Internal header for Comparable.
  */
-#include "internal/vm.h"        /* for rb_method_basic_definition_p */
+#include "internal/basic_operators.h"
 
 #define STRING_P(s) (RB_TYPE_P((s), T_STRING) && CLASS_OF(s) == rb_cString)
 
-enum {
-    cmp_opt_Integer,
-    cmp_opt_String,
-    cmp_opt_Float,
-    cmp_optimizable_count
-};
+#define CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(type) BASIC_OP_UNREDEFINED_P(BOP_CMP, type##_REDEFINED_OP_FLAG)
 
-struct cmp_opt_data {
-    unsigned int opt_methods;
-    unsigned int opt_inited;
-};
-
-#define NEW_CMP_OPT_MEMO(type, value) \
-    NEW_PARTIAL_MEMO_FOR(type, value, cmp_opt)
-#define CMP_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type) (1U << TOKEN_PASTE(cmp_opt_,type))
-#define CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data, type) \
-    (((data).opt_inited & CMP_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type)) ? \
-     ((data).opt_methods & CMP_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type)) : \
-     (((data).opt_inited |= CMP_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type)), \
-      rb_method_basic_definition_p(TOKEN_PASTE(rb_c,type), id_cmp) && \
-      ((data).opt_methods |= CMP_OPTIMIZABLE_BIT(type))))
-
-#define OPTIMIZED_CMP(a, b, data) \
-    ((FIXNUM_P(a) && FIXNUM_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data, Integer)) ? \
+#define OPTIMIZED_CMP(a, b) \
+    ((FIXNUM_P(a) && FIXNUM_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(INTEGER)) ? \
      (((long)a > (long)b) ? 1 : ((long)a < (long)b) ? -1 : 0) : \
-     (STRING_P(a) && STRING_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data, String)) ? \
+     (STRING_P(a) && STRING_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(STRING)) ? \
      rb_str_cmp(a, b) : \
-     (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a) && RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(data, Float)) ? \
+     (RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(a) && RB_FLOAT_TYPE_P(b) && CMP_OPTIMIZABLE(FLOAT)) ? \
      rb_float_cmp(a, b) : \
      rb_cmpint(rb_funcallv(a, id_cmp, 1, &b), a, b))
 
diff --git a/internal/cont.h b/internal/cont.h
index abffc97104..c3b091668a 100644
--- a/internal/cont.h
+++ b/internal/cont.h
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
  * @brief      Internal header for Fiber.
  */
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+#include "iseq.h"
 
 struct rb_thread_struct;        /* in vm_core.h */
 struct rb_fiber_struct;         /* in cont.c */
@@ -17,7 +18,12 @@ struct rb_execution_context_struct; /* in vm_core.c */
 /* cont.c */
 void rb_fiber_reset_root_local_storage(struct rb_thread_struct *);
 void ruby_register_rollback_func_for_ensure(VALUE (*ensure_func)(VALUE), VALUE (*rollback_func)(VALUE));
-void rb_fiber_init_mjit_cont(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber);
+void rb_jit_cont_init(void);
+void rb_jit_cont_each_iseq(rb_iseq_callback callback, void *data);
+void rb_jit_cont_finish(void);
+
+// Copy locals from the current execution to the specified fiber.
+VALUE rb_fiber_inherit_storage(struct rb_execution_context_struct *ec, struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber);
 
 VALUE rb_fiberptr_self(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber);
 unsigned int rb_fiberptr_blocking(struct rb_fiber_struct *fiber);
diff --git a/internal/encoding.h b/internal/encoding.h
index c48cb24b04..a3b81bd388 100644
--- a/internal/encoding.h
+++ b/internal/encoding.h
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@
 #include "ruby/encoding.h"      /* for rb_encoding */
 
 #define rb_enc_autoload_p(enc) (!rb_enc_mbmaxlen(enc))
+#define rb_is_usascii_enc(enc) ((enc) == rb_usascii_encoding())
+#define rb_is_ascii8bit_enc(enc) ((enc) == rb_ascii8bit_encoding())
+#define rb_is_locale_enc(enc) ((enc) == rb_locale_encoding())
 
 /* encoding.c */
 ID rb_id_encoding(void);
@@ -24,7 +27,6 @@ int rb_encdb_dummy(const char *name);
 void rb_encdb_declare(const char *name);
 void rb_enc_set_base(const char *name, const char *orig);
 int rb_enc_set_dummy(int index);
-void rb_encdb_set_unicode(int index);
 PUREFUNC(int rb_data_is_encoding(VALUE obj));
 
 #endif /* INTERNAL_ENCODING_H */
diff --git a/internal/eval.h b/internal/eval.h
index 73bb656d96..e594d8516d 100644
--- a/internal/eval.h
+++ b/internal/eval.h
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ extern ID ruby_static_id_status;
 VALUE rb_refinement_module_get_refined_class(VALUE module);
 void rb_class_modify_check(VALUE);
 NORETURN(VALUE rb_f_raise(int argc, VALUE *argv));
+VALUE rb_top_main_class(const char *method);
 
 /* eval_error.c */
 VALUE rb_get_backtrace(VALUE info);
diff --git a/internal/gc.h b/internal/gc.h
index 84b7f9fa3e..e54a5dce9d 100644
--- a/internal/gc.h
+++ b/internal/gc.h
@@ -67,12 +67,16 @@ struct rb_objspace; /* in vm_core.h */
     rb_obj_write((VALUE)(a), UNALIGNED_MEMBER_ACCESS((VALUE *)(slot)), \
                  (VALUE)(b), __FILE__, __LINE__)
 
-#if USE_RVARGC
+// We use SIZE_POOL_COUNT number of shape IDs for transitions out of different size pools
+// The next available shapd ID will be the SPECIAL_CONST_SHAPE_ID
+#if USE_RVARGC && (SIZEOF_UINT64_T == SIZEOF_VALUE)
 # define SIZE_POOL_COUNT 5
 #else
 # define SIZE_POOL_COUNT 1
 #endif
 
+#define RCLASS_EXT_EMBEDDED (SIZE_POOL_COUNT > 1)
+
 typedef struct ractor_newobj_size_pool_cache {
     struct RVALUE *freelist;
     struct heap_page *using_page;
diff --git a/internal/hash.h b/internal/hash.h
index 657e5eff3c..64832c9610 100644
--- a/internal/hash.h
+++ b/internal/hash.h
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@ VALUE rb_hash_default_value(VALUE hash, VALUE key);
 VALUE rb_hash_set_default_proc(VALUE hash, VALUE proc);
 long rb_dbl_long_hash(double d);
 st_table *rb_init_identtable(void);
+st_index_t rb_any_hash(VALUE a);
 VALUE rb_to_hash_type(VALUE obj);
 VALUE rb_hash_key_str(VALUE);
 VALUE rb_hash_values(VALUE hash);
diff --git a/internal/numeric.h b/internal/numeric.h
index 19069cb3bc..89bc54b307 100644
--- a/internal/numeric.h
+++ b/internal/numeric.h
@@ -35,12 +35,16 @@ enum ruby_num_rounding_mode {
     RUBY_NUM_ROUND_DEFAULT = ROUND_DEFAULT,
 };
 
+/* same as internal.h */
+#define numberof(array) ((int)(sizeof(array) / sizeof((array)[0])))
+#define roomof(x, y) (((x) + (y) - 1) / (y))
+#define type_roomof(x, y) roomof(sizeof(x), sizeof(y))
+
 #if SIZEOF_DOUBLE <= SIZEOF_VALUE
 typedef double rb_float_value_type;
 #else
 typedef struct {
-    VALUE values[(SIZEOF_DOUBLE + SIZEOF_VALUE - 1) / SIZEOF_VALUE];
-    /* roomof() needs internal.h, and the order of some macros may matter */
+    VALUE values[roomof(SIZEOF_DOUBLE, SIZEOF_VALUE)];
 } rb_float_value_type;
 #endif
 
diff --git a/internal/object.h b/internal/object.h
index 88f3a44bc6..7b54e13dd2 100644
--- a/internal/object.h
+++ b/internal/object.h
@@ -9,11 +9,6 @@
  * @brief      Internal header for Object.
  */
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
-#include "internal/class.h"     /* for RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL */
-
-#ifdef ROBJECT_IV_INDEX_TBL
-# undef ROBJECT_IV_INDEX_TBL
-#endif
 
 /* object.c */
 VALUE rb_class_search_ancestor(VALUE klass, VALUE super);
@@ -26,7 +21,6 @@ int rb_bool_expected(VALUE, const char *, int raise);
 static inline void RBASIC_CLEAR_CLASS(VALUE obj);
 static inline void RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(VALUE obj, VALUE klass);
 static inline void RBASIC_SET_CLASS(VALUE obj, VALUE klass);
-static inline struct st_table *ROBJECT_IV_INDEX_TBL_inline(VALUE obj);
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 /* object.c (export) */
@@ -64,20 +58,4 @@ RBASIC_SET_CLASS(VALUE obj, VALUE klass)
     RBASIC_SET_CLASS_RAW(obj, klass);
     RB_OBJ_WRITTEN(obj, oldv, klass);
 }
-
-RBIMPL_ATTR_PURE()
-static inline struct st_table *
-ROBJECT_IV_INDEX_TBL_inline(VALUE obj)
-{
-    if (RB_FL_ANY_RAW(obj, ROBJECT_EMBED)) {
-        VALUE klass = rb_obj_class(obj);
-        return RCLASS_IV_INDEX_TBL(klass);
-    }
-    else {
-        const struct RObject *const ptr = ROBJECT(obj);
-        return ptr->as.heap.iv_index_tbl;
-    }
-}
-#define ROBJECT_IV_INDEX_TBL ROBJECT_IV_INDEX_TBL_inline
-
 #endif /* INTERNAL_OBJECT_H */
diff --git a/internal/parse.h b/internal/parse.h
index d9f5b56bc5..f242c384ad 100644
--- a/internal/parse.h
+++ b/internal/parse.h
@@ -15,6 +15,8 @@ struct rb_iseq_struct;          /* in vm_core.h */
 VALUE rb_parser_set_yydebug(VALUE, VALUE);
 void *rb_parser_load_file(VALUE parser, VALUE name);
 void rb_parser_keep_script_lines(VALUE vparser);
+void rb_parser_error_tolerant(VALUE vparser);
+void rb_parser_keep_tokens(VALUE vparser);
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 VALUE rb_parser_set_context(VALUE, const struct rb_iseq_struct *, int);
diff --git a/internal/string.h b/internal/string.h
index 8fb9553d03..12edbff2b1 100644
--- a/internal/string.h
+++ b/internal/string.h
@@ -43,6 +43,8 @@ char *rb_str_to_cstr(VALUE str);
 const char *ruby_escaped_char(int c);
 void rb_str_make_independent(VALUE str);
 int rb_enc_str_coderange_scan(VALUE str, rb_encoding *enc);
+int rb_ascii8bit_appendable_encoding_index(rb_encoding *enc, unsigned int code);
+VALUE rb_str_include(VALUE str, VALUE arg);
 
 static inline bool STR_EMBED_P(VALUE str);
 static inline bool STR_SHARED_P(VALUE str);
@@ -104,7 +106,7 @@ STR_EMBED_P(VALUE str)
 static inline bool
 STR_SHARED_P(VALUE str)
 {
-    return FL_ALL_RAW(str, STR_NOEMBED | ELTS_SHARED);
+    return FL_ALL_RAW(str, STR_NOEMBED | STR_SHARED);
 }
 
 static inline bool
diff --git a/internal/thread.h b/internal/thread.h
index 63f03bb94a..c3e54de683 100644
--- a/internal/thread.h
+++ b/internal/thread.h
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ struct rb_thread_struct;        /* in vm_core.h */
 #define COVERAGE_TARGET_BRANCHES 2
 #define COVERAGE_TARGET_METHODS  4
 #define COVERAGE_TARGET_ONESHOT_LINES 8
+#define COVERAGE_TARGET_EVAL 16
 
 VALUE rb_obj_is_mutex(VALUE obj);
 VALUE rb_suppress_tracing(VALUE (*func)(VALUE), VALUE arg);
@@ -28,6 +29,7 @@ VALUE rb_get_coverages(void);
 int rb_get_coverage_mode(void);
 VALUE rb_default_coverage(int);
 VALUE rb_thread_shield_new(void);
+bool rb_thread_shield_owned(VALUE self);
 VALUE rb_thread_shield_wait(VALUE self);
 VALUE rb_thread_shield_release(VALUE self);
 VALUE rb_thread_shield_destroy(VALUE self);
diff --git a/internal/time.h b/internal/time.h
index a3bf0587ec..e21b3574f6 100644
--- a/internal/time.h
+++ b/internal/time.h
@@ -28,7 +28,10 @@ struct timeval rb_time_timeval(VALUE);
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 /* time.c (export) */
 void ruby_reset_leap_second_info(void);
-void ruby_reset_timezone(void);
+#ifdef RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_ONLY
+RBIMPL_ATTR_DEPRECATED_INTERNAL_ONLY()
+#endif
+void ruby_reset_timezone(const char *);
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
 #endif /* INTERNAL_TIME_H */
diff --git a/internal/variable.h b/internal/variable.h
index 1a19e8964b..6dec6a6759 100644
--- a/internal/variable.h
+++ b/internal/variable.h
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 #include "constant.h"           /* for rb_const_entry_t */
 #include "ruby/internal/stdbool.h"     /* for bool */
 #include "ruby/ruby.h"          /* for VALUE */
+#include "shape.h"              /* for rb_shape_t */
 
 /* global variable */
 
@@ -24,7 +25,6 @@ void rb_gc_update_global_tbl(void);
 size_t rb_generic_ivar_memsize(VALUE);
 VALUE rb_search_class_path(VALUE);
 VALUE rb_attr_delete(VALUE, ID);
-VALUE rb_ivar_lookup(VALUE obj, ID id, VALUE undef);
 void rb_autoload_str(VALUE mod, ID id, VALUE file);
 VALUE rb_autoload_at_p(VALUE, ID, int);
 NORETURN(VALUE rb_mod_const_missing(VALUE,VALUE));
@@ -35,7 +35,10 @@ void rb_gvar_ractor_local(const char *name);
 static inline bool ROBJ_TRANSIENT_P(VALUE obj);
 static inline void ROBJ_TRANSIENT_SET(VALUE obj);
 static inline void ROBJ_TRANSIENT_UNSET(VALUE obj);
-uint32_t rb_obj_ensure_iv_index_mapping(VALUE obj, ID id);
+
+struct gen_ivtbl;
+int rb_gen_ivtbl_get(VALUE obj, ID id, struct gen_ivtbl **ivtbl);
+int rb_obj_evacuate_ivs_to_hash_table(ID key, VALUE val, st_data_t arg);
 
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
 /* variable.c (export) */
@@ -47,11 +50,15 @@ void rb_iv_tbl_copy(VALUE dst, VALUE src);
 RUBY_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
 MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_BEGIN
+VALUE rb_ivar_lookup(VALUE obj, ID id, VALUE undef);
 VALUE rb_gvar_get(ID);
 VALUE rb_gvar_set(ID, VALUE);
 VALUE rb_gvar_defined(ID);
 void rb_const_warn_if_deprecated(const rb_const_entry_t *, VALUE, ID);
-void rb_init_iv_list(VALUE obj);
+rb_shape_t * rb_grow_iv_list(VALUE obj);
+void rb_ensure_iv_list_size(VALUE obj, uint32_t len, uint32_t newsize);
+struct gen_ivtbl *rb_ensure_generic_iv_list_size(VALUE obj, rb_shape_t *shape, uint32_t newsize);
+attr_index_t rb_obj_ivar_set(VALUE obj, ID id, VALUE val);
 MJIT_SYMBOL_EXPORT_END
 
 static inline bool
diff --git a/internal/vm.h b/internal/vm.h
index c6c6b2ccc2..cf245c6579 100644
--- a/internal/vm.h
+++ b/internal/vm.h
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ enum method_missing_reason {
 };
 
 /* vm_insnhelper.h */
-rb_serial_t rb_next_class_serial(void);
+VALUE rb_vm_push_frame_fname(struct rb_execution_context_struct *ec, VALUE fname);
 
 /* vm.c */
 VALUE rb_obj_is_thread(VALUE obj);
diff --git a/io.c b/io.c
index 1eb48dd19b..99ec59da29 100644
--- a/io.c
+++ b/io.c
@@ -75,10 +75,6 @@
 #include <sys/fcntl.h>
 #endif
 
-#if !HAVE_OFF_T && !defined(off_t)
-# define off_t  long
-#endif
-
 #ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
 # include <sys/time.h>
 #endif
@@ -149,10 +145,6 @@
 #define O_ACCMODE (O_RDONLY | O_WRONLY | O_RDWR)
 #endif
 
-#if SIZEOF_OFF_T > SIZEOF_LONG && !defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG)
-# error off_t is bigger than long, but you have no long long...
-#endif
-
 #ifndef PIPE_BUF
 # ifdef _POSIX_PIPE_BUF
 #  define PIPE_BUF _POSIX_PIPE_BUF
@@ -175,6 +167,8 @@ off_t __syscall(quad_t number, ...);
 #define IO_RBUF_CAPA_FOR(fptr) (NEED_READCONV(fptr) ? IO_CBUF_CAPA_MIN : IO_RBUF_CAPA_MIN)
 #define IO_WBUF_CAPA_MIN  8192
 
+#define IO_MAX_BUFFER_GROWTH 8 * 1024 * 1024 // 8MB
+
 /* define system APIs */
 #ifdef _WIN32
 #undef open
@@ -186,6 +180,7 @@ off_t __syscall(quad_t number, ...);
 VALUE rb_cIO;
 VALUE rb_eEOFError;
 VALUE rb_eIOError;
+VALUE rb_eIOTimeoutError;
 VALUE rb_mWaitReadable;
 VALUE rb_mWaitWritable;
 
@@ -501,7 +496,7 @@ rb_cloexec_fcntl_dupfd(int fd, int minfd)
 
 #if defined(_WIN32)
 #define WAIT_FD_IN_WIN32(fptr) \
-    (rb_w32_io_cancelable_p((fptr)->fd) ? Qnil : rb_io_wait(fptr->self, RB_INT2NUM(RUBY_IO_READABLE), Qnil))
+    (rb_w32_io_cancelable_p((fptr)->fd) ? Qnil : rb_io_wait(fptr->self, RB_INT2NUM(RUBY_IO_READABLE), RUBY_IO_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT))
 #else
 #define WAIT_FD_IN_WIN32(fptr)
 #endif
@@ -620,7 +615,7 @@ raise_on_write(rb_io_t *fptr, int e, VALUE errinfo)
 static void
 io_unread(rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
-    off_t r, pos;
+    rb_off_t r, pos;
     ssize_t read_size;
     long i;
     long newlines = 0;
@@ -839,6 +834,54 @@ rb_io_set_write_io(VALUE io, VALUE w)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
+ *    timeout -> duration or nil
+ *
+ *  Get the internal timeout duration or nil if it was not set.
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_io_timeout(VALUE self)
+{
+    rb_io_t *fptr = rb_io_get_fptr(self);
+
+    return fptr->timeout;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    timeout = duration -> duration
+ *    timeout = nil -> nil
+ *
+ *  Set the internal timeout to the specified duration or nil. The timeout
+ *  applies to all blocking operations where possible.
+ *
+ *  This affects the following methods (but is not limited to): #gets, #puts,
+ *  #read, #write, #wait_readable and #wait_writable. This also affects
+ *  blocking socket operations like Socket#accept and Socket#connect.
+ *
+ *  Some operations like File#open and IO#close are not affected by the
+ *  timeout. A timeout during a write operation may leave the IO in an
+ *  inconsistent state, e.g. data was partially written. Generally speaking, a
+ *  timeout is a last ditch effort to prevent an application from hanging on
+ *  slow I/O operations, such as those that occur during a slowloris attack.
+ */
+VALUE
+rb_io_set_timeout(VALUE self, VALUE timeout)
+{
+    // Validate it:
+    if (RTEST(timeout)) {
+        rb_time_interval(timeout);
+    }
+
+    rb_io_t *fptr = rb_io_get_fptr(self);
+
+    fptr->timeout = timeout;
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
  *    IO.try_convert(object) -> new_io or nil
  *
  *  Attempts to convert +object+ into an \IO object via method +to_io+;
@@ -859,7 +902,7 @@ rb_io_s_try_convert(VALUE dummy, VALUE io)
 static void
 io_unread(rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
-    off_t r;
+    rb_off_t r;
     rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
     if (fptr->rbuf.len == 0 || fptr->mode & FMODE_DUPLEX)
         return;
@@ -1008,7 +1051,7 @@ void
 rb_io_read_check(rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
     if (!READ_DATA_PENDING(fptr)) {
-        rb_io_wait(fptr->self, RB_INT2NUM(RUBY_IO_READABLE), Qnil);
+        rb_io_wait(fptr->self, RB_INT2NUM(RUBY_IO_READABLE), RUBY_IO_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT);
     }
     return;
 }
@@ -1060,56 +1103,124 @@ struct io_internal_read_struct {
     VALUE th;
     rb_io_t *fptr;
     int nonblock;
+    int fd;
+
     void *buf;
     size_t capa;
+    struct timeval *timeout;
 };
 
 struct io_internal_write_struct {
+    VALUE th;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    int nonblock;
     int fd;
+
     const void *buf;
     size_t capa;
+    struct timeval *timeout;
 };
 
 #ifdef HAVE_WRITEV
 struct io_internal_writev_struct {
+    VALUE th;
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+    int nonblock;
     int fd;
+
     int iovcnt;
     const struct iovec *iov;
+    struct timeval *timeout;
 };
 #endif
 
-static int nogvl_wait_for(VALUE th, rb_io_t *fptr, short events);
+static int nogvl_wait_for(VALUE th, rb_io_t *fptr, short events, struct timeval *timeout);
+
+/**
+ * Wait for the given events on the given file descriptor.
+ * Returns -1 if an error or timeout occurred. +errno+ will be set.
+ * Returns the event mask if an event occurred.
+ */
+static inline int
+io_internal_wait(VALUE thread, rb_io_t *fptr, int error, int events, struct timeval *timeout)
+{
+    int ready = nogvl_wait_for(thread, fptr, events, timeout);
+
+    if (ready > 0) {
+        return ready;
+    }
+    else if (ready == 0) {
+        errno = ETIMEDOUT;
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    errno = error;
+    return -1;
+}
+
 static VALUE
 internal_read_func(void *ptr)
 {
     struct io_internal_read_struct *iis = ptr;
-    ssize_t r;
-retry:
-    r = read(iis->fptr->fd, iis->buf, iis->capa);
-    if (r < 0 && !iis->nonblock) {
-        int e = errno;
-        if (io_again_p(e)) {
-            if (nogvl_wait_for(iis->th, iis->fptr, RB_WAITFD_IN) != -1) {
+    ssize_t result;
+
+    if (iis->timeout && !iis->nonblock) {
+        if (io_internal_wait(iis->th, iis->fptr, 0, RB_WAITFD_IN, iis->timeout) == -1) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+  retry:
+    result = read(iis->fd, iis->buf, iis->capa);
+
+    if (result < 0 && !iis->nonblock) {
+        if (io_again_p(errno)) {
+            if (io_internal_wait(iis->th, iis->fptr, errno, RB_WAITFD_IN, iis->timeout) == -1) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            else {
                 goto retry;
             }
-            errno = e;
         }
     }
-    return r;
+
+    return result;
 }
 
 #if defined __APPLE__
-# define do_write_retry(code) do {ret = code;} while (ret == -1 && errno == EPROTOTYPE)
+# define do_write_retry(code) do {result = code;} while (result == -1 && errno == EPROTOTYPE)
 #else
-# define do_write_retry(code) ret = code
+# define do_write_retry(code) result = code
 #endif
+
 static VALUE
 internal_write_func(void *ptr)
 {
     struct io_internal_write_struct *iis = ptr;
-    ssize_t ret;
+    ssize_t result;
+
+    if (iis->timeout && !iis->nonblock) {
+        if (io_internal_wait(iis->th, iis->fptr, 0, RB_WAITFD_OUT, iis->timeout) == -1) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+  retry:
     do_write_retry(write(iis->fd, iis->buf, iis->capa));
-    return (VALUE)ret;
+
+    if (result < 0 && !iis->nonblock) {
+        int e = errno;
+        if (io_again_p(e)) {
+            if (io_internal_wait(iis->th, iis->fptr, errno, RB_WAITFD_OUT, iis->timeout) == -1) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            else {
+                goto retry;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
 }
 
 #ifdef HAVE_WRITEV
@@ -1117,20 +1228,40 @@ static VALUE
 internal_writev_func(void *ptr)
 {
     struct io_internal_writev_struct *iis = ptr;
-    ssize_t ret;
+    ssize_t result;
+
+    if (iis->timeout && !iis->nonblock) {
+        if (io_internal_wait(iis->th, iis->fptr, 0, RB_WAITFD_OUT, iis->timeout) == -1) {
+            return -1;
+        }
+    }
+
+  retry:
     do_write_retry(writev(iis->fd, iis->iov, iis->iovcnt));
-    return (VALUE)ret;
+
+    if (result < 0 && !iis->nonblock) {
+        if (io_again_p(errno)) {
+            if (io_internal_wait(iis->th, iis->fptr, errno, RB_WAITFD_OUT, iis->timeout) == -1) {
+                return -1;
+            }
+            else {
+                goto retry;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
 }
 #endif
 
 static ssize_t
-rb_read_internal(rb_io_t *fptr, void *buf, size_t count)
+rb_io_read_memory(rb_io_t *fptr, void *buf, size_t count)
 {
     VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
     if (scheduler != Qnil) {
         VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_read_memory(scheduler, fptr->self, buf, count, 0);
 
-        if (result != Qundef) {
+        if (!UNDEF_P(result)) {
             return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result_apply(result);
         }
     }
@@ -1139,31 +1270,53 @@ rb_read_internal(rb_io_t *fptr, void *buf, size_t count)
         .th = rb_thread_current(),
         .fptr = fptr,
         .nonblock = 0,
+        .fd = fptr->fd,
+
         .buf = buf,
-        .capa = count
+        .capa = count,
+        .timeout = NULL,
     };
 
+    struct timeval timeout_storage;
+
+    if (fptr->timeout != Qnil) {
+        timeout_storage = rb_time_interval(fptr->timeout);
+        iis.timeout = &timeout_storage;
+    }
+
     return (ssize_t)rb_thread_io_blocking_region(internal_read_func, &iis, fptr->fd);
 }
 
 static ssize_t
-rb_write_internal(rb_io_t *fptr, const void *buf, size_t count)
+rb_io_write_memory(rb_io_t *fptr, const void *buf, size_t count)
 {
     VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
     if (scheduler != Qnil) {
         VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_write_memory(scheduler, fptr->self, buf, count, 0);
 
-        if (result != Qundef) {
+        if (!UNDEF_P(result)) {
             return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result_apply(result);
         }
     }
 
     struct io_internal_write_struct iis = {
+        .th = rb_thread_current(),
+        .fptr = fptr,
+        .nonblock = 0,
         .fd = fptr->fd,
+
         .buf = buf,
-        .capa = count
+        .capa = count,
+        .timeout = NULL
     };
 
+    struct timeval timeout_storage;
+
+    if (fptr->timeout != Qnil) {
+        timeout_storage = rb_time_interval(fptr->timeout);
+        iis.timeout = &timeout_storage;
+    }
+
     return (ssize_t)rb_thread_io_blocking_region(internal_write_func, &iis, fptr->fd);
 }
 
@@ -1171,23 +1324,36 @@ rb_write_internal(rb_io_t *fptr, const void *buf, size_t count)
 static ssize_t
 rb_writev_internal(rb_io_t *fptr, const struct iovec *iov, int iovcnt)
 {
+    if (!iovcnt) return 0;
+
     VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
     if (scheduler != Qnil) {
-        for (int i = 0; i < iovcnt; i += 1) {
-            VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_write_memory(scheduler, fptr->self, iov[i].iov_base, iov[i].iov_len, 0);
+        // This path assumes at least one `iov`:
+        VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_write_memory(scheduler, fptr->self, iov[0].iov_base, iov[0].iov_len, 0);
 
-            if (result != Qundef) {
-                return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result_apply(result);
-            }
+        if (!UNDEF_P(result)) {
+            return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result_apply(result);
         }
     }
 
     struct io_internal_writev_struct iis = {
+        .th = rb_thread_current(),
+        .fptr = fptr,
+        .nonblock = 0,
         .fd = fptr->fd,
+
         .iov = iov,
         .iovcnt = iovcnt,
+        .timeout = NULL
     };
 
+    struct timeval timeout_storage;
+
+    if (fptr->timeout != Qnil) {
+        timeout_storage = rb_time_interval(fptr->timeout);
+        iis.timeout = &timeout_storage;
+    }
+
     return (ssize_t)rb_thread_io_blocking_region(internal_writev_func, &iis, fptr->fd);
 }
 #endif
@@ -1204,11 +1370,13 @@ io_flush_buffer_sync(void *arg)
         fptr->wbuf.len = 0;
         return 0;
     }
+
     if (0 <= r) {
         fptr->wbuf.off += (int)r;
         fptr->wbuf.len -= (int)r;
         errno = EAGAIN;
     }
+
     return (VALUE)-1;
 }
 
@@ -1239,7 +1407,7 @@ io_fflush(rb_io_t *fptr)
         return 0;
 
     while (fptr->wbuf.len > 0 && io_flush_buffer(fptr) != 0) {
-        if (!rb_io_maybe_wait_writable(errno, fptr->self, Qnil))
+        if (!rb_io_maybe_wait_writable(errno, fptr->self, RUBY_IO_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT))
             return -1;
 
         rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
@@ -1263,6 +1431,10 @@ rb_io_wait(VALUE io, VALUE events, VALUE timeout)
     struct timeval tv_storage;
     struct timeval *tv = NULL;
 
+    if (NIL_OR_UNDEF_P(timeout)) {
+        timeout = fptr->timeout;
+    }
+
     if (timeout != Qnil) {
         tv_storage = rb_time_interval(timeout);
         tv = &tv_storage;
@@ -1481,7 +1653,7 @@ make_writeconv(rb_io_t *fptr)
         ecflags = fptr->encs.ecflags & ~ECONV_NEWLINE_DECORATOR_READ_MASK;
         ecopts = fptr->encs.ecopts;
 
-        if (!fptr->encs.enc || (fptr->encs.enc == rb_ascii8bit_encoding() && !fptr->encs.enc2)) {
+        if (!fptr->encs.enc || (rb_is_ascii8bit_enc(fptr->encs.enc) && !fptr->encs.enc2)) {
             /* no encoding conversion */
             fptr->writeconv_pre_ecflags = 0;
             fptr->writeconv_pre_ecopts = Qnil;
@@ -1570,7 +1742,7 @@ io_binwrite_string_internal(rb_io_t *fptr, const char *ptr, long length)
         return result;
     }
     else {
-        return rb_write_internal(fptr, ptr, length);
+        return rb_io_write_memory(fptr, ptr, length);
     }
 }
 #else
@@ -1605,7 +1777,7 @@ io_binwrite_string_internal(rb_io_t *fptr, const char *ptr, long length)
     }
 
     // Otherwise, we should write the data directly:
-    return rb_write_internal(fptr, ptr, length);
+    return rb_io_write_memory(fptr, ptr, length);
 }
 #endif
 
@@ -1621,19 +1793,17 @@ io_binwrite_string(VALUE arg)
         // Write as much as possible:
         ssize_t result = io_binwrite_string_internal(p->fptr, ptr, remaining);
 
-        // If only the internal buffer is written, result will be zero [bytes of given data written]. This means we
-        // should try again.
         if (result == 0) {
-            errno = EWOULDBLOCK;
+            // If only the internal buffer is written, result will be zero [bytes of given data written]. This means we
+            // should try again immediately.
         }
-
-        if (result > 0) {
+        else if (result > 0) {
             if ((size_t)result == remaining) break;
             ptr += result;
             remaining -= result;
         }
         // Wait for it to become writable:
-        else if (rb_io_maybe_wait_writable(errno, p->fptr->self, Qnil)) {
+        else if (rb_io_maybe_wait_writable(errno, p->fptr->self, RUBY_IO_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT)) {
             rb_io_check_closed(p->fptr);
         }
         else {
@@ -1867,7 +2037,7 @@ io_binwritev_internal(VALUE arg)
     while (remaining) {
         long result = rb_writev_internal(fptr, iov, iovcnt);
 
-        if (result > 0) {
+        if (result >= 0) {
             offset += result;
             if (fptr->wbuf.ptr && fptr->wbuf.len) {
                 if (offset < (size_t)fptr->wbuf.len) {
@@ -1900,7 +2070,7 @@ io_binwritev_internal(VALUE arg)
             iov->iov_base = (char *)iov->iov_base + result;
             iov->iov_len -= result;
         }
-        else if (rb_io_maybe_wait_writable(errno, fptr->self, Qnil)) {
+        else if (rb_io_maybe_wait_writable(errno, fptr->self, RUBY_IO_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT)) {
             rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
         }
         else {
@@ -2065,7 +2235,8 @@ io_writev(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
  *    write(*objects) -> integer
  *
  *  Writes each of the given +objects+ to +self+,
- *  which must be opened for writing (see IO@Modes);
+ *  which must be opened for writing
+ *  (see {Access Modes}[rdoc-ref:File@Access+Modes]);
  *  returns the total number bytes written;
  *  each of +objects+ that is not a string is converted via method +to_s+:
  *
@@ -2077,6 +2248,7 @@ io_writev(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
  *    Hello, World!
  *    foobar2
  *
+ *  Related: IO#read.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -2124,7 +2296,7 @@ rb_io_writev(VALUE io, int argc, const VALUE *argv)
  *    self << object -> self
  *
  *  Writes the given +object+ to +self+,
- *  which must be opened for writing (see IO@Modes);
+ *  which must be opened for writing (see {Access Modes}[rdoc-ref:File@Access+Modes]);
  *  returns +self+;
  *  if +object+ is not a string, it is converted via method +to_s+:
  *
@@ -2224,7 +2396,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_tell(VALUE io)
 {
     rb_io_t *fptr;
-    off_t pos;
+    rb_off_t pos;
 
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
     pos = io_tell(fptr);
@@ -2237,7 +2409,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_seek(VALUE io, VALUE offset, int whence)
 {
     rb_io_t *fptr;
-    off_t pos;
+    rb_off_t pos;
 
     pos = NUM2OFFT(offset);
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
@@ -2348,7 +2520,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_set_pos(VALUE io, VALUE offset)
 {
     rb_io_t *fptr;
-    off_t pos;
+    rb_off_t pos;
 
     pos = NUM2OFFT(offset);
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
@@ -2405,12 +2577,12 @@ rb_io_rewind(VALUE io)
 static int
 fptr_wait_readable(rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
-    int ret = rb_io_maybe_wait_readable(errno, fptr->self, Qnil);
+    int result = rb_io_maybe_wait_readable(errno, fptr->self, RUBY_IO_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT);
 
-    if (ret)
+    if (result)
         rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
 
-    return ret;
+    return result;
 }
 
 static int
@@ -2429,7 +2601,7 @@ io_fillbuf(rb_io_t *fptr)
     }
     if (fptr->rbuf.len == 0) {
       retry:
-        r = rb_read_internal(fptr, fptr->rbuf.ptr, fptr->rbuf.capa);
+        r = rb_io_read_memory(fptr, fptr->rbuf.ptr, fptr->rbuf.capa);
 
         if (r < 0) {
             if (fptr_wait_readable(fptr))
@@ -2466,7 +2638,7 @@ io_fillbuf(rb_io_t *fptr)
  *    f.close
  *
  *  Raises an exception unless the stream is opened for reading;
- *  see {Mode}[rdoc-ref:IO@Mode].
+ *  see {Mode}[rdoc-ref:File@Access+Modes].
  *
  *  If +self+ is a stream such as pipe or socket, this method
  *  blocks until the other end sends some data or closes it:
@@ -2739,6 +2911,29 @@ rb_io_pid(VALUE io)
     return PIDT2NUM(fptr->pid);
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    path -> string or nil
+ *
+ *  Returns the path associated with the IO, or +nil+ if there is no path
+ *  associated with the IO. It is not guaranteed that the path exists on
+ *  the filesystem.
+ *
+ *    $stdin.path # => "<STDIN>"
+ *
+ *    File.open("testfile") {|f| f.path} # => "testfile"
+ */
+
+static VALUE
+rb_io_path(VALUE io)
+{
+    rb_io_t *fptr = RFILE(io)->fptr;
+
+    if (!fptr)
+        return Qnil;
+
+    return rb_obj_dup(fptr->pathv);
+}
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
@@ -2821,7 +3016,7 @@ io_bufread(char *ptr, long len, rb_io_t *fptr)
         while (n > 0) {
           again:
             rb_io_check_closed(fptr);
-            c = rb_read_internal(fptr, ptr+offset, n);
+            c = rb_io_read_memory(fptr, ptr+offset, n);
             if (c == 0) break;
             if (c < 0) {
                 if (fptr_wait_readable(fptr))
@@ -2884,8 +3079,8 @@ static long
 remain_size(rb_io_t *fptr)
 {
     struct stat st;
-    off_t siz = READ_DATA_PENDING_COUNT(fptr);
-    off_t pos;
+    rb_off_t siz = READ_DATA_PENDING_COUNT(fptr);
+    rb_off_t pos;
 
     if (fstat(fptr->fd, &st) == 0  && S_ISREG(st.st_mode)
 #if defined(__HAIKU__)
@@ -3061,7 +3256,8 @@ static int
 io_setstrbuf(VALUE *str, long len)
 {
 #ifdef _WIN32
-    len = (len + 1) & ~1L;	/* round up for wide char */
+    if (len > 0)
+        len = (len + 1) & ~1L;	/* round up for wide char */
 #endif
     if (NIL_P(*str)) {
         *str = rb_str_new(0, len);
@@ -3076,7 +3272,9 @@ io_setstrbuf(VALUE *str, long len)
         }
         len -= clen;
     }
-    rb_str_modify_expand(*str, len);
+    if ((rb_str_capacity(*str) - (size_t)RSTRING_LEN(*str)) < (size_t)len) {
+        rb_str_modify_expand(*str, len);
+    }
     return FALSE;
 }
 
@@ -3159,7 +3357,17 @@ read_all(rb_io_t *fptr, long siz, VALUE str)
             pos += rb_str_coderange_scan_restartable(RSTRING_PTR(str) + pos, RSTRING_PTR(str) + bytes, enc, &cr);
         if (bytes < siz) break;
         siz += BUFSIZ;
-        rb_str_modify_expand(str, BUFSIZ);
+
+        size_t capa = rb_str_capacity(str);
+        if (capa < (size_t)RSTRING_LEN(str) + BUFSIZ) {
+            if (capa < BUFSIZ) {
+                capa = BUFSIZ;
+            }
+            else if (capa > IO_MAX_BUFFER_GROWTH) {
+                capa = IO_MAX_BUFFER_GROWTH;
+            }
+            rb_str_modify_expand(str, capa);
+        }
     }
     if (shrinkable) io_shrink_read_string(str, RSTRING_LEN(str));
     str = io_enc_str(str, fptr);
@@ -3176,7 +3384,7 @@ rb_io_set_nonblock(rb_io_t *fptr)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-read_internal_call(VALUE arg)
+io_read_memory_call(VALUE arg)
 {
     struct io_internal_read_struct *iis = (struct io_internal_read_struct *)arg;
 
@@ -3184,7 +3392,7 @@ read_internal_call(VALUE arg)
     if (scheduler != Qnil) {
         VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_read_memory(scheduler, iis->fptr->self, iis->buf, iis->capa, 0);
 
-        if (result != Qundef) {
+        if (!UNDEF_P(result)) {
             // This is actually returned as a pseudo-VALUE and later cast to a long:
             return (VALUE)rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result_apply(result);
         }
@@ -3194,9 +3402,9 @@ read_internal_call(VALUE arg)
 }
 
 static long
-read_internal_locktmp(VALUE str, struct io_internal_read_struct *iis)
+io_read_memory_locktmp(VALUE str, struct io_internal_read_struct *iis)
 {
-    return (long)rb_str_locktmp_ensure(str, read_internal_call, (VALUE)iis);
+    return (long)rb_str_locktmp_ensure(str, io_read_memory_call, (VALUE)iis);
 }
 
 #define no_exception_p(opts) !rb_opts_exception_p((opts), TRUE)
@@ -3238,9 +3446,11 @@ io_getpartial(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io, int no_exception, int nonblock)
         iis.th = rb_thread_current();
         iis.fptr = fptr;
         iis.nonblock = nonblock;
+        iis.fd = fptr->fd;
         iis.buf = RSTRING_PTR(str);
         iis.capa = len;
-        n = read_internal_locktmp(str, &iis);
+        iis.timeout = NULL;
+        n = io_read_memory_locktmp(str, &iis);
         if (n < 0) {
             int e = errno;
             if (!nonblock && fptr_wait_readable(fptr))
@@ -3401,13 +3611,15 @@ io_read_nonblock(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE io, VALUE length, VALUE str,
 
     n = read_buffered_data(RSTRING_PTR(str), len, fptr);
     if (n <= 0) {
-        rb_io_set_nonblock(fptr);
+        rb_fd_set_nonblock(fptr->fd);
         shrinkable |= io_setstrbuf(&str, len);
         iis.fptr = fptr;
         iis.nonblock = 1;
+        iis.fd = fptr->fd;
         iis.buf = RSTRING_PTR(str);
         iis.capa = len;
-        n = read_internal_locktmp(str, &iis);
+        iis.timeout = NULL;
+        n = io_read_memory_locktmp(str, &iis);
         if (n < 0) {
             int e = errno;
             if (io_again_p(e)) {
@@ -3446,7 +3658,7 @@ io_write_nonblock(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE io, VALUE str, VALUE ex)
     if (io_fflush(fptr) < 0)
         rb_sys_fail_on_write(fptr);
 
-    rb_io_set_nonblock(fptr);
+    rb_fd_set_nonblock(fptr->fd);
     n = write(fptr->fd, RSTRING_PTR(str), RSTRING_LEN(str));
     RB_GC_GUARD(str);
 
@@ -3468,14 +3680,13 @@ io_write_nonblock(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE io, VALUE str, VALUE ex)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    read(maxlen = nil)             -> string or nil
- *    read(maxlen = nil, out_string) -> out_string or nil
+ *    read(maxlen = nil, out_string = nil) -> new_string, out_string, or nil
  *
- *  Reads bytes from the stream (in binary mode):
+ *  Reads bytes from the stream; the stream must be opened for reading
+ *  (see {Access Modes}[rdoc-ref:File@Access+Modes]):
  *
- *  - If +maxlen+ is +nil+, reads all bytes.
- *  - Otherwise reads +maxlen+ bytes, if available.
- *  - Otherwise reads all bytes.
+ *  - If +maxlen+ is +nil+, reads all bytes using the stream's data mode.
+ *  - Otherwise reads up to +maxlen+ bytes in binary mode.
  *
  *  Returns a string (either a new string or the given +out_string+)
  *  containing the bytes read.
@@ -3535,6 +3746,7 @@ io_write_nonblock(rb_execution_context_t *ec, VALUE io, VALUE str, VALUE ex)
  *  If you need the behavior like a single read(2) system call,
  *  consider #readpartial, #read_nonblock, and #sysread.
  *
+ *  Related: IO#write.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -3593,8 +3805,33 @@ rscheck(const char *rsptr, long rslen, VALUE rs)
         rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "rs modified");
 }
 
+static const char *
+search_delim(const char *p, long len, int delim, rb_encoding *enc)
+{
+    if (rb_enc_mbminlen(enc) == 1) {
+        p = memchr(p, delim, len);
+        if (p) return p + 1;
+    }
+    else {
+        const char *end = p + len;
+        while (p < end) {
+            int r = rb_enc_precise_mbclen(p, end, enc);
+            if (!MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_P(r)) {
+                p += rb_enc_mbminlen(enc);
+                continue;
+            }
+            int n = MBCLEN_CHARFOUND_LEN(r);
+            if (rb_enc_mbc_to_codepoint(p, end, enc) == (unsigned int)delim) {
+                return p + n;
+            }
+            p += n;
+        }
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
 static int
-appendline(rb_io_t *fptr, int delim, VALUE *strp, long *lp)
+appendline(rb_io_t *fptr, int delim, VALUE *strp, long *lp, rb_encoding *enc)
 {
     VALUE str = *strp;
     long limit = *lp;
@@ -3609,9 +3846,9 @@ appendline(rb_io_t *fptr, int delim, VALUE *strp, long *lp)
                 p = READ_CHAR_PENDING_PTR(fptr);
                 if (0 < limit && limit < searchlen)
                     searchlen = (int)limit;
-                e = memchr(p, delim, searchlen);
+                e = search_delim(p, searchlen, delim, enc);
                 if (e) {
-                    int len = (int)(e-p+1);
+                    int len = (int)(e-p);
                     if (NIL_P(str))
                         *strp = str = rb_str_new(p, len);
                     else
@@ -3651,8 +3888,8 @@ appendline(rb_io_t *fptr, int delim, VALUE *strp, long *lp)
             long last;
 
             if (limit > 0 && pending > limit) pending = limit;
-            e = memchr(p, delim, pending);
-            if (e) pending = e - p + 1;
+            e = search_delim(p, pending, delim, enc);
+            if (e) pending = e - p;
             if (!NIL_P(str)) {
                 last = RSTRING_LEN(str);
                 rb_str_resize(str, last + pending);
@@ -3798,7 +4035,7 @@ extract_getline_opts(VALUE opts, struct getline_arg *args)
             kwds[0] = rb_intern_const("chomp");
         }
         rb_get_kwargs(opts, kwds, 0, -2, &vchomp);
-        chomp = (vchomp != Qundef) && RTEST(vchomp);
+        chomp = (!UNDEF_P(vchomp)) && RTEST(vchomp);
     }
     args->chomp = chomp;
 }
@@ -3912,16 +4149,26 @@ rb_io_getline_0(VALUE rs, long limit, int chomp, rb_io_t *fptr)
                     rsptr = RSTRING_PTR(rs);
                     rslen = RSTRING_LEN(rs);
                 }
+                newline = '\n';
+            }
+            else if (rb_enc_mbminlen(enc) == 1) {
+                 rsptr = RSTRING_PTR(rs);
+                 newline = (unsigned char)rsptr[rslen - 1];
             }
             else {
+                rs = rb_str_encode(rs, rb_enc_from_encoding(enc), 0, Qnil);
                 rsptr = RSTRING_PTR(rs);
+                const char *e = rsptr + rslen;
+                const char *last = rb_enc_prev_char(rsptr, e, e, enc);
+                int n;
+                newline = rb_enc_codepoint_len(last, e, &n, enc);
+                if (last + n != e) rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "broken separator");
             }
-            newline = (unsigned char)rsptr[rslen - 1];
-            chomp_cr = chomp && rslen == 1 && newline == '\n';
+            chomp_cr = chomp && newline == '\n' && rslen == rb_enc_mbminlen(enc);
         }
 
         /* MS - Optimization */
-        while ((c = appendline(fptr, newline, &str, &limit)) != EOF) {
+        while ((c = appendline(fptr, newline, &str, &limit, enc)) != EOF) {
             const char *s, *p, *pp, *e;
 
             if (c == newline) {
@@ -3943,8 +4190,8 @@ rb_io_getline_0(VALUE rs, long limit, int chomp, rb_io_t *fptr)
             if (limit == 0) {
                 s = RSTRING_PTR(str);
                 p = RSTRING_END(str);
-                pp = rb_enc_left_char_head(s, p-1, p, enc);
-                if (extra_limit &&
+                pp = rb_enc_prev_char(s, p, p, enc);
+                if (extra_limit && pp &&
                     MBCLEN_NEEDMORE_P(rb_enc_precise_mbclen(pp, p, enc))) {
                     /* relax the limit while incomplete character.
                      * extra_limit limits the relax length */
@@ -4019,13 +4266,13 @@ rb_io_gets_internal(VALUE io)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    gets(sep = $/, **line_opts)   -> string or nil
- *    gets(limit, **line_opts)      -> string or nil
- *    gets(sep, limit, **line_opts) -> string or nil
+ *    gets(sep = $/, chomp: false)   -> string or nil
+ *    gets(limit, chomp: false)      -> string or nil
+ *    gets(sep, limit, chomp: false) -> string or nil
  *
- *  Reads and returns a line from the stream
- *  (see {Lines}[rdoc-ref:IO@Lines]);
+ *  Reads and returns a line from the stream;
  *  assigns the return value to <tt>$_</tt>.
+ *  See {Line IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+IO].
  *
  *  With no arguments given, returns the next line
  *  as determined by line separator <tt>$/</tt>, or +nil+ if none:
@@ -4063,7 +4310,7 @@ rb_io_gets_internal(VALUE io)
  *
  *  With only integer argument +limit+ given,
  *  limits the number of bytes in the line;
- *  see {Line Limit}}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Limit]:
+ *  see {Line Limit}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Limit]:
  *
  *    # No more than one line.
  *    File.open('t.txt') {|f| f.gets(10) } # => "First line"
@@ -4077,8 +4324,8 @@ rb_io_gets_internal(VALUE io)
  *    or +nil+ if none.
  *  - But returns no more bytes than are allowed by the limit.
  *
- *  For all forms above, optional keyword arguments +line_opts+ specify
- *  {Line Options}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Options]:
+ *  Optional keyword argument +chomp+ specifies whether line separators
+ *  are to be omitted:
  *
  *    f = File.open('t.txt')
  *    # Chomp the lines.
@@ -4107,8 +4354,8 @@ rb_io_gets_m(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
  *  call-seq:
  *    lineno -> integer
  *
- *  Returns the current line number for the stream.
- *  See {Line Number}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Number].
+ *  Returns the current line number for the stream;
+ *  see {Line Number}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Number].
  *
  */
 
@@ -4126,8 +4373,8 @@ rb_io_lineno(VALUE io)
  *  call-seq:
  *    lineno = integer -> integer
  *
- *  Sets and returns the line number for the stream.
- *  See {Line Number}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Number].
+ *  Sets and returns the line number for the stream;
+ *  see {Line Number}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Number].
  *
  */
 
@@ -4144,12 +4391,14 @@ rb_io_set_lineno(VALUE io, VALUE lineno)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    readline(sep = $/, **line_opts)   -> string
- *    readline(limit, **line_opts)      -> string
- *    readline(sep, limit, **line_opts) -> string
+ *    readline(sep = $/, chomp: false)   -> string
+ *    readline(limit, chomp: false)      -> string
+ *    readline(sep, limit, chomp: false) -> string
  *
- *  Reads a line as with IO#gets, but raises EOFError if already at end-of-file.
+ *  Reads a line as with IO#gets, but raises EOFError if already at end-of-stream.
  *
+ *  Optional keyword argument +chomp+ specifies whether line separators
+ *  are to be omitted.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -4167,13 +4416,13 @@ static VALUE io_readlines(const struct getline_arg *arg, VALUE io);
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    readlines(sep = $/, **line_opts)   -> array
- *    readlines(limit, **line_opts)       -> array
- *    readlines(sep, limit, **line_opts) -> array
+ *    readlines(sep = $/, chomp: false)   -> array
+ *    readlines(limit, chomp: false)       -> array
+ *    readlines(sep, limit, chomp: false) -> array
  *
- *  Reads and returns all remaining line from the stream
- *  (see {Lines}[rdoc-ref:IO@Lines]);
+ *  Reads and returns all remaining line from the stream;
  *  does not modify <tt>$_</tt>.
+ *  See {Line IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+IO].
  *
  *  With no arguments given, returns lines
  *  as determined by line separator <tt>$/</tt>, or +nil+ if none:
@@ -4221,8 +4470,8 @@ static VALUE io_readlines(const struct getline_arg *arg, VALUE io);
  *  - Returns lines as determined by line separator +sep+.
  *  - But returns no more bytes in a line than are allowed by the limit.
  *
- *  For all forms above, optional keyword arguments +line_opts+ specify
- *  {Line Options}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Options]:
+ *  Optional keyword argument +chomp+ specifies whether line separators
+ *  are to be omitted:
  *
  *    f = File.new('t.txt')
  *    f.readlines(chomp: true)
@@ -4256,15 +4505,15 @@ io_readlines(const struct getline_arg *arg, VALUE io)
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    each_line(sep = $/, **line_opts) {|line| ... }   -> self
- *    each_line(limit, **line_opts) {|line| ... }      -> self
- *    each_line(sep, limit, **line_opts) {|line| ... } -> self
+ *    each_line(sep = $/, chomp: false) {|line| ... }   -> self
+ *    each_line(limit, chomp: false) {|line| ... }      -> self
+ *    each_line(sep, limit, chomp: false) {|line| ... } -> self
  *    each_line                                   -> enumerator
  *
- *  Calls the block with each remaining line read from the stream
- *  (see {Lines}[rdoc-ref:IO@Lines]);
- *  does nothing if already at end-of-file;
+ *  Calls the block with each remaining line read from the stream;
  *  returns +self+.
+ *  Does nothing if already at end-of-stream;
+ *  See {Line IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+IO].
  *
  *  With no arguments given, reads lines
  *  as determined by line separator <tt>$/</tt>:
@@ -4320,7 +4569,7 @@ io_readlines(const struct getline_arg *arg, VALUE io)
  *
  *  With only integer argument +limit+ given,
  *  limits the number of bytes in each line;
- *  see {Line Limit}}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Limit]:
+ *  see {Line Limit}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Limit]:
  *
  *    f = File.new('t.txt')
  *    f.each_line(8) {|line| p line }
@@ -4344,8 +4593,8 @@ io_readlines(const struct getline_arg *arg, VALUE io)
  *  - Calls with the next line as determined by line separator +sep+.
  *  - But returns no more bytes than are allowed by the limit.
  *
- *  For all forms above, optional keyword arguments +line_opts+ specify
- *  {Line Options}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Options]:
+ *  Optional keyword argument +chomp+ specifies whether line separators
+ *  are to be omitted:
  *
  *    f = File.new('t.txt')
  *    f.each_line(chomp: true) {|line| p line }
@@ -4386,7 +4635,8 @@ rb_io_each_line(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
  *    each_byte {|byte| ... } -> self
  *    each_byte               -> enumerator
  *
- *  Calls the given block with each byte (0..255) in the stream; returns +self+:
+ *  Calls the given block with each byte (0..255) in the stream; returns +self+.
+ *  See {Byte IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Byte+IO].
  *
  *    f = File.new('t.rus')
  *    a = []
@@ -4533,7 +4783,8 @@ io_getc(rb_io_t *fptr, rb_encoding *enc)
  *    each_char {|c| ... } -> self
  *    each_char            -> enumerator
  *
- *  Calls the given block with each character in the stream; returns +self+:
+ *  Calls the given block with each character in the stream; returns +self+.
+ *  See {Character IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Character+IO].
  *
  *    f = File.new('t.rus')
  *    a = []
@@ -4694,7 +4945,8 @@ rb_io_each_codepoint(VALUE io)
  *    getc -> character or nil
  *
  *  Reads and returns the next 1-character string from the stream;
- *  returns +nil+ if already at end-of-file:
+ *  returns +nil+ if already at end-of-stream.
+ *  See {Character IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Character+IO].
  *
  *    f = File.open('t.txt')
  *    f.getc     # => "F"
@@ -4726,7 +4978,8 @@ rb_io_getc(VALUE io)
  *    readchar -> string
  *
  *  Reads and returns the next 1-character string from the stream;
- *  raises EOFError if already at end-of-file:
+ *  raises EOFError if already at end-of-stream.
+ *  See {Character IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Character+IO].
  *
  *    f = File.open('t.txt')
  *    f.readchar     # => "F"
@@ -4755,7 +5008,8 @@ rb_io_readchar(VALUE io)
  *    getbyte -> integer or nil
  *
  *  Reads and returns the next byte (in range 0..255) from the stream;
- *  returns +nil+ if already at end-of-file:
+ *  returns +nil+ if already at end-of-stream.
+ *  See {Byte IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Byte+IO].
  *
  *    f = File.open('t.txt')
  *    f.getbyte # => 70
@@ -4765,7 +5019,6 @@ rb_io_readchar(VALUE io)
  *    f.close
  *
  *  Related: IO#readbyte (may raise EOFError).
- *
  */
 
 VALUE
@@ -4799,7 +5052,8 @@ rb_io_getbyte(VALUE io)
  *    readbyte -> integer
  *
  *  Reads and returns the next byte (in range 0..255) from the stream;
- *  raises EOFError if already at end-of-file:
+ *  raises EOFError if already at end-of-stream.
+ *  See {Byte IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Byte+IO].
  *
  *    f = File.open('t.txt')
  *    f.readbyte # => 70
@@ -4830,10 +5084,11 @@ rb_io_readbyte(VALUE io)
  *
  *  Pushes back ("unshifts") the given data onto the stream's buffer,
  *  placing the data so that it is next to be read; returns +nil+.
+ *  See {Byte IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Byte+IO].
  *
  *  Note that:
  *
- *  - Calling the method hs no effect with unbuffered reads (such as IO#sysread).
+ *  - Calling the method has no effect with unbuffered reads (such as IO#sysread).
  *  - Calling #rewind on the stream discards the pushed-back data.
  *
  *  When argument +integer+ is given, uses only its low-order byte:
@@ -4890,10 +5145,11 @@ rb_io_ungetbyte(VALUE io, VALUE b)
  *
  *  Pushes back ("unshifts") the given data onto the stream's buffer,
  *  placing the data so that it is next to be read; returns +nil+.
+ *  See {Character IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Character+IO].
  *
  *  Note that:
  *
- *  - Calling the method hs no effect with unbuffered reads (such as IO#sysread).
+ *  - Calling the method has no effect with unbuffered reads (such as IO#sysread).
  *  - Calling #rewind on the stream discards the pushed-back data.
  *
  *  When argument +integer+ is given, interprets the integer as a character:
@@ -4974,8 +5230,10 @@ rb_io_ungetc(VALUE io, VALUE c)
  *  Returns +true+ if the stream is associated with a terminal device (tty),
  *  +false+ otherwise:
  *
- *     File.new('t.txt').isatty    #=> false
- *     File.new('/dev/tty').isatty #=> true
+ *    f = File.new('t.txt').isatty    #=> false
+ *    f.close
+ *    f = File.new('/dev/tty').isatty #=> true
+ *    f.close
  *
  *  IO#tty? is an alias for IO#isatty.
  *
@@ -5109,13 +5367,13 @@ finish_writeconv(rb_io_t *fptr, int noalloc)
             res = rb_econv_convert(fptr->writeconv, NULL, NULL, &dp, de, 0);
             while (dp-ds) {
                 size_t remaining = dp-ds;
-                long result = rb_write_internal(fptr, ds, remaining);
+                long result = rb_io_write_memory(fptr, ds, remaining);
 
                 if (result > 0) {
                     ds += result;
                     if ((size_t)result == remaining) break;
                 }
-                else if (rb_io_maybe_wait_writable(errno, fptr->self, Qnil)) {
+                else if (rb_io_maybe_wait_writable(errno, fptr->self, RUBY_IO_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT)) {
                     if (fptr->fd < 0)
                         return noalloc ? Qtrue : rb_exc_new3(rb_eIOError, rb_str_new_cstr(closed_stream));
                 }
@@ -5260,7 +5518,7 @@ fptr_finalize_flush(rb_io_t *fptr, int noraise, int keepgvl,
     //     VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
     //     if (scheduler != Qnil) {
     //         VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_close(scheduler, fptr->self);
-    //         if (result != Qundef) done = 1;
+    //         if (!UNDEF_P(result)) done = 1;
     //     }
     // }
 
@@ -5456,12 +5714,32 @@ rb_io_close(VALUE io)
  *  call-seq:
  *    close -> nil
  *
- *  Closes the stream, if it is open, after flushing any buffered writes
- *  to the operating system; does nothing if the stream is already closed.
- *  A stream is automatically closed when claimed by the garbage collector.
+ *  Closes the stream for both reading and writing
+ *  if open for either or both; returns +nil+.
+ *  See {Open and Closed Streams}[rdoc-ref:IO@Open+and+Closed+Streams].
+ *
+ *  If the stream is open for writing, flushes any buffered writes
+ *  to the operating system before closing.
  *
- *  If the stream was opened by IO.popen, #close sets global variable <tt>$?</tt>.
+ *  If the stream was opened by IO.popen, sets global variable <tt>$?</tt>
+ *  (child exit status).
  *
+ *  Example:
+ *
+ *    IO.popen('ruby', 'r+') do |pipe|
+ *      puts pipe.closed?
+ *      pipe.close
+ *      puts $?
+ *      puts pipe.closed?
+ *    end
+ *
+ *  Output:
+ *
+ *    false
+ *    pid 13760 exit 0
+ *    true
+ *
+ *  Related: IO#close_read, IO#close_write, IO#closed?.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5499,7 +5777,7 @@ static VALUE
 io_close(VALUE io)
 {
     VALUE closed = rb_check_funcall(io, rb_intern("closed?"), 0, 0);
-    if (closed != Qundef && RTEST(closed)) return io;
+    if (!UNDEF_P(closed) && RTEST(closed)) return io;
     rb_rescue2(io_call_close, io, ignore_closed_stream, io,
                rb_eIOError, (VALUE)0);
     return io;
@@ -5510,17 +5788,24 @@ io_close(VALUE io)
  *    closed? -> true or false
  *
  *  Returns +true+ if the stream is closed for both reading and writing,
- *  +false+ otherwise:
+ *  +false+ otherwise.
+ *  See {Open and Closed Streams}[rdoc-ref:IO@Open+and+Closed+Streams].
  *
- *    f = File.new('t.txt')
- *    f.close        # => nil
- *    f.closed?      # => true
- *    f = IO.popen('/bin/sh','r+')
- *    f.close_write  # => nil
- *    f.closed?      # => false
- *    f.close_read   # => nil
- *    f.closed?      # => true
+ *    IO.popen('ruby', 'r+') do |pipe|
+ *      puts pipe.closed?
+ *      pipe.close_read
+ *      puts pipe.closed?
+ *      pipe.close_write
+ *      puts pipe.closed?
+ *    end
+ *
+ *  Output:
+ *
+ *    false
+ *    false
+ *    true
  *
+ *  Related: IO#close_read, IO#close_write, IO#close.
  */
 
 
@@ -5547,15 +5832,32 @@ rb_io_closed(VALUE io)
  *  call-seq:
  *    close_read -> nil
  *
- *  Closes the read end of a duplexed stream (i.e., one that is both readable
- *  and writable, such as a pipe); does nothing if already closed:
+ *  Closes the stream for reading if open for reading;
+ *  returns +nil+.
+ *  See {Open and Closed Streams}[rdoc-ref:IO@Open+and+Closed+Streams].
  *
- *    f = IO.popen('/bin/sh','r+')
- *    f.close_read
- *    f.readlines # Raises IOError
+ *  If the stream was opened by IO.popen and is also closed for writing,
+ *  sets global variable <tt>$?</tt> (child exit status).
  *
- *  Raises an exception if the stream is not duplexed.
+ *  Example:
+ *
+ *    IO.popen('ruby', 'r+') do |pipe|
+ *      puts pipe.closed?
+ *      pipe.close_write
+ *      puts pipe.closed?
+ *      pipe.close_read
+ *      puts $?
+ *      puts pipe.closed?
+ *    end
+ *
+ *  Output:
  *
+ *    false
+ *    false
+ *    pid 14748 exit 0
+ *    true
+ *
+ *  Related: IO#close, IO#close_write, IO#closed?.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5603,13 +5905,32 @@ rb_io_close_read(VALUE io)
  *  call-seq:
  *    close_write -> nil
  *
- *  Closes the write end of a duplexed stream (i.e., one that is both readable
- *  and writable, such as a pipe); does nothing if already closed:
+ *  Closes the stream for writing if open for writing;
+ *  returns +nil+.
+ *  See {Open and Closed Streams}[rdoc-ref:IO@Open+and+Closed+Streams].
+ *
+ *  Flushes any buffered writes to the operating system before closing.
+ *
+ *  If the stream was opened by IO.popen and is also closed for reading,
+ *  sets global variable <tt>$?</tt> (child exit status).
  *
- *    f = IO.popen('/bin/sh', 'r+')
- *    f.close_write
- *    f.print 'nowhere' # Raises IOError.
+ *    IO.popen('ruby', 'r+') do |pipe|
+ *      puts pipe.closed?
+ *      pipe.close_read
+ *      puts pipe.closed?
+ *      pipe.close_write
+ *      puts $?
+ *      puts pipe.closed?
+ *    end
  *
+ *  Output:
+ *
+ *    false
+ *    false
+ *    pid 15044 exit 0
+ *    true
+ *
+ *  Related: IO#close, IO#close_read, IO#closed?.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -5662,7 +5983,7 @@ rb_io_sysseek(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     VALUE offset, ptrname;
     int whence = SEEK_SET;
     rb_io_t *fptr;
-    off_t pos;
+    rb_off_t pos;
 
     if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &offset, &ptrname) == 2) {
         whence = interpret_seek_whence(ptrname);
@@ -5722,7 +6043,7 @@ rb_io_syswrite(VALUE io, VALUE str)
 
     tmp = rb_str_tmp_frozen_acquire(str);
     RSTRING_GETMEM(tmp, ptr, len);
-    n = rb_write_internal(fptr, ptr, len);
+    n = rb_io_write_memory(fptr, ptr, len);
     if (n < 0) rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
     rb_str_tmp_frozen_release(str, tmp);
 
@@ -5768,9 +6089,11 @@ rb_io_sysread(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     iis.th = rb_thread_current();
     iis.fptr = fptr;
     iis.nonblock = 0;
+    iis.fd = fptr->fd;
     iis.buf = RSTRING_PTR(str);
     iis.capa = ilen;
-    n = read_internal_locktmp(str, &iis);
+    iis.timeout = NULL;
+    n = io_read_memory_locktmp(str, &iis);
 
     if (n < 0) {
         rb_sys_fail_path(fptr->pathv);
@@ -5790,7 +6113,7 @@ struct prdwr_internal_arg {
     int fd;
     void *buf;
     size_t count;
-    off_t offset;
+    rb_off_t offset;
 };
 #endif /* HAVE_PREAD || HAVE_PWRITE */
 
@@ -6005,7 +6328,7 @@ rb_io_ascii8bit_binmode(VALUE io)
  *    binmode -> self
  *
  *  Sets the stream's data mode as binary
- *  (see {Data Mode}[rdoc-ref:IO@Data+Mode]).
+ *  (see {Data Mode}[rdoc-ref:File@Data+Mode]).
  *
  *  A stream's data mode may not be changed from binary to text.
  *
@@ -6029,7 +6352,7 @@ rb_io_binmode_m(VALUE io)
  *    binmode? -> true or false
  *
  *  Returns +true+ if the stream is on binary mode, +false+ otherwise.
- *  See {Data Mode}[rdoc-ref:IO@Data+Mode].
+ *  See {Data Mode}[rdoc-ref:File@Data+Mode].
  *
  */
 static VALUE
@@ -6264,7 +6587,7 @@ rb_io_ext_int_to_encs(rb_encoding *ext, rb_encoding *intern, rb_encoding **enc,
         ext = rb_default_external_encoding();
         default_ext = 1;
     }
-    if (ext == rb_ascii8bit_encoding()) {
+    if (rb_is_ascii8bit_enc(ext)) {
         /* If external is ASCII-8BIT, no transcoding */
         intern = NULL;
     }
@@ -6372,21 +6695,21 @@ rb_io_extract_encoding_option(VALUE opt, rb_encoding **enc_p, rb_encoding **enc2
         v = rb_hash_lookup2(opt, sym_extenc, Qundef);
         if (v != Qnil) extenc = v;
         v = rb_hash_lookup2(opt, sym_intenc, Qundef);
-        if (v != Qundef) intenc = v;
+        if (!UNDEF_P(v)) intenc = v;
     }
-    if ((extenc != Qundef || intenc != Qundef) && !NIL_P(encoding)) {
+    if ((!UNDEF_P(extenc) || !UNDEF_P(intenc)) && !NIL_P(encoding)) {
         if (!NIL_P(ruby_verbose)) {
             int idx = rb_to_encoding_index(encoding);
             if (idx >= 0) encoding = rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_enc_from_index(idx));
             rb_warn("Ignoring encoding parameter '%"PRIsVALUE"': %s_encoding is used",
-                    encoding, extenc == Qundef ? "internal" : "external");
+                    encoding, UNDEF_P(extenc) ? "internal" : "external");
         }
         encoding = Qnil;
     }
-    if (extenc != Qundef && !NIL_P(extenc)) {
+    if (!UNDEF_P(extenc) && !NIL_P(extenc)) {
         extencoding = rb_to_encoding(extenc);
     }
-    if (intenc != Qundef) {
+    if (!UNDEF_P(intenc)) {
         if (NIL_P(intenc)) {
             /* internal_encoding: nil => no transcoding */
             intencoding = (rb_encoding *)Qnil;
@@ -6419,7 +6742,7 @@ rb_io_extract_encoding_option(VALUE opt, rb_encoding **enc_p, rb_encoding **enc2
             rb_io_ext_int_to_encs(rb_to_encoding(encoding), NULL, enc_p, enc2_p, 0);
         }
     }
-    else if (extenc != Qundef || intenc != Qundef) {
+    else if (!UNDEF_P(extenc) || !UNDEF_P(intenc)) {
         extracted = 1;
         rb_io_ext_int_to_encs(extencoding, intencoding, enc_p, enc2_p, 0);
     }
@@ -7460,7 +7783,7 @@ static VALUE popen_finish(VALUE port, VALUE klass);
  *  and the block's value is assigned to global variable <tt>$?</tt> and returned.
  *
  *  Optional argument +mode+ may be any valid \IO mode.
- *  See IO@Modes.
+ *  See {Access Modes}[rdoc-ref:File@Access+Modes].
  *
  *  Required argument +cmd+ determines which of the following occurs:
  *
@@ -7662,7 +7985,7 @@ popen_finish(VALUE port, VALUE klass)
     if (NIL_P(port)) {
         /* child */
         if (rb_block_given_p()) {
-            rb_yield(Qnil);
+            rb_protect(rb_yield, Qnil, NULL);
             rb_io_flush(rb_ractor_stdout());
             rb_io_flush(rb_ractor_stderr());
             _exit(0);
@@ -7984,7 +8307,7 @@ io_reopen(VALUE io, VALUE nfile)
 {
     rb_io_t *fptr, *orig;
     int fd, fd2;
-    off_t pos = 0;
+    rb_off_t pos = 0;
 
     nfile = rb_io_get_io(nfile);
     GetOpenFile(io, fptr);
@@ -8204,7 +8527,7 @@ rb_io_init_copy(VALUE dest, VALUE io)
     rb_io_t *fptr, *orig;
     int fd;
     VALUE write_io;
-    off_t pos;
+    rb_off_t pos;
 
     io = rb_io_get_io(io);
     if (!OBJ_INIT_COPY(dest, io)) return dest;
@@ -8218,6 +8541,7 @@ rb_io_init_copy(VALUE dest, VALUE io)
     fptr->encs = orig->encs;
     fptr->pid = orig->pid;
     fptr->lineno = orig->lineno;
+    fptr->timeout = orig->timeout;
     if (!NIL_P(orig->pathv)) fptr->pathv = orig->pathv;
     fptr_copy_finalizer(fptr, orig);
 
@@ -8328,6 +8652,7 @@ deprecated_str_setter(VALUE val, ID id, VALUE *var)
  *  Writes the given objects to the stream; returns +nil+.
  *  Appends the output record separator <tt>$OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR</tt>
  *  (<tt>$\\</tt>), if it is not +nil+.
+ *  See {Line IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+IO].
  *
  *  With argument +objects+ given, for each object:
  *
@@ -8465,6 +8790,7 @@ rb_f_print(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE _)
  *    putc(object) -> object
  *
  *  Writes a character to the stream.
+ *  See {Character IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Character+IO].
  *
  *  If +object+ is numeric, converts to integer if necessary,
  *  then writes the character whose code is the
@@ -8568,6 +8894,7 @@ io_puts_ary(VALUE ary, VALUE out, int recur)
  *  returns +nil+.\
  *  Writes a newline after each that does not already end with a newline sequence.
  *  If called without arguments, writes a newline.
+ *  See {Line IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+IO].
  *
  *  Note that each added newline is the character <tt>"\n"<//tt>,
  *  not the output record separator (<tt>$\\</tt>).
@@ -8609,7 +8936,6 @@ io_puts_ary(VALUE ary, VALUE out, int recur)
 VALUE
 rb_io_puts(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE out)
 {
-    int i, n;
     VALUE line, args[2];
 
     /* if no argument given, print newline. */
@@ -8617,22 +8943,30 @@ rb_io_puts(int argc, const VALUE *argv, VALUE out)
         rb_io_write(out, rb_default_rs);
         return Qnil;
     }
-    for (i=0; i<argc; i++) {
+    for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
+        // Convert the argument to a string:
         if (RB_TYPE_P(argv[i], T_STRING)) {
             line = argv[i];
-            goto string;
         }
-        if (rb_exec_recursive(io_puts_ary, argv[i], out)) {
+        else if (rb_exec_recursive(io_puts_ary, argv[i], out)) {
             continue;
         }
-        line = rb_obj_as_string(argv[i]);
-      string:
-        n = 0;
-        args[n++] = line;
-        if (RSTRING_LEN(line) == 0 ||
-            !rb_str_end_with_asciichar(line, '\n')) {
+        else {
+            line = rb_obj_as_string(argv[i]);
+        }
+
+        // Write the line:
+        int n = 0;
+        if (RSTRING_LEN(line) == 0) {
             args[n++] = rb_default_rs;
         }
+        else {
+            args[n++] = line;
+            if (!rb_str_end_with_asciichar(line, '\n')) {
+                args[n++] = rb_default_rs;
+            }
+        }
+
         rb_io_writev(out, n, args);
     }
 
@@ -8887,6 +9221,7 @@ prep_io(int fd, int fmode, VALUE klass, const char *path)
     fp->self = io;
     fp->fd = fd;
     fp->mode = fmode;
+    fp->timeout = Qnil;
     if (!io_check_tty(fp)) {
 #ifdef __CYGWIN__
         fp->mode |= FMODE_BINMODE;
@@ -8991,6 +9326,7 @@ rb_io_fptr_new(void)
     fp->encs.ecflags = 0;
     fp->encs.ecopts = Qnil;
     fp->write_lock = Qnil;
+    fp->timeout = Qnil;
     return fp;
 }
 
@@ -9034,8 +9370,8 @@ rb_io_make_open_file(VALUE obj)
  *    io = IO.new(fd)
  *    io.external_encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-8> # Not ASCII-8BIT.
  *
- *  Optional argument +mode+ (defaults to 'r') must specify a valid mode
- *  see IO@Modes:
+ *  Optional argument +mode+ (defaults to 'r') must specify a valid mode;
+ *  see {Access Modes}[rdoc-ref:File@Access+Modes]:
  *
  *    IO.new(fd, 'w')         # => #<IO:fd 3>
  *    IO.new(fd, File::WRONLY) # => #<IO:fd 3>
@@ -9091,14 +9427,27 @@ rb_io_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
         rb_exc_raise(rb_class_new_instance(1, &error, rb_eSystemCallError));
     }
 #endif
-    if (!NIL_P(opt) && rb_hash_aref(opt, sym_autoclose) == Qfalse) {
-        fmode |= FMODE_PREP;
+    VALUE path = Qnil;
+
+    if (!NIL_P(opt)) {
+        if (rb_hash_aref(opt, sym_autoclose) == Qfalse) {
+            fmode |= FMODE_PREP;
+        }
+
+        path = rb_hash_aref(opt, RB_ID2SYM(idPath));
+        if (!NIL_P(path)) {
+            StringValue(path);
+            path = rb_str_new_frozen(path);
+        }
     }
+
     MakeOpenFile(io, fp);
     fp->self = io;
     fp->fd = fd;
     fp->mode = fmode;
     fp->encs = convconfig;
+    fp->pathv = path;
+    fp->timeout = Qnil;
     clear_codeconv(fp);
     io_check_tty(fp);
     if (fileno(stdin) == fd)
@@ -9169,31 +9518,32 @@ rb_io_set_encoding_by_bom(VALUE io)
  *
  *  Argument +path+ must be a valid file path:
  *
- *    File.new('/etc/fstab')
- *    File.new('t.txt')
+ *    f = File.new('/etc/fstab')
+ *    f.close
+ *    f = File.new('t.txt')
+ *    f.close
  *
- *  Optional argument +mode+ (defaults to 'r') must specify a valid mode
- *  see IO@Modes:
+ *  Optional argument +mode+ (defaults to 'r') must specify a valid mode;
+ *  see {Access Modes}[rdoc-ref:File@Access+Modes]:
  *
- *    File.new('t.tmp', 'w')
- *    File.new('t.tmp', File::RDONLY)
+ *    f = File.new('t.tmp', 'w')
+ *    f.close
+ *    f = File.new('t.tmp', File::RDONLY)
+ *    f.close
  *
  *  Optional argument +perm+ (defaults to 0666) must specify valid permissions
- *  see {File Permissions}[rdoc-ref:IO@File+Permissions]:
+ *  see {File Permissions}[rdoc-ref:File@File+Permissions]:
  *
- *    File.new('t.tmp', File::CREAT, 0644)
- *    File.new('t.tmp', File::CREAT, 0444)
+ *    f = File.new('t.tmp', File::CREAT, 0644)
+ *    f.close
+ *    f = File.new('t.tmp', File::CREAT, 0444)
+ *    f.close
  *
  *  Optional keyword arguments +opts+ specify:
  *
  *  - {Open Options}[rdoc-ref:IO@Open+Options].
  *  - {Encoding options}[rdoc-ref:encodings.rdoc@Encoding+Options].
  *
- *  Examples:
- *
- *    File.new('t.tmp', autoclose: true)
- *    File.new('t.tmp', internal_encoding: nil)
- *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -9466,7 +9816,7 @@ io_wait(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
             if (RB_SYMBOL_P(argv[i])) {
                 events |= wait_mode_sym(argv[i]);
             }
-            else if (timeout == Qundef) {
+            else if (UNDEF_P(timeout)) {
                 rb_time_interval(timeout = argv[i]);
             }
             else {
@@ -9474,7 +9824,7 @@ io_wait(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
             }
         }
 
-        if (timeout == Qundef) timeout = Qnil;
+        if (UNDEF_P(timeout)) timeout = Qnil;
 
         if (events == 0) {
             events = RUBY_IO_READABLE;
@@ -9976,9 +10326,9 @@ static VALUE argf_readline(int, VALUE *, VALUE);
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    readline(sep = $/, **line_opts)   -> string
- *    readline(limit, **line_opts)      -> string
- *    readline(sep, limit, **line_opts) -> string
+ *    readline(sep = $/, chomp: false)   -> string
+ *    readline(limit, chomp: false)      -> string
+ *    readline(sep, limit, chomp: false) -> string
  *
  *  Equivalent to method Kernel#gets, except that it raises an exception
  *  if called at end-of-stream:
@@ -9987,6 +10337,8 @@ static VALUE argf_readline(int, VALUE *, VALUE);
  *    ["First line\n", "Second line\n", "\n", "Fourth line\n", "Fifth line\n"]
  *    in `readline': end of file reached (EOFError)
  *
+ *  Optional keyword argument +chomp+ specifies whether line separators
+ *  are to be omitted.
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -10035,13 +10387,13 @@ static VALUE argf_readlines(int, VALUE *, VALUE);
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
- *    readlines(sep = $/, **line_opts)   -> array
- *    readlines(limit, **line_opts)       -> array
- *    readlines(sep, limit, **line_opts) -> array
+ *    readlines(sep = $/, chomp: false, **enc_opts)   -> array
+ *    readlines(limit, chomp: false, **enc_opts)       -> array
+ *    readlines(sep, limit, chomp: false, **enc_opts) -> array
  *
  *  Returns an array containing the lines returned by calling
- *  Kernel#gets until the end-of-file is reached;
- *  (see {Lines}[rdoc-ref:IO@Lines]).
+ *  Kernel#gets until the end-of-stream is reached;
+ *  (see {Line IO}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+IO]).
  *
  *  With only string argument +sep+ given,
  *  returns the remaining lines as determined by line separator +sep+,
@@ -10080,16 +10432,15 @@ static VALUE argf_readlines(int, VALUE *, VALUE);
  *  With arguments +sep+ and +limit+ given, combines the two behaviors;
  *  see {Line Separator and Line Limit}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Separator+and+Line+Limit].
  *
- *  For all forms above, optional keyword arguments specify:
- *
- *  - {Line Options}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Options].
- *  - {Encoding options}[rdoc-ref:encodings.rdoc@Encoding+Options].
- *
- *  Examples:
+ *  Optional keyword argument +chomp+ specifies whether line separators
+ *  are to be omitted:
  *
  *    $ cat t.txt | ruby -e "p readlines(chomp: true)"
  *    ["First line", "Second line", "", "Fourth line", "Fifth line"]
  *
+ *  Optional keyword arguments +enc_opts+ specify encoding options;
+ *  see {Encoding options}[rdoc-ref:encodings.rdoc@Encoding+Options].
+ *
  */
 
 static VALUE
@@ -10345,8 +10696,8 @@ static VALUE sym_normal,   sym_sequential, sym_random,
 struct io_advise_struct {
     int fd;
     int advice;
-    off_t offset;
-    off_t len;
+    rb_off_t offset;
+    rb_off_t len;
 };
 
 static VALUE
@@ -10393,7 +10744,7 @@ io_advise_sym_to_const(VALUE sym)
 }
 
 static VALUE
-do_io_advise(rb_io_t *fptr, VALUE advice, off_t offset, off_t len)
+do_io_advise(rb_io_t *fptr, VALUE advice, rb_off_t offset, rb_off_t len)
 {
     int rv;
     struct io_advise_struct ias;
@@ -10483,7 +10834,7 @@ static VALUE
 rb_io_advise(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 {
     VALUE advice, offset, len;
-    off_t off, l;
+    rb_off_t off, l;
     rb_io_t *fptr;
 
     rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &advice, &offset, &len);
@@ -10655,6 +11006,13 @@ rb_io_advise(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 static VALUE
 rb_f_select(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE obj)
 {
+    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
+    if (scheduler != Qnil) {
+        // It's optionally supported.
+        VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_selectv(scheduler, argc, argv);
+        if (!UNDEF_P(result)) return result;
+    }
+
     VALUE timeout;
     struct select_args args;
     struct timeval timerec;
@@ -12029,15 +12387,15 @@ rb_io_s_binwrite(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
 struct copy_stream_struct {
     VALUE src;
     VALUE dst;
-    off_t copy_length; /* (off_t)-1 if not specified */
-    off_t src_offset; /* (off_t)-1 if not specified */
+    rb_off_t copy_length; /* (rb_off_t)-1 if not specified */
+    rb_off_t src_offset; /* (rb_off_t)-1 if not specified */
 
     rb_io_t *src_fptr;
     rb_io_t *dst_fptr;
     unsigned close_src : 1;
     unsigned close_dst : 1;
     int error_no;
-    off_t total;
+    rb_off_t total;
     const char *syserr;
     const char *notimp;
     VALUE th;
@@ -12080,7 +12438,7 @@ maygvl_copy_stream_continue_p(int has_gvl, struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
     return FALSE;
 }
 
-struct wait_for_single_fd {
+struct fiber_scheduler_wait_for_arguments {
     VALUE scheduler;
 
     rb_io_t *fptr;
@@ -12090,11 +12448,11 @@ struct wait_for_single_fd {
 };
 
 static void *
-rb_thread_fiber_scheduler_wait_for(void * _args)
+fiber_scheduler_wait_for(void * _arguments)
 {
-    struct wait_for_single_fd *args = (struct wait_for_single_fd *)_args;
+    struct fiber_scheduler_wait_for_arguments *arguments = (struct fiber_scheduler_wait_for_arguments *)_arguments;
 
-    args->result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_wait(args->scheduler, args->fptr->self, INT2NUM(args->events), Qnil);
+    arguments->result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_wait(arguments->scheduler, arguments->fptr->self, INT2NUM(arguments->events), RUBY_IO_TIMEOUT_DEFAULT);
 
     return NULL;
 }
@@ -12104,12 +12462,12 @@ rb_thread_fiber_scheduler_wait_for(void * _args)
 STATIC_ASSERT(pollin_expected, POLLIN == RB_WAITFD_IN);
 STATIC_ASSERT(pollout_expected, POLLOUT == RB_WAITFD_OUT);
 static int
-nogvl_wait_for(VALUE th, rb_io_t *fptr, short events)
+nogvl_wait_for(VALUE th, rb_io_t *fptr, short events, struct timeval *timeout)
 {
     VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current_for_thread(th);
     if (scheduler != Qnil) {
-        struct wait_for_single_fd args = {.scheduler = scheduler, .fptr = fptr, .events = events};
-        rb_thread_call_with_gvl(rb_thread_fiber_scheduler_wait_for, &args);
+        struct fiber_scheduler_wait_for_arguments args = {.scheduler = scheduler, .fptr = fptr, .events = events};
+        rb_thread_call_with_gvl(fiber_scheduler_wait_for, &args);
         return RTEST(args.result);
     }
 
@@ -12121,22 +12479,32 @@ nogvl_wait_for(VALUE th, rb_io_t *fptr, short events)
     fds.fd = fd;
     fds.events = events;
 
-    return poll(&fds, 1, -1);
+    int timeout_milliseconds = -1;
+
+    if (timeout) {
+        timeout_milliseconds = (int)(timeout->tv_sec * 1000) + (int)(timeout->tv_usec / 1000);
+    }
+
+    return poll(&fds, 1, timeout_milliseconds);
 }
 #else /* !USE_POLL */
 #  define IOWAIT_SYSCALL "select"
 static int
-nogvl_wait_for(VALUE th, rb_io_t *fptr, short events)
+nogvl_wait_for(VALUE th, rb_io_t *fptr, short events, struct timeval *timeout)
 {
     VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current_for_thread(th);
     if (scheduler != Qnil) {
-        struct wait_for_single_fd args = {.scheduler = scheduler, .fptr = fptr, .events = events};
-        rb_thread_call_with_gvl(rb_thread_fiber_scheduler_wait_for, &args);
+        struct fiber_scheduler_wait_for_arguments args = {.scheduler = scheduler, .fptr = fptr, .events = events};
+        rb_thread_call_with_gvl(fiber_scheduler_wait_for, &args);
         return RTEST(args.result);
     }
 
     int fd = fptr->fd;
-    if (fd == -1) return 0;
+
+    if (fd == -1) {
+        errno = EBADF;
+        return -1;
+    }
 
     rb_fdset_t fds;
     int ret;
@@ -12146,16 +12514,18 @@ nogvl_wait_for(VALUE th, rb_io_t *fptr, short events)
 
     switch (events) {
       case RB_WAITFD_IN:
-        ret = rb_fd_select(fd + 1, &fds, 0, 0, 0);
+        ret = rb_fd_select(fd + 1, &fds, 0, 0, timeout);
         break;
       case RB_WAITFD_OUT:
-        ret = rb_fd_select(fd + 1, 0, &fds, 0, 0);
+        ret = rb_fd_select(fd + 1, 0, &fds, 0, timeout);
         break;
       default:
         VM_UNREACHABLE(nogvl_wait_for);
     }
 
     rb_fd_term(&fds);
+
+    // On timeout, this returns 0.
     return ret;
 }
 #endif /* !USE_POLL */
@@ -12170,7 +12540,7 @@ maygvl_copy_stream_wait_read(int has_gvl, struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
             ret = RB_NUM2INT(rb_io_wait(stp->src, RB_INT2NUM(RUBY_IO_READABLE), Qnil));
         }
         else {
-            ret = nogvl_wait_for(stp->th, stp->src_fptr, RB_WAITFD_IN);
+            ret = nogvl_wait_for(stp->th, stp->src_fptr, RB_WAITFD_IN, NULL);
         }
     } while (ret < 0 && maygvl_copy_stream_continue_p(has_gvl, stp));
 
@@ -12188,7 +12558,7 @@ nogvl_copy_stream_wait_write(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
     int ret;
 
     do {
-        ret = nogvl_wait_for(stp->th, stp->dst_fptr, RB_WAITFD_OUT);
+        ret = nogvl_wait_for(stp->th, stp->dst_fptr, RB_WAITFD_OUT, NULL);
     } while (ret < 0 && maygvl_copy_stream_continue_p(0, stp));
 
     if (ret < 0) {
@@ -12202,7 +12572,7 @@ nogvl_copy_stream_wait_write(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
 #ifdef USE_COPY_FILE_RANGE
 
 static ssize_t
-simple_copy_file_range(int in_fd, off_t *in_offset, int out_fd, off_t *out_offset, size_t count, unsigned int flags)
+simple_copy_file_range(int in_fd, rb_off_t *in_offset, int out_fd, rb_off_t *out_offset, size_t count, unsigned int flags)
 {
 #ifdef HAVE_COPY_FILE_RANGE
     return copy_file_range(in_fd, in_offset, out_fd, out_offset, count, flags);
@@ -12215,15 +12585,15 @@ static int
 nogvl_copy_file_range(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
 {
     ssize_t ss;
-    off_t src_size;
-    off_t copy_length, src_offset, *src_offset_ptr;
+    rb_off_t src_size;
+    rb_off_t copy_length, src_offset, *src_offset_ptr;
 
     if (!S_ISREG(stp->src_stat.st_mode))
         return 0;
 
     src_size = stp->src_stat.st_size;
     src_offset = stp->src_offset;
-    if (src_offset >= (off_t)0) {
+    if (src_offset >= (rb_off_t)0) {
         src_offset_ptr = &src_offset;
     }
     else {
@@ -12231,12 +12601,12 @@ nogvl_copy_file_range(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
     }
 
     copy_length = stp->copy_length;
-    if (copy_length < (off_t)0) {
-        if (src_offset < (off_t)0) {
-            off_t current_offset;
+    if (copy_length < (rb_off_t)0) {
+        if (src_offset < (rb_off_t)0) {
+            rb_off_t current_offset;
             errno = 0;
             current_offset = lseek(stp->src_fptr->fd, 0, SEEK_CUR);
-            if (current_offset < (off_t)0 && errno) {
+            if (current_offset < (rb_off_t)0 && errno) {
                 stp->syserr = "lseek";
                 stp->error_no = errno;
                 return (int)current_offset;
@@ -12251,7 +12621,7 @@ nogvl_copy_file_range(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
   retry_copy_file_range:
 # if SIZEOF_OFF_T > SIZEOF_SIZE_T
     /* we are limited by the 32-bit ssize_t return value on 32-bit */
-    ss = (copy_length > (off_t)SSIZE_MAX) ? SSIZE_MAX : (ssize_t)copy_length;
+    ss = (copy_length > (rb_off_t)SSIZE_MAX) ? SSIZE_MAX : (ssize_t)copy_length;
 # else
     ss = (ssize_t)copy_length;
 # endif
@@ -12310,11 +12680,11 @@ nogvl_copy_file_range(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
 static int
 nogvl_fcopyfile(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
 {
-    off_t cur, ss = 0;
-    const off_t src_offset = stp->src_offset;
+    rb_off_t cur, ss = 0;
+    const rb_off_t src_offset = stp->src_offset;
     int ret;
 
-    if (stp->copy_length >= (off_t)0) {
+    if (stp->copy_length >= (rb_off_t)0) {
         /* copy_length can't be specified in fcopyfile(3) */
         return 0;
     }
@@ -12324,30 +12694,30 @@ nogvl_fcopyfile(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
 
     if (!S_ISREG(stp->dst_stat.st_mode))
         return 0;
-    if (lseek(stp->dst_fptr->fd, 0, SEEK_CUR) > (off_t)0) /* if dst IO was already written */
+    if (lseek(stp->dst_fptr->fd, 0, SEEK_CUR) > (rb_off_t)0) /* if dst IO was already written */
         return 0;
     if (fcntl(stp->dst_fptr->fd, F_GETFL) & O_APPEND) {
         /* fcopyfile(3) appends src IO to dst IO and then truncates
          * dst IO to src IO's original size. */
-        off_t end = lseek(stp->dst_fptr->fd, 0, SEEK_END);
+        rb_off_t end = lseek(stp->dst_fptr->fd, 0, SEEK_END);
         lseek(stp->dst_fptr->fd, 0, SEEK_SET);
-        if (end > (off_t)0) return 0;
+        if (end > (rb_off_t)0) return 0;
     }
 
-    if (src_offset > (off_t)0) {
-        off_t r;
+    if (src_offset > (rb_off_t)0) {
+        rb_off_t r;
 
         /* get current offset */
         errno = 0;
         cur = lseek(stp->src_fptr->fd, 0, SEEK_CUR);
-        if (cur < (off_t)0 && errno) {
+        if (cur < (rb_off_t)0 && errno) {
             stp->error_no = errno;
             return 1;
         }
 
         errno = 0;
         r = lseek(stp->src_fptr->fd, src_offset, SEEK_SET);
-        if (r < (off_t)0 && errno) {
+        if (r < (rb_off_t)0 && errno) {
             stp->error_no = errno;
             return 1;
         }
@@ -12359,12 +12729,12 @@ nogvl_fcopyfile(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
 
     if (ret == 0) { /* success */
         stp->total = ss;
-        if (src_offset > (off_t)0) {
-            off_t r;
+        if (src_offset > (rb_off_t)0) {
+            rb_off_t r;
             errno = 0;
             /* reset offset */
             r = lseek(stp->src_fptr->fd, cur, SEEK_SET);
-            if (r < (off_t)0 && errno) {
+            if (r < (rb_off_t)0 && errno) {
                 stp->error_no = errno;
                 return 1;
             }
@@ -12395,7 +12765,7 @@ nogvl_fcopyfile(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
 #  endif
 
 static ssize_t
-simple_sendfile(int out_fd, int in_fd, off_t *offset, off_t count)
+simple_sendfile(int out_fd, int in_fd, rb_off_t *offset, rb_off_t count)
 {
     return sendfile(out_fd, in_fd, offset, (size_t)count);
 }
@@ -12407,11 +12777,11 @@ simple_sendfile(int out_fd, int in_fd, off_t *offset, off_t count)
 #  define USE_SENDFILE
 
 static ssize_t
-simple_sendfile(int out_fd, int in_fd, off_t *offset, off_t count)
+simple_sendfile(int out_fd, int in_fd, rb_off_t *offset, rb_off_t count)
 {
     int r;
-    off_t pos = offset ? *offset : lseek(in_fd, 0, SEEK_CUR);
-    off_t sbytes;
+    rb_off_t pos = offset ? *offset : lseek(in_fd, 0, SEEK_CUR);
+    rb_off_t sbytes;
 #  ifdef __APPLE__
     r = sendfile(in_fd, out_fd, pos, &count, NULL, 0);
     sbytes = count;
@@ -12437,9 +12807,9 @@ static int
 nogvl_copy_stream_sendfile(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
 {
     ssize_t ss;
-    off_t src_size;
-    off_t copy_length;
-    off_t src_offset;
+    rb_off_t src_size;
+    rb_off_t copy_length;
+    rb_off_t src_offset;
     int use_pread;
 
     if (!S_ISREG(stp->src_stat.st_mode))
@@ -12452,17 +12822,17 @@ nogvl_copy_stream_sendfile(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
 #endif
 
     src_offset = stp->src_offset;
-    use_pread = src_offset >= (off_t)0;
+    use_pread = src_offset >= (rb_off_t)0;
 
     copy_length = stp->copy_length;
-    if (copy_length < (off_t)0) {
+    if (copy_length < (rb_off_t)0) {
         if (use_pread)
             copy_length = src_size - src_offset;
         else {
-            off_t cur;
+            rb_off_t cur;
             errno = 0;
             cur = lseek(stp->src_fptr->fd, 0, SEEK_CUR);
-            if (cur < (off_t)0 && errno) {
+            if (cur < (rb_off_t)0 && errno) {
                 stp->syserr = "lseek";
                 stp->error_no = errno;
                 return (int)cur;
@@ -12474,7 +12844,7 @@ nogvl_copy_stream_sendfile(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
   retry_sendfile:
 # if SIZEOF_OFF_T > SIZEOF_SIZE_T
     /* we are limited by the 32-bit ssize_t return value on 32-bit */
-    ss = (copy_length > (off_t)SSIZE_MAX) ? SSIZE_MAX : (ssize_t)copy_length;
+    ss = (copy_length > (rb_off_t)SSIZE_MAX) ? SSIZE_MAX : (ssize_t)copy_length;
 # else
     ss = (ssize_t)copy_length;
 # endif
@@ -12539,17 +12909,17 @@ static ssize_t
 maygvl_read(int has_gvl, rb_io_t *fptr, void *buf, size_t count)
 {
     if (has_gvl)
-        return rb_read_internal(fptr, buf, count);
+        return rb_io_read_memory(fptr, buf, count);
     else
         return read(fptr->fd, buf, count);
 }
 
 static ssize_t
-maygvl_copy_stream_read(int has_gvl, struct copy_stream_struct *stp, char *buf, size_t len, off_t offset)
+maygvl_copy_stream_read(int has_gvl, struct copy_stream_struct *stp, char *buf, size_t len, rb_off_t offset)
 {
     ssize_t ss;
   retry_read:
-    if (offset < (off_t)0) {
+    if (offset < (rb_off_t)0) {
         ss = maygvl_read(has_gvl, stp->src_fptr, buf, len);
     }
     else {
@@ -12582,7 +12952,7 @@ maygvl_copy_stream_read(int has_gvl, struct copy_stream_struct *stp, char *buf,
             return ss;
 #endif
         }
-        stp->syserr = offset < (off_t)0 ?  "read" : "pread";
+        stp->syserr = offset < (rb_off_t)0 ?  "read" : "pread";
         stp->error_no = errno;
     }
     return ss;
@@ -12621,31 +12991,31 @@ nogvl_copy_stream_read_write(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
     size_t len;
     ssize_t ss;
     int ret;
-    off_t copy_length;
+    rb_off_t copy_length;
+    rb_off_t src_offset;
     int use_eof;
-    off_t src_offset;
     int use_pread;
 
     copy_length = stp->copy_length;
-    use_eof = copy_length < (off_t)0;
+    use_eof = copy_length < (rb_off_t)0;
     src_offset = stp->src_offset;
-    use_pread = src_offset >= (off_t)0;
+    use_pread = src_offset >= (rb_off_t)0;
 
     if (use_pread && stp->close_src) {
-        off_t r;
+        rb_off_t r;
         errno = 0;
         r = lseek(stp->src_fptr->fd, src_offset, SEEK_SET);
-        if (r < (off_t)0 && errno) {
+        if (r < (rb_off_t)0 && errno) {
             stp->syserr = "lseek";
             stp->error_no = errno;
             return;
         }
-        src_offset = (off_t)-1;
+        src_offset = (rb_off_t)-1;
         use_pread = 0;
     }
 
     while (use_eof || 0 < copy_length) {
-        if (!use_eof && copy_length < (off_t)sizeof(buf)) {
+        if (!use_eof && copy_length < (rb_off_t)sizeof(buf)) {
             len = (size_t)copy_length;
         }
         else {
@@ -12657,7 +13027,7 @@ nogvl_copy_stream_read_write(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
                 src_offset += ss;
         }
         else {
-            ss = maygvl_copy_stream_read(0, stp, buf, len, (off_t)-1);
+            ss = maygvl_copy_stream_read(0, stp, buf, len, (rb_off_t)-1);
         }
         if (ss <= 0) /* EOF or error */
             return;
@@ -12712,8 +13082,8 @@ copy_stream_fallback_body(VALUE arg)
     const int buflen = 16*1024;
     VALUE n;
     VALUE buf = rb_str_buf_new(buflen);
-    off_t rest = stp->copy_length;
-    off_t off = stp->src_offset;
+    rb_off_t rest = stp->copy_length;
+    rb_off_t off = stp->src_offset;
     ID read_method = id_readpartial;
 
     if (!stp->src_fptr) {
@@ -12725,7 +13095,8 @@ copy_stream_fallback_body(VALUE arg)
     while (1) {
         long numwrote;
         long l;
-        if (stp->copy_length < (off_t)0) {
+        rb_str_make_independent(buf);
+        if (stp->copy_length < (rb_off_t)0) {
             l = buflen;
         }
         else {
@@ -12750,7 +13121,7 @@ copy_stream_fallback_body(VALUE arg)
                 return Qnil;
             if (ss == 0)
                 rb_eof_error();
-            if (off >= (off_t)0)
+            if (off >= (rb_off_t)0)
                 off += ss;
         }
         n = rb_io_write(stp->dst, buf);
@@ -12768,7 +13139,7 @@ copy_stream_fallback_body(VALUE arg)
 static VALUE
 copy_stream_fallback(struct copy_stream_struct *stp)
 {
-    if (!stp->src_fptr && stp->src_offset >= (off_t)0) {
+    if (!stp->src_fptr && stp->src_offset >= (rb_off_t)0) {
         rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "cannot specify src_offset for non-IO");
     }
     rb_rescue2(copy_stream_fallback_body, (VALUE)stp,
@@ -12868,10 +13239,10 @@ copy_stream_body(VALUE arg)
     if (stp->dst_fptr)
         io_ascii8bit_binmode(stp->dst_fptr);
 
-    if (stp->src_offset < (off_t)0 && stp->src_fptr && stp->src_fptr->rbuf.len) {
+    if (stp->src_offset < (rb_off_t)0 && stp->src_fptr && stp->src_fptr->rbuf.len) {
         size_t len = stp->src_fptr->rbuf.len;
         VALUE str;
-        if (stp->copy_length >= (off_t)0 && stp->copy_length < (off_t)len) {
+        if (stp->copy_length >= (rb_off_t)0 && stp->copy_length < (rb_off_t)len) {
             len = (size_t)stp->copy_length;
         }
         str = rb_str_buf_new(len);
@@ -12885,7 +13256,7 @@ copy_stream_body(VALUE arg)
             rb_io_write(dst_io, str);
         rb_str_resize(str, 0);
         stp->total += len;
-        if (stp->copy_length >= (off_t)0)
+        if (stp->copy_length >= (rb_off_t)0)
             stp->copy_length -= len;
     }
 
@@ -12998,12 +13369,12 @@ rb_io_s_copy_stream(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
     st.dst_fptr = NULL;
 
     if (NIL_P(length))
-        st.copy_length = (off_t)-1;
+        st.copy_length = (rb_off_t)-1;
     else
         st.copy_length = NUM2OFFT(length);
 
     if (NIL_P(src_offset))
-        st.src_offset = (off_t)-1;
+        st.src_offset = (rb_off_t)-1;
     else
         st.src_offset = NUM2OFFT(src_offset);
 
@@ -13019,7 +13390,7 @@ rb_io_s_copy_stream(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE io)
  *  Returns the Encoding object that represents the encoding of the stream,
  *  or +nil+ if the stream is in write mode and no encoding is specified.
  *
- *  See {Encodings}[rdoc-ref:IO@Encodings].
+ *  See {Encodings}[rdoc-ref:File@Encodings].
  *
  */
 
@@ -13047,7 +13418,7 @@ rb_io_external_encoding(VALUE io)
  *  if conversion is specified,
  *  or +nil+ otherwise.
  *
- *  See {Encodings}[rdoc-ref:IO@Encodings].
+ *  See {Encodings}[rdoc-ref:File@Encodings].
  *
  */
 
@@ -13066,7 +13437,7 @@ rb_io_internal_encoding(VALUE io)
  *    set_encoding(ext_enc, int_enc, **enc_opts)  -> self
  *    set_encoding('ext_enc:int_enc', **enc_opts) -> self
  *
- *  See {Encodings}[rdoc-ref:IO@Encodings].
+ *  See {Encodings}[rdoc-ref:File@Encodings].
  *
  *  Argument +ext_enc+, if given, must be an Encoding object;
  *  it is assigned as the encoding for the stream.
@@ -13128,6 +13499,17 @@ global_argf_p(VALUE arg)
     return arg == argf;
 }
 
+typedef VALUE (*argf_encoding_func)(VALUE io);
+
+static VALUE
+argf_encoding(VALUE argf, argf_encoding_func func)
+{
+    if (!RTEST(ARGF.current_file)) {
+        return rb_enc_default_external();
+    }
+    return func(rb_io_check_io(ARGF.current_file));
+}
+
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *     ARGF.external_encoding   -> encoding
@@ -13147,10 +13529,7 @@ global_argf_p(VALUE arg)
 static VALUE
 argf_external_encoding(VALUE argf)
 {
-    if (!RTEST(ARGF.current_file)) {
-        return rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_default_external_encoding());
-    }
-    return rb_io_external_encoding(rb_io_check_io(ARGF.current_file));
+    return argf_encoding(argf, rb_io_external_encoding);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -13169,10 +13548,7 @@ argf_external_encoding(VALUE argf)
 static VALUE
 argf_internal_encoding(VALUE argf)
 {
-    if (!RTEST(ARGF.current_file)) {
-        return rb_enc_from_encoding(rb_default_external_encoding());
-    }
-    return rb_io_internal_encoding(rb_io_check_io(ARGF.current_file));
+    return argf_encoding(argf, rb_io_internal_encoding);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -13764,7 +14140,7 @@ static void
 argf_block_call(ID mid, int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE argf)
 {
     VALUE ret = ARGF_block_call(mid, argc, argv, argf_block_call_i, argf);
-    if (ret != Qundef) ARGF.next_p = 1;
+    if (!UNDEF_P(ret)) ARGF.next_p = 1;
 }
 
 static VALUE
@@ -13780,7 +14156,7 @@ static void
 argf_block_call_line(ID mid, int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE argf)
 {
     VALUE ret = ARGF_block_call(mid, argc, argv, argf_block_call_line_i, argf);
-    if (ret != Qundef) ARGF.next_p = 1;
+    if (!UNDEF_P(ret)) ARGF.next_p = 1;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -14379,7 +14755,10 @@ set_LAST_READ_LINE(VALUE val, ID _x, VALUE *_y)
  *  The global constant ARGF (also accessible as <tt>$<</tt>)
  *  provides an IO-like stream that allows access to all file paths
  *  found in ARGV (or found in STDIN if ARGV is empty).
- *  Note that ARGF is not itself a subclass of \IO.
+ *  ARGF is not itself a subclass of \IO.
+ *
+ *  \Class StringIO provides an IO-like stream that handles a String.
+ *  \StringIO is not itself a subclass of \IO.
  *
  *  Important objects based on \IO include:
  *
@@ -14397,20 +14776,23 @@ set_LAST_READ_LINE(VALUE val, ID _x, VALUE *_y)
  *  - Kernel#open: Returns a new \IO object connected to a given source:
  *    stream, file, or subprocess.
  *
- *  An \IO stream has:
+ *  Like a \File stream, an \IO stream has:
  *
  *  - A read/write mode, which may be read-only, write-only, or read/write;
- *    see {Read/Write Mode}[rdoc-ref:IO@Read-2FWrite+Mode].
+ *    see {Read/Write Mode}[rdoc-ref:File@Read-2FWrite+Mode].
  *  - A data mode, which may be text-only or binary;
- *    see {Data Mode}[rdoc-ref:IO@Data+Mode].
+ *    see {Data Mode}[rdoc-ref:File@Data+Mode].
+ *  - Internal and external encodings;
+ *    see {Encodings}[rdoc-ref:File@Encodings].
+ *
+ *  And like other \IO streams, it has:
+ *
  *  - A position, which determines where in the stream the next
  *    read or write is to occur;
  *    see {Position}[rdoc-ref:IO@Position].
  *  - A line number, which is a special, line-oriented, "position"
  *    (different from the position mentioned above);
  *    see {Line Number}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Number].
- *  - Internal and external encodings;
- *    see {Encodings}[rdoc-ref:IO@Encodings].
  *
  *  == Extension <tt>io/console</tt>
  *
@@ -14420,221 +14802,146 @@ set_LAST_READ_LINE(VALUE val, ID _x, VALUE *_y)
  *
  *  == Example Files
  *
- *  Many examples here use these filenames and their corresponding files:
- *
- *  - <tt>t.txt</tt>: A text-only file that is assumed to exist via:
- *
- *      text = <<~EOT
- *        First line
- *        Second line
- *
- *        Fourth line
- *        Fifth line
- *      EOT
- *      File.write('t.txt', text)
- *
- *  - <tt>t.dat</tt>: A data file that is assumed to exist via:
- *
- *      data = "\u9990\u9991\u9992\u9993\u9994"
- *      f = File.open('t.dat', 'wb:UTF-16')
- *      f.write(data)
- *      f.close
- *
- *  - <tt>t.rus</tt>: A Russian-language text file that is assumed to exist via:
- *
- *      File.write('t.rus', "\u{442 435 441 442}")
+ *  Many examples here use these variables:
  *
- *  - <tt>t.tmp</tt>: A file that is assumed _not_ to exist.
+ *    :include: doc/examples/files.rdoc
  *
- *  == Modes
- *
- *  A number of \IO method calls must or may specify a _mode_ for the stream;
- *  the mode determines how stream is to be accessible, including:
- *
- *  - Whether the stream is to be read-only, write-only, or read-write.
- *  - Whether the stream is positioned at its beginning or its end.
- *  - Whether the stream treats data as text-only or binary.
- *  - The external and internal encodings.
- *
- *  === Read/Write Mode
- *
- *  ==== Read/Write Mode Specified as an \Integer
+ *  == Open Options
  *
- *  When +mode+ is an integer it must be one or more (combined by bitwise OR (<tt>|</tt>)
- *  of the following modes:
+ *  A number of \IO methods accept optional keyword arguments
+ *  that determine how a new stream is to be opened:
  *
- *  - +File::RDONLY+: Open for reading only.
- *  - +File::WRONLY+: Open for writing only.
- *  - +File::RDWR+: Open for reading and writing.
- *  - +File::APPEND+: Open for appending only.
- *  - +File::CREAT+: Create file if it does not exist.
- *  - +File::EXCL+: Raise an exception if +File::CREAT+ is given and the file exists.
+ *  - +:mode+: Stream mode.
+ *  - +:flags+: \Integer file open flags;
+ *    If +mode+ is also given, the two are bitwise-ORed.
+ *  - +:external_encoding+: External encoding for the stream.
+ *  - +:internal_encoding+: Internal encoding for the stream.
+ *    <tt>'-'</tt> is a synonym for the default internal encoding.
+ *    If the value is +nil+ no conversion occurs.
+ *  - +:encoding+: Specifies external and internal encodings as <tt>'extern:intern'</tt>.
+ *  - +:textmode+: If a truthy value, specifies the mode as text-only, binary otherwise.
+ *  - +:binmode+: If a truthy value, specifies the mode as binary, text-only otherwise.
+ *  - +:autoclose+: If a truthy value, specifies that the +fd+ will close
+ *    when the stream closes; otherwise it remains open.
+ *  - +:path:+ If a string value is provided, it is used in #inspect and is available as
+ *    #path method.
  *
- *  Examples:
+ *  Also available are the options offered in String#encode,
+ *  which may control conversion between external internal encoding.
  *
- *    File.new('t.txt', File::RDONLY)
- *    File.new('t.tmp', File::RDWR | File::CREAT | File::EXCL)
+ *  == Basic \IO
  *
- *  Note: Method IO#set_encoding does not allow the mode to be specified as an integer.
+ *  You can perform basic stream \IO with these methods,
+ *  which typically operate on multi-byte strings:
  *
- *  ==== Read/Write Mode Specified As a \String
+ *  - IO#read: Reads and returns some or all of the remaining bytes from the stream.
+ *  - IO#write: Writes zero or more strings to the stream;
+ *    each given object that is not already a string is converted via +to_s+.
  *
- *  When +mode+ is a string it must begin with one of the following:
+ *  === Position
  *
- *  - <tt>'r'</tt>: Read-only stream, positioned at the beginning;
- *    the stream cannot be changed to writable.
- *  - <tt>'w'</tt>: Write-only stream, positioned at the beginning;
- *    the stream cannot be changed to readable.
- *  - <tt>'a'</tt>: Write-only stream, positioned at the end;
- *    every write appends to the end;
- *    the stream cannot be changed to readable.
- *  - <tt>'r+'</tt>: Read-write stream, positioned at the beginning.
- *  - <tt>'w+'</tt>: Read-write stream, positioned at the end.
- *  - <tt>'a+'</tt>: Read-write stream, positioned at the end.
+ *  An \IO stream has a nonnegative integer _position_,
+ *  which is the byte offset at which the next read or write is to occur.
+ *  A new stream has position zero (and line number zero);
+ *  method +rewind+ resets the position (and line number) to zero.
  *
- *  For a writable file stream (that is, any except read-only),
- *  the file is truncated to zero if it exists,
- *  and is created if it does not exist.
+ *  The relevant methods:
  *
- *  Examples:
+ *  - IO#tell (aliased as +#pos+): Returns the current position (in bytes) in the stream.
+ *  - IO#pos=: Sets the position of the stream to a given integer +new_position+ (in bytes).
+ *  - IO#seek: Sets the position of the stream to a given integer +offset+ (in bytes),
+ *    relative to a given position +whence+
+ *    (indicating the beginning, end, or current position).
+ *  - IO#rewind: Positions the stream at the beginning (also resetting the line number).
  *
- *    File.open('t.txt', 'r')
- *    File.open('t.tmp', 'w')
+ *  === Open and Closed Streams
  *
- *  === Data Mode
+ *  A new \IO stream may be open for reading, open for writing, or both.
  *
- *  Either of the following may be suffixed to any of the string read/write modes above:
+ *  A stream is automatically closed when claimed by the garbage collector.
  *
- *  - <tt>'t'</tt>: Text data; sets the default external encoding to +Encoding::UTF_8+;
- *    on Windows, enables conversion between EOL and CRLF and enables interpreting +0x1A+
- *    as an end-of-file marker.
- *  - <tt>'b'</tt>: Binary data; sets the default external encoding to +Encoding::ASCII_8BIT+;
- *    on Windows, suppresses conversion between EOL and CRLF and disables interpreting +0x1A+
- *    as an end-of-file marker.
+ *  Attempted reading or writing on a closed stream raises an exception.
  *
- *  If neither is given, the stream defaults to text data.
+ *  The relevant methods:
  *
- *  Examples:
+ *  - IO#close: Closes the stream for both reading and writing.
+ *  - IO#close_read: Closes the stream for reading.
+ *  - IO#close_write: Closes the stream for writing.
+ *  - IO#closed?: Returns whether the stream is closed.
  *
- *    File.open('t.txt', 'rt')
- *    File.open('t.dat', 'rb')
+ *  === End-of-Stream
  *
- *  The following may be suffixed to any writable string mode above:
+ *  You can query whether a stream is positioned at its end:
  *
- *  - <tt>'x'</tt>: Creates the file if it does not exist;
- *    raises an exception if the file exists.
+ *  - IO#eof? (also aliased as +#eof+): Returns whether the stream is at end-of-stream.
  *
- *  Example:
+ *  You can reposition to end-of-stream by using method IO#seek:
  *
- *    File.open('t.tmp', 'wx')
- *
- *  Note that when using integer flags to set the read/write mode, it's not
- *  possible to also set the binary data mode by adding the File::BINARY flag
- *  to the bitwise OR combination of integer flags. This is because, as
- *  documented in File::Constants, the File::BINARY flag only disables line code
- *  conversion, but does not change the external encoding at all.
- *
- *  == Encodings
- *
- *  Any of the string modes above may specify encodings --
- *  either external encoding only or both external and internal encodings --
- *  by appending one or both encoding names, separated by colons:
- *
- *    f = File.new('t.dat', 'rb')
- *    f.external_encoding # => #<Encoding:ASCII-8BIT>
- *    f.internal_encoding # => nil
- *    f = File.new('t.dat', 'rb:UTF-16')
- *    f.external_encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-16 (dummy)>
- *    f.internal_encoding # => nil
- *    f = File.new('t.dat', 'rb:UTF-16:UTF-16')
- *    f.external_encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-16 (dummy)>
- *    f.internal_encoding # => #<Encoding:UTF-16>
+ *    f = File.new('t.txt')
+ *    f.eof? # => false
+ *    f.seek(0, :END)
+ *    f.eof? # => true
  *    f.close
  *
- *  The numerous encoding names are available in array Encoding.name_list:
- *
- *    Encoding.name_list.size    # => 175
- *    Encoding.name_list.take(3) # => ["ASCII-8BIT", "UTF-8", "US-ASCII"]
- *
- *  When the external encoding is set,
- *  strings read are tagged by that encoding
- *  when reading, and strings written are converted to that
- *  encoding when writing.
+ *  Or by reading all stream content (which is slower than using IO#seek):
  *
- *  When both external and internal encodings are set,
- *  strings read are converted from external to internal encoding,
- *  and strings written are converted from internal to external encoding.
- *  For further details about transcoding input and output, see Encoding.
+ *    f.rewind
+ *    f.eof? # => false
+ *    f.read # => "First line\nSecond line\n\nFourth line\nFifth line\n"
+ *    f.eof? # => true
  *
- *  If the external encoding is <tt>'BOM|UTF-8'</tt>, <tt>'BOM|UTF-16LE'</tt>
- *  or <tt>'BOM|UTF16-BE'</tt>, Ruby checks for
- *  a Unicode BOM in the input document to help determine the encoding.  For
- *  UTF-16 encodings the file open mode must be binary.
- *  If the BOM is found, it is stripped and the external encoding from the BOM is used.
+ *  == Line \IO
  *
- *  Note that the BOM-style encoding option is case insensitive,
- *  so 'bom|utf-8' is also valid.)
+ *  You can read an \IO stream line-by-line using these methods:
  *
- *  == Open Options
+ *  - IO#each_line: Reads each remaining line, passing it to the given block.
+ *  - IO#gets: Returns the next line.
+ *  - IO#readline: Like #gets, but raises an exception at end-of-stream.
+ *  - IO#readlines: Returns all remaining lines in an array.
  *
- *  A number of \IO methods accept optional keyword arguments
- *  that determine how a new stream is to be opened:
+ *  Each of these reader methods accepts:
  *
- *  - +:mode+: Stream mode.
- *  - +:flags+: \Integer file open flags;
- *    If +mode+ is also given, the two are bitwise-ORed.
- *  - +:external_encoding+: External encoding for the stream.
- *  - +:internal_encoding+: Internal encoding for the stream.
- *    <tt>'-'</tt> is a synonym for the default internal encoding.
- *    If the value is +nil+ no conversion occurs.
- *  - +:encoding+: Specifies external and internal encodings as <tt>'extern:intern'</tt>.
- *  - +:textmode+: If a truthy value, specifies the mode as text-only, binary otherwise.
- *  - +:binmode+: If a truthy value, specifies the mode as binary, text-only otherwise.
- *  - +:autoclose+: If a truthy value, specifies that the +fd+ will close
- *    when the stream closes; otherwise it remains open.
+ *  - An optional line separator, +sep+;
+ *    see {Line Separator}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Separator].
+ *  - An optional line-size limit, +limit+;
+ *    see {Line Limit}[rdoc-ref:IO@Line+Limit].
  *
- *  Also available are the options offered in String#encode,
- *  which may control conversion between external internal encoding.
+ *  For each of these reader methods, reading may begin mid-line,
+ *  depending on the stream's position;
+ *  see {Position}[rdoc-ref:IO@Position]:
  *
- *  == Lines
+ *    f = File.new('t.txt')
+ *    f.pos = 27
+ *    f.each_line {|line| p line }
+ *    f.close
  *
- *  Some reader methods in \IO are line-oriented;
- *  such a method reads one or more lines,
- *  which are separated by an implicit or explicit line separator.
+ *  Output:
  *
- *  These methods include:
+ *    "rth line\n"
+ *    "Fifth line\n"
  *
- *  - Kernel#gets
- *  - Kernel#readline
- *  - Kernel#readlines
- *  - IO.foreach
- *  - IO.readlines
- *  - IO#each_line
- *  - IO#gets
- *  - IO#readline
- *  - IO#readlines
- *  - ARGF.each
- *  - ARGF.gets
- *  - ARGF.readline
- *  - ARGF.readlines
+ *  You can write to an \IO stream line-by-line using this method:
  *
- *  Each of these methods returns +nil+ if called when already at end-of-stream,
- *  except for IO#readline, which raises an exception.
+ *  - IO#puts: Writes objects to the stream.
  *
- *  Each of these methods may be called with:
+ *  === Line Separator
  *
- *  - An optional line separator, +sep+.
- *  - An optional line-size limit, +limit+.
- *  - Both +sep+ and +limit+.
+ *  Each of these methods uses a <i>line separator</i>,
+ *  which is the string that delimits lines:
  *
- *  === Line Separator
+ *  - IO.foreach.
+ *  - IO.readlines.
+ *  - IO#each_line.
+ *  - IO#gets.
+ *  - IO#readline.
+ *  - IO#readlines.
  *
  *  The default line separator is the given by the global variable <tt>$/</tt>,
- *  whose value is often <tt>"\n"</tt>.
+ *  whose value is by default <tt>"\n"</tt>.
  *  The line to be read next is all data from the current position
  *  to the next line separator:
  *
- *    f = File.open('t.txt')
+ *    f = File.new('t.txt')
  *    f.gets # => "First line\n"
  *    f.gets # => "Second line\n"
  *    f.gets # => "\n"
@@ -14669,9 +14976,18 @@ set_LAST_READ_LINE(VALUE val, ID _x, VALUE *_y)
  *
  *  === Line Limit
  *
- *  The line to be read may be further defined by an optional argument +limit+,
- *  which specifies that the line may not be (much) longer than the given limit;
- *  a multi-byte character will not be split, and so a line may be slightly longer
+ *  Each of these methods uses a <i>line limit</i>,
+ *  which specifies that the number of bytes returned may not be (much) longer
+ *  than the given +limit+;
+ *
+ *  - IO.foreach.
+ *  - IO.readlines.
+ *  - IO#each_line.
+ *  - IO#gets.
+ *  - IO#readline.
+ *  - IO#readlines.
+ *
+ *  A multi-byte character will not be split, and so a line may be slightly longer
  *  than the given limit.
  *
  *  If +limit+ is not given, the line is determined only by +sep+.
@@ -14687,10 +15003,10 @@ set_LAST_READ_LINE(VALUE val, ID _x, VALUE *_y)
  *    File.open('t.txt') {|f| f.gets(12) } # => "First line\n"
  *
  *    # Text with 2-byte characters, which will not be split.
- *    File.open('r.rus') {|f| f.gets(1).size } # => 1
- *    File.open('r.rus') {|f| f.gets(2).size } # => 1
- *    File.open('r.rus') {|f| f.gets(3).size } # => 2
- *    File.open('r.rus') {|f| f.gets(4).size } # => 2
+ *    File.open('t.rus') {|f| f.gets(1).size } # => 1
+ *    File.open('t.rus') {|f| f.gets(2).size } # => 1
+ *    File.open('t.rus') {|f| f.gets(3).size } # => 2
+ *    File.open('t.rus') {|f| f.gets(4).size } # => 2
  *
  *  === Line Separator and Line Limit
  *
@@ -14707,17 +15023,38 @@ set_LAST_READ_LINE(VALUE val, ID _x, VALUE *_y)
  *
  *  === Line Number
  *
- *  A readable \IO stream has a _line_ _number_,
- *  which is the non-negative integer line number
- *  in the stream where the next read will occur.
+ *  A readable \IO stream has a non-negative integer <i>line number</i>.
+ *
+ *  The relevant methods:
+ *
+ *  - IO#lineno: Returns the line number.
+ *  - IO#lineno=: Resets and returns the line number.
+ *
+ *  Unless modified by a call to method IO#lineno=,
+ *  the line number is the number of lines read
+ *  by certain line-oriented methods,
+ *  according to the given line separator +sep+:
  *
- *  A new stream is initially has line number +0+.
+ *  - IO.foreach: Increments the line number on each call to the block.
+ *  - IO#each_line: Increments the line number on each call to the block.
+ *  - IO#gets: Increments the line number.
+ *  - IO#readline: Increments the line number.
+ *  - IO#readlines: Increments the line number for each line read.
  *
- *  \Method IO#lineno returns the line number.
+ *  A new stream is initially has line number zero (and position zero);
+ *  method +rewind+ resets the line number (and position) to zero:
+ *
+ *    f = File.new('t.txt')
+ *    f.lineno # => 0
+ *    f.gets   # => "First line\n"
+ *    f.lineno # => 1
+ *    f.rewind
+ *    f.lineno # => 0
+ *    f.close
  *
  *  Reading lines from a stream usually changes its line number:
  *
- *    f = File.open('t.txt', 'r')
+ *    f = File.new('t.txt', 'r')
  *    f.lineno   # => 0
  *    f.readline # => "This is line one.\n"
  *    f.lineno   # => 1
@@ -14730,24 +15067,87 @@ set_LAST_READ_LINE(VALUE val, ID _x, VALUE *_y)
  *
  *  Iterating over lines in a stream usually changes its line number:
  *
- *       f = File.open('t.txt')
- *       f.each_line do |line|
- *         p "position=#{f.pos} eof?=#{f.eof?} line=#{line}"
- *       end
- *       f.close
+ *    File.open('t.txt') do |f|
+ *      f.each_line do |line|
+ *        p "position=#{f.pos} eof?=#{f.eof?} lineno=#{f.lineno}"
+ *      end
+ *    end
  *
  *  Output:
  *
- *   "position=19 eof?=false line=This is line one.\n"
- *   "position=45 eof?=false line=This is the second line.\n"
- *   "position=70 eof?=true line=This is the third line.\n"
+ *    "position=11 eof?=false lineno=1"
+ *    "position=23 eof?=false lineno=2"
+ *    "position=24 eof?=false lineno=3"
+ *    "position=36 eof?=false lineno=4"
+ *    "position=47 eof?=true lineno=5"
  *
- *  === Line Options
+ *  Unlike the stream's {position}[rdoc-ref:IO@Position],
+ *  the line number does not affect where the next read or write will occur:
  *
- *  A number of \IO methods accept optional keyword arguments
- *  that determine how lines in a stream are to be treated:
+ *    f = File.new('t.txt')
+ *    f.lineno = 1000
+ *    f.lineno # => 1000
+ *    f.gets   # => "First line\n"
+ *    f.lineno # => 1001
+ *    f.close
  *
- *  - +:chomp+: If +true+, line separators are omitted; default is +false+.
+ *  Associated with the line number is the global variable <tt>$.</tt>:
+ *
+ *  - When a stream is opened, <tt>$.</tt> is not set;
+ *    its value is left over from previous activity in the process:
+ *
+ *      $. = 41
+ *      f = File.new('t.txt')
+ *      $. = 41
+ *      # => 41
+ *      f.close
+ *
+ *  - When a stream is read, <tt>#.</tt> is set to the line number for that stream:
+ *
+ *      f0 = File.new('t.txt')
+ *      f1 = File.new('t.dat')
+ *      f0.readlines # => ["First line\n", "Second line\n", "\n", "Fourth line\n", "Fifth line\n"]
+ *      $.           # => 5
+ *      f1.readlines # => ["\xFE\xFF\x99\x90\x99\x91\x99\x92\x99\x93\x99\x94"]
+ *      $.           # => 1
+ *      f0.close
+ *      f1.close
+ *
+ *  - Methods IO#rewind and IO#seek do not affect <tt>$.</tt>:
+ *
+ *      f = File.new('t.txt')
+ *      f.readlines # => ["First line\n", "Second line\n", "\n", "Fourth line\n", "Fifth line\n"]
+ *      $.          # => 5
+ *      f.rewind
+ *      f.seek(0, :SET)
+ *      $.          # => 5
+ *      f.close
+ *
+ *  == Character \IO
+ *
+ *  You can process an \IO stream character-by-character using these methods:
+ *
+ *  - IO#getc: Reads and returns the next character from the stream.
+ *  - IO#readchar: Like #getc, but raises an exception at end-of-stream.
+ *  - IO#ungetc: Pushes back ("unshifts") a character or integer onto the stream.
+ *  - IO#putc: Writes a character to the stream.
+ *  - IO#each_char: Reads each remaining character in the stream,
+ *    passing the character to the given block.
+ *  == Byte \IO
+ *
+ *  You can process an \IO stream byte-by-byte using these methods:
+ *
+ *  - IO#getbyte: Returns the next 8-bit byte as an integer in range 0..255.
+ *  - IO#readbyte: Like #getbyte, but raises an exception if at end-of-stream.
+ *  - IO#ungetbyte: Pushes back ("unshifts") a byte back onto the stream.
+ *  - IO#each_byte: Reads each remaining byte in the stream,
+ *    passing the byte to the given block.
+ *
+ *  == Codepoint \IO
+ *
+ *  You can process an \IO stream codepoint-by-codepoint:
+ *
+ *  - IO#each_codepoint: Reads each remaining codepoint, passing it to the given block.
  *
  *  == What's Here
  *
@@ -14796,11 +15196,11 @@ set_LAST_READ_LINE(VALUE val, ID _x, VALUE *_y)
  *  - #read_nonblock: the next _n_ bytes read from +self+ for a given _n_,
  *    in non-block mode.
  *  - #readbyte: Returns the next byte read from +self+;
- *    same as #getbyte, but raises an exception on end-of-file.
+ *    same as #getbyte, but raises an exception on end-of-stream.
  *  - #readchar: Returns the next character read from +self+;
- *    same as #getc, but raises an exception on end-of-file.
+ *    same as #getc, but raises an exception on end-of-stream.
  *  - #readline: Returns the next line read from +self+;
- *    same as #getline, but raises an exception of end-of-file.
+ *    same as #getline, but raises an exception of end-of-stream.
  *  - #readlines: Returns an array of all lines read read from +self+.
  *  - #readpartial: Returns up to the given number of bytes from +self+.
  *
@@ -14860,7 +15260,7 @@ set_LAST_READ_LINE(VALUE val, ID _x, VALUE *_y)
  *  - #binmode?: Returns whether +self+ is in binary mode.
  *  - #close_on_exec?: Returns the close-on-exec flag for +self+.
  *  - #closed?: Returns whether +self+ is closed.
- *  - #eof? (aliased as #eof): Returns whether +self+ is at end-of-file.
+ *  - #eof? (aliased as #eof): Returns whether +self+ is at end-of-stream.
  *  - #external_encoding: Returns the external encoding object for +self+.
  *  - #fileno (aliased as #to_i): Returns the integer file descriptor for +self+
  *  - #internal_encoding: Returns the internal encoding object for +self+.
@@ -14951,6 +15351,8 @@ Init_IO(void)
     rb_cIO = rb_define_class("IO", rb_cObject);
     rb_include_module(rb_cIO, rb_mEnumerable);
 
+    rb_eIOTimeoutError = rb_define_class_under(rb_cIO, "TimeoutError", rb_eIOError);
+
     rb_define_const(rb_cIO, "READABLE", INT2NUM(RUBY_IO_READABLE));
     rb_define_const(rb_cIO, "WRITABLE", INT2NUM(RUBY_IO_WRITABLE));
     rb_define_const(rb_cIO, "PRIORITY", INT2NUM(RUBY_IO_PRIORITY));
@@ -15049,23 +15451,26 @@ Init_IO(void)
     rb_define_alias(rb_cIO, "to_i", "fileno");
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "to_io", rb_io_to_io, 0);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "fsync",   rb_io_fsync, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "fdatasync",   rb_io_fdatasync, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "sync",   rb_io_sync, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "sync=",  rb_io_set_sync, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "timeout", rb_io_timeout, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "timeout=", rb_io_set_timeout, 1);
+
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "fsync", rb_io_fsync, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "fdatasync", rb_io_fdatasync, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "sync", rb_io_sync, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "sync=", rb_io_set_sync, 1);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "lineno",   rb_io_lineno, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "lineno=",  rb_io_set_lineno, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "lineno", rb_io_lineno, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "lineno=", rb_io_set_lineno, 1);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "readlines",  rb_io_readlines, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "readlines", rb_io_readlines, -1);
 
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "readpartial",  io_readpartial, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "read",  io_read, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "readpartial", io_readpartial, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "read", io_read, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "write", io_write_m, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "gets",  rb_io_gets_m, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "readline",  rb_io_readline, -1);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "getc",  rb_io_getc, 0);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "getbyte",  rb_io_getbyte, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "gets", rb_io_gets_m, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "readline", rb_io_readline, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "getc", rb_io_getc, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "getbyte", rb_io_getbyte, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "readchar",  rb_io_readchar, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "readbyte",  rb_io_readbyte, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "ungetbyte",rb_io_ungetbyte, 1);
@@ -15112,6 +15517,10 @@ Init_IO(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "ioctl", rb_io_ioctl, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "fcntl", rb_io_fcntl, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "pid", rb_io_pid, 0);
+
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "path", rb_io_path, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "to_path", rb_io_path, 0);
+
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "inspect",  rb_io_inspect, 0);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cIO, "external_encoding", rb_io_external_encoding, 0);
@@ -15138,13 +15547,12 @@ Init_IO(void)
     rb_gvar_ractor_local("$>");
     rb_gvar_ractor_local("$stderr");
 
-    rb_stdin  = rb_io_prep_stdin();
-    rb_stdout = rb_io_prep_stdout();
-    rb_stderr = rb_io_prep_stderr();
-
     rb_global_variable(&rb_stdin);
+    rb_stdin  = rb_io_prep_stdin();
     rb_global_variable(&rb_stdout);
+    rb_stdout = rb_io_prep_stdout();
     rb_global_variable(&rb_stderr);
+    rb_stderr = rb_io_prep_stderr();
 
     orig_stdout = rb_stdout;
     orig_stderr = rb_stderr;
diff --git a/io_buffer.c b/io_buffer.c
index 6ce0dd13df..87b51c0b8c 100644
--- a/io_buffer.c
+++ b/io_buffer.c
@@ -11,9 +11,12 @@
 #include "ruby/fiber/scheduler.h"
 
 #include "internal.h"
-#include "internal/string.h"
+#include "internal/array.h"
 #include "internal/bits.h"
 #include "internal/error.h"
+#include "internal/numeric.h"
+#include "internal/string.h"
+#include "internal/thread.h"
 
 VALUE rb_cIOBuffer;
 VALUE rb_eIOBufferLockedError;
@@ -44,7 +47,7 @@ struct rb_io_buffer {
 };
 
 static inline void *
-io_buffer_map_memory(size_t size)
+io_buffer_map_memory(size_t size, int flags)
 {
 #if defined(_WIN32)
     void * base = VirtualAlloc(0, size, MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
@@ -53,7 +56,15 @@ io_buffer_map_memory(size_t size)
         rb_sys_fail("io_buffer_map_memory:VirtualAlloc");
     }
 #else
-    void * base = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, MAP_ANON | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
+    int mmap_flags = MAP_ANONYMOUS;
+    if (flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_SHARED) {
+        mmap_flags |= MAP_SHARED;
+    }
+    else {
+        mmap_flags |= MAP_PRIVATE;
+    }
+
+    void * base = mmap(NULL, size, PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, mmap_flags, -1, 0);
 
     if (base == MAP_FAILED) {
         rb_sys_fail("io_buffer_map_memory:mmap");
@@ -64,7 +75,7 @@ io_buffer_map_memory(size_t size)
 }
 
 static void
-io_buffer_map_file(struct rb_io_buffer *data, int descriptor, size_t size, off_t offset, enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags)
+io_buffer_map_file(struct rb_io_buffer *buffer, int descriptor, size_t size, rb_off_t offset, enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags)
 {
 #if defined(_WIN32)
     HANDLE file = (HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(descriptor);
@@ -73,7 +84,7 @@ io_buffer_map_file(struct rb_io_buffer *data, int descriptor, size_t size, off_t
     DWORD protect = PAGE_READONLY, access = FILE_MAP_READ;
 
     if (flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY) {
-        data->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY;
+        buffer->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY;
     }
     else {
         protect = PAGE_READWRITE;
@@ -85,11 +96,12 @@ io_buffer_map_file(struct rb_io_buffer *data, int descriptor, size_t size, off_t
 
     if (flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_PRIVATE) {
         access |= FILE_MAP_COPY;
-        data->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_PRIVATE;
+        buffer->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_PRIVATE;
     }
     else {
-        // This buffer refers to external data.
-        data->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_EXTERNAL;
+        // This buffer refers to external buffer.
+        buffer->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_EXTERNAL;
+        buffer->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_SHARED;
     }
 
     void *base = MapViewOfFile(mapping, access, (DWORD)(offset >> 32), (DWORD)(offset & 0xFFFFFFFF), size);
@@ -99,23 +111,24 @@ io_buffer_map_file(struct rb_io_buffer *data, int descriptor, size_t size, off_t
         rb_sys_fail("io_buffer_map_file:MapViewOfFile");
     }
 
-    data->mapping = mapping;
+    buffer->mapping = mapping;
 #else
     int protect = PROT_READ, access = 0;
 
     if (flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY) {
-        data->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY;
+        buffer->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY;
     }
     else {
         protect |= PROT_WRITE;
     }
 
     if (flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_PRIVATE) {
-        data->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_PRIVATE;
+        buffer->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_PRIVATE;
     }
     else {
-        // This buffer refers to external data.
-        data->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_EXTERNAL;
+        // This buffer refers to external buffer.
+        buffer->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_EXTERNAL;
+        buffer->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_SHARED;
         access |= MAP_SHARED;
     }
 
@@ -126,10 +139,10 @@ io_buffer_map_file(struct rb_io_buffer *data, int descriptor, size_t size, off_t
     }
 #endif
 
-    data->base = base;
-    data->size = size;
+    buffer->base = base;
+    buffer->size = size;
 
-    data->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_MAPPED;
+    buffer->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_MAPPED;
 }
 
 static inline void
@@ -159,18 +172,18 @@ io_buffer_experimental(void)
 }
 
 static void
-io_buffer_zero(struct rb_io_buffer *data)
+io_buffer_zero(struct rb_io_buffer *buffer)
 {
-    data->base = NULL;
-    data->size = 0;
+    buffer->base = NULL;
+    buffer->size = 0;
 #if defined(_WIN32)
-    data->mapping = NULL;
+    buffer->mapping = NULL;
 #endif
-    data->source = Qnil;
+    buffer->source = Qnil;
 }
 
 static void
-io_buffer_initialize(struct rb_io_buffer *data, void *base, size_t size, enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags, VALUE source)
+io_buffer_initialize(struct rb_io_buffer *buffer, void *base, size_t size, enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags, VALUE source)
 {
     if (base) {
         // If we are provided a pointer, we use it.
@@ -181,7 +194,7 @@ io_buffer_initialize(struct rb_io_buffer *data, void *base, size_t size, enum rb
             base = calloc(size, 1);
         }
         else if (flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_MAPPED) {
-            base = io_buffer_map_memory(size);
+            base = io_buffer_map_memory(size, flags);
         }
 
         if (!base) {
@@ -193,41 +206,41 @@ io_buffer_initialize(struct rb_io_buffer *data, void *base, size_t size, enum rb
         return;
     }
 
-    data->base = base;
-    data->size = size;
-    data->flags = flags;
-    data->source = source;
+    buffer->base = base;
+    buffer->size = size;
+    buffer->flags = flags;
+    buffer->source = source;
 }
 
 static int
-io_buffer_free(struct rb_io_buffer *data)
+io_buffer_free(struct rb_io_buffer *buffer)
 {
-    if (data->base) {
-        if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_INTERNAL) {
-            free(data->base);
+    if (buffer->base) {
+        if (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_INTERNAL) {
+            free(buffer->base);
         }
 
-        if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_MAPPED) {
-            io_buffer_unmap(data->base, data->size);
+        if (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_MAPPED) {
+            io_buffer_unmap(buffer->base, buffer->size);
         }
 
         // Previously we had this, but we found out due to the way GC works, we
         // can't refer to any other Ruby objects here.
-        // if (RB_TYPE_P(data->source, T_STRING)) {
-        //     rb_str_unlocktmp(data->source);
+        // if (RB_TYPE_P(buffer->source, T_STRING)) {
+        //     rb_str_unlocktmp(buffer->source);
         // }
 
-        data->base = NULL;
+        buffer->base = NULL;
 
 #if defined(_WIN32)
-        if (data->mapping) {
-            CloseHandle(data->mapping);
-            data->mapping = NULL;
+        if (buffer->mapping) {
+            CloseHandle(buffer->mapping);
+            buffer->mapping = NULL;
         }
 #endif
-        data->size = 0;
-        data->flags = 0;
-        data->source = Qnil;
+        buffer->size = 0;
+        buffer->flags = 0;
+        buffer->source = Qnil;
 
         return 1;
     }
@@ -236,30 +249,30 @@ io_buffer_free(struct rb_io_buffer *data)
 }
 
 void
-rb_io_buffer_type_mark(void *_data)
+rb_io_buffer_type_mark(void *_buffer)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = _data;
-    rb_gc_mark(data->source);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = _buffer;
+    rb_gc_mark(buffer->source);
 }
 
 void
-rb_io_buffer_type_free(void *_data)
+rb_io_buffer_type_free(void *_buffer)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = _data;
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = _buffer;
 
-    io_buffer_free(data);
+    io_buffer_free(buffer);
 
-    free(data);
+    free(buffer);
 }
 
 size_t
-rb_io_buffer_type_size(const void *_data)
+rb_io_buffer_type_size(const void *_buffer)
 {
-    const struct rb_io_buffer *data = _data;
+    const struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = _buffer;
     size_t total = sizeof(struct rb_io_buffer);
 
-    if (data->flags) {
-        total += data->size;
+    if (buffer->flags) {
+        total += buffer->size;
     }
 
     return total;
@@ -276,31 +289,138 @@ static const rb_data_type_t rb_io_buffer_type = {
     .flags = RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
 };
 
+// Extract an offset argument, which must be a positive integer.
+static inline size_t
+io_buffer_extract_offset(VALUE argument)
+{
+    if (rb_int_negative_p(argument)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Offset can't be negative!");
+    }
+
+    return NUM2SIZET(argument);
+}
+
+// Extract a length argument, which must be a positive integer.
+// Length is generally considered a mutable property of an object and
+// semantically should be considered a subset of "size" as a concept.
+static inline size_t
+io_buffer_extract_length(VALUE argument)
+{
+    if (rb_int_negative_p(argument)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Length can't be negative!");
+    }
+
+    return NUM2SIZET(argument);
+}
+
+// Extract a size argument, which must be a positive integer.
+// Size is generally considered an immutable property of an object.
+static inline size_t
+io_buffer_extract_size(VALUE argument)
+{
+    if (rb_int_negative_p(argument)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Size can't be negative!");
+    }
+
+    return NUM2SIZET(argument);
+}
+
+// Compute the default length for a buffer, given an offset into that buffer.
+// The default length is the size of the buffer minus the offset. The offset
+// must be less than the size of the buffer otherwise the length will be
+// invalid; in that case, an ArgumentError exception will be raised.
+static inline size_t
+io_buffer_default_length(const struct rb_io_buffer *buffer, size_t offset)
+{
+    if (offset > buffer->size) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "The given offset is bigger than the buffer size!");
+    }
+
+    // Note that the "length" is computed by the size the offset.
+    return buffer->size - offset;
+}
+
+// Extract the optional length and offset arguments, returning the buffer.
+// The length and offset are optional, but if they are provided, they must be
+// positive integers. If the length is not provided, the default length is
+// computed from the buffer size and offset. If the offset is not provided, it
+// defaults to zero.
+static inline struct rb_io_buffer *
+io_buffer_extract_length_offset(VALUE self, int argc, VALUE argv[], size_t *length, size_t *offset)
+{
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
+
+    if (argc >= 2) {
+        *offset = io_buffer_extract_offset(argv[1]);
+    }
+    else {
+        *offset = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (argc >= 1 && !NIL_P(argv[0])) {
+        *length = io_buffer_extract_length(argv[0]);
+    }
+    else {
+        *length = io_buffer_default_length(buffer, *offset);
+    }
+
+    return buffer;
+}
+
+// Extract the optional offset and length arguments, returning the buffer.
+// Similar to `io_buffer_extract_length_offset` but with the order of
+// arguments reversed.
+static inline struct rb_io_buffer *
+io_buffer_extract_offset_length(VALUE self, int argc, VALUE argv[], size_t *offset, size_t *length)
+{
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
+
+    if (argc >= 1) {
+        *offset = io_buffer_extract_offset(argv[0]);
+    }
+    else {
+        *offset = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (argc >= 2) {
+        *length = io_buffer_extract_length(argv[1]);
+    }
+    else {
+        *length = io_buffer_default_length(buffer, *offset);
+    }
+
+    return buffer;
+}
+
 VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_type_allocate(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    VALUE instance = TypedData_Make_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    VALUE instance = TypedData_Make_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    io_buffer_zero(data);
+    io_buffer_zero(buffer);
 
     return instance;
 }
 
-static VALUE
-io_buffer_for_make_instance(VALUE klass, VALUE string)
+static VALUE io_buffer_for_make_instance(VALUE klass, VALUE string, enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags)
 {
     VALUE instance = rb_io_buffer_type_allocate(klass);
 
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(instance, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(instance, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags = RB_IO_BUFFER_EXTERNAL;
+    flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_EXTERNAL;
 
     if (RB_OBJ_FROZEN(string))
         flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY;
 
-    io_buffer_initialize(data, RSTRING_PTR(string), RSTRING_LEN(string), flags, string);
+    if (!(flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY))
+        rb_str_modify(string);
+
+    io_buffer_initialize(buffer, RSTRING_PTR(string), RSTRING_LEN(string), flags, string);
 
     return instance;
 }
@@ -309,6 +429,7 @@ struct io_buffer_for_yield_instance_arguments {
     VALUE klass;
     VALUE string;
     VALUE instance;
+    enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags;
 };
 
 static VALUE
@@ -316,9 +437,9 @@ io_buffer_for_yield_instance(VALUE _arguments)
 {
     struct io_buffer_for_yield_instance_arguments *arguments = (struct io_buffer_for_yield_instance_arguments *)_arguments;
 
-    rb_str_locktmp(arguments->string);
+    arguments->instance = io_buffer_for_make_instance(arguments->klass, arguments->string, arguments->flags);
 
-    arguments->instance = io_buffer_for_make_instance(arguments->klass, arguments->string);
+    rb_str_locktmp(arguments->string);
 
     return rb_yield(arguments->instance);
 }
@@ -345,14 +466,15 @@ io_buffer_for_yield_instance_ensure(VALUE _arguments)
  *  Creates a IO::Buffer from the given string's memory. Without a block a
  *  frozen internal copy of the string is created efficiently and used as the
  *  buffer source. When a block is provided, the buffer is associated directly
- *  with the string's internal data and updating the buffer will update the
+ *  with the string's internal buffer and updating the buffer will update the
  *  string.
  *
  *  Until #free is invoked on the buffer, either explicitly or via the garbage
  *  collector, the source string will be locked and cannot be modified.
  *
  *  If the string is frozen, it will create a read-only buffer which cannot be
- *  modified.
+ *  modified. If the string is shared, it may trigger a copy-on-write when
+ *  using the block form.
  *
  *    string = 'test'
  *    buffer = IO::Buffer.for(string)
@@ -384,6 +506,7 @@ rb_io_buffer_type_for(VALUE klass, VALUE string)
             .klass = klass,
             .string = string,
             .instance = Qnil,
+            .flags = 0,
         };
 
         return rb_ensure(io_buffer_for_yield_instance, (VALUE)&arguments, io_buffer_for_yield_instance_ensure, (VALUE)&arguments);
@@ -391,7 +514,7 @@ rb_io_buffer_type_for(VALUE klass, VALUE string)
     else {
         // This internally returns the source string if it's already frozen.
         string = rb_str_tmp_frozen_acquire(string);
-        return io_buffer_for_make_instance(klass, string);
+        return io_buffer_for_make_instance(klass, string, RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY);
     }
 }
 
@@ -400,27 +523,27 @@ rb_io_buffer_new(void *base, size_t size, enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags)
 {
     VALUE instance = rb_io_buffer_type_allocate(rb_cIOBuffer);
 
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(instance, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(instance, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    io_buffer_initialize(data, base, size, flags, Qnil);
+    io_buffer_initialize(buffer, base, size, flags, Qnil);
 
     return instance;
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_io_buffer_map(VALUE io, size_t size, off_t offset, enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags)
+rb_io_buffer_map(VALUE io, size_t size, rb_off_t offset, enum rb_io_buffer_flags flags)
 {
     io_buffer_experimental();
 
     VALUE instance = rb_io_buffer_type_allocate(rb_cIOBuffer);
 
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(instance, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(instance, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
     int descriptor = rb_io_descriptor(io);
 
-    io_buffer_map_file(data, descriptor, size, offset, flags);
+    io_buffer_map_file(buffer, descriptor, size, offset, flags);
 
     return instance;
 }
@@ -437,48 +560,47 @@ rb_io_buffer_map(VALUE io, size_t size, off_t offset, enum rb_io_buffer_flags fl
  *  mapping, you need to open a file in read-write mode, and explicitly pass
  *  +flags+ argument without IO::Buffer::IMMUTABLE.
  *
- *     File.write('test.txt', 'test')
+ *  Example:
  *
- *     buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt'), nil, 0, IO::Buffer::READONLY)
- *     # => #<IO::Buffer 0x00000001014a0000+4 MAPPED READONLY>
+ *    File.write('test.txt', 'test')
  *
- *     buffer.readonly?   # => true
+ *    buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt'), nil, 0, IO::Buffer::READONLY)
+ *    # => #<IO::Buffer 0x00000001014a0000+4 MAPPED READONLY>
+ *
+ *    buffer.readonly?   # => true
  *
- *     buffer.get_string
- *     # => "test"
+ *    buffer.get_string
+ *    # => "test"
  *
- *     buffer.set_string('b', 0)
- *     # `set_string': Buffer is not writable! (IO::Buffer::AccessError)
+ *    buffer.set_string('b', 0)
+ *    # `set_string': Buffer is not writable! (IO::Buffer::AccessError)
  *
- *     # create read/write mapping: length 4 bytes, offset 0, flags 0
- *     buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt', 'r+'), 4, 0)
- *     buffer.set_string('b', 0)
- *     # => 1
+ *    # create read/write mapping: length 4 bytes, offset 0, flags 0
+ *    buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt', 'r+'), 4, 0)
+ *    buffer.set_string('b', 0)
+ *    # => 1
  *
- *     # Check it
- *     File.read('test.txt')
- *     # => "best"
+ *    # Check it
+ *    File.read('test.txt')
+ *    # => "best"
  *
  *  Note that some operating systems may not have cache coherency between mapped
  *  buffers and file reads.
- *
  */
 static VALUE
 io_buffer_map(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
 {
-    if (argc < 1 || argc > 4) {
-        rb_error_arity(argc, 2, 4);
-    }
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 4);
 
     // We might like to handle a string path?
     VALUE io = argv[0];
 
     size_t size;
     if (argc >= 2 && !RB_NIL_P(argv[1])) {
-        size = RB_NUM2SIZE(argv[1]);
+        size = io_buffer_extract_size(argv[1]);
     }
     else {
-        off_t file_size = rb_file_size(io);
+        rb_off_t file_size = rb_file_size(io);
 
         // Compiler can confirm that we handled file_size < 0 case:
         if (file_size < 0) {
@@ -494,7 +616,8 @@ io_buffer_map(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
         }
     }
 
-    off_t offset = 0;
+    // This is the file offset, not the buffer offset:
+    rb_off_t offset = 0;
     if (argc >= 3) {
         offset = NUM2OFFT(argv[2]);
     }
@@ -524,7 +647,7 @@ io_flags_for_size(size_t size)
  *  Create a new zero-filled IO::Buffer of +size+ bytes.
  *  By default, the buffer will be _internal_: directly allocated chunk
  *  of the memory. But if the requested +size+ is more than OS-specific
- *  IO::Bufer::PAGE_SIZE, the buffer would be allocated using the
+ *  IO::Buffer::PAGE_SIZE, the buffer would be allocated using the
  *  virtual memory mechanism (anonymous +mmap+ on Unix, +VirtualAlloc+
  *  on Windows). The behavior can be forced by passing IO::Buffer::MAPPED
  *  as a second parameter.
@@ -533,34 +656,30 @@ io_flags_for_size(size_t size)
  *
  *    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(4)
  *    # =>
- *    #  #<IO::Buffer 0x000055b34497ea10+4 INTERNAL>
- *    #  0x00000000  00 00 00 00                                     ....
+ *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x000055b34497ea10+4 INTERNAL>
+ *    # 0x00000000  00 00 00 00                                     ....
  *
  *    buffer.get_string(0, 1) # => "\x00"
  *
  *    buffer.set_string("test")
  *    buffer
- *    #  =>
+ *    # =>
  *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x000055b34497ea10+4 INTERNAL>
  *    # 0x00000000  74 65 73 74                                     test
- *
  */
 VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
     io_buffer_experimental();
 
-    if (argc < 0 || argc > 2) {
-        rb_error_arity(argc, 0, 2);
-    }
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 2);
 
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
     size_t size;
-
     if (argc > 0) {
-        size = RB_NUM2SIZE(argv[0]);
+        size = io_buffer_extract_size(argv[0]);
     }
     else {
         size = RUBY_IO_BUFFER_DEFAULT_SIZE;
@@ -574,7 +693,7 @@ rb_io_buffer_initialize(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
         flags |= io_flags_for_size(size);
     }
 
-    io_buffer_initialize(data, NULL, size, flags, Qnil);
+    io_buffer_initialize(buffer, NULL, size, flags, Qnil);
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -609,11 +728,11 @@ io_buffer_validate_slice(VALUE source, void *base, size_t size)
 }
 
 static int
-io_buffer_validate(struct rb_io_buffer *data)
+io_buffer_validate(struct rb_io_buffer *buffer)
 {
-    if (data->source != Qnil) {
+    if (buffer->source != Qnil) {
         // Only slices incur this overhead, unfortunately... better safe than sorry!
-        return io_buffer_validate_slice(data->source, data->base, data->size);
+        return io_buffer_validate_slice(buffer->source, buffer->base, buffer->size);
     }
     else {
         return 1;
@@ -628,48 +747,51 @@ io_buffer_validate(struct rb_io_buffer *data)
  *
  *    puts IO::Buffer.new(4) # uses to_s internally
  *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x000055769f41b1a0+4 INTERNAL>
- *
  */
 VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_to_s(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
     VALUE result = rb_str_new_cstr("#<");
 
     rb_str_append(result, rb_class_name(CLASS_OF(self)));
-    rb_str_catf(result, " %p+%"PRIdSIZE, data->base, data->size);
+    rb_str_catf(result, " %p+%"PRIdSIZE, buffer->base, buffer->size);
 
-    if (data->base == NULL) {
+    if (buffer->base == NULL) {
         rb_str_cat2(result, " NULL");
     }
 
-    if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_EXTERNAL) {
+    if (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_EXTERNAL) {
         rb_str_cat2(result, " EXTERNAL");
     }
 
-    if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_INTERNAL) {
+    if (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_INTERNAL) {
         rb_str_cat2(result, " INTERNAL");
     }
 
-    if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_MAPPED) {
+    if (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_MAPPED) {
         rb_str_cat2(result, " MAPPED");
     }
 
-    if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED) {
+    if (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_SHARED) {
+        rb_str_cat2(result, " SHARED");
+    }
+
+    if (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED) {
         rb_str_cat2(result, " LOCKED");
     }
 
-    if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY) {
+    if (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY) {
         rb_str_cat2(result, " READONLY");
     }
 
-    if (data->source != Qnil) {
+    if (buffer->source != Qnil) {
         rb_str_cat2(result, " SLICE");
     }
 
-    if (!io_buffer_validate(data)) {
+    if (!io_buffer_validate(buffer)) {
         rb_str_cat2(result, " INVALID");
     }
 
@@ -719,15 +841,15 @@ io_buffer_hexdump(VALUE string, size_t width, char *base, size_t size, int first
 static VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_hexdump(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
     VALUE result = Qnil;
 
-    if (io_buffer_validate(data) && data->base) {
-        result = rb_str_buf_new(data->size*3 + (data->size/16)*12 + 1);
+    if (io_buffer_validate(buffer) && buffer->base) {
+        result = rb_str_buf_new(buffer->size*3 + (buffer->size/16)*12 + 1);
 
-        io_buffer_hexdump(result, 16, data->base, data->size, 1);
+        io_buffer_hexdump(result, 16, buffer->base, buffer->size, 1);
     }
 
     return result;
@@ -736,15 +858,15 @@ rb_io_buffer_hexdump(VALUE self)
 VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_inspect(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
     VALUE result = rb_io_buffer_to_s(self);
 
-    if (io_buffer_validate(data)) {
-        // Limit the maximum size genearted by inspect.
-        if (data->size <= 256) {
-            io_buffer_hexdump(result, 16, data->base, data->size, 0);
+    if (io_buffer_validate(buffer)) {
+        // Limit the maximum size generated by inspect.
+        if (buffer->size <= 256) {
+            io_buffer_hexdump(result, 16, buffer->base, buffer->size, 0);
         }
     }
 
@@ -756,33 +878,31 @@ rb_io_buffer_inspect(VALUE self)
  *
  *  Returns the size of the buffer that was explicitly set (on creation with ::new
  *  or on #resize), or deduced on buffer's creation from string or file.
- *
  */
 VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_size(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    return SIZET2NUM(data->size);
+    return SIZET2NUM(buffer->size);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq: valid? -> true or false
  *
- *  Returns whether the buffer data is accessible.
+ *  Returns whether the buffer buffer is accessible.
  *
  *  A buffer becomes invalid if it is a slice of another buffer which has been
  *  freed.
- *
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_valid_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    return RBOOL(io_buffer_validate(data));
+    return RBOOL(io_buffer_validate(buffer));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -790,15 +910,14 @@ rb_io_buffer_valid_p(VALUE self)
  *
  *  If the buffer was freed with #free or was never allocated in the first
  *  place.
- *
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_null_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    return RBOOL(data->base == NULL);
+    return RBOOL(buffer->base == NULL);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -807,15 +926,14 @@ rb_io_buffer_null_p(VALUE self)
  *  If the buffer has 0 size: it is created by ::new with size 0, or with ::for
  *  from an empty string. (Note that empty files can't be mapped, so the buffer
  *  created with ::map will never be empty.)
- *
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_empty_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    return RBOOL(data->size == 0);
+    return RBOOL(buffer->size == 0);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -828,15 +946,14 @@ rb_io_buffer_empty_p(VALUE self)
  *  memory.
  *
  *  External buffer can't be resized.
- *
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_external_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    return RBOOL(data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_EXTERNAL);
+    return RBOOL(buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_EXTERNAL);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -854,15 +971,14 @@ rb_io_buffer_external_p(VALUE self)
  *
  *  Internal buffers can be resized, and such an operation will typically
  *  invalidate all slices, but not always.
- *
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_internal_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    return RBOOL(data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_INTERNAL);
+    return RBOOL(buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_INTERNAL);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -877,15 +993,30 @@ rb_io_buffer_internal_p(VALUE self)
  *
  *  Mapped buffers can usually be resized, and such an operation will typically
  *  invalidate all slices, but not always.
- *
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_mapped_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    return RBOOL(data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_MAPPED);
+    return RBOOL(buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_MAPPED);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq: shared? -> true or false
+ *
+ *  If the buffer is _shared_, meaning it references memory that can be shared
+ *  with other processes (and thus might change without being modified
+ *  locally).
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_io_buffer_shared_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
+
+    return RBOOL(buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_SHARED);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -898,27 +1029,28 @@ rb_io_buffer_mapped_p(VALUE self)
  *  Locking is not thread safe, but is a semantic used to ensure buffers don't
  *  move while being used by a system call.
  *
+ *  Example:
+ *
  *    buffer.locked do
  *      buffer.write(io) # theoretical system call interface
  *    end
- *
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_locked_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    return RBOOL(data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED);
+    return RBOOL(buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED);
 }
 
 int
 rb_io_buffer_readonly_p(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    return data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY;
+    return buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -928,7 +1060,6 @@ rb_io_buffer_readonly_p(VALUE self)
  *  #set_value, #set_string or #copy and similar.
  *
  *  Frozen strings and read-only files create read-only buffers.
- *
  */
 static VALUE
 io_buffer_readonly_p(VALUE self)
@@ -936,32 +1067,44 @@ io_buffer_readonly_p(VALUE self)
     return RBOOL(rb_io_buffer_readonly_p(self));
 }
 
-VALUE
-rb_io_buffer_lock(VALUE self)
+static void
+io_buffer_lock(struct rb_io_buffer *buffer)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
-
-    if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED) {
+    if (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED) {
         rb_raise(rb_eIOBufferLockedError, "Buffer already locked!");
     }
 
-    data->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED;
-
-    return self;
+    buffer->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED;
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_io_buffer_unlock(VALUE self)
+rb_io_buffer_lock(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
+
+    io_buffer_lock(buffer);
+
+    return self;
+}
 
-    if (!(data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED)) {
+static void
+io_buffer_unlock(struct rb_io_buffer *buffer)
+{
+    if (!(buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eIOBufferLockedError, "Buffer not locked!");
     }
 
-    data->flags &= ~RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED;
+    buffer->flags &= ~RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED;
+}
+
+VALUE
+rb_io_buffer_unlock(VALUE self)
+{
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
+
+    io_buffer_unlock(buffer);
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -969,11 +1112,11 @@ rb_io_buffer_unlock(VALUE self)
 int
 rb_io_buffer_try_unlock(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED) {
-        data->flags &= ~RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED;
+    if (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED) {
+        buffer->flags &= ~RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED;
         return 1;
     }
 
@@ -988,6 +1131,14 @@ rb_io_buffer_try_unlock(VALUE self)
  *  can enter the lock. Also, locked buffer can't be changed with #resize or
  *  #free.
  *
+ *  The following operations acquire a lock: #resize, #free.
+ *
+ *  Locking is not thread safe. It is designed as a safety net around
+ *  non-blocking system calls. You can only share a buffer between threads with
+ *  appropriate synchronisation techniques.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *
  *    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(4)
  *    buffer.locked? #=> false
  *
@@ -1003,28 +1154,22 @@ rb_io_buffer_try_unlock(VALUE self)
  *        buffer.set_string("test", 0)
  *      end
  *    end
- *
- *  The following operations acquire a lock: #resize, #free.
- *
- *  Locking is not thread safe. It is designed as a safety net around
- *  non-blocking system calls. You can only share a buffer between threads with
- *  appropriate synchronisation techniques.
  */
 VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_locked(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED) {
+    if (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED) {
         rb_raise(rb_eIOBufferLockedError, "Buffer already locked!");
     }
 
-    data->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED;
+    buffer->flags |= RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED;
 
     VALUE result = rb_yield(self);
 
-    data->flags &= ~RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED;
+    buffer->flags &= ~RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED;
 
     return result;
 }
@@ -1039,47 +1184,73 @@ rb_io_buffer_locked(VALUE self)
  *
  *  After the buffer is freed, no further operations can't be performed on it.
  *
- *     buffer = IO::Buffer.for('test')
- *     buffer.free
- *     # => #<IO::Buffer 0x0000000000000000+0 NULL>
+ *  You can resize a freed buffer to re-allocate it.
  *
- *     buffer.get_value(:U8, 0)
- *     # in `get_value': The buffer is not allocated! (IO::Buffer::AllocationError)
+ *  Example:
  *
- *     buffer.get_string
- *     # in `get_string': The buffer is not allocated! (IO::Buffer::AllocationError)
+ *    buffer = IO::Buffer.for('test')
+ *    buffer.free
+ *    # => #<IO::Buffer 0x0000000000000000+0 NULL>
  *
- *     buffer.null?
- *     # => true
+ *    buffer.get_value(:U8, 0)
+ *    # in `get_value': The buffer is not allocated! (IO::Buffer::AllocationError)
  *
- *  You can resize a freed buffer to re-allocate it.
+ *    buffer.get_string
+ *    # in `get_string': The buffer is not allocated! (IO::Buffer::AllocationError)
  *
+ *    buffer.null?
+ *    # => true
  */
 VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_free(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED) {
+    if (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED) {
         rb_raise(rb_eIOBufferLockedError, "Buffer is locked!");
     }
 
-    io_buffer_free(data);
+    io_buffer_free(buffer);
 
     return self;
 }
 
+// Validate that access to the buffer is within bounds, assuming you want to
+// access length bytes from the specified offset.
 static inline void
-io_buffer_validate_range(struct rb_io_buffer *data, size_t offset, size_t length)
+io_buffer_validate_range(struct rb_io_buffer *buffer, size_t offset, size_t length)
 {
-    if (offset + length > data->size) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Specified offset+length exceeds data size!");
+    // We assume here that offset + length won't overflow:
+    if (offset + length > buffer->size) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Specified offset+length is bigger than the buffer size!");
     }
 }
 
+static VALUE
+rb_io_buffer_slice(struct rb_io_buffer *buffer, VALUE self, size_t offset, size_t length)
+{
+    io_buffer_validate_range(buffer, offset, length);
+
+    VALUE instance = rb_io_buffer_type_allocate(rb_class_of(self));
+    struct rb_io_buffer *slice = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(instance, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, slice);
+
+    slice->flags |= (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY);
+    slice->base = (char*)buffer->base + offset;
+    slice->size = length;
+
+    // The source should be the root buffer:
+    if (buffer->source != Qnil)
+        slice->source = buffer->source;
+    else
+        slice->source = self;
+
+    return instance;
+}
+
 /*
- *  call-seq: slice(offset, length) -> io_buffer
+ *  call-seq: slice([offset, [length]]) -> io_buffer
  *
  *  Produce another IO::Buffer which is a slice (or view into) the current one
  *  starting at +offset+ bytes and going for +length+ bytes.
@@ -1087,76 +1258,76 @@ io_buffer_validate_range(struct rb_io_buffer *data, size_t offset, size_t length
  *  The slicing happens without copying of memory, and the slice keeps being
  *  associated with the original buffer's source (string, or file), if any.
  *
- *  Raises RuntimeError if the <tt>offset+length<tt> is out of the current
+ *  If the offset is not given, it will be zero. If the offset is negative, it
+ *  will raise an ArgumentError.
+ *
+ *  If the length is not given, the slice will be as long as the original
+ *  buffer minus the specified offset. If the length is negative, it will raise
+ *  an ArgumentError.
+ *
+ *  Raises RuntimeError if the <tt>offset+length</tt> is out of the current
  *  buffer's bounds.
  *
- *     string = 'test'
- *     buffer = IO::Buffer.for(string)
+ *  Example:
  *
- *     slice = buffer.slice(1, 2)
- *     # =>
- *     #  #<IO::Buffer 0x00007fc3d34ebc49+2 SLICE>
- *     #  0x00000000  65 73                                           es
+ *    string = 'test'
+ *    buffer = IO::Buffer.for(string)
  *
- *     # Put "o" into 0s position of the slice
- *     slice.set_string('o', 0)
- *     slice
- *     # =>
- *     #  #<IO::Buffer 0x00007fc3d34ebc49+2 SLICE>
- *     #  0x00000000  6f 73                                           os
+ *    slice = buffer.slice
+ *    # =>
+ *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000000108338e68+4 SLICE>
+ *    # 0x00000000  74 65 73 74                                     test
  *
+ *    buffer.slice(2)
+ *    # =>
+ *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000000108338e6a+2 SLICE>
+ *    # 0x00000000  73 74                                           st
  *
- *     # it is also visible at position 1 of the original buffer
- *     buffer
- *     # =>
- *     #  #<IO::Buffer 0x00007fc3d31e2d80+4 SLICE>
- *     #  0x00000000  74 6f 73 74                                     tost
+ *    slice = buffer.slice(1, 2)
+ *    # =>
+ *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007fc3d34ebc49+2 SLICE>
+ *    # 0x00000000  65 73                                           es
+ *
+ *    # Put "o" into 0s position of the slice
+ *    slice.set_string('o', 0)
+ *    slice
+ *    # =>
+ *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007fc3d34ebc49+2 SLICE>
+ *    # 0x00000000  6f 73                                           os
  *
- *     # ...and original string
- *     string
- *     # => tost
+ *    # it is also visible at position 1 of the original buffer
+ *    buffer
+ *    # =>
+ *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007fc3d31e2d80+4 SLICE>
+ *    # 0x00000000  74 6f 73 74                                     tost
  *
+ *    # ...and original string
+ *    string
+ *    # => tost
  */
-VALUE
-rb_io_buffer_slice(VALUE self, VALUE _offset, VALUE _length)
+static VALUE
+io_buffer_slice(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    // TODO fail on negative offets/lengths.
-    size_t offset = NUM2SIZET(_offset);
-    size_t length = NUM2SIZET(_length);
-
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 2);
 
-    io_buffer_validate_range(data, offset, length);
+    size_t offset, length;
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = io_buffer_extract_offset_length(self, argc, argv, &offset, &length);
 
-    VALUE instance = rb_io_buffer_type_allocate(rb_class_of(self));
-    struct rb_io_buffer *slice = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(instance, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, slice);
-
-    slice->base = (char*)data->base + offset;
-    slice->size = length;
-
-    // The source should be the root buffer:
-    if (data->source != Qnil)
-        slice->source = data->source;
-    else
-        slice->source = self;
-
-    return instance;
+    return rb_io_buffer_slice(buffer, self, offset, length);
 }
 
 int
 rb_io_buffer_get_bytes(VALUE self, void **base, size_t *size)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    if (io_buffer_validate(data)) {
-        if (data->base) {
-            *base = data->base;
-            *size = data->size;
+    if (io_buffer_validate(buffer)) {
+        if (buffer->base) {
+            *base = buffer->base;
+            *size = buffer->size;
 
-            return data->flags;
+            return buffer->flags;
         }
     }
 
@@ -1166,20 +1337,21 @@ rb_io_buffer_get_bytes(VALUE self, void **base, size_t *size)
     return 0;
 }
 
-static void
-io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(struct rb_io_buffer *data, void **base, size_t *size)
+static inline void
+io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(struct rb_io_buffer *buffer, void **base, size_t *size)
 {
-    if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY) {
+    if (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY ||
+        (!NIL_P(buffer->source) && OBJ_FROZEN(buffer->source))) {
         rb_raise(rb_eIOBufferAccessError, "Buffer is not writable!");
     }
 
-    if (!io_buffer_validate(data)) {
+    if (!io_buffer_validate(buffer)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eIOBufferInvalidatedError, "Buffer is invalid!");
     }
 
-    if (data->base) {
-        *base = data->base;
-        *size = data->size;
+    if (buffer->base) {
+        *base = buffer->base;
+        *size = buffer->size;
 
         return;
     }
@@ -1190,22 +1362,22 @@ io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(struct rb_io_buffer *data, void **base, size_t *
 void
 rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(VALUE self, void **base, size_t *size)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(data, base, size);
+    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(buffer, base, size);
 }
 
 static void
-io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(struct rb_io_buffer *data, const void **base, size_t *size)
+io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(struct rb_io_buffer *buffer, const void **base, size_t *size)
 {
-    if (!io_buffer_validate(data)) {
+    if (!io_buffer_validate(buffer)) {
         rb_raise(rb_eIOBufferInvalidatedError, "Buffer has been invalidated!");
     }
 
-    if (data->base) {
-        *base = data->base;
-        *size = data->size;
+    if (buffer->base) {
+        *base = buffer->base;
+        *size = buffer->size;
 
         return;
     }
@@ -1216,10 +1388,10 @@ io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(struct rb_io_buffer *data, const void **base, si
 void
 rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(VALUE self, const void **base, size_t *size)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(data, base, size);
+    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(buffer, base, size);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1227,26 +1399,27 @@ rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(VALUE self, const void **base, size_t *size)
  *
  *  Transfers ownership to a new buffer, deallocating the current one.
  *
- *     buffer = IO::Buffer.new('test')
- *     other = buffer.transfer
- *     other
- *     #  =>
- *     # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007f136a15f7b0+4 SLICE>
- *     # 0x00000000  74 65 73 74                                     test
- *     buffer
- *     #  =>
- *     # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000000000000000+0 NULL>
- *     buffer.null?
- *     # => true
+ *  Example:
  *
+ *    buffer = IO::Buffer.new('test')
+ *    other = buffer.transfer
+ *    other
+ *    # =>
+ *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007f136a15f7b0+4 SLICE>
+ *    # 0x00000000  74 65 73 74                                     test
+ *    buffer
+ *    # =>
+ *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000000000000000+0 NULL>
+ *    buffer.null?
+ *    # => true
  */
 VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_transfer(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED) {
+    if (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED) {
         rb_raise(rb_eIOBufferLockedError, "Cannot transfer ownership of locked buffer!");
     }
 
@@ -1254,91 +1427,96 @@ rb_io_buffer_transfer(VALUE self)
     struct rb_io_buffer *transferred;
     TypedData_Get_Struct(instance, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, transferred);
 
-    *transferred = *data;
-    io_buffer_zero(data);
+    *transferred = *buffer;
+    io_buffer_zero(buffer);
 
     return instance;
 }
 
 static void
-io_buffer_resize_clear(struct rb_io_buffer *data, void* base, size_t size)
+io_buffer_resize_clear(struct rb_io_buffer *buffer, void* base, size_t size)
 {
-    if (size > data->size) {
-        memset((unsigned char*)base+data->size, 0, size - data->size);
+    if (size > buffer->size) {
+        memset((unsigned char*)base+buffer->size, 0, size - buffer->size);
     }
 }
 
 static void
-io_buffer_resize_copy(struct rb_io_buffer *data, size_t size)
+io_buffer_resize_copy(struct rb_io_buffer *buffer, size_t size)
 {
     // Slow path:
     struct rb_io_buffer resized;
     io_buffer_initialize(&resized, NULL, size, io_flags_for_size(size), Qnil);
 
-    if (data->base) {
-        size_t preserve = data->size;
+    if (buffer->base) {
+        size_t preserve = buffer->size;
         if (preserve > size) preserve = size;
-        memcpy(resized.base, data->base, preserve);
+        memcpy(resized.base, buffer->base, preserve);
 
-        io_buffer_resize_clear(data, resized.base, size);
+        io_buffer_resize_clear(buffer, resized.base, size);
     }
 
-    io_buffer_free(data);
-    *data = resized;
+    io_buffer_free(buffer);
+    *buffer = resized;
 }
 
 void
 rb_io_buffer_resize(VALUE self, size_t size)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED) {
+    if (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED) {
         rb_raise(rb_eIOBufferLockedError, "Cannot resize locked buffer!");
     }
 
-    if (data->base == NULL) {
-        io_buffer_initialize(data, NULL, size, io_flags_for_size(size), Qnil);
+    if (buffer->base == NULL) {
+        io_buffer_initialize(buffer, NULL, size, io_flags_for_size(size), Qnil);
         return;
     }
 
-    if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_EXTERNAL) {
+    if (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_EXTERNAL) {
         rb_raise(rb_eIOBufferAccessError, "Cannot resize external buffer!");
     }
 
 #if defined(HAVE_MREMAP) && defined(MREMAP_MAYMOVE)
-    if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_MAPPED) {
-        void *base = mremap(data->base, data->size, size, MREMAP_MAYMOVE);
+    if (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_MAPPED) {
+        void *base = mremap(buffer->base, buffer->size, size, MREMAP_MAYMOVE);
 
         if (base == MAP_FAILED) {
             rb_sys_fail("rb_io_buffer_resize:mremap");
         }
 
-        io_buffer_resize_clear(data, base, size);
+        io_buffer_resize_clear(buffer, base, size);
 
-        data->base = base;
-        data->size = size;
+        buffer->base = base;
+        buffer->size = size;
 
         return;
     }
 #endif
 
-    if (data->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_INTERNAL) {
-        void *base = realloc(data->base, size);
+    if (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_INTERNAL) {
+        if (size == 0) {
+            io_buffer_free(buffer);
+            return;
+        }
+
+        void *base = realloc(buffer->base, size);
 
         if (!base) {
             rb_sys_fail("rb_io_buffer_resize:realloc");
         }
 
-        io_buffer_resize_clear(data, base, size);
+        io_buffer_resize_clear(buffer, base, size);
 
-        data->base = base;
-        data->size = size;
+        buffer->base = base;
+        buffer->size = size;
 
         return;
     }
 
-    io_buffer_resize_copy(data, size);
+    io_buffer_resize_copy(buffer, size);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1352,18 +1530,17 @@ rb_io_buffer_resize(VALUE self, size_t size)
  *    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(4)
  *    buffer.set_string("test", 0)
  *    buffer.resize(8) # resize to 8 bytes
- *    #  =>
+ *    # =>
  *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5d1a1630+8 INTERNAL>
  *    # 0x00000000  74 65 73 74 00 00 00 00                         test....
  *
  *  External buffer (created with ::for), and locked buffer
  *  can not be resized.
- *
  */
 static VALUE
 io_buffer_resize(VALUE self, VALUE size)
 {
-    rb_io_buffer_resize(self, NUM2SIZET(size));
+    rb_io_buffer_resize(self, io_buffer_extract_size(size));
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -1373,7 +1550,6 @@ io_buffer_resize(VALUE self, VALUE size)
  *
  * Buffers are compared by size and exact contents of the memory they are
  * referencing using +memcmp+.
- *
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_compare(VALUE self, VALUE other)
@@ -1399,7 +1575,7 @@ static void
 io_buffer_validate_type(size_t size, size_t offset)
 {
     if (offset > size) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Type extends beyond end of buffer!");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Type extends beyond end of buffer! (offset=%"PRIdSIZE" > size=%"PRIdSIZE")", offset, size);
     }
 }
 
@@ -1449,8 +1625,8 @@ ruby_swapf64(double value)
     return swap.value;
 }
 
-#define DECLARE_TYPE(name, type, endian, wrap, unwrap, swap) \
-static ID RB_IO_BUFFER_TYPE_##name; \
+#define IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(name, type, endian, wrap, unwrap, swap) \
+static ID RB_IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_##name; \
 \
 static VALUE \
 io_buffer_read_##name(const void* base, size_t size, size_t *offset) \
@@ -1471,67 +1647,125 @@ io_buffer_write_##name(const void* base, size_t size, size_t *offset, VALUE _val
     if (endian != RB_IO_BUFFER_HOST_ENDIAN) value = swap(value); \
     memcpy((char*)base + *offset, &value, sizeof(type)); \
     *offset += sizeof(type); \
-}
-
-DECLARE_TYPE(U8, uint8_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, RB_UINT2NUM, RB_NUM2UINT, ruby_swap8)
-DECLARE_TYPE(S8, int8_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, RB_INT2NUM, RB_NUM2INT, ruby_swap8)
-
-DECLARE_TYPE(u16, uint16_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, RB_UINT2NUM, RB_NUM2UINT, ruby_swap16)
-DECLARE_TYPE(U16, uint16_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, RB_UINT2NUM, RB_NUM2UINT, ruby_swap16)
-DECLARE_TYPE(s16, int16_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, RB_INT2NUM, RB_NUM2INT, ruby_swap16)
-DECLARE_TYPE(S16, int16_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, RB_INT2NUM, RB_NUM2INT, ruby_swap16)
+} \
+\
+enum { \
+    RB_IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_##name##_SIZE = sizeof(type) \
+};
 
-DECLARE_TYPE(u32, uint32_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, RB_UINT2NUM, RB_NUM2UINT, ruby_swap32)
-DECLARE_TYPE(U32, uint32_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, RB_UINT2NUM, RB_NUM2UINT, ruby_swap32)
-DECLARE_TYPE(s32, int32_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, RB_INT2NUM, RB_NUM2INT, ruby_swap32)
-DECLARE_TYPE(S32, int32_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, RB_INT2NUM, RB_NUM2INT, ruby_swap32)
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(U8, uint8_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, RB_UINT2NUM, RB_NUM2UINT, ruby_swap8)
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(S8, int8_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, RB_INT2NUM, RB_NUM2INT, ruby_swap8)
+
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(u16, uint16_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, RB_UINT2NUM, RB_NUM2UINT, ruby_swap16)
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(U16, uint16_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, RB_UINT2NUM, RB_NUM2UINT, ruby_swap16)
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(s16, int16_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, RB_INT2NUM, RB_NUM2INT, ruby_swap16)
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(S16, int16_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, RB_INT2NUM, RB_NUM2INT, ruby_swap16)
+
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(u32, uint32_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, RB_UINT2NUM, RB_NUM2UINT, ruby_swap32)
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(U32, uint32_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, RB_UINT2NUM, RB_NUM2UINT, ruby_swap32)
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(s32, int32_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, RB_INT2NUM, RB_NUM2INT, ruby_swap32)
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(S32, int32_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, RB_INT2NUM, RB_NUM2INT, ruby_swap32)
+
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(u64, uint64_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, RB_ULL2NUM, RB_NUM2ULL, ruby_swap64)
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(U64, uint64_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, RB_ULL2NUM, RB_NUM2ULL, ruby_swap64)
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(s64, int64_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, RB_LL2NUM, RB_NUM2LL, ruby_swap64)
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(S64, int64_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, RB_LL2NUM, RB_NUM2LL, ruby_swap64)
+
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(f32, float, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, DBL2NUM, NUM2DBL, ruby_swapf32)
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(F32, float, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, DBL2NUM, NUM2DBL, ruby_swapf32)
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(f64, double, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, DBL2NUM, NUM2DBL, ruby_swapf64)
+IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE(F64, double, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, DBL2NUM, NUM2DBL, ruby_swapf64)
+#undef IO_BUFFER_DECLARE_TYPE
+
+static inline size_t
+io_buffer_buffer_type_size(ID buffer_type)
+{
+#define IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(name) if (buffer_type == RB_IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_##name) return RB_IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_##name##_SIZE;
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(U8)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(S8)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(u16)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(U16)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(s16)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(S16)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(u32)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(U32)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(s32)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(S32)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(u64)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(U64)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(s64)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(S64)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(f32)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(F32)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(f64)
+    IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE(F64)
+#undef IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_SIZE
 
-DECLARE_TYPE(u64, uint64_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, RB_ULL2NUM, RB_NUM2ULL, ruby_swap64)
-DECLARE_TYPE(U64, uint64_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, RB_ULL2NUM, RB_NUM2ULL, ruby_swap64)
-DECLARE_TYPE(s64, int64_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, RB_LL2NUM, RB_NUM2LL, ruby_swap64)
-DECLARE_TYPE(S64, int64_t, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, RB_LL2NUM, RB_NUM2LL, ruby_swap64)
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Invalid type name!");
+}
 
-DECLARE_TYPE(f32, float, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, DBL2NUM, NUM2DBL, ruby_swapf32)
-DECLARE_TYPE(F32, float, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, DBL2NUM, NUM2DBL, ruby_swapf32)
-DECLARE_TYPE(f64, double, RB_IO_BUFFER_LITTLE_ENDIAN, DBL2NUM, NUM2DBL, ruby_swapf64)
-DECLARE_TYPE(F64, double, RB_IO_BUFFER_BIG_ENDIAN, DBL2NUM, NUM2DBL, ruby_swapf64)
-#undef DECLARE_TYPE
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    size_of(buffer_type) -> byte size
+ *    size_of(array of buffer_type) -> byte size
+ *
+ *  Returns the size of the given buffer type(s) in bytes.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *
+ *    IO::Buffer.size_of(:u32) # => 4
+ *    IO::Buffer.size_of([:u32, :u32]) # => 8
+ */
+static VALUE
+io_buffer_size_of(VALUE klass, VALUE buffer_type)
+{
+    if (RB_TYPE_P(buffer_type, T_ARRAY)) {
+        size_t total = 0;
+        for (long i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(buffer_type); i++) {
+            total += io_buffer_buffer_type_size(RB_SYM2ID(RARRAY_AREF(buffer_type, i)));
+        }
+        return SIZET2NUM(total);
+    }
+    else {
+        return SIZET2NUM(io_buffer_buffer_type_size(RB_SYM2ID(buffer_type)));
+    }
+}
 
-VALUE
-rb_io_buffer_get_value(const void* base, size_t size, ID type, size_t offset)
+static inline VALUE
+rb_io_buffer_get_value(const void* base, size_t size, ID buffer_type, size_t *offset)
 {
-#define READ_TYPE(name) if (type == RB_IO_BUFFER_TYPE_##name) return io_buffer_read_##name(base, size, &offset);
-    READ_TYPE(U8);
-    READ_TYPE(S8);
+#define IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(name) if (buffer_type == RB_IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_##name) return io_buffer_read_##name(base, size, offset);
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(U8)
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(S8)
 
-    READ_TYPE(u16);
-    READ_TYPE(U16);
-    READ_TYPE(s16);
-    READ_TYPE(S16);
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(u16)
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(U16)
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(s16)
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(S16)
 
-    READ_TYPE(u32);
-    READ_TYPE(U32);
-    READ_TYPE(s32);
-    READ_TYPE(S32);
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(u32)
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(U32)
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(s32)
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(S32)
 
-    READ_TYPE(u64);
-    READ_TYPE(U64);
-    READ_TYPE(s64);
-    READ_TYPE(S64);
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(u64)
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(U64)
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(s64)
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(S64)
 
-    READ_TYPE(f32);
-    READ_TYPE(F32);
-    READ_TYPE(f64);
-    READ_TYPE(F64);
-#undef READ_TYPE
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(f32)
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(F32)
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(f64)
+    IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE(F64)
+#undef IO_BUFFER_GET_VALUE
 
     rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Invalid type name!");
 }
 
 /*
- *  call-seq: get_value(type, offset) -> numeric
+ *  call-seq: get_value(buffer_type, offset) -> numeric
  *
- *  Read from buffer a value of +type+ at +offset+. +type+ should be one
+ *  Read from buffer a value of +type+ at +offset+. +buffer_type+ should be one
  *  of symbols:
  *
  *  * +:U8+: unsigned integer, 1 byte
@@ -1553,53 +1787,253 @@ rb_io_buffer_get_value(const void* base, size_t size, ID type, size_t offset)
  *  * +:f64+: double, 8 bytes, little-endian
  *  * +:F64+: double, 8 bytes, big-endian
  *
+ *  A buffer type refers specifically to the type of binary buffer that is stored
+ *  in the buffer. For example, a +:u32+ buffer type is a 32-bit unsigned
+ *  integer in little-endian format.
+ *
  *  Example:
  *
  *    string = [1.5].pack('f')
  *    # => "\x00\x00\xC0?"
  *    IO::Buffer.for(string).get_value(:f32, 0)
  *    # => 1.5
- *
  */
 static VALUE
 io_buffer_get_value(VALUE self, VALUE type, VALUE _offset)
 {
     const void *base;
     size_t size;
-    size_t offset = NUM2SIZET(_offset);
+    size_t offset = io_buffer_extract_offset(_offset);
 
     rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(self, &base, &size);
 
-    return rb_io_buffer_get_value(base, size, RB_SYM2ID(type), offset);
+    return rb_io_buffer_get_value(base, size, RB_SYM2ID(type), &offset);
 }
 
-void
-rb_io_buffer_set_value(const void* base, size_t size, ID type, size_t offset, VALUE value)
+/*
+ *  call-seq: get_values(buffer_types, offset) -> array
+ *
+ *  Similar to #get_value, except that it can handle multiple buffer types and
+ *  returns an array of values.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *
+ *    string = [1.5, 2.5].pack('ff')
+ *    IO::Buffer.for(string).get_values([:f32, :f32], 0)
+ *    # => [1.5, 2.5]
+ */
+static VALUE
+io_buffer_get_values(VALUE self, VALUE buffer_types, VALUE _offset)
+{
+    size_t offset = io_buffer_extract_offset(_offset);
+
+    const void *base;
+    size_t size;
+    rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(self, &base, &size);
+
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(buffer_types, T_ARRAY)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Argument buffer_types should be an array!");
+    }
+
+    VALUE array = rb_ary_new_capa(RARRAY_LEN(buffer_types));
+
+    for (long i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(buffer_types); i++) {
+        VALUE type = rb_ary_entry(buffer_types, i);
+        VALUE value = rb_io_buffer_get_value(base, size, RB_SYM2ID(type), &offset);
+        rb_ary_push(array, value);
+    }
+
+    return array;
+}
+
+// Extract a count argument, which must be a positive integer.
+// Count is generally considered relative to the number of things.
+static inline size_t
+io_buffer_extract_count(VALUE argument)
+{
+    if (rb_int_negative_p(argument)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Count can't be negative!");
+    }
+
+    return NUM2SIZET(argument);
+}
+
+static inline void
+io_buffer_extract_offset_count(ID buffer_type, size_t size, int argc, VALUE *argv, size_t *offset, size_t *count)
+{
+    if (argc >= 1) {
+        *offset = io_buffer_extract_offset(argv[0]);
+    }
+    else {
+        *offset = 0;
+    }
+
+    if (argc >= 2) {
+        *count = io_buffer_extract_count(argv[1]);
+    }
+    else {
+        if (*offset > size) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "The given offset is bigger than the buffer size!");
+        }
+
+        *count = (size - *offset) / io_buffer_buffer_type_size(buffer_type);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    each(buffer_type, [offset, [count]]) {|offset, value| ...} -> self
+ *    each(buffer_type, [offset, [count]]) -> enumerator
+ *
+ *  Iterates over the buffer, yielding each +value+ of +buffer_type+ starting
+ *  from +offset+.
+ *
+ *  If +count+ is given, only +count+ values will be yielded.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *
+ *    IO::Buffer.for("Hello World").each(:U8, 2, 2) do |offset, value|
+ *      puts "#{offset}: #{value}"
+ *    end
+ *    # 2: 108
+ *    # 3: 108
+ */
+static VALUE
+io_buffer_each(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-#define WRITE_TYPE(name) if (type == RB_IO_BUFFER_TYPE_##name) {io_buffer_write_##name(base, size, &offset, value); return;}
-    WRITE_TYPE(U8);
-    WRITE_TYPE(S8);
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR_KW(self, argc, argv, RB_NO_KEYWORDS);
+
+    const void *base;
+    size_t size;
+
+    rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(self, &base, &size);
+
+    ID buffer_type;
+    if (argc >= 1) {
+        buffer_type = RB_SYM2ID(argv[0]);
+    }
+    else {
+        buffer_type = RB_IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_U8;
+    }
+
+    size_t offset, count;
+    io_buffer_extract_offset_count(buffer_type, size, argc-1, argv+1, &offset, &count);
 
-    WRITE_TYPE(u16);
-    WRITE_TYPE(U16);
-    WRITE_TYPE(s16);
-    WRITE_TYPE(S16);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        size_t current_offset = offset;
+        VALUE value = rb_io_buffer_get_value(base, size, buffer_type, &offset);
+        rb_yield_values(2, SIZET2NUM(current_offset), value);
+    }
 
-    WRITE_TYPE(u32);
-    WRITE_TYPE(U32);
-    WRITE_TYPE(s32);
-    WRITE_TYPE(S32);
+    return self;
+}
 
-    WRITE_TYPE(u64);
-    WRITE_TYPE(U64);
-    WRITE_TYPE(s64);
-    WRITE_TYPE(S64);
+/*
+ *  call-seq: values(buffer_type, [offset, [count]]) -> array
+ *
+ *  Returns an array of values of +buffer_type+ starting from +offset+.
+ *
+ *  If +count+ is given, only +count+ values will be returned.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *
+ *    IO::Buffer.for("Hello World").values(:U8, 2, 2)
+ *    # => [108, 108]
+ */
+static VALUE
+io_buffer_values(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    const void *base;
+    size_t size;
 
-    WRITE_TYPE(f32);
-    WRITE_TYPE(F32);
-    WRITE_TYPE(f64);
-    WRITE_TYPE(F64);
-#undef WRITE_TYPE
+    rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(self, &base, &size);
+
+    ID buffer_type;
+    if (argc >= 1) {
+        buffer_type = RB_SYM2ID(argv[0]);
+    }
+    else {
+        buffer_type = RB_IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_U8;
+    }
+
+    size_t offset, count;
+    io_buffer_extract_offset_count(buffer_type, size, argc-1, argv+1, &offset, &count);
+
+    VALUE array = rb_ary_new_capa(count);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        VALUE value = rb_io_buffer_get_value(base, size, buffer_type, &offset);
+        rb_ary_push(array, value);
+    }
+
+    return array;
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq:
+ *    each_byte([offset, [count]]) {|offset, byte| ...} -> self
+ *    each_byte([offset, [count]]) -> enumerator
+ *
+ *  Iterates over the buffer, yielding each byte starting from +offset+.
+ *
+ *  If +count+ is given, only +count+ bytes will be yielded.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *
+ *    IO::Buffer.for("Hello World").each_byte(2, 2) do |offset, byte|
+ *      puts "#{offset}: #{byte}"
+ *    end
+ *    # 2: 108
+ *    # 3: 108
+ */
+static VALUE
+io_buffer_each_byte(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR_KW(self, argc, argv, RB_NO_KEYWORDS);
+
+    const void *base;
+    size_t size;
+
+    rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(self, &base, &size);
+
+    size_t offset, count;
+    io_buffer_extract_offset_count(RB_IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_U8, size, argc-1, argv+1, &offset, &count);
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
+        unsigned char *value = (unsigned char *)base + i + offset;
+        rb_yield(RB_INT2FIX(*value));
+    }
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+static inline void
+rb_io_buffer_set_value(const void* base, size_t size, ID buffer_type, size_t *offset, VALUE value)
+{
+#define IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(name) if (buffer_type == RB_IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_##name) {io_buffer_write_##name(base, size, offset, value); return;}
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(U8);
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(S8);
+
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(u16);
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(U16);
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(s16);
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(S16);
+
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(u32);
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(U32);
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(s32);
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(S32);
+
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(u64);
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(U64);
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(s64);
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(S64);
+
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(f32);
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(F32);
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(f64);
+    IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE(F64);
+#undef IO_BUFFER_SET_VALUE
 
     rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Invalid type name!");
 }
@@ -1611,13 +2045,15 @@ rb_io_buffer_set_value(const void* base, size_t size, ID type, size_t offset, VA
  *  symbols described in #get_value.
  *
  *    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(8)
- *    #  =>
+ *    # =>
  *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5c9a2d50+8 INTERNAL>
  *    # 0x00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
+ *
  *    buffer.set_value(:U8, 1, 111)
  *    # => 1
+ *
  *    buffer
- *    #  =>
+ *    # =>
  *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5c9a2d50+8 INTERNAL>
  *    # 0x00000000  00 6f 00 00 00 00 00 00                         .o......
  *
@@ -1625,37 +2061,84 @@ rb_io_buffer_set_value(const void* base, size_t size, ID type, size_t offset, VA
  *
  *    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(8)
  *    buffer.set_value(:U32, 0, 2.5)
+ *
  *    buffer
- *    #   =>
- *    #  #<IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5c9a2d50+8 INTERNAL>
- *    #  0x00000000  00 00 00 02 00 00 00 00
- *    #                       ^^ the same as if we'd pass just integer 2
+ *    # =>
+ *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5c9a2d50+8 INTERNAL>
+ *    # 0x00000000  00 00 00 02 00 00 00 00
+ *    #                      ^^ the same as if we'd pass just integer 2
  */
 static VALUE
 io_buffer_set_value(VALUE self, VALUE type, VALUE _offset, VALUE value)
 {
     void *base;
     size_t size;
-    size_t offset = NUM2SIZET(_offset);
+    size_t offset = io_buffer_extract_offset(_offset);
 
     rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(self, &base, &size);
 
-    rb_io_buffer_set_value(base, size, RB_SYM2ID(type), offset, value);
+    rb_io_buffer_set_value(base, size, RB_SYM2ID(type), &offset, value);
+
+    return SIZET2NUM(offset);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq: set_values(buffer_types, offset, values) -> offset
+ *
+ *  Write +values+ of +buffer_types+ at +offset+ to the buffer. +buffer_types+
+ *  should be an array of symbols as described in #get_value. +values+ should
+ *  be an array of values to write.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *
+ *    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(8)
+ *    buffer.set_values([:U8, :U16], 0, [1, 2])
+ *    buffer
+ *    # =>
+ *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x696f717561746978+8 INTERNAL>
+ *    # 0x00000000  01 00 02 00 00 00 00 00                         ........
+ */
+static VALUE
+io_buffer_set_values(VALUE self, VALUE buffer_types, VALUE _offset, VALUE values)
+{
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(buffer_types, T_ARRAY)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Argument buffer_types should be an array!");
+    }
+
+    if (!RB_TYPE_P(values, T_ARRAY)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Argument values should be an array!");
+    }
+
+    if (RARRAY_LEN(buffer_types) != RARRAY_LEN(values)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Argument buffer_types and values should have the same length!");
+    }
+
+    size_t offset = io_buffer_extract_offset(_offset);
+
+    void *base;
+    size_t size;
+    rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(self, &base, &size);
+
+    for (long i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(buffer_types); i++) {
+        VALUE type = rb_ary_entry(buffer_types, i);
+        VALUE value = rb_ary_entry(values, i);
+        rb_io_buffer_set_value(base, size, RB_SYM2ID(type), &offset, value);
+    }
 
     return SIZET2NUM(offset);
 }
 
 static void
-io_buffer_memcpy(struct rb_io_buffer *data, size_t offset, const void *source_base, size_t source_offset, size_t source_size, size_t length)
+io_buffer_memcpy(struct rb_io_buffer *buffer, size_t offset, const void *source_base, size_t source_offset, size_t source_size, size_t length)
 {
     void *base;
     size_t size;
-    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(data, &base, &size);
+    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(buffer, &base, &size);
 
-    io_buffer_validate_range(data, offset, length);
+    io_buffer_validate_range(buffer, offset, length);
 
     if (source_offset + length > source_size) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "The computed source range exceeds the size of the source!");
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "The computed source range exceeds the size of the source buffer!");
     }
 
     memcpy((unsigned char*)base+offset, (unsigned char*)source_base+source_offset, length);
@@ -1663,23 +2146,20 @@ io_buffer_memcpy(struct rb_io_buffer *data, size_t offset, const void *source_ba
 
 // (offset, length, source_offset) -> length
 static VALUE
-io_buffer_copy_from(struct rb_io_buffer *data, const void *source_base, size_t source_size, int argc, VALUE *argv)
+io_buffer_copy_from(struct rb_io_buffer *buffer, const void *source_base, size_t source_size, int argc, VALUE *argv)
 {
-    size_t offset;
+    size_t offset = 0;
     size_t length;
     size_t source_offset;
 
     // The offset we copy into the buffer:
     if (argc >= 1) {
-        offset = NUM2SIZET(argv[0]);
-    }
-    else {
-        offset = 0;
+        offset = io_buffer_extract_offset(argv[0]);
     }
 
     // The offset we start from within the string:
     if (argc >= 3) {
-        source_offset = NUM2SIZET(argv[2]);
+        source_offset = io_buffer_extract_offset(argv[2]);
 
         if (source_offset > source_size) {
             rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "The given source offset is bigger than the source itself!");
@@ -1691,14 +2171,14 @@ io_buffer_copy_from(struct rb_io_buffer *data, const void *source_base, size_t s
 
     // The length we are going to copy:
     if (argc >= 2 && !RB_NIL_P(argv[1])) {
-        length = NUM2SIZET(argv[1]);
+        length = io_buffer_extract_length(argv[1]);
     }
     else {
         // Default to the source offset -> source size:
         length = source_size - source_offset;
     }
 
-    io_buffer_memcpy(data, offset, source_base, source_offset, source_size, length);
+    io_buffer_memcpy(buffer, offset, source_base, source_offset, source_size, length);
 
     return SIZET2NUM(length);
 }
@@ -1719,54 +2199,53 @@ io_buffer_copy_from(struct rb_io_buffer *data, const void *source_base, size_t s
  *    # =>
  *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000558cbec03320+11 INTERNAL>
  *    # 0x00000000  48 65 6c 6c 6f 20 57 6f 72 6c 64                Hello World
- *
  */
 static VALUE
 rb_io_buffer_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE source)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
     const void *source_base;
     size_t source_size;
 
     rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(source, &source_base, &source_size);
 
-    io_buffer_initialize(data, NULL, source_size, io_flags_for_size(source_size), Qnil);
+    io_buffer_initialize(buffer, NULL, source_size, io_flags_for_size(source_size), Qnil);
 
-    return io_buffer_copy_from(data, source_base, source_size, 0, NULL);
+    return io_buffer_copy_from(buffer, source_base, source_size, 0, NULL);
 }
 
 /*
  *  call-seq:
  *    copy(source, [offset, [length, [source_offset]]]) -> size
  *
- *  Efficiently copy data from a source IO::Buffer into the buffer,
+ *  Efficiently copy buffer from a source IO::Buffer into the buffer,
  *  at +offset+ using +memcpy+. For copying String instances, see #set_string.
  *
  *    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(32)
- *    #  =>
+ *    # =>
  *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5ca22520+32 INTERNAL>
  *    # 0x00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
  *    # 0x00000010  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................  *
  *
  *    buffer.copy(IO::Buffer.for("test"), 8)
- *    # => 4 -- size of data copied
+ *    # => 4 -- size of buffer copied
  *    buffer
- *    #  =>
+ *    # =>
  *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5cf8fe40+32 INTERNAL>
  *    # 0x00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 74 65 73 74 00 00 00 00 ........test....
  *    # 0x00000010  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................ *
  *
- *  #copy can be used to put data into strings associated with buffer:
+ *  #copy can be used to put buffer into strings associated with buffer:
  *
- *    string= "data:    "
- *    # => "data:    "
+ *    string= "buffer:    "
+ *    # => "buffer:    "
  *    buffer = IO::Buffer.for(string)
  *    buffer.copy(IO::Buffer.for("test"), 5)
  *    # => 4
  *    string
- *    # => "data:test"
+ *    # => "buffer:test"
  *
  *  Attempt to copy into a read-only buffer will fail:
  *
@@ -1784,21 +2263,20 @@ rb_io_buffer_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE source)
  *    File.read('test.txt')
  *    # => "boom"
  *
- *  Attempt to copy the data which will need place outside of buffer's
+ *  Attempt to copy the buffer which will need place outside of buffer's
  *  bounds will fail:
  *
  *    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(2)
  *    buffer.copy(IO::Buffer.for('test'), 0)
- *    # in `copy': Specified offset+length exceeds source size! (ArgumentError)
- *
+ *    # in `copy': Specified offset+length is bigger than the buffer size! (ArgumentError)
  */
 static VALUE
 io_buffer_copy(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    if (argc < 1 || argc > 4) rb_error_arity(argc, 1, 4);
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 4);
 
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
     VALUE source = argv[0];
     const void *source_base;
@@ -1806,7 +2284,7 @@ io_buffer_copy(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(source, &source_base, &source_size);
 
-    return io_buffer_copy_from(data, source_base, source_size, argc-1, argv+1);
+    return io_buffer_copy_from(buffer, source_base, source_size, argc-1, argv+1);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1815,47 +2293,35 @@ io_buffer_copy(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *  Read a chunk or all of the buffer into a string, in the specified
  *  +encoding+. If no encoding is provided +Encoding::BINARY+ is used.
  *
- *     buffer = IO::Buffer.for('test')
- *     buffer.get_string
- *     # => "test"
- *     buffer.get_string(2)
- *     # => "st"
- *     buffer.get_string(2, 1)
- *     # => "s"
- *
+ *    buffer = IO::Buffer.for('test')
+ *    buffer.get_string
+ *    # => "test"
+ *    buffer.get_string(2)
+ *    # => "st"
+ *    buffer.get_string(2, 1)
+ *    # => "s"
  */
 static VALUE
 io_buffer_get_string(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    if (argc > 3) rb_error_arity(argc, 0, 3);
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 3);
 
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    size_t offset, length;
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = io_buffer_extract_offset_length(self, argc, argv, &offset, &length);
 
     const void *base;
     size_t size;
-    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(data, &base, &size);
-
-    size_t offset = 0;
-    size_t length = size;
-    rb_encoding *encoding = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
-
-    if (argc >= 1) {
-        offset = NUM2SIZET(argv[0]);
-    }
-
-    if (argc >= 2 && !RB_NIL_P(argv[1])) {
-        length = NUM2SIZET(argv[1]);
-    }
-    else {
-        length = size - offset;
-    }
+    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(buffer, &base, &size);
 
+    rb_encoding *encoding;
     if (argc >= 3) {
         encoding = rb_find_encoding(argv[2]);
     }
+    else {
+        encoding = rb_ascii8bit_encoding();
+    }
 
-    io_buffer_validate_range(data, offset, length);
+    io_buffer_validate_range(buffer, offset, length);
 
     return rb_enc_str_new((const char*)base + offset, length, encoding);
 }
@@ -1863,7 +2329,7 @@ io_buffer_get_string(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 /*
  *  call-seq: set_string(string, [offset, [length, [source_offset]]]) -> size
  *
- *  Efficiently copy data from a source String into the buffer,
+ *  Efficiently copy buffer from a source String into the buffer,
  *  at +offset+ using +memcpy+.
  *
  *    buf = IO::Buffer.new(8)
@@ -1871,7 +2337,7 @@ io_buffer_get_string(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
  *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000557412714a20+8 INTERNAL>
  *    # 0x00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00                         ........
  *
- *    # set data starting from offset 1, take 2 bytes starting from string's
+ *    # set buffer starting from offset 1, take 2 bytes starting from string's
  *    # second
  *    buf.set_string('test', 1, 2, 1)
  *    # => 2
@@ -1886,30 +2352,30 @@ io_buffer_get_string(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 io_buffer_set_string(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    if (argc < 1 || argc > 4) rb_error_arity(argc, 1, 4);
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 4);
 
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
     VALUE string = rb_str_to_str(argv[0]);
 
     const void *source_base = RSTRING_PTR(string);
     size_t source_size = RSTRING_LEN(string);
 
-    return io_buffer_copy_from(data, source_base, source_size, argc-1, argv+1);
+    return io_buffer_copy_from(buffer, source_base, source_size, argc-1, argv+1);
 }
 
 void
 rb_io_buffer_clear(VALUE self, uint8_t value, size_t offset, size_t length)
 {
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
+
     void *base;
     size_t size;
+    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(buffer, &base, &size);
 
-    rb_io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(self, &base, &size);
-
-    if (offset + length > size) {
-        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "The given offset + length out of bounds!");
-    }
+    io_buffer_validate_range(buffer, offset, length);
 
     memset((char*)base + offset, value, length);
 }
@@ -1944,33 +2410,19 @@ rb_io_buffer_clear(VALUE self, uint8_t value, size_t offset, size_t length)
  *    # =>
  *    #   <IO::Buffer 0x00007fca40087c38+4 SLICE>
  *    #   0x00000000  01 02 02 02         ....
- *
  */
 static VALUE
 io_buffer_clear(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    if (argc > 3) rb_error_arity(argc, 0, 3);
-
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 0, 3);
 
     uint8_t value = 0;
     if (argc >= 1) {
         value = NUM2UINT(argv[0]);
     }
 
-    size_t offset = 0;
-    if (argc >= 2) {
-        offset = NUM2SIZET(argv[1]);
-    }
-
-    size_t length;
-    if (argc >= 3) {
-        length = NUM2SIZET(argv[2]);
-    }
-    else {
-        length = data->size - offset;
-    }
+    size_t offset, length;
+    io_buffer_extract_offset_length(self, argc-1, argv+1, &offset, &length);
 
     rb_io_buffer_clear(self, value, offset, length);
 
@@ -2002,170 +2454,486 @@ io_buffer_default_size(size_t page_size)
     return platform_agnostic_default_size;
 }
 
-VALUE
-rb_io_buffer_read(VALUE self, VALUE io, size_t length)
+struct io_buffer_blocking_region_argument {
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer;
+    rb_blocking_function_t *function;
+    void *data;
+    int descriptor;
+};
+
+static VALUE
+io_buffer_blocking_region_begin(VALUE _argument)
 {
-    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
-    if (scheduler != Qnil) {
-        VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_read(scheduler, io, self, length);
+    struct io_buffer_blocking_region_argument *argument = (void*)_argument;
 
-        if (result != Qundef) {
-            return result;
-        }
-    }
+    return rb_thread_io_blocking_region(argument->function, argument->data, argument->descriptor);
+}
 
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+static VALUE
+io_buffer_blocking_region_ensure(VALUE _argument)
+{
+    struct io_buffer_blocking_region_argument *argument = (void*)_argument;
 
-    io_buffer_validate_range(data, 0, length);
+    io_buffer_unlock(argument->buffer);
 
-    int descriptor = rb_io_descriptor(io);
+    return Qnil;
+}
 
-    void * base;
-    size_t size;
-    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(data, &base, &size);
+static VALUE
+io_buffer_blocking_region(struct rb_io_buffer *buffer, rb_blocking_function_t *function, void *data, int descriptor)
+{
+    struct io_buffer_blocking_region_argument argument = {
+        .buffer = buffer,
+        .function = function,
+        .data = data,
+        .descriptor = descriptor,
+    };
 
-    ssize_t result = read(descriptor, base, size);
+    // If the buffer is already locked, we can skip the ensure (unlock):
+    if (buffer->flags & RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED) {
+        return io_buffer_blocking_region_begin((VALUE)&argument);
+    }
+    else {
+        // The buffer should be locked for the duration of the blocking region:
+        io_buffer_lock(buffer);
 
-    return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result(result, errno);
+        return rb_ensure(io_buffer_blocking_region_begin, (VALUE)&argument, io_buffer_blocking_region_ensure, (VALUE)&argument);
+    }
 }
 
+struct io_buffer_read_internal_argument {
+    int descriptor;
+
+    // The base pointer to read from:
+    char *base;
+    // The size of the buffer:
+    size_t size;
+
+    // The minimum number of bytes to read:
+    size_t length;
+};
+
 static VALUE
-io_buffer_read(VALUE self, VALUE io, VALUE length)
+io_buffer_read_internal(void *_argument)
 {
-    return rb_io_buffer_read(self, io, RB_NUM2SIZE(length));
+    size_t total = 0;
+    struct io_buffer_read_internal_argument *argument = _argument;
+
+    while (true) {
+        ssize_t result = read(argument->descriptor, argument->base, argument->size);
+
+        if (result < 0) {
+            return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result(result, errno);
+        }
+        else if (result == 0) {
+            return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result(total, 0);
+        }
+        else {
+            total += result;
+
+            if (total >= argument->length) {
+                return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result(total, 0);
+            }
+
+            argument->base = argument->base + result;
+            argument->size = argument->size - result;
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_io_buffer_pread(VALUE self, VALUE io, size_t length, off_t offset)
+rb_io_buffer_read(VALUE self, VALUE io, size_t length, size_t offset)
 {
     VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
     if (scheduler != Qnil) {
-        VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_pread(scheduler, io, self, length, offset);
+        VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_read(scheduler, io, self, length, offset);
 
-        if (result != Qundef) {
+        if (!UNDEF_P(result)) {
             return result;
         }
     }
 
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    io_buffer_validate_range(data, 0, length);
+    io_buffer_validate_range(buffer, offset, length);
 
     int descriptor = rb_io_descriptor(io);
 
     void * base;
     size_t size;
-    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(data, &base, &size);
+    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(buffer, &base, &size);
+
+    base = (unsigned char*)base + offset;
+    size = size - offset;
+
+    struct io_buffer_read_internal_argument argument = {
+        .descriptor = descriptor,
+        .base = base,
+        .size = size,
+        .length = length,
+    };
+
+    return io_buffer_blocking_region(buffer, io_buffer_read_internal, &argument, descriptor);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq: read(io, [length, [offset]]) -> read length or -errno
+ *
+ *  Read at least +length+ bytes from the +io+, into the buffer starting at
+ *  +offset+. If an error occurs, return <tt>-errno</tt>.
+ *
+ *  If +length+ is not given or +nil+, it defaults to the size of the buffer
+ *  minus the offset, i.e. the entire buffer.
+ *
+ *  If +length+ is zero, exactly one <tt>read</tt> operation will occur.
+ *
+ *  If +offset+ is not given, it defaults to zero, i.e. the beginning of the
+ *  buffer.
+ *
+ *    IO::Buffer.for('test') do |buffer|
+ *      p buffer
+ *      # =>
+ *      # <IO::Buffer 0x00007fca40087c38+4 SLICE>
+ *      # 0x00000000  74 65 73 74         test
+ *      buffer.read(File.open('/dev/urandom', 'rb'), 2)
+ *      p buffer
+ *      # =>
+ *      # <IO::Buffer 0x00007f3bc65f2a58+4 EXTERNAL SLICE>
+ *      # 0x00000000  05 35 73 74         .5st
+ *    end
+ */
+static VALUE
+io_buffer_read(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 3);
+
+    VALUE io = argv[0];
+
+    size_t length, offset;
+    io_buffer_extract_length_offset(self, argc-1, argv+1, &length, &offset);
+
+    return rb_io_buffer_read(self, io, length, offset);
+}
+
+struct io_buffer_pread_internal_argument {
+    int descriptor;
+    void *base;
+    size_t size;
+    off_t offset;
+};
+
+static VALUE
+io_buffer_pread_internal(void *_argument)
+{
+    struct io_buffer_pread_internal_argument *argument = _argument;
 
 #if defined(HAVE_PREAD)
-    ssize_t result = pread(descriptor, base, size, offset);
+    ssize_t result = pread(argument->descriptor, argument->base, argument->size, argument->offset);
 #else
-    // This emulation is not thread safe, but the GVL means it's unlikely to be a problem.
-    off_t current_offset = lseek(descriptor, 0, SEEK_CUR);
-    if (current_offset == (off_t)-1)
+    // This emulation is not thread safe.
+    rb_off_t offset = lseek(argument->descriptor, 0, SEEK_CUR);
+    if (offset == (rb_off_t)-1)
         return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result(-1, errno);
 
-    if (lseek(descriptor, offset, SEEK_SET) == (off_t)-1)
+    if (lseek(argument->descriptor, argument->offset, SEEK_SET) == (rb_off_t)-1)
         return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result(-1, errno);
 
-    ssize_t result = read(descriptor, base, size);
+    ssize_t result = read(argument->descriptor, argument->base, argument->size);
 
-    if (lseek(descriptor, current_offset, SEEK_SET) == (off_t)-1)
+    if (lseek(argument->descriptor, offset, SEEK_SET) == (rb_off_t)-1)
         return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result(-1, errno);
 #endif
 
     return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result(result, errno);
 }
 
-static VALUE
-io_buffer_pread(VALUE self, VALUE io, VALUE length, VALUE offset)
-{
-    return rb_io_buffer_pread(self, io, RB_NUM2SIZE(length), NUM2OFFT(offset));
-}
-
 VALUE
-rb_io_buffer_write(VALUE self, VALUE io, size_t length)
+rb_io_buffer_pread(VALUE self, VALUE io, rb_off_t from, size_t length, size_t offset)
 {
     VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
     if (scheduler != Qnil) {
-        VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_write(scheduler, io, self, length);
+        VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_pread(scheduler, io, from, self, length, offset);
 
-        if (result != Qundef) {
+        if (!UNDEF_P(result)) {
             return result;
         }
     }
 
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    io_buffer_validate_range(data, 0, length);
+    io_buffer_validate_range(buffer, offset, length);
 
     int descriptor = rb_io_descriptor(io);
 
-    const void * base;
+    void * base;
     size_t size;
-    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(data, &base, &size);
+    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(buffer, &base, &size);
 
-    ssize_t result = write(descriptor, base, length);
+    struct io_buffer_pread_internal_argument argument = {
+        .descriptor = descriptor,
 
-    return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result(result, errno);
+        // Move the base pointer to the offset:
+        .base = (unsigned char*)base + offset,
+
+        // And the size to the length of buffer we want to read:
+        .size = length,
+
+        // From the offset in the file we want to read from:
+        .offset = from,
+    };
+
+    return io_buffer_blocking_region(buffer, io_buffer_pread_internal, &argument, descriptor);
 }
 
+/*
+ *  call-seq: pread(io, from, length, [offset]) -> read length or -errno
+ *
+ *  Read at most +length+ bytes from +io+ into the buffer, starting at
+ *  +from+, and put it in buffer starting from specified +offset+.
+ *  If an error occurs, return <tt>-errno</tt>.
+ *
+ *  If +offset+ is not given, put it at the beginning of the buffer.
+ *
+ *  Example:
+ *
+ *    IO::Buffer.for('test') do |buffer|
+ *      p buffer
+ *      # =>
+ *      # <IO::Buffer 0x00007fca40087c38+4 SLICE>
+ *      # 0x00000000  74 65 73 74         test
+ *
+ *      # take 2 bytes from the beginning of urandom,
+ *      # put them in buffer starting from position 2
+ *      buffer.pread(File.open('/dev/urandom', 'rb'), 0, 2, 2)
+ *      p buffer
+ *      # =>
+ *      # <IO::Buffer 0x00007f3bc65f2a58+4 EXTERNAL SLICE>
+ *      # 0x00000000  05 35 73 74         te.5
+ *    end
+ */
 static VALUE
-io_buffer_write(VALUE self, VALUE io, VALUE length)
+io_buffer_pread(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_io_buffer_write(self, io, RB_NUM2SIZE(length));
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 2, 4);
+
+    VALUE io = argv[0];
+    rb_off_t from = NUM2OFFT(argv[1]);
+
+    size_t length, offset;
+    io_buffer_extract_length_offset(self, argc-2, argv+2, &length, &offset);
+
+    return rb_io_buffer_pread(self, io, from, length, offset);
+}
+
+struct io_buffer_write_internal_argument {
+    int descriptor;
+
+    // The base pointer to write from:
+    const char *base;
+    // The size of the buffer:
+    size_t size;
+
+    // The minimum length to write:
+    size_t length;
+};
+
+static VALUE
+io_buffer_write_internal(void *_argument)
+{
+    size_t total = 0;
+    struct io_buffer_write_internal_argument *argument = _argument;
+
+    while (true) {
+        ssize_t result = write(argument->descriptor, argument->base, argument->size);
+
+        if (result < 0) {
+            return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result(result, errno);
+        }
+        else if (result == 0) {
+            return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result(total, 0);
+        }
+        else {
+            total += result;
+
+            if (total >= argument->length) {
+                return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result(total, 0);
+            }
+
+            argument->base = argument->base + result;
+            argument->size = argument->size - result;
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 VALUE
-rb_io_buffer_pwrite(VALUE self, VALUE io, size_t length, off_t offset)
+rb_io_buffer_write(VALUE self, VALUE io, size_t length, size_t offset)
 {
     VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
     if (scheduler != Qnil) {
-        VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_pwrite(scheduler, io, self, length, OFFT2NUM(offset));
+        VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_write(scheduler, io, self, length, offset);
 
-        if (result != Qundef) {
+        if (!UNDEF_P(result)) {
             return result;
         }
     }
 
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    io_buffer_validate_range(data, 0, length);
+    io_buffer_validate_range(buffer, offset, length);
 
     int descriptor = rb_io_descriptor(io);
 
     const void * base;
     size_t size;
-    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(data, &base, &size);
+    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(buffer, &base, &size);
+
+    base = (unsigned char*)base + offset;
+    size = size - offset;
+
+    struct io_buffer_write_internal_argument argument = {
+        .descriptor = descriptor,
+        .base = base,
+        .size = size,
+        .length = length,
+    };
+
+    return io_buffer_blocking_region(buffer, io_buffer_write_internal, &argument, descriptor);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq: write(io, [length, [offset]]) -> written length or -errno
+ *
+ *  Write at least +length+ bytes from the buffer starting at +offset+, into the +io+.
+ *  If an error occurs, return <tt>-errno</tt>.
+ *
+ *  If +length+ is not given or +nil+, it defaults to the size of the buffer
+ *  minus the offset, i.e. the entire buffer.
+ *
+ *  If +length+ is zero, exactly one <tt>write</tt> operation will occur.
+ *
+ *  If +offset+ is not given, it defaults to zero, i.e. the beginning of the
+ *  buffer.
+ *
+ *    out = File.open('output.txt', 'wb')
+ *    IO::Buffer.for('1234567').write(out, 3)
+ *
+ *  This leads to +123+ being written into <tt>output.txt</tt>
+ */
+static VALUE
+io_buffer_write(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 1, 3);
+
+    VALUE io = argv[0];
+
+    size_t length, offset;
+    io_buffer_extract_length_offset(self, argc-1, argv+1, &length, &offset);
+
+    return rb_io_buffer_write(self, io, length, offset);
+}
+
+struct io_buffer_pwrite_internal_argument {
+    int descriptor;
+    const void *base;
+    size_t size;
+    off_t offset;
+};
+
+static VALUE
+io_buffer_pwrite_internal(void *_argument)
+{
+    struct io_buffer_pwrite_internal_argument *argument = _argument;
 
 #if defined(HAVE_PWRITE)
-    ssize_t result = pwrite(descriptor, base, length, offset);
+    ssize_t result = pwrite(argument->descriptor, argument->base, argument->size, argument->offset);
 #else
-    // This emulation is not thread safe, but the GVL means it's unlikely to be a problem.
-    off_t current_offset = lseek(descriptor, 0, SEEK_CUR);
-    if (current_offset == (off_t)-1)
+    // This emulation is not thread safe.
+    rb_off_t offset = lseek(argument->descriptor, 0, SEEK_CUR);
+    if (offset == (rb_off_t)-1)
         return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result(-1, errno);
 
-    if (lseek(descriptor, offset, SEEK_SET) == (off_t)-1)
+    if (lseek(argument->descriptor, argument->offset, SEEK_SET) == (rb_off_t)-1)
         return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result(-1, errno);
 
-    ssize_t result = write(descriptor, base, length);
+    ssize_t result = write(argument->descriptor, argument->base, argument->size);
 
-    if (lseek(descriptor, current_offset, SEEK_SET) == (off_t)-1)
+    if (lseek(argument->descriptor, offset, SEEK_SET) == (rb_off_t)-1)
         return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result(-1, errno);
 #endif
 
     return rb_fiber_scheduler_io_result(result, errno);
 }
 
+VALUE
+rb_io_buffer_pwrite(VALUE self, VALUE io, rb_off_t from, size_t length, size_t offset)
+{
+    VALUE scheduler = rb_fiber_scheduler_current();
+    if (scheduler != Qnil) {
+        VALUE result = rb_fiber_scheduler_io_pwrite(scheduler, io, from, self, length, offset);
+
+        if (!UNDEF_P(result)) {
+            return result;
+        }
+    }
+
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
+
+    io_buffer_validate_range(buffer, offset, length);
+
+    int descriptor = rb_io_descriptor(io);
+
+    const void * base;
+    size_t size;
+    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_reading(buffer, &base, &size);
+
+    struct io_buffer_pwrite_internal_argument argument = {
+        .descriptor = descriptor,
+
+        // Move the base pointer to the offset:
+        .base = (unsigned char *)base + offset,
+
+        // And the size to the length of buffer we want to read:
+        .size = length,
+
+        // And the offset in the file we want to write from:
+        .offset = from,
+    };
+
+    return io_buffer_blocking_region(buffer, io_buffer_pwrite_internal, &argument, descriptor);
+}
+
+/*
+ *  call-seq: pwrite(io, from, length, [offset]) -> written length or -errno
+ *
+ *  Writes +length+ bytes from buffer into +io+, starting at
+ *  +offset+ in the buffer. If an error occurs, return <tt>-errno</tt>.
+ *
+ *  If +offset+ is not given, the bytes are taken from the beginning of the
+ *  buffer. If the +offset+ is given and is beyond the end of the file, the
+ *  gap will be filled with null (0 value) bytes.
+ *
+ *    out = File.open('output.txt', File::RDWR) # open for read/write, no truncation
+ *    IO::Buffer.for('1234567').pwrite(out, 2, 3, 1)
+ *
+ *  This leads to +234+ (3 bytes, starting from position 1) being written into
+ *  <tt>output.txt</tt>, starting from file position 2.
+ */
 static VALUE
-io_buffer_pwrite(VALUE self, VALUE io, VALUE length, VALUE offset)
+io_buffer_pwrite(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_io_buffer_pwrite(self, io, RB_NUM2SIZE(length), NUM2OFFT(offset));
+    rb_check_arity(argc, 2, 4);
+
+    VALUE io = argv[0];
+    rb_off_t from = NUM2OFFT(argv[1]);
+
+    size_t length, offset;
+    io_buffer_extract_length_offset(self, argc-2, argv+2, &length, &offset);
+
+    return rb_io_buffer_pwrite(self, io, from, length, offset);
 }
 
 static inline void
@@ -2198,19 +2966,19 @@ memory_and(unsigned char * restrict output, unsigned char * restrict base, size_
 static VALUE
 io_buffer_and(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    struct rb_io_buffer *mask_data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(mask, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, mask_data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *mask_buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(mask, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, mask_buffer);
 
-    io_buffer_check_mask(mask_data);
+    io_buffer_check_mask(mask_buffer);
 
-    VALUE output = rb_io_buffer_new(NULL, data->size, io_flags_for_size(data->size));
-    struct rb_io_buffer *output_data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(output, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, output_data);
+    VALUE output = rb_io_buffer_new(NULL, buffer->size, io_flags_for_size(buffer->size));
+    struct rb_io_buffer *output_buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(output, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, output_buffer);
 
-    memory_and(output_data->base, data->base, data->size, mask_data->base, mask_data->size);
+    memory_and(output_buffer->base, buffer->base, buffer->size, mask_buffer->base, mask_buffer->size);
 
     return output;
 }
@@ -2238,19 +3006,19 @@ memory_or(unsigned char * restrict output, unsigned char * restrict base, size_t
 static VALUE
 io_buffer_or(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    struct rb_io_buffer *mask_data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(mask, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, mask_data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *mask_buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(mask, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, mask_buffer);
 
-    io_buffer_check_mask(mask_data);
+    io_buffer_check_mask(mask_buffer);
 
-    VALUE output = rb_io_buffer_new(NULL, data->size, io_flags_for_size(data->size));
-    struct rb_io_buffer *output_data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(output, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, output_data);
+    VALUE output = rb_io_buffer_new(NULL, buffer->size, io_flags_for_size(buffer->size));
+    struct rb_io_buffer *output_buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(output, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, output_buffer);
 
-    memory_or(output_data->base, data->base, data->size, mask_data->base, mask_data->size);
+    memory_or(output_buffer->base, buffer->base, buffer->size, mask_buffer->base, mask_buffer->size);
 
     return output;
 }
@@ -2278,19 +3046,19 @@ memory_xor(unsigned char * restrict output, unsigned char * restrict base, size_
 static VALUE
 io_buffer_xor(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    struct rb_io_buffer *mask_data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(mask, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, mask_data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *mask_buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(mask, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, mask_buffer);
 
-    io_buffer_check_mask(mask_data);
+    io_buffer_check_mask(mask_buffer);
 
-    VALUE output = rb_io_buffer_new(NULL, data->size, io_flags_for_size(data->size));
-    struct rb_io_buffer *output_data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(output, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, output_data);
+    VALUE output = rb_io_buffer_new(NULL, buffer->size, io_flags_for_size(buffer->size));
+    struct rb_io_buffer *output_buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(output, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, output_buffer);
 
-    memory_xor(output_data->base, data->base, data->size, mask_data->base, mask_data->size);
+    memory_xor(output_buffer->base, buffer->base, buffer->size, mask_buffer->base, mask_buffer->size);
 
     return output;
 }
@@ -2318,14 +3086,14 @@ memory_not(unsigned char * restrict output, unsigned char * restrict base, size_
 static VALUE
 io_buffer_not(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    VALUE output = rb_io_buffer_new(NULL, data->size, io_flags_for_size(data->size));
-    struct rb_io_buffer *output_data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(output, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, output_data);
+    VALUE output = rb_io_buffer_new(NULL, buffer->size, io_flags_for_size(buffer->size));
+    struct rb_io_buffer *output_buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(output, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, output_buffer);
 
-    memory_not(output_data->base, data->base, data->size);
+    memory_not(output_buffer->base, buffer->base, buffer->size);
 
     return output;
 }
@@ -2344,7 +3112,7 @@ static inline void
 io_buffer_check_overlaps(struct rb_io_buffer *a, struct rb_io_buffer *b)
 {
     if (io_buffer_overlaps(a, b))
-        rb_raise(rb_eIOBufferMaskError, "Mask overlaps source data!");
+        rb_raise(rb_eIOBufferMaskError, "Mask overlaps source buffer!");
 }
 
 static void
@@ -2375,20 +3143,20 @@ memory_and_inplace(unsigned char * restrict base, size_t size, unsigned char * r
 static VALUE
 io_buffer_and_inplace(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    struct rb_io_buffer *mask_data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(mask, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, mask_data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *mask_buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(mask, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, mask_buffer);
 
-    io_buffer_check_mask(mask_data);
-    io_buffer_check_overlaps(data, mask_data);
+    io_buffer_check_mask(mask_buffer);
+    io_buffer_check_overlaps(buffer, mask_buffer);
 
     void *base;
     size_t size;
-    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(data, &base, &size);
+    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(buffer, &base, &size);
 
-    memory_and_inplace(base, size, mask_data->base, mask_data->size);
+    memory_and_inplace(base, size, mask_buffer->base, mask_buffer->size);
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -2421,20 +3189,20 @@ memory_or_inplace(unsigned char * restrict base, size_t size, unsigned char * re
 static VALUE
 io_buffer_or_inplace(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    struct rb_io_buffer *mask_data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(mask, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, mask_data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *mask_buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(mask, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, mask_buffer);
 
-    io_buffer_check_mask(mask_data);
-    io_buffer_check_overlaps(data, mask_data);
+    io_buffer_check_mask(mask_buffer);
+    io_buffer_check_overlaps(buffer, mask_buffer);
 
     void *base;
     size_t size;
-    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(data, &base, &size);
+    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(buffer, &base, &size);
 
-    memory_or_inplace(base, size, mask_data->base, mask_data->size);
+    memory_or_inplace(base, size, mask_buffer->base, mask_buffer->size);
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -2467,20 +3235,20 @@ memory_xor_inplace(unsigned char * restrict base, size_t size, unsigned char * r
 static VALUE
 io_buffer_xor_inplace(VALUE self, VALUE mask)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
-    struct rb_io_buffer *mask_data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(mask, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, mask_data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *mask_buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(mask, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, mask_buffer);
 
-    io_buffer_check_mask(mask_data);
-    io_buffer_check_overlaps(data, mask_data);
+    io_buffer_check_mask(mask_buffer);
+    io_buffer_check_overlaps(buffer, mask_buffer);
 
     void *base;
     size_t size;
-    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(data, &base, &size);
+    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(buffer, &base, &size);
 
-    memory_xor_inplace(base, size, mask_data->base, mask_data->size);
+    memory_xor_inplace(base, size, mask_buffer->base, mask_buffer->size);
 
     return self;
 }
@@ -2513,12 +3281,12 @@ memory_not_inplace(unsigned char * restrict base, size_t size)
 static VALUE
 io_buffer_not_inplace(VALUE self)
 {
-    struct rb_io_buffer *data = NULL;
-    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, data);
+    struct rb_io_buffer *buffer = NULL;
+    TypedData_Get_Struct(self, struct rb_io_buffer, &rb_io_buffer_type, buffer);
 
     void *base;
     size_t size;
-    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(data, &base, &size);
+    io_buffer_get_bytes_for_writing(buffer, &base, &size);
 
     memory_not_inplace(base, size);
 
@@ -2531,8 +3299,8 @@ io_buffer_not_inplace(VALUE self)
  *  IO::Buffer is a low-level efficient buffer for input/output. There are three
  *  ways of using buffer:
  *
- *  * Create an empty buffer with ::new, fill it with data using #copy or
- *    #set_value, #set_string, get data with #get_string;
+ *  * Create an empty buffer with ::new, fill it with buffer using #copy or
+ *    #set_value, #set_string, get buffer with #get_string;
  *  * Create a buffer mapped to some string with ::for, then it could be used
  *    both for reading with #get_string or #get_value, and writing (writing will
  *    change the source string, too);
@@ -2550,11 +3318,11 @@ io_buffer_not_inplace(VALUE self)
  *  Empty buffer:
  *
  *    buffer = IO::Buffer.new(8)  # create empty 8-byte buffer
- *    #  =>
+ *    # =>
  *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5d1a5c50+8 INTERNAL>
  *    # ...
  *    buffer
- *    #  =>
+ *    # =>
  *    # <IO::Buffer 0x0000555f5d156ab0+8 INTERNAL>
  *    # 0x00000000  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
  *    buffer.set_string('test', 2) # put there bytes of the "test" string, starting from offset 2
@@ -2564,22 +3332,22 @@ io_buffer_not_inplace(VALUE self)
  *
  *  \Buffer from string:
  *
- *    string = 'data'
+ *    string = 'buffer'
  *    buffer = IO::Buffer.for(string)
- *    #  =>
+ *    # =>
  *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007f3f02be9b18+4 SLICE>
  *    # ...
  *    buffer
- *    #  =>
+ *    # =>
  *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007f3f02be9b18+4 SLICE>
- *    # 0x00000000  64 61 74 61                                     data
+ *    # 0x00000000  64 61 74 61                                     buffer
  *
  *    buffer.get_string(2)  # read content starting from offset 2
  *    # => "ta"
  *    buffer.set_string('---', 1) # write content, starting from offset 1
  *    # => 3
  *    buffer
- *    #  =>
+ *    # =>
  *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007f3f02be9b18+4 SLICE>
  *    # 0x00000000  64 2d 2d 2d                                     d---
  *    string  # original string changed, too
@@ -2587,10 +3355,10 @@ io_buffer_not_inplace(VALUE self)
  *
  *  \Buffer from file:
  *
- *    File.write('test.txt', 'test data')
+ *    File.write('test.txt', 'test buffer')
  *    # => 9
  *    buffer = IO::Buffer.map(File.open('test.txt'))
- *    #  =>
+ *    # =>
  *    # #<IO::Buffer 0x00007f3f0768c000+9 MAPPED IMMUTABLE>
  *    # ...
  *    buffer.get_string(5, 2) # read 2 bytes, starting from offset 5
@@ -2604,7 +3372,7 @@ io_buffer_not_inplace(VALUE self)
  *    buffer.set_string('---', 1)
  *    # => 3 -- bytes written
  *    File.read('test.txt')
- *    # => "t--- data"
+ *    # => "t--- buffer"
  *
  *  <b>The class is experimental and the interface is subject to change.</b>
  */
@@ -2653,6 +3421,7 @@ Init_IO_Buffer(void)
     rb_define_const(rb_cIOBuffer, "EXTERNAL", RB_INT2NUM(RB_IO_BUFFER_EXTERNAL));
     rb_define_const(rb_cIOBuffer, "INTERNAL", RB_INT2NUM(RB_IO_BUFFER_INTERNAL));
     rb_define_const(rb_cIOBuffer, "MAPPED", RB_INT2NUM(RB_IO_BUFFER_MAPPED));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cIOBuffer, "SHARED", RB_INT2NUM(RB_IO_BUFFER_SHARED));
     rb_define_const(rb_cIOBuffer, "LOCKED", RB_INT2NUM(RB_IO_BUFFER_LOCKED));
     rb_define_const(rb_cIOBuffer, "PRIVATE", RB_INT2NUM(RB_IO_BUFFER_PRIVATE));
     rb_define_const(rb_cIOBuffer, "READONLY", RB_INT2NUM(RB_IO_BUFFER_READONLY));
@@ -2668,6 +3437,7 @@ Init_IO_Buffer(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "external?", rb_io_buffer_external_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "internal?", rb_io_buffer_internal_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "mapped?", rb_io_buffer_mapped_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "shared?", rb_io_buffer_shared_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "locked?", rb_io_buffer_locked_p, 0);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "readonly?", io_buffer_readonly_p, 0);
 
@@ -2677,7 +3447,7 @@ Init_IO_Buffer(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "locked", rb_io_buffer_locked, 0);
 
     // Manipulation:
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "slice", rb_io_buffer_slice, 2);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "slice", io_buffer_slice, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "<=>", rb_io_buffer_compare, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "resize", io_buffer_resize, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "clear", io_buffer_clear, -1);
@@ -2685,24 +3455,48 @@ Init_IO_Buffer(void)
 
     rb_include_module(rb_cIOBuffer, rb_mComparable);
 
-#define DEFINE_TYPE(name) RB_IO_BUFFER_TYPE_##name = rb_intern_const(#name)
-    DEFINE_TYPE(U8); DEFINE_TYPE(S8);
-    DEFINE_TYPE(u16); DEFINE_TYPE(U16); DEFINE_TYPE(s16); DEFINE_TYPE(S16);
-    DEFINE_TYPE(u32); DEFINE_TYPE(U32); DEFINE_TYPE(s32); DEFINE_TYPE(S32);
-    DEFINE_TYPE(u64); DEFINE_TYPE(U64); DEFINE_TYPE(s64); DEFINE_TYPE(S64);
-    DEFINE_TYPE(f32); DEFINE_TYPE(F32); DEFINE_TYPE(f64); DEFINE_TYPE(F64);
-#undef DEFINE_TYPE
+#define IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(name) RB_IO_BUFFER_DATA_TYPE_##name = rb_intern_const(#name)
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(U8);
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(S8);
+
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(u16);
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(U16);
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(s16);
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(S16);
+
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(u32);
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(U32);
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(s32);
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(S32);
+
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(u64);
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(U64);
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(s64);
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(S64);
+
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(f32);
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(F32);
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(f64);
+    IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE(F64);
+#undef IO_BUFFER_DEFINE_DATA_TYPE
+
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "size_of", io_buffer_size_of, 1);
 
     // Data access:
     rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "get_value", io_buffer_get_value, 2);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "get_values", io_buffer_get_values, 2);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "each", io_buffer_each, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "values", io_buffer_values, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "each_byte", io_buffer_each_byte, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "set_value", io_buffer_set_value, 3);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "set_values", io_buffer_set_values, 3);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "copy", io_buffer_copy, -1);
 
     rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "get_string", io_buffer_get_string, -1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "set_string", io_buffer_set_string, -1);
 
-    // Binary data manipulations:
+    // Binary buffer manipulations:
     rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "&", io_buffer_and, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "|", io_buffer_or, 1);
     rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "^", io_buffer_xor, 1);
@@ -2714,8 +3508,8 @@ Init_IO_Buffer(void)
     rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "not!", io_buffer_not_inplace, 0);
 
     // IO operations:
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "read", io_buffer_read, 2);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "pread", io_buffer_pread, 3);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "write", io_buffer_write, 2);
-    rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "pwrite", io_buffer_pwrite, 3);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "read", io_buffer_read, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "pread", io_buffer_pread, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "write", io_buffer_write, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cIOBuffer, "pwrite", io_buffer_pwrite, -1);
 }
diff --git a/iseq.c b/iseq.c
index 4a2c9a33ee..d17ce486c5 100644
--- a/iseq.c
+++ b/iseq.c
@@ -102,68 +102,60 @@ compile_data_free(struct iseq_compile_data *compile_data)
     }
 }
 
-struct iseq_clear_ic_references_data {
-    IC ic;
-};
-
-// This iterator is used to walk through the instructions and clean any
-// references to ICs that are contained within this ISEQ out of the VM's
-// constant cache table. It passes around a struct that holds the current IC
-// we're looking for, which can be NULL (if we haven't hit an opt_getinlinecache
-// instruction yet) or set to an IC (if we've hit an opt_getinlinecache and
-// haven't yet hit the associated opt_setinlinecache).
-static bool
-iseq_clear_ic_references_i(VALUE *code, VALUE insn, size_t index, void *data)
+static void
+remove_from_constant_cache(ID id, IC ic)
 {
-    struct iseq_clear_ic_references_data *ic_data = (struct iseq_clear_ic_references_data *) data;
+    rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
+    VALUE lookup_result;
+    st_data_t ic_data = (st_data_t)ic;
 
-    switch (insn) {
-      case BIN(opt_getinlinecache): {
-        RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(ic_data->ic == NULL);
+    if (rb_id_table_lookup(vm->constant_cache, id, &lookup_result)) {
+        st_table *ics = (st_table *)lookup_result;
+        st_delete(ics, &ic_data, NULL);
 
-        ic_data->ic = (IC) code[index + 2];
-        return true;
-      }
-      case BIN(getconstant): {
-        if (ic_data->ic != NULL) {
-            ID id = (ID) code[index + 1];
-            rb_vm_t *vm = GET_VM();
-            VALUE lookup_result;
-
-            if (rb_id_table_lookup(vm->constant_cache, id, &lookup_result)) {
-                st_table *ics = (st_table *)lookup_result;
-                st_data_t ic = (st_data_t)ic_data->ic;
-                st_delete(ics, &ic, NULL);
-
-                if (ics->num_entries == 0) {
-                    rb_id_table_delete(vm->constant_cache, id);
-                    st_free_table(ics);
-                }
-            }
+        if (ics->num_entries == 0 &&
+                // See comment in vm_track_constant_cache on why we need this check
+                id != vm->inserting_constant_cache_id) {
+            rb_id_table_delete(vm->constant_cache, id);
+            st_free_table(ics);
         }
-
-        return true;
-      }
-      case BIN(opt_setinlinecache): {
-        RUBY_ASSERT_ALWAYS(ic_data->ic != NULL);
-
-        ic_data->ic = NULL;
-        return true;
-      }
-      default:
-        return true;
     }
 }
 
 // When an ISEQ is being freed, all of its associated ICs are going to go away
-// as well. Because of this, we need to walk through the ISEQ, find any
-// opt_getinlinecache calls, and clear out the VM's constant cache of associated
-// ICs.
+// as well. Because of this, we need to iterate over the ICs, and clear them
+// from the VM's constant cache.
 static void
 iseq_clear_ic_references(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    struct iseq_clear_ic_references_data data = { .ic = NULL };
-    rb_iseq_each(iseq, 0, iseq_clear_ic_references_i, (void *) &data);
+    // In some cases (when there is a compilation error), we end up with
+    // ic_size greater than 0, but no allocated is_entries buffer.
+    // If there's no is_entries buffer to loop through, return early.
+    // [Bug #19173]
+    if (!ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->is_entries) {
+        return;
+    }
+
+    for (unsigned int ic_idx = 0; ic_idx < ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->ic_size; ic_idx++) {
+        IC ic = &ISEQ_IS_IC_ENTRY(ISEQ_BODY(iseq), ic_idx);
+
+        // Iterate over the IC's constant path's segments and clean any references to
+        // the ICs out of the VM's constant cache table.
+        const ID *segments = ic->segments;
+
+        // It's possible that segments is NULL if we overallocated an IC but
+        // optimizations removed the instruction using it
+        if (segments == NULL)
+            continue;
+
+        for (int i = 0; segments[i]; i++) {
+            ID id = segments[i];
+            if (id == idNULL) continue;
+            remove_from_constant_cache(id, ic);
+        }
+
+        ruby_xfree((void *)segments);
+    }
 }
 
 void
@@ -197,7 +189,11 @@ rb_iseq_free(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
             ruby_xfree((void *)body->mark_bits.list);
         }
 
+        ruby_xfree(body->variable.original_iseq);
+
         if (body->param.keyword != NULL) {
+            if (body->param.keyword->table != &body->local_table[body->param.keyword->bits_start - body->param.keyword->num])
+                ruby_xfree((void *)body->param.keyword->table);
             ruby_xfree((void *)body->param.keyword->default_values);
             ruby_xfree((void *)body->param.keyword);
         }
@@ -213,32 +209,7 @@ rb_iseq_free(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     RUBY_FREE_LEAVE("iseq");
 }
 
-#if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
-static VALUE
-rb_vm_insn_addr2insn2(const void *addr)
-{
-    return (VALUE)rb_vm_insn_addr2insn(addr);
-}
-#endif
-
-// The translator for OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE and OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE does
-// some normalization to always return the non-trace version of instructions. To
-// mirror that behavior in token-threaded environments, we normalize in this
-// translator by also returning non-trace opcodes.
-static VALUE
-rb_vm_insn_normalizing_translator(const void *addr)
-{
-    VALUE opcode = (VALUE)addr;
-    VALUE trace_opcode_threshold = (VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE / 2);
-
-    if (opcode >= trace_opcode_threshold) {
-        return opcode - trace_opcode_threshold;
-    }
-    return opcode;
-}
-
 typedef VALUE iseq_value_itr_t(void *ctx, VALUE obj);
-typedef VALUE rb_vm_insns_translator_t(const void *addr);
 
 static inline void
 iseq_scan_bits(unsigned int page, iseq_bits_t bits, VALUE *code, iseq_value_itr_t *func, void *data)
@@ -274,18 +245,8 @@ rb_iseq_each_value(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, iseq_value_itr_t * func, void *data)
     union iseq_inline_storage_entry *is_entries = body->is_entries;
 
     if (body->is_entries) {
-        // IVC entries
-        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < body->ivc_size; i++, is_entries++) {
-            IVC ivc = (IVC)is_entries;
-            if (ivc->entry) {
-                RUBY_ASSERT(!RB_TYPE_P(ivc->entry->class_value, T_NONE));
-
-                VALUE nv = func(data, ivc->entry->class_value);
-                if (ivc->entry->class_value != nv) {
-                    ivc->entry->class_value = nv;
-                }
-            }
-        }
+        // Skip iterating over ivc caches
+        is_entries += body->ivc_size;
 
         // ICVARC entries
         for (unsigned int i = 0; i < body->icvarc_size; i++, is_entries++) {
@@ -339,39 +300,6 @@ rb_iseq_each_value(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, iseq_value_itr_t * func, void *data)
     }
 }
 
-// Similar to rb_iseq_each_value, except that this walks through each
-// instruction instead of the associated VALUEs. The provided iterator should
-// return a boolean that indicates whether or not to continue iterating.
-void
-rb_iseq_each(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t start_index, rb_iseq_each_i iterator, void *data)
-{
-    unsigned int size;
-    VALUE *code;
-    size_t index;
-
-    rb_vm_insns_translator_t *const translator =
-#if OPT_DIRECT_THREADED_CODE || OPT_CALL_THREADED_CODE
-        (FL_TEST((VALUE)iseq, ISEQ_TRANSLATED)) ? rb_vm_insn_addr2insn2 :
-#endif
-        rb_vm_insn_normalizing_translator; // Always pass non-trace opcodes.
-
-    const struct rb_iseq_constant_body *const body = ISEQ_BODY(iseq);
-
-    size = body->iseq_size;
-    code = body->iseq_encoded;
-
-    for (index = start_index; index < size;) {
-        void *addr = (void *) code[index];
-        VALUE insn = translator(addr);
-
-        if (!iterator(code, insn, index, data)) {
-            break;
-        }
-
-        index += insn_len(insn);
-    }
-}
-
 static VALUE
 update_each_insn_value(void *ctx, VALUE obj)
 {
@@ -418,7 +346,7 @@ rb_iseq_update_references(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 
             for (j = 0; i < body->param.keyword->num; i++, j++) {
                 VALUE obj = body->param.keyword->default_values[j];
-                if (obj != Qundef) {
+                if (!UNDEF_P(obj)) {
                     body->param.keyword->default_values[j] = rb_gc_location(obj);
                 }
             }
@@ -593,6 +521,19 @@ rb_iseq_memsize(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
         /* body->is_entries */
         size += ISEQ_IS_SIZE(body) * sizeof(union iseq_inline_storage_entry);
 
+        if (ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->is_entries) {
+            /* IC entries constant segments */
+            for (unsigned int ic_idx = 0; ic_idx < body->ic_size; ic_idx++) {
+                IC ic = &ISEQ_IS_IC_ENTRY(body, ic_idx);
+                const ID *ids = ic->segments;
+                if (!ids) continue;
+                while (*ids++) {
+                    size += sizeof(ID);
+                }
+                size += sizeof(ID); // null terminator
+            }
+        }
+
         /* body->call_data */
         size += body->ci_size * sizeof(struct rb_call_data);
         // TODO: should we count imemo_callinfo?
@@ -656,8 +597,21 @@ rb_iseq_pathobj_set(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE path, VALUE realpath)
                  rb_iseq_pathobj_new(path, realpath));
 }
 
+// Make a dummy iseq for a dummy frame that exposes a path for profilers to inspect
+rb_iseq_t *
+rb_iseq_alloc_with_dummy_path(VALUE fname)
+{
+    rb_iseq_t *dummy_iseq = iseq_alloc();
+
+    ISEQ_BODY(dummy_iseq)->type = ISEQ_TYPE_TOP;
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(dummy_iseq, &ISEQ_BODY(dummy_iseq)->location.pathobj, fname);
+    RB_OBJ_WRITE(dummy_iseq, &ISEQ_BODY(dummy_iseq)->location.label, fname);
+
+    return dummy_iseq;
+}
+
 static rb_iseq_location_t *
-iseq_location_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath, VALUE first_lineno, const rb_code_location_t *code_location, const int node_id)
+iseq_location_setup(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath, int first_lineno, const rb_code_location_t *code_location, const int node_id)
 {
     rb_iseq_location_t *loc = &ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location;
 
@@ -722,7 +676,7 @@ new_arena(void)
 
 static VALUE
 prepare_iseq_build(rb_iseq_t *iseq,
-                   VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath, VALUE first_lineno, const rb_code_location_t *code_location, const int node_id,
+                   VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath, int first_lineno, const rb_code_location_t *code_location, const int node_id,
                    const rb_iseq_t *parent, int isolated_depth, enum rb_iseq_type type,
                    VALUE script_lines, const rb_compile_option_t *option)
 {
@@ -763,7 +717,6 @@ prepare_iseq_build(rb_iseq_t *iseq,
     ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->ivar_cache_table = NULL;
     ISEQ_COMPILE_DATA(iseq)->builtin_function_table = GET_VM()->builtin_function_table;
 
-
     if (option->coverage_enabled) {
         VALUE coverages = rb_get_coverages();
         if (RTEST(coverages)) {
@@ -949,7 +902,7 @@ rb_iseq_t *
 rb_iseq_new(const rb_ast_body_t *ast, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath,
             const rb_iseq_t *parent, enum rb_iseq_type type)
 {
-    return rb_iseq_new_with_opt(ast, name, path, realpath, INT2FIX(0), parent,
+    return rb_iseq_new_with_opt(ast, name, path, realpath, 0, parent,
                                 0, type, &COMPILE_OPTION_DEFAULT);
 }
 
@@ -966,34 +919,62 @@ ast_line_count(const rb_ast_body_t *ast)
     return FIX2INT(ast->script_lines);
 }
 
-rb_iseq_t *
-rb_iseq_new_top(const rb_ast_body_t *ast, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath, const rb_iseq_t *parent)
+static VALUE
+iseq_setup_coverage(VALUE coverages, VALUE path, const rb_ast_body_t *ast, int line_offset)
+{
+    int line_count = line_offset + ast_line_count(ast);
+
+    if (line_count >= 0) {
+        int len = (rb_get_coverage_mode() & COVERAGE_TARGET_ONESHOT_LINES) ? 0 : line_count;
+
+        VALUE coverage = rb_default_coverage(len);
+        rb_hash_aset(coverages, path, coverage);
+
+        return coverage;
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static inline void
+iseq_new_setup_coverage(VALUE path, const rb_ast_body_t *ast, int line_offset)
 {
     VALUE coverages = rb_get_coverages();
+
     if (RTEST(coverages)) {
-        int line_count = ast_line_count(ast);
-        if (line_count >= 0) {
-            int len = (rb_get_coverage_mode() & COVERAGE_TARGET_ONESHOT_LINES) ? 0 : line_count;
-            VALUE coverage = rb_default_coverage(len);
-            rb_hash_aset(coverages, path, coverage);
-        }
+        iseq_setup_coverage(coverages, path, ast, 0);
     }
+}
 
-    return rb_iseq_new_with_opt(ast, name, path, realpath, INT2FIX(0), parent, 0,
+rb_iseq_t *
+rb_iseq_new_top(const rb_ast_body_t *ast, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath, const rb_iseq_t *parent)
+{
+    iseq_new_setup_coverage(path, ast, 0);
+
+    return rb_iseq_new_with_opt(ast, name, path, realpath, 0, parent, 0,
                                 ISEQ_TYPE_TOP, &COMPILE_OPTION_DEFAULT);
 }
 
 rb_iseq_t *
 rb_iseq_new_main(const rb_ast_body_t *ast, VALUE path, VALUE realpath, const rb_iseq_t *parent, int opt)
 {
+    iseq_new_setup_coverage(path, ast, 0);
+
     return rb_iseq_new_with_opt(ast, rb_fstring_lit("<main>"),
-                                path, realpath, INT2FIX(0),
+                                path, realpath, 0,
                                 parent, 0, ISEQ_TYPE_MAIN, opt ? &COMPILE_OPTION_DEFAULT : &COMPILE_OPTION_FALSE);
 }
 
 rb_iseq_t *
-rb_iseq_new_eval(const rb_ast_body_t *ast, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath, VALUE first_lineno, const rb_iseq_t *parent, int isolated_depth)
+rb_iseq_new_eval(const rb_ast_body_t *ast, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath, int first_lineno, const rb_iseq_t *parent, int isolated_depth)
 {
+    if (rb_get_coverage_mode() & COVERAGE_TARGET_EVAL) {
+        VALUE coverages = rb_get_coverages();
+        if (RTEST(coverages) && RTEST(path) && !RTEST(rb_hash_has_key(coverages, path))) {
+            iseq_setup_coverage(coverages, path, ast, first_lineno - 1);
+        }
+    }
+
     return rb_iseq_new_with_opt(ast, name, path, realpath, first_lineno,
                                 parent, isolated_depth, ISEQ_TYPE_EVAL, &COMPILE_OPTION_DEFAULT);
 }
@@ -1014,7 +995,7 @@ iseq_translate(rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 
 rb_iseq_t *
 rb_iseq_new_with_opt(const rb_ast_body_t *ast, VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath,
-                     VALUE first_lineno, const rb_iseq_t *parent, int isolated_depth,
+                     int first_lineno, const rb_iseq_t *parent, int isolated_depth,
                      enum rb_iseq_type type, const rb_compile_option_t *option)
 {
     const NODE *node = ast ? ast->root : 0;
@@ -1052,7 +1033,7 @@ rb_iseq_t *
 rb_iseq_new_with_callback(
     const struct rb_iseq_new_with_callback_callback_func * ifunc,
     VALUE name, VALUE path, VALUE realpath,
-    VALUE first_lineno, const rb_iseq_t *parent,
+    int first_lineno, const rb_iseq_t *parent,
     enum rb_iseq_type type, const rb_compile_option_t *option)
 {
     /* TODO: argument check */
@@ -1118,7 +1099,7 @@ iseq_load(VALUE data, const rb_iseq_t *parent, VALUE opt)
     rb_iseq_t *iseq = iseq_alloc();
 
     VALUE magic, version1, version2, format_type, misc;
-    VALUE name, path, realpath, first_lineno, code_location, node_id;
+    VALUE name, path, realpath, code_location, node_id;
     VALUE type, body, locals, params, exception;
 
     st_data_t iseq_type;
@@ -1144,7 +1125,7 @@ iseq_load(VALUE data, const rb_iseq_t *parent, VALUE opt)
     path        = CHECK_STRING(rb_ary_entry(data, i++));
     realpath    = rb_ary_entry(data, i++);
     realpath    = NIL_P(realpath) ? Qnil : CHECK_STRING(realpath);
-    first_lineno = CHECK_INTEGER(rb_ary_entry(data, i++));
+    int first_lineno = RB_NUM2INT(rb_ary_entry(data, i++));
 
     type        = CHECK_SYMBOL(rb_ary_entry(data, i++));
     locals      = CHECK_ARRAY(rb_ary_entry(data, i++));
@@ -1238,7 +1219,7 @@ rb_iseq_compile_with_option(VALUE src, VALUE file, VALUE realpath, VALUE line, V
         rb_exc_raise(GET_EC()->errinfo);
     }
     else {
-        iseq = rb_iseq_new_with_opt(&ast->body, name, file, realpath, line,
+        iseq = rb_iseq_new_with_opt(&ast->body, name, file, realpath, ln,
                                     NULL, 0, ISEQ_TYPE_TOP, &option);
         rb_ast_dispose(ast);
     }
@@ -1285,7 +1266,7 @@ rb_iseq_base_label(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 VALUE
 rb_iseq_first_lineno(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 {
-    return ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.first_lineno;
+    return RB_INT2NUM(ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->location.first_lineno);
 }
 
 VALUE
@@ -1477,7 +1458,7 @@ iseqw_s_compile(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 static VALUE
 iseqw_s_compile_file(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 {
-    VALUE file, line = INT2FIX(1), opt = Qnil;
+    VALUE file, opt = Qnil;
     VALUE parser, f, exc = Qnil, ret;
     rb_ast_t *ast;
     rb_compile_option_t option;
@@ -1493,6 +1474,9 @@ iseqw_s_compile_file(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
 
     f = rb_file_open_str(file, "r");
 
+    rb_execution_context_t *ec = GET_EC();
+    VALUE v = rb_vm_push_frame_fname(ec, file);
+
     parser = rb_parser_new();
     rb_parser_set_context(parser, NULL, FALSE);
     ast = (rb_ast_t *)rb_parser_load_file(parser, file);
@@ -1509,8 +1493,11 @@ iseqw_s_compile_file(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
     ret = iseqw_new(rb_iseq_new_with_opt(&ast->body, rb_fstring_lit("<main>"),
                                          file,
                                          rb_realpath_internal(Qnil, file, 1),
-                                         line, NULL, 0, ISEQ_TYPE_TOP, &option));
+                                         1, NULL, 0, ISEQ_TYPE_TOP, &option));
     rb_ast_dispose(ast);
+
+    rb_vm_pop_frame(ec);
+    RB_GC_GUARD(v);
     return ret;
 }
 
@@ -1600,7 +1587,11 @@ rb_iseqw_to_iseq(VALUE iseqw)
 static VALUE
 iseqw_eval(VALUE self)
 {
-    return rb_iseq_eval(iseqw_check(self));
+    const rb_iseq_t *iseq = iseqw_check(self);
+    if (0 == ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->iseq_size) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "attempt to evaluate dummy InstructionSequence");
+    }
+    return rb_iseq_eval(iseq);
 }
 
 /*
@@ -2175,6 +2166,16 @@ rb_insn_operand_intern(const rb_iseq_t *iseq,
         }
 
       case TS_IC:
+        {
+            ret = rb_sprintf("<ic:%"PRIdPTRDIFF" ", (union iseq_inline_storage_entry *)op - ISEQ_BODY(iseq)->is_entries);
+            const ID *segments = ((IC)op)->segments;
+            rb_str_cat2(ret, rb_id2name(*segments++));
+            while (*segments) {
+                rb_str_catf(ret, "::%s", rb_id2name(*segments++));
+            }
+            rb_str_cat2(ret, ">");
+        }
+        break;
       case TS_IVC:
       case TS_ICVARC:
       case TS_ISE:
@@ -2533,6 +2534,34 @@ rb_iseq_disasm(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
 }
 
 /*
+ * Estimates the number of instance variables that will be set on
+ * a given `class` with the initialize method defined in
+ * `initialize_iseq`
+ */
+attr_index_t
+rb_estimate_iv_count(VALUE klass, const rb_iseq_t * initialize_iseq)
+{
+    struct rb_id_table * iv_names = rb_id_table_create(0);
+
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < ISEQ_BODY(initialize_iseq)->ivc_size; i++) {
+        IVC cache = (IVC)&ISEQ_BODY(initialize_iseq)->is_entries[i];
+
+        if (cache->iv_set_name) {
+            rb_id_table_insert(iv_names, cache->iv_set_name, Qtrue);
+        }
+    }
+
+    attr_index_t count = (attr_index_t)rb_id_table_size(iv_names);
+
+    VALUE superclass = rb_class_superclass(klass);
+    count += RCLASS_EXT(superclass)->max_iv_count;
+
+    rb_id_table_free(iv_names);
+
+    return count;
+}
+
+/*
  *  call-seq:
  *     iseq.disasm -> str
  *     iseq.disassemble -> str
@@ -2958,7 +2987,7 @@ iseq_data_to_ary(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
             }
             for (j=0; i<keyword->num; i++, j++) {
                 VALUE key = rb_ary_new_from_args(1, ID2SYM(keyword->table[i]));
-                if (keyword->default_values[j] != Qundef) {
+                if (!UNDEF_P(keyword->default_values[j])) {
                     rb_ary_push(key, keyword->default_values[j]);
                 }
                 rb_ary_push(keywords, key);
@@ -3011,6 +3040,15 @@ iseq_data_to_ary(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
                 }
                 break;
               case TS_IC:
+                {
+                    VALUE list = rb_ary_new();
+                    const ID *ids = ((IC)*seq)->segments;
+                    while (*ids) {
+                        rb_ary_push(list, ID2SYM(*ids++));
+                    }
+                    rb_ary_push(ary, list);
+                }
+                break;
               case TS_IVC:
               case TS_ICVARC:
               case TS_ISE:
@@ -3195,7 +3233,7 @@ iseq_data_to_ary(const rb_iseq_t *iseq)
     rb_ary_push(val, iseq_body->location.label);
     rb_ary_push(val, rb_iseq_path(iseq));
     rb_ary_push(val, rb_iseq_realpath(iseq));
-    rb_ary_push(val, iseq_body->location.first_lineno);
+    rb_ary_push(val, RB_INT2NUM(iseq_body->location.first_lineno));
     rb_ary_push(val, ID2SYM(type));
     rb_ary_push(val, locals);
     rb_ary_push(val, params);
@@ -3352,7 +3390,7 @@ rb_vm_encoded_insn_data_table_init(void)
     const void * const *table = rb_vm_get_insns_address_table();
 #define INSN_CODE(insn) ((VALUE)table[insn])
 #else
-#define INSN_CODE(insn) (insn)
+#define INSN_CODE(insn) ((VALUE)(insn))
 #endif
     st_data_t insn;
     encoded_insn_data = st_init_numtable_with_size(VM_INSTRUCTION_SIZE / 2);
diff --git a/iseq.h b/iseq.h
index e7db9b951f..2f83e7336d 100644
--- a/iseq.h
+++ b/iseq.h
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ RUBY_EXTERN const int ruby_api_version[];
 typedef struct rb_iseq_struct rb_iseq_t;
 #define rb_iseq_t rb_iseq_t
 #endif
+typedef void (*rb_iseq_callback)(const rb_iseq_t *, void *);
 
 extern const ID rb_iseq_shared_exc_local_tbl[];
 
@@ -113,12 +114,14 @@ struct iseq_compile_data {
       struct iseq_compile_data_storage *storage_current;
     } insn;
     bool in_rescue;
+    bool in_masgn;
     int loopval_popped;	/* used by NODE_BREAK */
     int last_line;
     int label_no;
     int node_level;
     int isolated_depth;
     unsigned int ci_index;
+    unsigned int ic_index;
     const rb_compile_option_t *option;
     struct rb_id_table *ivar_cache_table;
     const struct rb_builtin_function *builtin_function_table;
@@ -186,10 +189,6 @@ void rb_iseq_build_from_ary(rb_iseq_t *iseq, VALUE misc,
                             VALUE exception, VALUE body);
 void rb_iseq_mark_insn_storage(struct iseq_compile_data_storage *arena);
 
-/* iseq.c */
-typedef bool rb_iseq_each_i(VALUE *code, VALUE insn, size_t index, void *data);
-void rb_iseq_each(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t start_index, rb_iseq_each_i iterator, void *data);
-
 VALUE rb_iseq_load(VALUE data, VALUE parent, VALUE opt);
 VALUE rb_iseq_parameters(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, int is_proc);
 unsigned int rb_iseq_line_no(const rb_iseq_t *iseq, size_t pos);
diff --git a/lex.c.blt b/lex.c.blt
index 92a4793b00..85727ed00f 100644
--- a/lex.c.blt
+++ b/lex.c.blt
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@
 struct kwtable {short name, id[2], state;};
 const struct kwtable *rb_reserved_word(const char *, unsigned int);
 #ifndef RIPPER
-static const struct kwtable *reserved_word(/*const char *, unsigned int*/);
+static const struct kwtable *reserved_word(register const char *str, register size_t len);
 #define rb_reserved_word(str, len) reserved_word(str, len)
 #line 9 "defs/keywords"
 struct kwtable;
diff --git a/lib/English.gemspec b/lib/English.gemspec
index 274fb047b8..a08542bcda 100644
--- a/lib/English.gemspec
+++ b/lib/English.gemspec
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name          = "english"
-  spec.version       = "0.7.1"
+  spec.version       = "0.7.2"
   spec.authors       = ["Yukihiro Matsumoto"]
   spec.email         = ["matz@ruby-lang.org"]
 
diff --git a/lib/abbrev.gemspec b/lib/abbrev.gemspec
index 72837ed2ab..c28b960c8c 100644
--- a/lib/abbrev.gemspec
+++ b/lib/abbrev.gemspec
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.name          = "abbrev"
-  spec.version       = "0.1.0"
+  spec.version       = "0.1.1"
   spec.authors       = ["Akinori MUSHA"]
   spec.email         = ["knu@idaemons.org"]
 
diff --git a/lib/benchmark/version.rb b/lib/benchmark/version.rb
index 545575f4ab..645966fd80 100644
--- a/lib/benchmark/version.rb
+++ b/lib/benchmark/version.rb
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 module Benchmark
-  VERSION = "0.2.0"
+  VERSION = "0.2.1"
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler.rb b/lib/bundler.rb
index 24785ef5eb..f83268e9cd 100644
--- a/lib/bundler.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler.rb
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ module Bundler
 
   autoload :Definition,             File.expand_path("bundler/definition", __dir__)
   autoload :Dependency,             File.expand_path("bundler/dependency", __dir__)
-  autoload :DepProxy,               File.expand_path("bundler/dep_proxy", __dir__)
   autoload :Deprecate,              File.expand_path("bundler/deprecate", __dir__)
   autoload :Digest,                 File.expand_path("bundler/digest", __dir__)
   autoload :Dsl,                    File.expand_path("bundler/dsl", __dir__)
@@ -76,11 +75,12 @@ module Bundler
   autoload :StubSpecification,      File.expand_path("bundler/stub_specification", __dir__)
   autoload :UI,                     File.expand_path("bundler/ui", __dir__)
   autoload :URICredentialsFilter,   File.expand_path("bundler/uri_credentials_filter", __dir__)
-  autoload :VersionRanges,          File.expand_path("bundler/version_ranges", __dir__)
+  autoload :URINormalizer,          File.expand_path("bundler/uri_normalizer", __dir__)
+  autoload :SafeMarshal,            File.expand_path("bundler/safe_marshal", __dir__)
 
   class << self
     def configure
-      @configured ||= configure_gem_home_and_path
+      @configure ||= configure_gem_home_and_path
     end
 
     def ui
@@ -210,9 +210,10 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def frozen_bundle?
-      frozen = settings[:deployment]
-      frozen ||= settings[:frozen]
-      frozen
+      frozen = settings[:frozen]
+      return frozen unless frozen.nil?
+
+      settings[:deployment]
     end
 
     def locked_gems
@@ -455,7 +456,7 @@ EOF
     end
 
     def local_platform
-      return Gem::Platform::RUBY if settings[:force_ruby_platform] || Gem.platforms == [Gem::Platform::RUBY]
+      return Gem::Platform::RUBY if settings[:force_ruby_platform]
       Gem::Platform.local
     end
 
@@ -488,41 +489,9 @@ EOF
       configured_bundle_path.use_system_gems?
     end
 
-    def requires_sudo?
-      return @requires_sudo if defined?(@requires_sudo_ran)
-
-      sudo_present = which "sudo" if settings.allow_sudo?
-
-      if sudo_present
-        # the bundle path and subdirectories need to be writable for RubyGems
-        # to be able to unpack and install gems without exploding
-        path = bundle_path
-        path = path.parent until path.exist?
-
-        # bins are written to a different location on OS X
-        bin_dir = Pathname.new(Bundler.system_bindir)
-        bin_dir = bin_dir.parent until bin_dir.exist?
-
-        # if any directory is not writable, we need sudo
-        files = [path, bin_dir] | Dir[bundle_path.join("build_info/*").to_s] | Dir[bundle_path.join("*").to_s]
-        unwritable_files = files.reject {|f| File.writable?(f) }
-        sudo_needed = !unwritable_files.empty?
-        if sudo_needed
-          Bundler.ui.warn "Following files may not be writable, so sudo is needed:\n  #{unwritable_files.map(&:to_s).sort.join("\n  ")}"
-        end
-      end
-
-      @requires_sudo_ran = true
-      @requires_sudo = settings.allow_sudo? && sudo_present && sudo_needed
-    end
-
     def mkdir_p(path, options = {})
-      if requires_sudo? && !options[:no_sudo]
-        sudo "mkdir -p '#{path}'" unless File.exist?(path)
-      else
-        SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(path, :write) do |p|
-          FileUtils.mkdir_p(p)
-        end
+      SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(path, :write) do |p|
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p(p)
       end
     end
 
@@ -530,7 +499,7 @@ EOF
       if File.file?(executable) && File.executable?(executable)
         executable
       elsif paths = ENV["PATH"]
-        quote = '"'.freeze
+        quote = '"'
         paths.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR).find do |path|
           path = path[1..-2] if path.start_with?(quote) && path.end_with?(quote)
           executable_path = File.expand_path(executable, path)
@@ -539,41 +508,14 @@ EOF
       end
     end
 
-    def sudo(str)
-      SUDO_MUTEX.synchronize do
-        prompt = "\n\n" + <<-PROMPT.gsub(/^ {6}/, "").strip + " "
-        Your user account isn't allowed to install to the system RubyGems.
-        You can cancel this installation and run:
-
-            bundle config set --local path 'vendor/bundle'
-            bundle install
-
-        to install the gems into ./vendor/bundle/, or you can enter your password
-        and install the bundled gems to RubyGems using sudo.
-
-        Password:
-        PROMPT
-
-        unless @prompted_for_sudo ||= system(%(sudo -k -p "#{prompt}" true))
-          raise SudoNotPermittedError,
-            "Bundler requires sudo access to install at the moment. " \
-            "Try installing again, granting Bundler sudo access when prompted, or installing into a different path."
-        end
-
-        `sudo -p "#{prompt}" #{str}`
-      end
-    end
-
     def read_file(file)
       SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(file, :read) do
         File.open(file, "r:UTF-8", &:read)
       end
     end
 
-    def load_marshal(data)
-      Marshal.load(data)
-    rescue TypeError => e
-      raise MarshalError, "#{e.class}: #{e.message}"
+    def safe_load_marshal(data)
+      load_marshal(data, :marshal_proc => SafeMarshal.proc)
     end
 
     def load_gemspec(file, validate = false)
@@ -582,7 +524,7 @@ EOF
       @gemspec_cache[key] ||= load_gemspec_uncached(file, validate)
       # Protect against caching side-effected gemspecs by returning a
       # new instance each time.
-      @gemspec_cache[key].dup if @gemspec_cache[key]
+      @gemspec_cache[key]&.dup
     end
 
     def load_gemspec_uncached(file, validate = false)
@@ -609,7 +551,7 @@ EOF
 
     def git_present?
       return @git_present if defined?(@git_present)
-      @git_present = Bundler.which("git") || Bundler.which("git.exe")
+      @git_present = Bundler.which("git#{RbConfig::CONFIG["EXEEXT"]}")
     end
 
     def feature_flag
@@ -631,7 +573,7 @@ EOF
       @bin_path = nil
       @bundler_major_version = nil
       @bundle_path = nil
-      @configured = nil
+      @configure = nil
       @configured_bundle_path = nil
       @definition = nil
       @load = nil
@@ -664,6 +606,12 @@ EOF
 
     private
 
+    def load_marshal(data, marshal_proc: nil)
+      Marshal.load(data, marshal_proc)
+    rescue TypeError => e
+      raise MarshalError, "#{e.class}: #{e.message}"
+    end
+
     def eval_yaml_gemspec(path, contents)
       Kernel.require "psych"
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/bundler.gemspec b/lib/bundler/bundler.gemspec
index 38c533b0c1..da50b46225 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/bundler.gemspec
+++ b/lib/bundler/bundler.gemspec
@@ -22,17 +22,15 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |s|
   s.summary     = "The best way to manage your application's dependencies"
   s.description = "Bundler manages an application's dependencies through its entire life, across many machines, systematically and repeatably"
 
-  if s.respond_to?(:metadata=)
-    s.metadata = {
-      "bug_tracker_uri" => "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3ABundler",
-      "changelog_uri" => "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/blob/master/bundler/CHANGELOG.md",
-      "homepage_uri" => "https://bundler.io/",
-      "source_code_uri" => "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/",
-    }
-  end
+  s.metadata = {
+    "bug_tracker_uri" => "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3ABundler",
+    "changelog_uri" => "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/blob/master/bundler/CHANGELOG.md",
+    "homepage_uri" => "https://bundler.io/",
+    "source_code_uri" => "https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/tree/master/bundler",
+  }
 
-  s.required_ruby_version     = ">= 2.3.0"
-  s.required_rubygems_version = ">= 2.5.2"
+  s.required_ruby_version     = ">= 2.6.0"
+  s.required_rubygems_version = ">= 3.0.1"
 
   s.files = Dir.glob("lib/bundler{.rb,/**/*}", File::FNM_DOTMATCH).reject {|f| File.directory?(f) }
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli.rb b/lib/bundler/cli.rb
index 5bf0f4fa3a..a3eb494db2 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli.rb
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ module Bundler
 
     AUTO_INSTALL_CMDS = %w[show binstubs outdated exec open console licenses clean].freeze
     PARSEABLE_COMMANDS = %w[check config help exec platform show version].freeze
+    EXTENSIONS = ["c", "rust"].freeze
 
     COMMAND_ALIASES = {
       "check" => "c",
@@ -22,6 +23,8 @@ module Bundler
     }.freeze
 
     def self.start(*)
+      check_deprecated_ext_option(ARGV) if ARGV.include?("--ext")
+
       super
     ensure
       Bundler::SharedHelpers.print_major_deprecations!
@@ -153,6 +156,7 @@ module Bundler
       dependency listed in the gemspec file to the newly created Gemfile.
     D
     method_option "gemspec", :type => :string, :banner => "Use the specified .gemspec to create the Gemfile"
+    method_option "gemfile", :type => :string, :banner => "Use the specified name for the gemfile instead of 'Gemfile'"
     def init
       require_relative "cli/init"
       Init.new(options.dup).run
@@ -292,6 +296,8 @@ module Bundler
       "Prefer updating only to next minor version"
     method_option "major", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
       "Prefer updating to next major version (default)"
+    method_option "pre", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "Always choose the highest allowed version when updating gems, regardless of prerelease status"
     method_option "strict", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
       "Do not allow any gem to be updated past latest --patch | --minor | --major"
     method_option "conservative", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
@@ -372,6 +378,7 @@ module Bundler
     method_option "group", :aliases => "-g", :type => :string
     method_option "source", :aliases => "-s", :type => :string
     method_option "require", :aliases => "-r", :type => :string, :banner => "Adds require path to gem. Provide false, or a path as a string."
+    method_option "path", :type => :string
     method_option "git", :type => :string
     method_option "github", :type => :string
     method_option "branch", :type => :string
@@ -503,6 +510,7 @@ module Bundler
     subcommand "config", Config
 
     desc "open GEM", "Opens the source directory of the given bundled gem"
+    method_option "path", :type => :string, :lazy_default => "", :banner => "Open relative path of the gem source."
     def open(name)
       require_relative "cli/open"
       Open.new(options, name).run
@@ -516,7 +524,7 @@ module Bundler
       end
     end
 
-    desc "version", "Prints the bundler's version information"
+    desc "version", "Prints Bundler version information"
     def version
       cli_help = current_command.name == "cli_help"
       if cli_help || ARGV.include?("version")
@@ -573,7 +581,7 @@ module Bundler
     method_option :edit, :type => :string, :aliases => "-e", :required => false, :banner => "EDITOR",
                          :lazy_default => [ENV["BUNDLER_EDITOR"], ENV["VISUAL"], ENV["EDITOR"]].find {|e| !e.nil? && !e.empty? },
                          :desc => "Open generated gemspec in the specified editor (defaults to $EDITOR or $BUNDLER_EDITOR)"
-    method_option :ext, :type => :boolean, :default => false, :desc => "Generate the boilerplate for C extension code"
+    method_option :ext, :type => :string, :desc => "Generate the boilerplate for C extension code.", :enum => EXTENSIONS
     method_option :git, :type => :boolean, :default => true, :desc => "Initialize a git repo inside your library."
     method_option :mit, :type => :boolean, :desc => "Generate an MIT license file. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.mit true`."
     method_option :rubocop, :type => :boolean, :desc => "Add rubocop to the generated Rakefile and gemspec. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.rubocop true`."
@@ -581,7 +589,7 @@ module Bundler
     method_option :test, :type => :string, :lazy_default => Bundler.settings["gem.test"] || "", :aliases => "-t", :banner => "Use the specified test framework for your library",
                          :desc => "Generate a test directory for your library, either rspec, minitest or test-unit. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.test (rspec|minitest|test-unit)`."
     method_option :ci, :type => :string, :lazy_default => Bundler.settings["gem.ci"] || "",
-                       :desc => "Generate CI configuration, either GitHub Actions, Travis CI, GitLab CI or CircleCI. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.ci (github|travis|gitlab|circle)`"
+                       :desc => "Generate CI configuration, either GitHub Actions, GitLab CI or CircleCI. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.ci (github|gitlab|circle)`"
     method_option :linter, :type => :string, :lazy_default => Bundler.settings["gem.linter"] || "",
                            :desc => "Add a linter and code formatter, either RuboCop or Standard. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.linter (rubocop|standard)`"
     method_option :github_username, :type => :string, :default => Bundler.settings["gem.github_username"], :banner => "Set your username on GitHub", :desc => "Fill in GitHub username on README so that you don't have to do it manually. Set a default with `bundle config set --global gem.github_username <your_username>`."
@@ -619,7 +627,7 @@ module Bundler
     method_option "dry-run", :type => :boolean, :default => false, :banner =>
       "Only print out changes, do not clean gems"
     method_option "force", :type => :boolean, :default => false, :banner =>
-      "Forces clean even if --path is not set"
+      "Forces cleaning up unused gems even if Bundler is configured to use globally installed gems. As a consequence, removes all system gems except for the ones in the current application."
     def clean
       require_relative "cli/clean"
       Clean.new(options.dup).run
@@ -667,10 +675,14 @@ module Bundler
       "If updating, prefer updating only to next minor version"
     method_option "major", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
       "If updating, prefer updating to next major version (default)"
+    method_option "pre", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
+      "If updating, always choose the highest allowed version, regardless of prerelease status"
     method_option "strict", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
       "If updating, do not allow any gem to be updated past latest --patch | --minor | --major"
     method_option "conservative", :type => :boolean, :banner =>
       "If updating, use bundle install conservative update behavior and do not allow shared dependencies to be updated"
+    method_option "bundler", :type => :string, :lazy_default => "> 0.a", :banner =>
+      "Update the locked version of bundler"
     def lock
       require_relative "cli/lock"
       Lock.new(options).run
@@ -748,6 +760,38 @@ module Bundler
       end
     end
 
+    def self.check_deprecated_ext_option(arguments)
+      # when deprecated version of `--ext` is called
+      # print out deprecation warning and pretend `--ext=c` was provided
+      if deprecated_ext_value?(arguments)
+        SharedHelpers.major_deprecation 2, "Extensions can now be generated using C or Rust, so `--ext` with no arguments has been deprecated. Please select a language, e.g. `--ext=rust` to generate a Rust extension. This gem will now be generated as if `--ext=c` was used."
+        arguments[arguments.index("--ext")] = "--ext=c"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.deprecated_ext_value?(arguments)
+      index = arguments.index("--ext")
+      next_argument = arguments[index+1]
+
+      # it is ok when --ext is followed with valid extension value
+      # for example `bundle gem hello --ext c`
+      return false if EXTENSIONS.include?(next_argument)
+
+      # deprecated call when --ext is called with no value in last position
+      # for example `bundle gem hello_gem --ext`
+      return true if next_argument.nil?
+
+      # deprecated call when --ext is followed by other parameter
+      # for example `bundle gem --ext --no-ci hello_gem`
+      return true if next_argument.start_with?("-")
+
+      # deprecated call when --ext is followed by gem name
+      # for example `bundle gem --ext hello_gem`
+      return true if next_argument
+
+      false
+    end
+
     private
 
     # Automatically invoke `bundle install` and resume if
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/add.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/add.rb
index 5bcf30d82d..08fa6547fb 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/add.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/add.rb
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ module Bundler
       raise InvalidOption, "Please specify gems to add." if gems.empty?
 
       version.to_a.each do |v|
-        raise InvalidOption, "Invalid gem requirement pattern '#{v}'" unless Gem::Requirement::PATTERN =~ v.to_s
+        raise InvalidOption, "Invalid gem requirement pattern '#{v}'" unless Gem::Requirement::PATTERN.match?(v.to_s)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/binstubs.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/binstubs.rb
index 639c01ff39..fc2fad47a5 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/binstubs.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/binstubs.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module Bundler
     def run
       Bundler.definition.validate_runtime!
       path_option = options["path"]
-      path_option = nil if path_option && path_option.empty?
+      path_option = nil if path_option&.empty?
       Bundler.settings.set_command_option :bin, path_option if options["path"]
       Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :shebang, options["shebang"]
       installer = Installer.new(Bundler.root, Bundler.definition)
@@ -40,7 +40,11 @@ module Bundler
         end
 
         if options[:standalone]
-          next Bundler.ui.warn("Sorry, Bundler can only be run via RubyGems.") if gem_name == "bundler"
+          if gem_name == "bundler"
+            Bundler.ui.warn("Sorry, Bundler can only be run via RubyGems.") unless options[:all]
+            next
+          end
+
           Bundler.settings.temporary(:path => (Bundler.settings[:path] || Bundler.root)) do
             installer.generate_standalone_bundler_executable_stubs(spec, installer_opts)
           end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/check.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/check.rb
index 65c51337d2..cc1f37f0c3 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/check.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/check.rb
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ module Bundler
       begin
         definition.resolve_only_locally!
         not_installed = definition.missing_specs
-      rescue GemNotFound, VersionConflict
+      rescue GemNotFound, SolveFailure
         Bundler.ui.error "Bundler can't satisfy your Gemfile's dependencies."
         Bundler.ui.warn "Install missing gems with `bundle install`."
         exit 1
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/common.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/common.rb
index 0d83a1c07e..d654406f65 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/common.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/common.rb
@@ -111,6 +111,7 @@ module Bundler
       definition.gem_version_promoter.tap do |gvp|
         gvp.level = patch_level.first || :major
         gvp.strict = options[:strict] || options["filter-strict"]
+        gvp.pre = options[:pre]
       end
     end
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/console.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/console.rb
index 97b8dc0663..1eb8ea8254 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/console.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/console.rb
@@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ module Bundler
 
     def get_constant(name)
       const_name = {
-        "pry"  => :Pry,
+        "pry" => :Pry,
         "ripl" => :Ripl,
-        "irb"  => :IRB,
+        "irb" => :IRB,
       }[name]
       Object.const_get(const_name)
     rescue NameError
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/doctor.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/doctor.rb
index 74444ad0ce..e299a5a8c2 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/doctor.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/doctor.rb
@@ -73,12 +73,10 @@ module Bundler
       definition.specs.each do |spec|
         bundles_for_gem(spec).each do |bundle|
           bad_paths = dylibs(bundle).select do |f|
-            begin
-              Fiddle.dlopen(f)
-              false
-            rescue Fiddle::DLError
-              true
-            end
+            Fiddle.dlopen(f)
+            false
+          rescue Fiddle::DLError
+            true
           end
           if bad_paths.any?
             broken_links[spec] ||= []
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/gem.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/gem.rb
index c4c76d1b69..7f1200f4a0 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/gem.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/gem.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module Bundler
       "test-unit" => "3.0",
     }.freeze
 
-    attr_reader :options, :gem_name, :thor, :name, :target
+    attr_reader :options, :gem_name, :thor, :name, :target, :extension
 
     def initialize(options, gem_name, thor)
       @options = options
@@ -28,7 +28,11 @@ module Bundler
       @name = @gem_name
       @target = SharedHelpers.pwd.join(gem_name)
 
-      validate_ext_name if options[:ext]
+      @extension = options[:ext]
+
+      validate_ext_name if @extension
+      validate_rust_builder_rubygems_version if @extension == "rust"
+      travis_removal_info
     end
 
     def run
@@ -55,21 +59,22 @@ module Bundler
       end
 
       config = {
-        :name             => name,
+        :name => name,
         :underscored_name => underscored_name,
-        :namespaced_path  => namespaced_path,
-        :makefile_path    => "#{underscored_name}/#{underscored_name}",
-        :constant_name    => constant_name,
-        :constant_array   => constant_array,
-        :author           => git_author_name.empty? ? "TODO: Write your name" : git_author_name,
-        :email            => git_user_email.empty? ? "TODO: Write your email address" : git_user_email,
-        :test             => options[:test],
-        :ext              => options[:ext],
-        :exe              => options[:exe],
-        :bundler_version  => bundler_dependency_version,
-        :git              => use_git,
-        :github_username  => github_username.empty? ? "[USERNAME]" : github_username,
+        :namespaced_path => namespaced_path,
+        :makefile_path => "#{underscored_name}/#{underscored_name}",
+        :constant_name => constant_name,
+        :constant_array => constant_array,
+        :author => git_author_name.empty? ? "TODO: Write your name" : git_author_name,
+        :email => git_user_email.empty? ? "TODO: Write your email address" : git_user_email,
+        :test => options[:test],
+        :ext => extension,
+        :exe => options[:exe],
+        :bundler_version => bundler_dependency_version,
+        :git => use_git,
+        :github_username => github_username.empty? ? "[USERNAME]" : github_username,
         :required_ruby_version => required_ruby_version,
+        :rust_builder_required_rubygems_version => rust_builder_required_rubygems_version,
         :minitest_constant_name => minitest_constant_name,
       }
       ensure_safe_gem_name(name, constant_array)
@@ -132,8 +137,6 @@ module Bundler
       case config[:ci]
       when "github"
         templates.merge!("github/workflows/main.yml.tt" => ".github/workflows/main.yml")
-      when "travis"
-        templates.merge!("travis.yml.tt" => ".travis.yml")
       when "gitlab"
         templates.merge!("gitlab-ci.yml.tt" => ".gitlab-ci.yml")
       when "circle"
@@ -188,14 +191,23 @@ module Bundler
 
       templates.merge!("exe/newgem.tt" => "exe/#{name}") if config[:exe]
 
-      if options[:ext]
+      if extension == "c"
         templates.merge!(
-          "ext/newgem/extconf.rb.tt" => "ext/#{name}/extconf.rb",
+          "ext/newgem/extconf-c.rb.tt" => "ext/#{name}/extconf.rb",
           "ext/newgem/newgem.h.tt" => "ext/#{name}/#{underscored_name}.h",
           "ext/newgem/newgem.c.tt" => "ext/#{name}/#{underscored_name}.c"
         )
       end
 
+      if extension == "rust"
+        templates.merge!(
+          "Cargo.toml.tt" => "Cargo.toml",
+          "ext/newgem/Cargo.toml.tt" => "ext/#{name}/Cargo.toml",
+          "ext/newgem/extconf-rust.rb.tt" => "ext/#{name}/extconf.rb",
+          "ext/newgem/src/lib.rs.tt" => "ext/#{name}/src/lib.rs",
+        )
+      end
+
       if target.exist? && !target.directory?
         Bundler.ui.error "Couldn't create a new gem named `#{gem_name}` because there's an existing file named `#{gem_name}`."
         exit Bundler::BundlerError.all_errors[Bundler::GenericSystemCallError]
@@ -270,7 +282,7 @@ module Bundler
         Bundler.ui.info hint_text("test")
 
         result = Bundler.ui.ask "Enter a test framework. rspec/minitest/test-unit/(none):"
-        if result =~ /rspec|minitest|test-unit/
+        if /rspec|minitest|test-unit/.match?(result)
           test_framework = result
         else
           test_framework = false
@@ -306,12 +318,11 @@ module Bundler
           "* CircleCI:       https://circleci.com/\n" \
           "* GitHub Actions: https://github.com/features/actions\n" \
           "* GitLab CI:      https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/\n" \
-          "* Travis CI:      https://travis-ci.org/\n" \
           "\n"
         Bundler.ui.info hint_text("ci")
 
-        result = Bundler.ui.ask "Enter a CI service. github/travis/gitlab/circle/(none):"
-        if result =~ /github|travis|gitlab|circle/
+        result = Bundler.ui.ask "Enter a CI service. github/gitlab/circle/(none):"
+        if /github|gitlab|circle/.match?(result)
           ci_template = result
         else
           ci_template = false
@@ -342,7 +353,7 @@ module Bundler
         Bundler.ui.info hint_text("linter")
 
         result = Bundler.ui.ask "Enter a linter. rubocop/standard/(none):"
-        if result =~ /rubocop|standard/
+        if /rubocop|standard/.match?(result)
           linter_template = result
         else
           linter_template = false
@@ -389,7 +400,7 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def ensure_safe_gem_name(name, constant_array)
-      if name =~ /^\d/
+      if /^\d/.match?(name)
         Bundler.ui.error "Invalid gem name #{name} Please give a name which does not start with numbers."
         exit 1
       end
@@ -415,28 +426,39 @@ module Bundler
       thor.run(%(#{editor} "#{file}"))
     end
 
+    def rust_builder_required_rubygems_version
+      "3.3.11"
+    end
+
     def required_ruby_version
-      if Gem.ruby_version < Gem::Version.new("2.4.a") then "2.3.0"
-      elsif Gem.ruby_version < Gem::Version.new("2.5.a") then "2.4.0"
-      elsif Gem.ruby_version < Gem::Version.new("2.6.a") then "2.5.0"
-      else
-        "2.6.0"
-      end
+      "2.6.0"
     end
 
     def rubocop_version
-      if Gem.ruby_version < Gem::Version.new("2.4.a") then "0.81.0"
-      elsif Gem.ruby_version < Gem::Version.new("2.5.a") then "1.12"
-      else
-        "1.21"
-      end
+      "1.21"
     end
 
     def standard_version
-      if Gem.ruby_version < Gem::Version.new("2.4.a") then "0.2.5"
-      elsif Gem.ruby_version < Gem::Version.new("2.5.a") then "1.0"
-      else
-        "1.3"
+      "1.3"
+    end
+
+    # TODO: remove at next minor release
+    def travis_removal_info
+      if options[:ci] == "travis"
+        Bundler.ui.error "Support for Travis CI was removed from gem skeleton generator."
+        exit 1
+      end
+
+      if Bundler.settings["gem.ci"] == "travis"
+        Bundler.ui.error "Support for Travis CI was removed from gem skeleton generator, but it is present in bundle config. Please configure another provider using `bundle config set gem.ci SERVICE` (where SERVICE is one of github/gitlab/circle) or unset configuration using `bundle config unset gem.ci`."
+        exit 1
+      end
+    end
+
+    def validate_rust_builder_rubygems_version
+      if Gem::Version.new(rust_builder_required_rubygems_version) > Gem.rubygems_version
+        Bundler.ui.error "Your RubyGems version (#{Gem.rubygems_version}) is too old to build Rust extension. Please update your RubyGems using `gem update --system` or any other way and try again."
+        exit 1
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/info.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/info.rb
index 0545ce8c75..36c7a58f12 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/info.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/info.rb
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ module Bundler
     def default_gem_spec(gem_name)
       return unless Gem::Specification.respond_to?(:find_all_by_name)
       gem_spec = Gem::Specification.find_all_by_name(gem_name).last
-      return gem_spec if gem_spec && gem_spec.respond_to?(:default_gem?) && gem_spec.default_gem?
+      return gem_spec if gem_spec&.default_gem?
     end
 
     def spec_not_found(gem_name)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/init.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/init.rb
index e4f8229c48..246b9d6460 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/init.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/init.rb
@@ -32,7 +32,11 @@ module Bundler
           file << spec.to_gemfile
         end
       else
-        FileUtils.cp(File.expand_path("../templates/#{gemfile}", __dir__), gemfile)
+        File.open(File.expand_path("../templates/Gemfile", __dir__), "r") do |template|
+          File.open(gemfile, "wb") do |destination|
+            IO.copy_stream(template, destination)
+          end
+        end
       end
 
       puts "Writing new #{gemfile} to #{SharedHelpers.pwd}/#{gemfile}"
@@ -41,7 +45,7 @@ module Bundler
     private
 
     def gemfile
-      @gemfile ||= Bundler.preferred_gemfile_name
+      @gemfile ||= options[:gemfile] || Bundler.preferred_gemfile_name
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/install.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/install.rb
index 851ae9b840..c71bcf159f 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/install.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/install.rb
@@ -94,9 +94,8 @@ module Bundler
 
     def warn_if_root
       return if Bundler.settings[:silence_root_warning] || Gem.win_platform? || !Process.uid.zero?
-      Bundler.ui.warn "Don't run Bundler as root. Bundler can ask for sudo " \
-        "if it is needed, and installing your bundle as root will break this " \
-        "application for all non-root users on this machine.", :wrap => true
+      Bundler.ui.warn "Don't run Bundler as root. Installing your bundle as root " \
+                      "will break this application for all non-root users on this machine.", :wrap => true
     end
 
     def dependencies_count_for(definition)
@@ -155,7 +154,7 @@ module Bundler
       end
 
       bin_option = options["binstubs"]
-      bin_option = nil if bin_option && bin_option.empty?
+      bin_option = nil if bin_option&.empty?
       Bundler.settings.set_command_option :bin, bin_option if options["binstubs"]
 
       Bundler.settings.set_command_option_if_given :shebang, options["shebang"]
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/lock.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/lock.rb
index 7d613a6644..cb3ed27138 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/lock.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/lock.rb
@@ -15,19 +15,22 @@ module Bundler
       end
 
       print = options[:print]
-      ui = Bundler.ui
-      Bundler.ui = UI::Silent.new if print
+      previous_ui_level = Bundler.ui.level
+      Bundler.ui.level = "silent" if print
 
       Bundler::Fetcher.disable_endpoint = options["full-index"]
 
       update = options[:update]
       conservative = options[:conservative]
+      bundler = options[:bundler]
 
       if update.is_a?(Array) # unlocking specific gems
         Bundler::CLI::Common.ensure_all_gems_in_lockfile!(update)
         update = { :gems => update, :conservative => conservative }
-      elsif update
-        update = { :conservative => conservative } if conservative
+      elsif update && conservative
+        update = { :conservative => conservative }
+      elsif update && bundler
+        update = { :bundler => bundler }
       end
       definition = Bundler.definition(update)
 
@@ -61,7 +64,7 @@ module Bundler
         definition.lock(file)
       end
 
-      Bundler.ui = ui
+      Bundler.ui.level = previous_ui_level
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/open.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/open.rb
index ea504344f3..8522ec92d6 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/open.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/open.rb
@@ -2,23 +2,25 @@
 
 module Bundler
   class CLI::Open
-    attr_reader :options, :name
+    attr_reader :options, :name, :path
     def initialize(options, name)
       @options = options
       @name = name
+      @path = options[:path] unless options[:path].nil?
     end
 
     def run
+      raise InvalidOption, "Cannot specify `--path` option without a value" if !@path.nil? && @path.empty?
       editor = [ENV["BUNDLER_EDITOR"], ENV["VISUAL"], ENV["EDITOR"]].find {|e| !e.nil? && !e.empty? }
       return Bundler.ui.info("To open a bundled gem, set $EDITOR or $BUNDLER_EDITOR") unless editor
       return unless spec = Bundler::CLI::Common.select_spec(name, :regex_match)
       if spec.default_gem?
         Bundler.ui.info "Unable to open #{name} because it's a default gem, so the directory it would normally be installed to does not exist."
       else
-        path = spec.full_gem_path
-        Dir.chdir(path) do
+        root_path = spec.full_gem_path
+        Dir.chdir(root_path) do
           require "shellwords"
-          command = Shellwords.split(editor) + [path]
+          command = Shellwords.split(editor) << File.join([root_path, path].compact)
           Bundler.with_original_env do
             system(*command)
           end || Bundler.ui.info("Could not run '#{command.join(" ")}'")
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/outdated.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/outdated.rb
index e9f93fec39..68c701aefb 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/outdated.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/outdated.rb
@@ -111,9 +111,7 @@ module Bundler
           end.compact
 
           if options[:parseable]
-            relevant_outdated_gems.each do |gems|
-              print_gems(gems)
-            end
+            print_gems(relevant_outdated_gems)
           else
             print_gems_table(relevant_outdated_gems)
           end
@@ -196,7 +194,7 @@ module Bundler
       end
       current_version = "#{current_spec.version}#{current_spec.git_version}"
 
-      if dependency && dependency.specific?
+      if dependency&.specific?
         dependency_version = %(, requested #{dependency.requirement})
       end
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/cli/platform.rb b/lib/bundler/cli/platform.rb
index 73da8cf80e..32d68abbb1 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/cli/platform.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/cli/platform.rb
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def run
-      platforms, ruby_version = Bundler.ui.silence do
-        locked_ruby_version = Bundler.locked_gems && Bundler.locked_gems.ruby_version&.gsub(/p\d+\Z/, "")
-        gemfile_ruby_version = Bundler.definition.ruby_version && Bundler.definition.ruby_version.single_version_string
-        [Bundler.definition.platforms.map {|p| "* #{p}" },
-         locked_ruby_version || gemfile_ruby_version]
+      ruby_version = if Bundler.locked_gems
+        Bundler.locked_gems.ruby_version&.gsub(/p\d+\Z/, "")
+      else
+        Bundler.definition.ruby_version&.single_version_string
       end
+
       output = []
 
       if options[:ruby]
@@ -23,6 +23,8 @@ module Bundler
           output << "No ruby version specified"
         end
       else
+        platforms = Bundler.definition.platforms.map {|p| "* #{p}" }
+
         output << "Your platform is: #{Gem::Platform.local}"
         output << "Your app has gems that work on these platforms:\n#{platforms.join("\n")}"
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/compact_index_client/cache.rb b/lib/bundler/compact_index_client/cache.rb
index 2d83777139..0b43581c11 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/compact_index_client/cache.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/compact_index_client/cache.rb
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ module Bundler
 
       def info_path(name)
         name = name.to_s
-        if name =~ /[^a-z0-9_-]/
+        if /[^a-z0-9_-]/.match?(name)
           name += "-#{SharedHelpers.digest(:MD5).hexdigest(name).downcase}"
           info_roots.last.join(name)
         else
diff --git a/lib/bundler/compact_index_client/updater.rb b/lib/bundler/compact_index_client/updater.rb
index 5b430dfbe2..0f7bf9bb50 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/compact_index_client/updater.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/compact_index_client/updater.rb
@@ -20,63 +20,64 @@ module Bundler
 
       def initialize(fetcher)
         @fetcher = fetcher
-        require_relative "../vendored_tmpdir"
       end
 
       def update(local_path, remote_path, retrying = nil)
         headers = {}
 
-        Bundler::Dir.mktmpdir("bundler-compact-index-") do |local_temp_dir|
-          local_temp_path = Pathname.new(local_temp_dir).join(local_path.basename)
-
-          # first try to fetch any new bytes on the existing file
-          if retrying.nil? && local_path.file?
-            copy_file local_path, local_temp_path
-
-            headers["If-None-Match"] = etag_for(local_temp_path)
-            headers["Range"] =
-              if local_temp_path.size.nonzero?
-                # Subtract a byte to ensure the range won't be empty.
-                # Avoids 416 (Range Not Satisfiable) responses.
-                "bytes=#{local_temp_path.size - 1}-"
-              else
-                "bytes=#{local_temp_path.size}-"
-              end
-          end
+        local_temp_path = local_path.sub(/$/, ".#{$$}")
+        local_temp_path = local_temp_path.sub(/$/, ".retrying") if retrying
+        local_temp_path = local_temp_path.sub(/$/, ".tmp")
 
-          response = @fetcher.call(remote_path, headers)
-          return nil if response.is_a?(Net::HTTPNotModified)
+        # first try to fetch any new bytes on the existing file
+        if retrying.nil? && local_path.file?
+          copy_file local_path, local_temp_path
 
-          content = response.body
+          headers["If-None-Match"] = etag_for(local_temp_path)
+          headers["Range"] =
+            if local_temp_path.size.nonzero?
+              # Subtract a byte to ensure the range won't be empty.
+              # Avoids 416 (Range Not Satisfiable) responses.
+              "bytes=#{local_temp_path.size - 1}-"
+            else
+              "bytes=#{local_temp_path.size}-"
+            end
+        end
 
-          etag = (response["ETag"] || "").gsub(%r{\AW/}, "")
-          correct_response = SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(local_temp_path) do
-            if response.is_a?(Net::HTTPPartialContent) && local_temp_path.size.nonzero?
-              local_temp_path.open("a") {|f| f << slice_body(content, 1..-1) }
+        response = @fetcher.call(remote_path, headers)
+        return nil if response.is_a?(Net::HTTPNotModified)
 
-              etag_for(local_temp_path) == etag
-            else
-              local_temp_path.open("wb") {|f| f << content }
+        content = response.body
 
-              etag.length.zero? || etag_for(local_temp_path) == etag
-            end
-          end
+        etag = (response["ETag"] || "").gsub(%r{\AW/}, "")
+        correct_response = SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(local_temp_path) do
+          if response.is_a?(Net::HTTPPartialContent) && local_temp_path.size.nonzero?
+            local_temp_path.open("a") {|f| f << slice_body(content, 1..-1) }
 
-          if correct_response
-            SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(local_path) do
-              FileUtils.mv(local_temp_path, local_path)
-            end
-            return nil
+            etag_for(local_temp_path) == etag
+          else
+            local_temp_path.open("wb") {|f| f << content }
+
+            etag.length.zero? || etag_for(local_temp_path) == etag
           end
+        end
 
-          if retrying
-            raise MisMatchedChecksumError.new(remote_path, etag, etag_for(local_temp_path))
+        if correct_response
+          SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(local_path) do
+            FileUtils.mv(local_temp_path, local_path)
           end
+          return nil
+        end
 
-          update(local_path, remote_path, :retrying)
+        if retrying
+          raise MisMatchedChecksumError.new(remote_path, etag, etag_for(local_temp_path))
         end
+
+        update(local_path, remote_path, :retrying)
       rescue Zlib::GzipFile::Error
         raise Bundler::HTTPError
+      ensure
+        FileUtils.remove_file(local_temp_path) if File.exist?(local_temp_path)
       end
 
       def etag_for(path)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/current_ruby.rb b/lib/bundler/current_ruby.rb
index f9987c4da8..f009b07ad7 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/current_ruby.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/current_ruby.rb
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ module Bundler
       2.7
       3.0
       3.1
+      3.2
+      3.3
     ].freeze
 
     KNOWN_MAJOR_VERSIONS = KNOWN_MINOR_VERSIONS.map {|v| v.split(".", 2).first }.uniq.freeze
diff --git a/lib/bundler/definition.rb b/lib/bundler/definition.rb
index 8bd9e11f32..564530a98c 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/definition.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/definition.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ module Bundler
       :locked_deps,
       :locked_gems,
       :platforms,
-      :requires,
       :ruby_version,
       :lockfile,
       :gemfiles
@@ -77,9 +76,13 @@ module Bundler
 
       @lockfile               = lockfile
       @lockfile_contents      = String.new
+
       @locked_bundler_version = nil
-      @locked_ruby_version    = nil
+      @resolved_bundler_version = nil
+
+      @locked_ruby_version = nil
       @new_platform = nil
+      @removed_platform = nil
 
       if lockfile && File.exist?(lockfile)
         @lockfile_contents = Bundler.read_file(lockfile)
@@ -106,6 +109,7 @@ module Bundler
         @locked_gems    = nil
         @locked_deps    = {}
         @locked_specs   = SpecSet.new([])
+        @originally_locked_specs = @locked_specs
         @locked_sources = []
         @locked_platforms = []
       end
@@ -129,7 +133,7 @@ module Bundler
       end
       @unlocking ||= @unlock[:ruby] ||= (!@locked_ruby_version ^ !@ruby_version)
 
-      add_current_platform unless current_ruby_platform_locked? || Bundler.frozen_bundle?
+      add_current_platform unless Bundler.frozen_bundle?
 
       converge_path_sources_to_gemspec_sources
       @path_changes = converge_paths
@@ -138,29 +142,18 @@ module Bundler
       if @unlock[:conservative]
         @unlock[:gems] ||= @dependencies.map(&:name)
       else
-        eager_unlock = expand_dependencies(@unlock[:gems] || [], true)
-        @unlock[:gems] = @locked_specs.for(eager_unlock, false, platforms).map(&:name)
+        eager_unlock = (@unlock[:gems] || []).map {|name| Dependency.new(name, ">= 0") }
+        @unlock[:gems] = @locked_specs.for(eager_unlock, false, platforms).map(&:name).uniq
       end
 
       @dependency_changes = converge_dependencies
       @local_changes = converge_locals
 
-      @requires = compute_requires
+      @missing_lockfile_dep = check_missing_lockfile_dep
     end
 
     def gem_version_promoter
-      @gem_version_promoter ||= begin
-        locked_specs =
-          if unlocking? && @locked_specs.empty? && !@lockfile_contents.empty?
-            # Definition uses an empty set of locked_specs to indicate all gems
-            # are unlocked, but GemVersionPromoter needs the locked_specs
-            # for conservative comparison.
-            Bundler::SpecSet.new(@locked_gems.specs)
-          else
-            @locked_specs
-          end
-        GemVersionPromoter.new(locked_specs, @unlock[:gems])
-      end
+      @gem_version_promoter ||= GemVersionPromoter.new
     end
 
     def resolve_only_locally!
@@ -169,13 +162,6 @@ module Bundler
       resolve
     end
 
-    def resolve_prefering_local!
-      @prefer_local = true
-      @remote = true
-      sources.remote!
-      resolve
-    end
-
     def resolve_with_cache!
       sources.cached!
       resolve
@@ -187,6 +173,23 @@ module Bundler
       resolve
     end
 
+    def resolution_mode=(options)
+      if options["local"]
+        @remote = false
+      else
+        @remote = true
+        @prefer_local = options["prefer-local"]
+      end
+    end
+
+    def setup_sources_for_resolve
+      if @remote == false
+        sources.cached!
+      else
+        sources.remote!
+      end
+    end
+
     # For given dependency list returns a SpecSet with Gemspec of all the required
     # dependencies.
     #  1. The method first resolves the dependencies specified in Gemfile
@@ -217,6 +220,7 @@ module Bundler
     rescue BundlerError => e
       @resolve = nil
       @resolver = nil
+      @resolution_packages = nil
       @specs = nil
       @gem_version_promoter = nil
 
@@ -233,8 +237,16 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def current_dependencies
+      filter_relevant(dependencies)
+    end
+
+    def current_locked_dependencies
+      filter_relevant(locked_dependencies)
+    end
+
+    def filter_relevant(dependencies)
       dependencies.select do |d|
-        d.should_include? && !d.gem_platforms(@platforms).empty?
+        d.should_include? && !d.gem_platforms([generic_local_platform]).empty?
       end
     end
 
@@ -258,10 +270,9 @@ module Bundler
 
     def dependencies_for(groups)
       groups.map!(&:to_sym)
-      deps = current_dependencies.reject do |d|
+      current_dependencies.reject do |d|
         (d.groups & groups).empty?
       end
-      expand_dependencies(deps)
     end
 
     # Resolve all the dependencies specified in Gemfile. It ensures that
@@ -273,21 +284,21 @@ module Bundler
       @resolve ||= if Bundler.frozen_bundle?
         Bundler.ui.debug "Frozen, using resolution from the lockfile"
         @locked_specs
-      elsif !unlocking? && nothing_changed?
+      elsif no_resolve_needed?
         if deleted_deps.any?
-          Bundler.ui.debug("Some dependencies were deleted, using a subset of the resolution from the lockfile")
+          Bundler.ui.debug "Some dependencies were deleted, using a subset of the resolution from the lockfile"
           SpecSet.new(filter_specs(@locked_specs, @dependencies - deleted_deps))
         else
-          Bundler.ui.debug("Found no changes, using resolution from the lockfile")
-          if @locked_gems.may_include_redundant_platform_specific_gems?
+          Bundler.ui.debug "Found no changes, using resolution from the lockfile"
+          if @removed_platform || @locked_gems.may_include_redundant_platform_specific_gems?
             SpecSet.new(filter_specs(@locked_specs, @dependencies))
           else
             @locked_specs
           end
         end
       else
-        Bundler.ui.debug("Found changes from the lockfile, re-resolving dependencies because #{change_reason}")
-        resolver.start(expanded_dependencies)
+        Bundler.ui.debug "Found changes from the lockfile, re-resolving dependencies because #{change_reason}"
+        start_resolution
       end
     end
 
@@ -306,11 +317,11 @@ module Bundler
 
       # Convert to \r\n if the existing lock has them
       # i.e., Windows with `git config core.autocrlf=true`
-      contents.gsub!(/\n/, "\r\n") if @lockfile_contents.match("\r\n")
+      contents.gsub!(/\n/, "\r\n") if @lockfile_contents.match?("\r\n")
 
       if @locked_bundler_version
         locked_major = @locked_bundler_version.segments.first
-        current_major = Gem::Version.create(Bundler::VERSION).segments.first
+        current_major = bundler_version_to_lock.segments.first
 
         updating_major = locked_major < current_major
       end
@@ -350,27 +361,16 @@ module Bundler
       end
     end
 
+    def bundler_version_to_lock
+      @resolved_bundler_version || Bundler.gem_version
+    end
+
     def to_lock
       require_relative "lockfile_generator"
       LockfileGenerator.generate(self)
     end
 
     def ensure_equivalent_gemfile_and_lockfile(explicit_flag = false)
-      msg = String.new
-      msg << "You are trying to install in deployment mode after changing\n" \
-             "your Gemfile. Run `bundle install` elsewhere and add the\n" \
-             "updated #{Bundler.default_lockfile.relative_path_from(SharedHelpers.pwd)} to version control."
-
-      unless explicit_flag
-        suggested_command = if Bundler.settings.locations("frozen").keys.&([:global, :local]).any?
-          "bundle config unset frozen"
-        elsif Bundler.settings.locations("deployment").keys.&([:global, :local]).any?
-          "bundle config unset deployment"
-        end
-        msg << "\n\nIf this is a development machine, remove the #{Bundler.default_gemfile} " \
-               "freeze \nby running `#{suggested_command}`."
-      end
-
       added =   []
       deleted = []
       changed = []
@@ -384,32 +384,36 @@ module Bundler
       deleted.concat deleted_deps.map {|d| "* #{pretty_dep(d)}" } if deleted_deps.any?
 
       both_sources = Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = [] }
-      @dependencies.each {|d| both_sources[d.name][0] = d }
-
-      locked_dependencies.each do |d|
-        next if !Bundler.feature_flag.bundler_3_mode? && @locked_specs[d.name].empty?
-
-        both_sources[d.name][1] = d
-      end
+      current_dependencies.each {|d| both_sources[d.name][0] = d }
+      current_locked_dependencies.each {|d| both_sources[d.name][1] = d }
 
       both_sources.each do |name, (dep, lock_dep)|
         next if dep.nil? || lock_dep.nil?
 
-        gemfile_source = dep.source || sources.default_source
-        lock_source = lock_dep.source || sources.default_source
+        gemfile_source = dep.source || default_source
+        lock_source = lock_dep.source || default_source
         next if lock_source.include?(gemfile_source)
 
-        gemfile_source_name = dep.source ? gemfile_source.identifier : "no specified source"
-        lockfile_source_name = lock_dep.source ? lock_source.identifier : "no specified source"
+        gemfile_source_name = dep.source ? gemfile_source.to_gemfile : "no specified source"
+        lockfile_source_name = lock_dep.source ? lock_source.to_gemfile : "no specified source"
         changed << "* #{name} from `#{lockfile_source_name}` to `#{gemfile_source_name}`"
       end
 
       reason = change_reason
-      msg << "\n\n#{reason.split(", ").map(&:capitalize).join("\n")}" unless reason.strip.empty?
+      msg = String.new
+      msg << "#{reason.capitalize.strip}, but the lockfile can't be updated because frozen mode is set"
       msg << "\n\nYou have added to the Gemfile:\n" << added.join("\n") if added.any?
       msg << "\n\nYou have deleted from the Gemfile:\n" << deleted.join("\n") if deleted.any?
       msg << "\n\nYou have changed in the Gemfile:\n" << changed.join("\n") if changed.any?
-      msg << "\n"
+      msg << "\n\nRun `bundle install` elsewhere and add the updated #{Bundler.default_lockfile.relative_path_from(SharedHelpers.pwd)} to version control.\n"
+
+      unless explicit_flag
+        suggested_command = unless Bundler.settings.locations("frozen").keys.include?(:env)
+          "bundle config set frozen false"
+        end
+        msg << "If this is a development machine, remove the #{Bundler.default_gemfile.relative_path_from(SharedHelpers.pwd)} " \
+               "freeze by running `#{suggested_command}`." if suggested_command
+      end
 
       raise ProductionError, msg if added.any? || deleted.any? || changed.any? || !nothing_changed?
     end
@@ -458,7 +462,9 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def remove_platform(platform)
-      return if @platforms.delete(Gem::Platform.new(platform))
+      removed_platform = @platforms.delete(Gem::Platform.new(platform))
+      @removed_platform ||= removed_platform
+      return if removed_platform
       raise InvalidOption, "Unable to remove the platform `#{platform}` since the only platforms are #{@platforms.join ", "}"
     end
 
@@ -472,7 +478,11 @@ module Bundler
     private :sources
 
     def nothing_changed?
-      !@source_changes && !@dependency_changes && !@new_platform && !@path_changes && !@local_changes
+      !@source_changes && !@dependency_changes && !@new_platform && !@path_changes && !@local_changes && !@missing_lockfile_dep && !@unlocking_bundler
+    end
+
+    def no_resolve_needed?
+      !unlocking? && nothing_changed?
     end
 
     def unlocking?
@@ -482,19 +492,31 @@ module Bundler
     private
 
     def resolver
-      @resolver ||= begin
-        last_resolve = converge_locked_specs
-        remove_ruby_from_platforms_if_necessary!(dependencies)
-        Resolver.new(source_requirements, last_resolve, gem_version_promoter, additional_base_requirements_for_resolve, platforms)
-      end
+      @resolver ||= Resolver.new(resolution_packages, gem_version_promoter)
     end
 
     def expanded_dependencies
-      @expanded_dependencies ||= expand_dependencies(dependencies + metadata_dependencies, true)
+      dependencies_with_bundler + metadata_dependencies
+    end
+
+    def dependencies_with_bundler
+      return dependencies unless @unlocking_bundler
+      return dependencies if dependencies.map(&:name).include?("bundler")
+
+      [Dependency.new("bundler", @unlocking_bundler)] + dependencies
+    end
+
+    def resolution_packages
+      @resolution_packages ||= begin
+        last_resolve = converge_locked_specs
+        remove_ruby_from_platforms_if_necessary!(current_dependencies)
+        packages = Resolver::Base.new(source_requirements, expanded_dependencies, last_resolve, @platforms, :locked_specs => @originally_locked_specs, :unlock => @unlock[:gems], :prerelease => gem_version_promoter.pre?)
+        additional_base_requirements_for_resolve(packages, last_resolve)
+      end
     end
 
     def filter_specs(specs, deps)
-      SpecSet.new(specs).for(expand_dependencies(deps, true), false, platforms)
+      SpecSet.new(specs).for(deps, false, platforms)
     end
 
     def materialize(dependencies)
@@ -518,23 +540,42 @@ module Bundler
         raise GemNotFound, "Could not find #{missing_specs_list.join(" nor ")}"
       end
 
+      incomplete_specs = specs.incomplete_specs
       loop do
-        incomplete_specs = specs.incomplete_specs
         break if incomplete_specs.empty?
 
         Bundler.ui.debug("The lockfile does not have all gems needed for the current platform though, Bundler will still re-resolve dependencies")
-        @resolve = resolver.start(expanded_dependencies, :exclude_specs => incomplete_specs)
+        setup_sources_for_resolve
+        resolution_packages.delete(incomplete_specs)
+        @resolve = start_resolution
         specs = resolve.materialize(dependencies)
+
+        still_incomplete_specs = specs.incomplete_specs
+
+        if still_incomplete_specs == incomplete_specs
+          package = resolution_packages.get_package(incomplete_specs.first.name)
+          resolver.raise_not_found! package
+        end
+
+        incomplete_specs = still_incomplete_specs
       end
 
-      bundler = sources.metadata_source.specs.search(Gem::Dependency.new("bundler", VERSION)).last
+      bundler = sources.metadata_source.specs.search(["bundler", Bundler.gem_version]).last
       specs["bundler"] = bundler
 
       specs
     end
 
+    def start_resolution
+      result = resolver.start
+
+      @resolved_bundler_version = result.find {|spec| spec.name == "bundler" }&.version
+
+      SpecSet.new(SpecSet.new(result).for(dependencies, false, @platforms))
+    end
+
     def precompute_source_requirements_for_indirect_dependencies?
-      @remote && sources.non_global_rubygems_sources.all?(&:dependency_api_available?) && !sources.aggregate_global_source?
+      sources.non_global_rubygems_sources.all?(&:dependency_api_available?) && !sources.aggregate_global_source?
     end
 
     def pin_locally_available_names(source_requirements)
@@ -564,6 +605,8 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def add_current_platform
+      return if current_ruby_platform_locked?
+
       add_platform(local_platform)
     end
 
@@ -585,11 +628,13 @@ module Bundler
         [@new_platform, "you added a new platform to your gemfile"],
         [@path_changes, "the gemspecs for path gems changed"],
         [@local_changes, "the gemspecs for git local gems changed"],
+        [@missing_lockfile_dep, "your lock file is missing \"#{@missing_lockfile_dep}\""],
+        [@unlocking_bundler, "an update to the version of Bundler itself was requested"],
       ].select(&:first).map(&:last).join(", ")
     end
 
-    def pretty_dep(dep, source = false)
-      SharedHelpers.pretty_dependency(dep, source)
+    def pretty_dep(dep)
+      SharedHelpers.pretty_dependency(dep)
     end
 
     # Check if the specs of the given source changed
@@ -626,8 +671,8 @@ module Bundler
 
       Bundler.settings.local_overrides.map do |k, v|
         spec   = @dependencies.find {|s| s.name == k }
-        source = spec && spec.source
-        if source && source.respond_to?(:local_override!)
+        source = spec&.source
+        if source&.respond_to?(:local_override!)
           source.unlock! if @unlock[:gems].include?(spec.name)
           locals << [source, source.local_override!(v)]
         end
@@ -639,6 +684,26 @@ module Bundler
       !sources_with_changes.each {|source| @unlock[:sources] << source.name }.empty?
     end
 
+    def check_missing_lockfile_dep
+      all_locked_specs = @locked_specs.map(&:name) << "bundler"
+
+      missing = @locked_specs.select do |s|
+        s.dependencies.any? {|dep| !all_locked_specs.include?(dep.name) }
+      end
+
+      if missing.any?
+        @locked_specs.delete(missing)
+
+        return missing.first.name
+      end
+
+      return if @dependency_changes
+
+      current_dependencies.find do |d|
+        @locked_specs[d.name].empty? && d.name != "bundler"
+      end&.name
+    end
+
     def converge_paths
       sources.path_sources.any? do |source|
         specs_changed?(source)
@@ -692,6 +757,8 @@ module Bundler
           dep.source = sources.get(dep.source)
         end
 
+        next if unlocking?
+
         unless locked_dep = @locked_deps[dep.name]
           changes = true
           next
@@ -738,26 +805,27 @@ module Bundler
 
     def converge_specs(specs)
       converged = []
-
-      deps = @dependencies.select do |dep|
-        specs[dep].any? {|s| s.satisfies?(dep) && (!dep.source || s.source.include?(dep.source)) }
-      end
+      deps = []
 
       @specs_that_changed_sources = []
 
       specs.each do |s|
+        name = s.name
         dep = @dependencies.find {|d| s.satisfies?(d) }
+        lockfile_source = s.source
 
-        # Replace the locked dependency's source with the equivalent source from the Gemfile
-        s.source = if dep && dep.source
-          gemfile_source = dep.source
-          lockfile_source = s.source
+        if dep
+          gemfile_source = dep.source || default_source
 
           @specs_that_changed_sources << s if gemfile_source != lockfile_source
+          deps << dep if !dep.source || lockfile_source.include?(dep.source)
+          @unlock[:gems] << name if lockfile_source.include?(dep.source) && lockfile_source != gemfile_source
 
-          gemfile_source
+          # Replace the locked dependency's source with the equivalent source from the Gemfile
+          s.source = gemfile_source
         else
-          sources.get_with_fallback(s.source)
+          # Replace the locked dependency's source with the default source, if the locked source is no longer in the Gemfile
+          s.source = default_source unless sources.get(lockfile_source)
         end
 
         next if @unlock[:sources].include?(s.source.name)
@@ -766,9 +834,9 @@ module Bundler
         if s.source.instance_of?(Source::Path) || s.source.instance_of?(Source::Gemspec)
           new_specs = begin
             s.source.specs
-          rescue PathError, GitError
+          rescue PathError
             # if we won't need the source (according to the lockfile),
-            # don't error if the path/git source isn't available
+            # don't error if the path source isn't available
             next if specs.
                     for(requested_dependencies, false).
                     none? {|locked_spec| locked_spec.source == s.source }
@@ -777,15 +845,16 @@ module Bundler
           end
 
           new_spec = new_specs[s].first
-
-          # If the spec is no longer in the path source, unlock it. This
-          # commonly happens if the version changed in the gemspec
-          next unless new_spec
-
-          s.dependencies.replace(new_spec.dependencies)
+          if new_spec
+            s.dependencies.replace(new_spec.dependencies)
+          else
+            # If the spec is no longer in the path source, unlock it. This
+            # commonly happens if the version changed in the gemspec
+            @unlock[:gems] << name
+          end
         end
 
-        if dep.nil? && requested_dependencies.find {|d| s.name == d.name }
+        if dep.nil? && requested_dependencies.find {|d| name == d.name }
           @unlock[:gems] << s.name
         else
           converged << s
@@ -802,23 +871,6 @@ module Bundler
       ]
     end
 
-    def expand_dependencies(dependencies, remote = false)
-      deps = []
-      dependencies.each do |dep|
-        dep = Dependency.new(dep, ">= 0") unless dep.respond_to?(:name)
-        next unless remote || dep.current_platform?
-        target_platforms = dep.gem_platforms(remote ? @platforms : [generic_local_platform])
-        deps += expand_dependency_with_platforms(dep, target_platforms)
-      end
-      deps
-    end
-
-    def expand_dependency_with_platforms(dep, platforms)
-      platforms.map do |p|
-        DepProxy.get_proxy(dep, p)
-      end
-    end
-
     def source_requirements
       # Record the specs available in each gem's source, so that those
       # specs will be available later when the resolver knows where to
@@ -826,7 +878,7 @@ module Bundler
       source_requirements = if precompute_source_requirements_for_indirect_dependencies?
         all_requirements = source_map.all_requirements
         all_requirements = pin_locally_available_names(all_requirements) if @prefer_local
-        { :default => sources.default_source }.merge(all_requirements)
+        { :default => default_source }.merge(all_requirements)
       else
         { :default => Source::RubygemsAggregate.new(sources, source_map) }.merge(source_map.direct_requirements)
       end
@@ -834,12 +886,24 @@ module Bundler
       metadata_dependencies.each do |dep|
         source_requirements[dep.name] = sources.metadata_source
       end
-      source_requirements[:default_bundler] = source_requirements["bundler"] || sources.default_source
-      source_requirements["bundler"] = sources.metadata_source # needs to come last to override
+
+      default_bundler_source = source_requirements["bundler"] || default_source
+
+      if @unlocking_bundler
+        default_bundler_source.add_dependency_names("bundler")
+      else
+        source_requirements[:default_bundler] = default_bundler_source
+        source_requirements["bundler"] = sources.metadata_source # needs to come last to override
+      end
+
       verify_changed_sources!
       source_requirements
     end
 
+    def default_source
+      sources.default_source
+    end
+
     def verify_changed_sources!
       @specs_that_changed_sources.each do |s|
         if s.source.specs.search(s.name).empty?
@@ -858,7 +922,8 @@ module Bundler
       if preserve_unknown_sections
         sections_to_ignore = LockfileParser.sections_to_ignore(@locked_bundler_version)
         sections_to_ignore += LockfileParser.unknown_sections_in_lockfile(current)
-        sections_to_ignore += LockfileParser::ENVIRONMENT_VERSION_SECTIONS
+        sections_to_ignore << LockfileParser::RUBY
+        sections_to_ignore << LockfileParser::BUNDLED unless @unlocking_bundler
         pattern = /#{Regexp.union(sections_to_ignore)}\n(\s{2,}.*\n)+/
         whitespace_cleanup = /\n{2,}/
         current = current.gsub(pattern, "\n").gsub(whitespace_cleanup, "\n\n").strip
@@ -867,22 +932,13 @@ module Bundler
       current == proposed
     end
 
-    def compute_requires
-      dependencies.reduce({}) do |requires, dep|
-        next requires unless dep.should_include?
-        requires[dep.name] = Array(dep.autorequire || dep.name).map do |file|
-          # Allow `require: true` as an alias for `require: <name>`
-          file == true ? dep.name : file
-        end
-        requires
+    def additional_base_requirements_for_resolve(resolution_packages, last_resolve)
+      return resolution_packages unless @locked_gems && !sources.expired_sources?(@locked_gems.sources)
+      converge_specs(@originally_locked_specs - last_resolve).each do |locked_spec|
+        next if locked_spec.source.is_a?(Source::Path)
+        resolution_packages.base_requirements[locked_spec.name] = Gem::Requirement.new(">= #{locked_spec.version}")
       end
-    end
-
-    def additional_base_requirements_for_resolve
-      return [] unless @locked_gems && unlocking? && !sources.expired_sources?(@locked_gems.sources)
-      converge_specs(@originally_locked_specs).map do |locked_spec|
-        Dependency.new(locked_spec.name, ">= #{locked_spec.version}")
-      end.uniq
+      resolution_packages
     end
 
     def remove_ruby_from_platforms_if_necessary!(dependencies)
@@ -890,7 +946,9 @@ module Bundler
                 Bundler.local_platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY ||
                 !platforms.include?(Gem::Platform::RUBY) ||
                 (@new_platform && platforms.last == Gem::Platform::RUBY) ||
-                !@originally_locked_specs.incomplete_ruby_specs?(expand_dependencies(dependencies))
+                @path_changes ||
+                @dependency_changes ||
+                !@originally_locked_specs.incomplete_ruby_specs?(dependencies)
 
       remove_platform(Gem::Platform::RUBY)
       add_current_platform
diff --git a/lib/bundler/dep_proxy.rb b/lib/bundler/dep_proxy.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a32dc37b49..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/dep_proxy.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Bundler
-  class DepProxy
-    attr_reader :__platform, :dep
-
-    @proxies = {}
-
-    def self.get_proxy(dep, platform)
-      @proxies[[dep, platform]] ||= new(dep, platform).freeze
-    end
-
-    def initialize(dep, platform)
-      @dep = dep
-      @__platform = platform
-    end
-
-    private_class_method :new
-
-    alias_method :eql?, :==
-
-    def type
-      @dep.type
-    end
-
-    def name
-      @dep.name
-    end
-
-    def requirement
-      @dep.requirement
-    end
-
-    def to_s
-      s = name.dup
-      s << " (#{requirement})" unless requirement == Gem::Requirement.default
-      s << " #{__platform}" unless __platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
-      s
-    end
-
-    def dup
-      raise NoMethodError.new("DepProxy cannot be duplicated")
-    end
-
-    def clone
-      raise NoMethodError.new("DepProxy cannot be cloned")
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    def method_missing(*args, &blk)
-      @dep.send(*args, &blk)
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/dependency.rb b/lib/bundler/dependency.rb
index 49ce23ec88..5f17943629 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/dependency.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/dependency.rb
@@ -7,93 +7,24 @@ require_relative "rubygems_ext"
 module Bundler
   class Dependency < Gem::Dependency
     attr_reader :autorequire
-    attr_reader :groups, :platforms, :gemfile, :git, :github, :branch, :ref, :force_ruby_platform
+    attr_reader :groups, :platforms, :gemfile, :path, :git, :github, :branch, :ref
 
-    # rubocop:disable Naming/VariableNumber
+    ALL_RUBY_VERSIONS = ((18..27).to_a + (30..33).to_a).freeze
     PLATFORM_MAP = {
-      :ruby     => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :ruby_18  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :ruby_19  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :ruby_20  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :ruby_21  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :ruby_22  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :ruby_23  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :ruby_24  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :ruby_25  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :ruby_26  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :ruby_27  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :ruby_30  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :ruby_31  => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :mri      => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :mri_18   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :mri_19   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :mri_20   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :mri_21   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :mri_22   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :mri_23   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :mri_24   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :mri_25   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :mri_26   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :mri_27   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :mri_30   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :mri_31   => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :rbx      => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :truffleruby => Gem::Platform::RUBY,
-      :jruby    => Gem::Platform::JAVA,
-      :jruby_18 => Gem::Platform::JAVA,
-      :jruby_19 => Gem::Platform::JAVA,
-      :windows  => Gem::Platform::WINDOWS,
-      :mswin    => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
-      :mswin_18 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
-      :mswin_19 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
-      :mswin_20 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
-      :mswin_21 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
-      :mswin_22 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
-      :mswin_23 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
-      :mswin_24 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
-      :mswin_25 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
-      :mswin_26 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
-      :mswin_27 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
-      :mswin_30 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
-      :mswin_31 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN,
-      :mswin64    => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
-      :mswin64_19 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
-      :mswin64_20 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
-      :mswin64_21 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
-      :mswin64_22 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
-      :mswin64_23 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
-      :mswin64_24 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
-      :mswin64_25 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
-      :mswin64_26 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
-      :mswin64_27 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
-      :mswin64_30 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
-      :mswin64_31 => Gem::Platform::MSWIN64,
-      :mingw    => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
-      :mingw_18 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
-      :mingw_19 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
-      :mingw_20 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
-      :mingw_21 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
-      :mingw_22 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
-      :mingw_23 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
-      :mingw_24 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
-      :mingw_25 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
-      :mingw_26 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
-      :mingw_27 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
-      :mingw_30 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
-      :mingw_31 => Gem::Platform::MINGW,
-      :x64_mingw    => Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW,
-      :x64_mingw_20 => Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW,
-      :x64_mingw_21 => Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW,
-      :x64_mingw_22 => Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW,
-      :x64_mingw_23 => Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW,
-      :x64_mingw_24 => Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW,
-      :x64_mingw_25 => Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW,
-      :x64_mingw_26 => Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW,
-      :x64_mingw_27 => Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW,
-      :x64_mingw_30 => Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW,
-      :x64_mingw_31 => Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW,
-    }.freeze
-    # rubocop:enable Naming/VariableNumber
+      :ruby => [Gem::Platform::RUBY, ALL_RUBY_VERSIONS],
+      :mri => [Gem::Platform::RUBY, ALL_RUBY_VERSIONS],
+      :rbx => [Gem::Platform::RUBY],
+      :truffleruby => [Gem::Platform::RUBY],
+      :jruby => [Gem::Platform::JAVA, [18, 19]],
+      :windows => [Gem::Platform::WINDOWS, ALL_RUBY_VERSIONS],
+      :mswin => [Gem::Platform::MSWIN,     ALL_RUBY_VERSIONS],
+      :mswin64 => [Gem::Platform::MSWIN64, ALL_RUBY_VERSIONS - [18]],
+      :mingw => [Gem::Platform::MINGW, ALL_RUBY_VERSIONS],
+      :x64_mingw => [Gem::Platform::X64_MINGW, ALL_RUBY_VERSIONS - [18, 19]],
+    }.each_with_object({}) do |(platform, spec), hash|
+      hash[platform] = spec[0]
+      spec[1]&.each {|version| hash[:"#{platform}_#{version}"] = spec[0] }
+    end.freeze
 
     def initialize(name, version, options = {}, &blk)
       type = options["type"] || :runtime
@@ -102,6 +33,7 @@ module Bundler
       @autorequire    = nil
       @groups         = Array(options["group"] || :default).map(&:to_sym)
       @source         = options["source"]
+      @path           = options["path"]
       @git            = options["git"]
       @github         = options["github"]
       @branch         = options["branch"]
@@ -110,7 +42,7 @@ module Bundler
       @env            = options["env"]
       @should_include = options.fetch("should_include", true)
       @gemfile        = options["gemfile"]
-      @force_ruby_platform = options["force_ruby_platform"]
+      @force_ruby_platform = options["force_ruby_platform"] if options.key?("force_ruby_platform")
 
       @autorequire = Array(options["require"] || []) if options.key?("require")
     end
@@ -118,6 +50,7 @@ module Bundler
     # Returns the platforms this dependency is valid for, in the same order as
     # passed in the `valid_platforms` parameter
     def gem_platforms(valid_platforms)
+      return [Gem::Platform::RUBY] if force_ruby_platform
       return valid_platforms if @platforms.empty?
 
       valid_platforms.select {|p| expanded_platforms.include?(GemHelpers.generic(p)) }
diff --git a/lib/bundler/dsl.rb b/lib/bundler/dsl.rb
index 385fdd4383..03c80a408c 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/dsl.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/dsl.rb
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def eval_gemfile(gemfile, contents = nil)
-      expanded_gemfile_path = Pathname.new(gemfile).expand_path(@gemfile && @gemfile.parent)
+      expanded_gemfile_path = Pathname.new(gemfile).expand_path(@gemfile&.parent)
       original_gemfile = @gemfile
       @gemfile = expanded_gemfile_path
       @gemfiles << expanded_gemfile_path
@@ -67,7 +67,6 @@ module Bundler
 
       gemspecs = Gem::Util.glob_files_in_dir("{,*}.gemspec", expanded_path).map {|g| Bundler.load_gemspec(g) }.compact
       gemspecs.reject! {|s| s.name != name } if name
-      Index.sort_specs(gemspecs)
       specs_by_name_and_version = gemspecs.group_by {|s| [s.name, s.version] }
 
       case specs_by_name_and_version.size
@@ -278,8 +277,8 @@ module Bundler
         if repo_name =~ GITHUB_PULL_REQUEST_URL
           {
             "git" => "https://github.com/#{$1}.git",
-            "branch" => "refs/pull/#{$2}/head",
-            "ref" => nil,
+            "branch" => nil,
+            "ref" => "refs/pull/#{$2}/head",
             "tag" => nil,
           }
         else
@@ -325,7 +324,7 @@ module Bundler
       if name.is_a?(Symbol)
         raise GemfileError, %(You need to specify gem names as Strings. Use 'gem "#{name}"' instead)
       end
-      if name =~ /\s/
+      if /\s/.match?(name)
         raise GemfileError, %('#{name}' is not a valid gem name because it contains whitespace)
       end
       raise GemfileError, %(an empty gem name is not valid) if name.empty?
diff --git a/lib/bundler/endpoint_specification.rb b/lib/bundler/endpoint_specification.rb
index ea197328ba..863544b1f9 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/endpoint_specification.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/endpoint_specification.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module Bundler
       super()
       @name         = name
       @version      = Gem::Version.create version
-      @platform     = platform
+      @platform     = Gem::Platform.new(platform)
       @spec_fetcher = spec_fetcher
       @dependencies = dependencies.map {|dep, reqs| build_dependency(dep, reqs) }
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/env.rb b/lib/bundler/env.rb
index 1763035a8a..7b1152930e 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/env.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/env.rb
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def self.git_version
-      Bundler::Source::Git::GitProxy.new(nil, nil, nil).full_version
+      Bundler::Source::Git::GitProxy.new(nil, nil).full_version
     rescue Bundler::Source::Git::GitNotInstalledError
       "not installed"
     end
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ module Bundler
         specs = Bundler.rubygems.find_name(name)
         out << ["  #{name}", "(#{specs.map(&:version).join(",")})"] unless specs.empty?
       end
-      if (exe = caller.last.split(":").first) && exe =~ %r{(exe|bin)/bundler?\z}
+      if (exe = caller.last.split(":").first)&.match? %r{(exe|bin)/bundler?\z}
         shebang = File.read(exe).lines.first
         shebang.sub!(/^#!\s*/, "")
         unless shebang.start_with?(Gem.ruby, "/usr/bin/env ruby")
diff --git a/lib/bundler/environment_preserver.rb b/lib/bundler/environment_preserver.rb
index 0f08e049d8..57013f5d50 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/environment_preserver.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/environment_preserver.rb
@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@
 
 module Bundler
   class EnvironmentPreserver
-    INTENTIONALLY_NIL = "BUNDLER_ENVIRONMENT_PRESERVER_INTENTIONALLY_NIL".freeze
+    INTENTIONALLY_NIL = "BUNDLER_ENVIRONMENT_PRESERVER_INTENTIONALLY_NIL"
     BUNDLER_KEYS = %w[
       BUNDLE_BIN_PATH
       BUNDLE_GEMFILE
       BUNDLER_VERSION
+      BUNDLER_SETUP
       GEM_HOME
       GEM_PATH
       MANPATH
@@ -15,7 +16,7 @@ module Bundler
       RUBYLIB
       RUBYOPT
     ].map(&:freeze).freeze
-    BUNDLER_PREFIX = "BUNDLER_ORIG_".freeze
+    BUNDLER_PREFIX = "BUNDLER_ORIG_"
 
     def self.from_env
       new(env_to_hash(ENV), BUNDLER_KEYS)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/errors.rb b/lib/bundler/errors.rb
index f10b6cc68f..5839fc6a73 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/errors.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/errors.rb
@@ -21,16 +21,7 @@ module Bundler
   class InstallError < BundlerError; status_code(5); end
 
   # Internal error, should be rescued
-  class VersionConflict < BundlerError
-    attr_reader :conflicts
-
-    def initialize(conflicts, msg = nil)
-      super(msg)
-      @conflicts = conflicts
-    end
-
-    status_code(6)
-  end
+  class SolveFailure < BundlerError; status_code(6); end
 
   class GemNotFound < BundlerError; status_code(7); end
   class InstallHookError < BundlerError; status_code(8); end
@@ -55,7 +46,6 @@ module Bundler
   class CyclicDependencyError < BundlerError; status_code(21); end
   class GemfileLockNotFound < BundlerError; status_code(22); end
   class PluginError < BundlerError; status_code(29); end
-  class SudoNotPermittedError < BundlerError; status_code(30); end
   class ThreadCreationError < BundlerError; status_code(33); end
   class APIResponseMismatchError < BundlerError; status_code(34); end
   class APIResponseInvalidDependenciesError < BundlerError; status_code(35); end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/feature_flag.rb b/lib/bundler/feature_flag.rb
index e441b941c2..ab2189f7f0 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/feature_flag.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/feature_flag.rb
@@ -37,9 +37,7 @@ module Bundler
     settings_flag(:plugins) { @bundler_version >= Gem::Version.new("1.14") }
     settings_flag(:print_only_version_number) { bundler_3_mode? }
     settings_flag(:setup_makes_kernel_gem_public) { !bundler_3_mode? }
-    settings_flag(:suppress_install_using_messages) { bundler_3_mode? }
     settings_flag(:update_requires_all_flag) { bundler_4_mode? }
-    settings_flag(:use_gem_version_promoter_for_major_updates) { bundler_3_mode? }
 
     settings_option(:default_cli_command) { bundler_3_mode? ? :cli_help : :install }
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/fetcher.rb b/lib/bundler/fetcher.rb
index e399a50cfd..2119799f68 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/fetcher.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/fetcher.rb
@@ -29,9 +29,7 @@ module Bundler
           " is a chance you are experiencing a man-in-the-middle attack, but" \
           " most likely your system doesn't have the CA certificates needed" \
           " for verification. For information about OpenSSL certificates, see" \
-          " https://railsapps.github.io/openssl-certificate-verify-failed.html." \
-          " To connect without using SSL, edit your Gemfile" \
-          " sources and change 'https' to 'http'."
+          " https://railsapps.github.io/openssl-certificate-verify-failed.html."
       end
     end
 
@@ -39,9 +37,7 @@ module Bundler
     class SSLError < HTTPError
       def initialize(msg = nil)
         super msg || "Could not load OpenSSL.\n" \
-            "You must recompile Ruby with OpenSSL support or change the sources in your " \
-            "Gemfile from 'https' to 'http'. Instructions for compiling with OpenSSL " \
-            "using RVM are available at rvm.io/packages/openssl."
+            "You must recompile Ruby with OpenSSL support."
       end
     end
 
@@ -65,6 +61,16 @@ module Bundler
       end
     end
 
+    # This error is raised if HTTP authentication is correct, but lacks
+    # necessary permissions.
+    class AuthenticationForbiddenError < HTTPError
+      def initialize(remote_uri)
+        remote_uri = filter_uri(remote_uri)
+        super "Access token could not be authenticated for #{remote_uri}.\n" \
+          "Make sure it's valid and has the necessary scopes configured."
+      end
+    end
+
     # Exceptions classes that should bypass retry attempts. If your password didn't work the
     # first time, it's not going to the third time.
     NET_ERRORS = [:HTTPBadGateway, :HTTPBadRequest, :HTTPFailedDependency,
@@ -74,7 +80,7 @@ module Bundler
                   :HTTPRequestURITooLong, :HTTPUnauthorized, :HTTPUnprocessableEntity,
                   :HTTPUnsupportedMediaType, :HTTPVersionNotSupported].freeze
     FAIL_ERRORS = begin
-      fail_errors = [AuthenticationRequiredError, BadAuthenticationError, FallbackError]
+      fail_errors = [AuthenticationRequiredError, BadAuthenticationError, AuthenticationForbiddenError, FallbackError]
       fail_errors << Gem::Requirement::BadRequirementError
       fail_errors.concat(NET_ERRORS.map {|e| Net.const_get(e) })
     end.freeze
@@ -106,11 +112,11 @@ module Bundler
       uri = Bundler::URI.parse("#{remote_uri}#{Gem::MARSHAL_SPEC_DIR}#{spec_file_name}.rz")
       if uri.scheme == "file"
         path = Bundler.rubygems.correct_for_windows_path(uri.path)
-        Bundler.load_marshal Bundler.rubygems.inflate(Gem.read_binary(path))
+        Bundler.safe_load_marshal Bundler.rubygems.inflate(Gem.read_binary(path))
       elsif cached_spec_path = gemspec_cached_path(spec_file_name)
         Bundler.load_gemspec(cached_spec_path)
       else
-        Bundler.load_marshal Bundler.rubygems.inflate(downloader.fetch(uri).body)
+        Bundler.safe_load_marshal Bundler.rubygems.inflate(downloader.fetch(uri).body)
       end
     rescue MarshalError
       raise HTTPError, "Gemspec #{spec} contained invalid data.\n" \
diff --git a/lib/bundler/fetcher/compact_index.rb b/lib/bundler/fetcher/compact_index.rb
index b23176588f..8d30dec471 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/fetcher/compact_index.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/fetcher/compact_index.rb
@@ -12,17 +12,15 @@ module Bundler
         method = instance_method(method_name)
         undef_method(method_name)
         define_method(method_name) do |*args, &blk|
-          begin
-            method.bind(self).call(*args, &blk)
-          rescue NetworkDownError, CompactIndexClient::Updater::MisMatchedChecksumError => e
-            raise HTTPError, e.message
-          rescue AuthenticationRequiredError
-            # Fail since we got a 401 from the server.
-            raise
-          rescue HTTPError => e
-            Bundler.ui.trace(e)
-            nil
-          end
+          method.bind(self).call(*args, &blk)
+        rescue NetworkDownError, CompactIndexClient::Updater::MisMatchedChecksumError => e
+          raise HTTPError, e.message
+        rescue AuthenticationRequiredError, BadAuthenticationError
+          # Fail since we got a 401 from the server.
+          raise
+        rescue HTTPError => e
+          Bundler.ui.trace(e)
+          nil
         end
       end
 
@@ -42,7 +40,7 @@ module Bundler
           deps = begin
                    parallel_compact_index_client.dependencies(remaining_gems)
                  rescue TooManyRequestsError
-                   @bundle_worker.stop if @bundle_worker
+                   @bundle_worker&.stop
                    @bundle_worker = nil # reset it.  Not sure if necessary
                    serial_compact_index_client.dependencies(remaining_gems)
                  end
@@ -51,7 +49,7 @@ module Bundler
           complete_gems.concat(deps.map(&:first)).uniq!
           remaining_gems = next_gems - complete_gems
         end
-        @bundle_worker.stop if @bundle_worker
+        @bundle_worker&.stop
         @bundle_worker = nil # reset it.  Not sure if necessary
 
         gem_info
diff --git a/lib/bundler/fetcher/dependency.rb b/lib/bundler/fetcher/dependency.rb
index c52c32fb5b..18b606abb6 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/fetcher/dependency.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/fetcher/dependency.rb
@@ -34,14 +34,10 @@ module Bundler
 
         returned_gems = spec_list.map(&:first).uniq
         specs(deps_list, full_dependency_list + returned_gems, spec_list + last_spec_list)
-      rescue MarshalError
+      rescue MarshalError, HTTPError, GemspecError
         Bundler.ui.info "" unless Bundler.ui.debug? # new line now that the dots are over
         Bundler.ui.debug "could not fetch from the dependency API, trying the full index"
         nil
-      rescue HTTPError, GemspecError
-        Bundler.ui.info "" unless Bundler.ui.debug? # new line now that the dots are over
-        Bundler.ui.debug "could not fetch from the dependency API\nit's suggested to retry using the full index via `bundle install --full-index`"
-        nil
       end
 
       def dependency_specs(gem_names)
@@ -55,7 +51,7 @@ module Bundler
         gem_list = []
         gem_names.each_slice(Source::Rubygems::API_REQUEST_SIZE) do |names|
           marshalled_deps = downloader.fetch(dependency_api_uri(names)).body
-          gem_list.concat(Bundler.load_marshal(marshalled_deps))
+          gem_list.concat(Bundler.safe_load_marshal(marshalled_deps))
         end
         gem_list
       end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/fetcher/downloader.rb b/lib/bundler/fetcher/downloader.rb
index 0a668eb17c..3062899e0e 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/fetcher/downloader.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/fetcher/downloader.rb
@@ -41,6 +41,8 @@ module Bundler
         when Net::HTTPUnauthorized
           raise BadAuthenticationError, uri.host if uri.userinfo
           raise AuthenticationRequiredError, uri.host
+        when Net::HTTPForbidden
+          raise AuthenticationForbiddenError, uri.host
         when Net::HTTPNotFound
           raise FallbackError, "Net::HTTPNotFound: #{filtered_uri}"
         else
@@ -61,9 +63,6 @@ module Bundler
           req.basic_auth(user, password)
         end
         connection.request(uri, req)
-      rescue NoMethodError => e
-        raise unless ["undefined method", "use_ssl="].all? {|snippet| e.message.include? snippet }
-        raise LoadError.new("cannot load such file -- openssl")
       rescue OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError
         raise CertificateFailureError.new(uri)
       rescue *HTTP_ERRORS => e
@@ -80,7 +79,7 @@ module Bundler
       private
 
       def validate_uri_scheme!(uri)
-        return if uri.scheme =~ /\Ahttps?\z/
+        return if /\Ahttps?\z/.match?(uri.scheme)
         raise InvalidOption,
           "The request uri `#{uri}` has an invalid scheme (`#{uri.scheme}`). " \
           "Did you mean `http` or `https`?"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/fetcher/index.rb b/lib/bundler/fetcher/index.rb
index 6bb9fcc193..c623647f01 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/fetcher/index.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/fetcher/index.rb
@@ -15,8 +15,7 @@ module Bundler
           raise BadAuthenticationError, remote_uri if remote_uri.userinfo
           raise AuthenticationRequiredError, remote_uri
         when /403/
-          raise BadAuthenticationError, remote_uri if remote_uri.userinfo
-          raise AuthenticationRequiredError, remote_uri
+          raise AuthenticationForbiddenError, remote_uri
         else
           raise HTTPError, "Could not fetch specs from #{display_uri} due to underlying error <#{e.message}>"
         end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/force_platform.rb b/lib/bundler/force_platform.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..249a24ecd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/force_platform.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  module ForcePlatform
+    private
+
+    # The `:force_ruby_platform` value used by dependencies for resolution, and
+    # by locked specifications for materialization is `false` by default, except
+    # for TruffleRuby. TruffleRuby generally needs to force the RUBY platform
+    # variant unless the name is explicitly allowlisted.
+
+    def default_force_ruby_platform
+      return false unless RUBY_ENGINE == "truffleruby"
+
+      !Gem::Platform::REUSE_AS_BINARY_ON_TRUFFLERUBY.include?(name)
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/friendly_errors.rb b/lib/bundler/friendly_errors.rb
index d0d2a6679a..39afe8a071 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/friendly_errors.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/friendly_errors.rb
@@ -36,9 +36,6 @@ module Bundler
         end
       when Thor::Error
         Bundler.ui.error error.message
-      when LoadError
-        raise error unless error.message =~ /cannot load such file -- openssl|openssl.so|libcrypto.so/
-        Bundler.ui.error "\nCould not load OpenSSL. #{error.class}: #{error}\n#{error.backtrace.join("\n  ")}"
       when Interrupt
         Bundler.ui.error "\nQuitting..."
         Bundler.ui.trace error
@@ -98,7 +95,7 @@ module Bundler
     def serialized_exception_for(e)
       <<-EOS.gsub(/^ {8}/, "")
         #{e.class}: #{e.message}
-          #{e.backtrace && e.backtrace.join("\n          ").chomp}
+          #{e.backtrace&.join("\n          ")&.chomp}
       EOS
     end
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/gem_helper.rb b/lib/bundler/gem_helper.rb
index 0bbd2d9b75..dcf759cded 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/gem_helper.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/gem_helper.rb
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ module Bundler
 
       def gemspec(&block)
         gemspec = instance.gemspec
-        block.call(gemspec) if block
+        block&.call(gemspec)
         gemspec
       end
     end
@@ -152,8 +152,7 @@ module Bundler
 
     def gem_push_host
       env_rubygems_host = ENV["RUBYGEMS_HOST"]
-      env_rubygems_host = nil if
-        env_rubygems_host && env_rubygems_host.empty?
+      env_rubygems_host = nil if env_rubygems_host&.empty?
 
       allowed_push_host || env_rubygems_host || "rubygems.org"
     end
@@ -218,7 +217,7 @@ module Bundler
       SharedHelpers.chdir(base) do
         outbuf = IO.popen(cmd, :err => [:child, :out], &:read)
         status = $?
-        block.call(outbuf) if status.success? && block
+        block&.call(outbuf) if status.success?
         [outbuf, status]
       end
     end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/gem_helpers.rb b/lib/bundler/gem_helpers.rb
index 0d50d8687b..2e6d788f9c 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/gem_helpers.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/gem_helpers.rb
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ module Bundler
     GENERIC_CACHE = { Gem::Platform::RUBY => Gem::Platform::RUBY } # rubocop:disable Style/MutableConstant
     GENERICS = [
       [Gem::Platform.new("java"), Gem::Platform.new("java")],
-      [Gem::Platform.new("universal-java"), Gem::Platform.new("java")],
       [Gem::Platform.new("mswin32"), Gem::Platform.new("mswin32")],
       [Gem::Platform.new("mswin64"), Gem::Platform.new("mswin64")],
       [Gem::Platform.new("universal-mingw32"), Gem::Platform.new("universal-mingw32")],
diff --git a/lib/bundler/gem_version_promoter.rb b/lib/bundler/gem_version_promoter.rb
index ddf7446dd2..d281f46eeb 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/gem_version_promoter.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/gem_version_promoter.rb
@@ -7,14 +7,13 @@ module Bundler
   # available dependency versions as found in its index, before returning it to
   # to the resolution engine to select the best version.
   class GemVersionPromoter
-    DEBUG = ENV["BUNDLER_DEBUG_RESOLVER"] || ENV["DEBUG_RESOLVER"]
-
-    attr_reader :level, :locked_specs, :unlock_gems
+    attr_reader :level
+    attr_accessor :pre
 
     # By default, strict is false, meaning every available version of a gem
     # is returned from sort_versions. The order gives preference to the
     # requested level (:patch, :minor, :major) but in complicated requirement
-    # cases some gems will by necessity by promoted past the requested level,
+    # cases some gems will by necessity be promoted past the requested level,
     # or even reverted to older versions.
     #
     # If strict is set to true, the results from sort_versions will be
@@ -24,24 +23,13 @@ module Bundler
     # existing in the referenced source.
     attr_accessor :strict
 
-    attr_accessor :prerelease_specified
-
-    # Given a list of locked_specs and a list of gems to unlock creates a
-    # GemVersionPromoter instance.
+    # Creates a GemVersionPromoter instance.
     #
-    # @param locked_specs [SpecSet] All current locked specs. Unlike Definition
-    #   where this list is empty if all gems are being updated, this should
-    #   always be populated for all gems so this class can properly function.
-    # @param unlock_gems [String] List of gem names being unlocked. If empty,
-    #   all gems will be considered unlocked.
     # @return [GemVersionPromoter]
-    def initialize(locked_specs = SpecSet.new([]), unlock_gems = [])
+    def initialize
       @level = :major
       @strict = false
-      @locked_specs = locked_specs
-      @unlock_gems = unlock_gems
-      @sort_versions = {}
-      @prerelease_specified = {}
+      @pre = false
     end
 
     # @param value [Symbol] One of three Symbols: :major, :minor or :patch.
@@ -55,41 +43,19 @@ module Bundler
       @level = v
     end
 
-    # Given a Dependency and an Array of SpecGroups of available versions for a
-    # gem, this method will return the Array of SpecGroups sorted (and possibly
-    # truncated if strict is true) in an order to give preference to the current
-    # level (:major, :minor or :patch) when resolution is deciding what versions
-    # best resolve all dependencies in the bundle.
-    # @param dep [Dependency] The Dependency of the gem.
-    # @param spec_groups [SpecGroup] An array of SpecGroups for the same gem
-    #    named in the @dep param.
-    # @return [SpecGroup] A new instance of the SpecGroup Array sorted and
+    # Given a Resolver::Package and an Array of Specifications of available
+    # versions for a gem, this method will return the Array of Specifications
+    # sorted (and possibly truncated if strict is true) in an order to give
+    # preference to the current level (:major, :minor or :patch) when resolution
+    # is deciding what versions best resolve all dependencies in the bundle.
+    # @param package [Resolver::Package] The package being resolved.
+    # @param specs [Specification] An array of Specifications for the package.
+    # @return [Specification] A new instance of the Specification Array sorted and
     #    possibly filtered.
-    def sort_versions(dep, spec_groups)
-      before_result = "before sort_versions: #{debug_format_result(dep, spec_groups).inspect}" if DEBUG
-
-      @sort_versions[dep] ||= begin
-        gem_name = dep.name
-
-        # An Array per version returned, different entries for different platforms.
-        # We only need the version here so it's ok to hard code this to the first instance.
-        locked_spec = locked_specs[gem_name].first
-
-        if strict
-          filter_dep_specs(spec_groups, locked_spec)
-        else
-          sort_dep_specs(spec_groups, locked_spec)
-        end.tap do |specs|
-          if DEBUG
-            puts before_result
-            puts " after sort_versions: #{debug_format_result(dep, specs).inspect}"
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
+    def sort_versions(package, specs)
+      specs = filter_dep_specs(specs, package) if strict
 
-    def reset
-      @sort_versions = {}
+      sort_dep_specs(specs, package)
     end
 
     # @return [bool] Convenience method for testing value of level variable.
@@ -102,80 +68,72 @@ module Bundler
       level == :minor
     end
 
+    # @return [bool] Convenience method for testing value of pre variable.
+    def pre?
+      pre == true
+    end
+
     private
 
-    def filter_dep_specs(spec_groups, locked_spec)
-      res = spec_groups.select do |spec_group|
-        if locked_spec && !major?
-          gsv = spec_group.version
-          lsv = locked_spec.version
+    def filter_dep_specs(specs, package)
+      locked_version = package.locked_version
+      return specs if locked_version.nil? || major?
 
-          must_match = minor? ? [0] : [0, 1]
+      specs.select do |spec|
+        gsv = spec.version
 
-          matches = must_match.map {|idx| gsv.segments[idx] == lsv.segments[idx] }
-          matches.uniq == [true] ? (gsv >= lsv) : false
-        else
-          true
-        end
-      end
+        must_match = minor? ? [0] : [0, 1]
 
-      sort_dep_specs(res, locked_spec)
+        all_match = must_match.all? {|idx| gsv.segments[idx] == locked_version.segments[idx] }
+        all_match && gsv >= locked_version
+      end
     end
 
-    def sort_dep_specs(spec_groups, locked_spec)
-      return spec_groups unless locked_spec
-      @gem_name = locked_spec.name
-      @locked_version = locked_spec.version
+    def sort_dep_specs(specs, package)
+      locked_version = package.locked_version
 
-      result = spec_groups.sort do |a, b|
-        @a_ver = a.version
-        @b_ver = b.version
-
-        unless @prerelease_specified[@gem_name]
-          a_pre = @a_ver.prerelease?
-          b_pre = @b_ver.prerelease?
+      result = specs.sort do |a, b|
+        unless package.prerelease_specified? || pre?
+          a_pre = a.prerelease?
+          b_pre = b.prerelease?
 
           next -1 if a_pre && !b_pre
           next  1 if b_pre && !a_pre
         end
 
         if major?
-          @a_ver <=> @b_ver
-        elsif either_version_older_than_locked
-          @a_ver <=> @b_ver
-        elsif segments_do_not_match(:major)
-          @b_ver <=> @a_ver
-        elsif !minor? && segments_do_not_match(:minor)
-          @b_ver <=> @a_ver
+          a <=> b
+        elsif either_version_older_than_locked?(a, b, locked_version)
+          a <=> b
+        elsif segments_do_not_match?(a, b, :major)
+          b <=> a
+        elsif !minor? && segments_do_not_match?(a, b, :minor)
+          b <=> a
         else
-          @a_ver <=> @b_ver
+          a <=> b
         end
       end
-      post_sort(result)
+      post_sort(result, package.unlock?, locked_version)
     end
 
-    def either_version_older_than_locked
-      @a_ver < @locked_version || @b_ver < @locked_version
+    def either_version_older_than_locked?(a, b, locked_version)
+      locked_version && (a.version < locked_version || b.version < locked_version)
     end
 
-    def segments_do_not_match(level)
+    def segments_do_not_match?(a, b, level)
       index = [:major, :minor].index(level)
-      @a_ver.segments[index] != @b_ver.segments[index]
-    end
-
-    def unlocking_gem?
-      unlock_gems.empty? || unlock_gems.include?(@gem_name)
+      a.segments[index] != b.segments[index]
     end
 
     # Specific version moves can't always reliably be done during sorting
     # as not all elements are compared against each other.
-    def post_sort(result)
+    def post_sort(result, unlock, locked_version)
       # default :major behavior in Bundler does not do this
       return result if major?
-      if unlocking_gem?
+      if unlock || locked_version.nil?
         result
       else
-        move_version_to_end(result, @locked_version)
+        move_version_to_end(result, locked_version)
       end
     end
 
@@ -183,12 +141,5 @@ module Bundler
       move, keep = result.partition {|s| s.version.to_s == version.to_s }
       keep.concat(move)
     end
-
-    def debug_format_result(dep, spec_groups)
-      a = [dep.to_s,
-           spec_groups.map {|sg| [sg.version, sg.dependencies_for_activated_platforms.map {|dp| [dp.name, dp.requirement.to_s] }] }]
-      last_map = a.last.map {|sg_data| [sg_data.first.version, sg_data.last.map {|aa| aa.join(" ") }] }
-      [a.first, last_map, level, strict ? :strict : :not_strict]
-    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/graph.rb b/lib/bundler/graph.rb
index 8f52e2f0f0..3c008e63e3 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/graph.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/graph.rb
@@ -114,10 +114,10 @@ module Bundler
         @groups.each do |group|
           g.add_nodes(
             group, {
-              :style     => "filled",
+              :style => "filled",
               :fillcolor => "#B9B9D5",
-              :shape     => "box3d",
-              :fontsize  => 16,
+              :shape => "box3d",
+              :fontsize => 16,
             }.merge(@node_options[group])
           )
         end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/index.rb b/lib/bundler/index.rb
index 00c7a9e00d..b8c599f63a 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/index.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/index.rb
@@ -13,8 +13,8 @@ module Bundler
     attr_reader :specs, :all_specs, :sources
     protected :specs, :all_specs
 
-    RUBY = "ruby".freeze
-    NULL = "\0".freeze
+    RUBY = "ruby"
+    NULL = "\0"
 
     def initialize
       @sources = []
@@ -57,44 +57,20 @@ module Bundler
     # Search this index's specs, and any source indexes that this index knows
     # about, returning all of the results.
     def search(query)
-      sort_specs(unsorted_search(query))
-    end
-
-    def unsorted_search(query)
       results = local_search(query)
-
-      seen = results.map(&:full_name).uniq unless @sources.empty?
+      return results unless @sources.any?
 
       @sources.each do |source|
-        source.unsorted_search(query).each do |spec|
-          next if seen.include?(spec.full_name)
-
-          seen << spec.full_name
-          results << spec
-        end
-      end
-
-      results
-    end
-    protected :unsorted_search
-
-    def self.sort_specs(specs)
-      specs.sort_by do |s|
-        platform_string = s.platform.to_s
-        [s.version, platform_string == RUBY ? NULL : platform_string]
+        results.concat(source.search(query))
       end
-    end
-
-    def sort_specs(specs)
-      self.class.sort_specs(specs)
+      results.uniq(&:full_name)
     end
 
     def local_search(query)
       case query
       when Gem::Specification, RemoteSpecification, LazySpecification, EndpointSpecification then search_by_spec(query)
       when String then specs_by_name(query)
-      when Gem::Dependency then search_by_dependency(query)
-      when DepProxy then search_by_dependency(query.dep)
+      when Array then specs_by_name_and_version(*query)
       else
         raise "You can't search for a #{query.inspect}."
       end
@@ -181,20 +157,12 @@ module Bundler
 
     private
 
-    def specs_by_name(name)
-      @specs[name].values
+    def specs_by_name_and_version(name, version)
+      specs_by_name(name).select {|spec| spec.version == version }
     end
 
-    def search_by_dependency(dependency)
-      @cache[dependency] ||= begin
-        specs = specs_by_name(dependency.name)
-        found = specs.select do |spec|
-          next true if spec.source.is_a?(Source::Gemspec)
-          dependency.matches_spec?(spec)
-        end
-
-        found
-      end
+    def specs_by_name(name)
+      @specs[name].values
     end
 
     EMPTY_SEARCH = [].freeze
diff --git a/lib/bundler/injector.rb b/lib/bundler/injector.rb
index f6550abe88..cb644a7f69 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/injector.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/injector.rb
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 module Bundler
   class Injector
-    INJECTED_GEMS = "injected gems".freeze
+    INJECTED_GEMS = "injected gems"
 
     def self.inject(new_deps, options = {})
       injector = new(new_deps, options)
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ module Bundler
 
         show_warning("No gems were removed from the gemfile.") if deps.empty?
 
-        deps.each {|dep| Bundler.ui.confirm "#{SharedHelpers.pretty_dependency(dep, false)} was removed." }
+        deps.each {|dep| Bundler.ui.confirm "#{SharedHelpers.pretty_dependency(dep)} was removed." }
       end
 
       # Invalidate the cached Bundler.definition.
@@ -115,13 +115,14 @@ module Bundler
         end
 
         source = ", :source => \"#{d.source}\"" unless d.source.nil?
+        path = ", :path => \"#{d.path}\"" unless d.path.nil?
         git = ", :git => \"#{d.git}\"" unless d.git.nil?
         github = ", :github => \"#{d.github}\"" unless d.github.nil?
         branch = ", :branch => \"#{d.branch}\"" unless d.branch.nil?
         ref = ", :ref => \"#{d.ref}\"" unless d.ref.nil?
         require_path = ", :require => #{convert_autorequire(d.autorequire)}" unless d.autorequire.nil?
 
-        %(gem #{name}#{requirement}#{group}#{source}#{git}#{github}#{branch}#{ref}#{require_path})
+        %(gem #{name}#{requirement}#{group}#{source}#{path}#{git}#{github}#{branch}#{ref}#{require_path})
       end.join("\n")
     end
 
@@ -234,7 +235,7 @@ module Bundler
 
         gemfile.each_with_index do |line, index|
           next unless !line.nil? && line.strip.start_with?(block_name)
-          if gemfile[index + 1] =~ /^\s*end\s*$/
+          if /^\s*end\s*$/.match?(gemfile[index + 1])
             gemfile[index] = nil
             gemfile[index + 1] = nil
           end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/inline.rb b/lib/bundler/inline.rb
index 25e055fbe4..5c184f67a1 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/inline.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/inline.rb
@@ -31,15 +31,16 @@
 #
 def gemfile(install = false, options = {}, &gemfile)
   require_relative "../bundler"
+  Bundler.reset!
 
   opts = options.dup
   ui = opts.delete(:ui) { Bundler::UI::Shell.new }
-  ui.level = "silent" if opts.delete(:quiet)
+  ui.level = "silent" if opts.delete(:quiet) || !install
+  Bundler.ui = ui
   raise ArgumentError, "Unknown options: #{opts.keys.join(", ")}" unless opts.empty?
 
-  begin
+  Bundler.with_unbundled_env do
     Bundler.instance_variable_set(:@bundle_path, Pathname.new(Gem.dir))
-    old_gemfile = ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"]
     Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLE_GEMFILE", "Gemfile"
 
     Bundler::Plugin.gemfile_install(&gemfile) if Bundler.feature_flag.plugins?
@@ -52,7 +53,6 @@ def gemfile(install = false, options = {}, &gemfile)
       def definition.lock(*); end
       definition.validate_runtime!
 
-      Bundler.ui = install ? ui : Bundler::UI::Silent.new
       if install || definition.missing_specs?
         Bundler.settings.temporary(:inline => true, :no_install => false) do
           installer = Bundler::Installer.install(Bundler.root, definition, :system => true)
@@ -65,11 +65,9 @@ def gemfile(install = false, options = {}, &gemfile)
       runtime = Bundler::Runtime.new(nil, definition)
       runtime.setup.require
     end
-  ensure
-    if old_gemfile
-      ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = old_gemfile
-    else
-      ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = ""
-    end
+  end
+
+  if ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"].nil?
+    ENV["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"] = ""
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/installer.rb b/lib/bundler/installer.rb
index 1b17de5d4e..59b6a6ad22 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/installer.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/installer.rb
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ module Bundler
 
         Gem::Specification.reset # invalidate gem specification cache so that installed gems are immediately available
 
-        lock unless Bundler.frozen_bundle?
+        lock
         Standalone.new(options[:standalone], @definition).generate if options[:standalone]
       end
     end
@@ -136,11 +136,7 @@ module Bundler
 
         mode = Gem.win_platform? ? "wb:UTF-8" : "w"
         require "erb"
-        content = if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.6"
-          ERB.new(template, :trim_mode => "-").result(binding)
-        else
-          ERB.new(template, nil, "-").result(binding)
-        end
+        content = ERB.new(template, :trim_mode => "-").result(binding)
 
         File.write(binstub_path, content, :mode => mode, :perm => 0o777 & ~File.umask)
         if Gem.win_platform? || options[:all_platforms]
@@ -183,11 +179,7 @@ module Bundler
 
         mode = Gem.win_platform? ? "wb:UTF-8" : "w"
         require "erb"
-        content = if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.6"
-          ERB.new(template, :trim_mode => "-").result(binding)
-        else
-          ERB.new(template, nil, "-").result(binding)
-        end
+        content = ERB.new(template, :trim_mode => "-").result(binding)
 
         File.write("#{bin_path}/#{executable}", content, :mode => mode, :perm => 0o755)
         if Gem.win_platform? || options[:all_platforms]
@@ -226,12 +218,10 @@ module Bundler
 
       requested_path_gems = @definition.requested_specs.select {|s| s.source.is_a?(Source::Path) }
       path_plugin_files = requested_path_gems.map do |spec|
-        begin
-          Bundler.rubygems.spec_matches_for_glob(spec, "rubygems_plugin#{Bundler.rubygems.suffix_pattern}")
-        rescue TypeError
-          error_message = "#{spec.name} #{spec.version} has an invalid gemspec"
-          raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException, error_message
-        end
+        Bundler.rubygems.spec_matches_for_glob(spec, "rubygems_plugin#{Bundler.rubygems.suffix_pattern}")
+      rescue TypeError
+        error_message = "#{spec.name} #{spec.version} has an invalid gemspec"
+        raise Gem::InvalidSpecificationException, error_message
       end.flatten
       Bundler.rubygems.load_plugin_files(path_plugin_files)
       Bundler.rubygems.load_env_plugins
@@ -259,17 +249,13 @@ module Bundler
 
     # returns whether or not a re-resolve was needed
     def resolve_if_needed(options)
+      @definition.resolution_mode = options
+
       if !@definition.unlocking? && !options["force"] && !Bundler.settings[:inline] && Bundler.default_lockfile.file?
         return false if @definition.nothing_changed? && !@definition.missing_specs?
       end
 
-      if options["local"]
-        @definition.resolve_with_cache!
-      elsif options["prefer-local"]
-        @definition.resolve_prefering_local!
-      else
-        @definition.resolve_remotely!
-      end
+      @definition.setup_sources_for_resolve
 
       true
     end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/installer/parallel_installer.rb b/lib/bundler/installer/parallel_installer.rb
index 5b6680e5e1..83a381f592 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/installer/parallel_installer.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/installer/parallel_installer.rb
@@ -53,10 +53,6 @@ module Bundler
         @dependencies ||= all_dependencies.reject {|dep| ignorable_dependency? dep }
       end
 
-      def missing_lockfile_dependencies(all_spec_names)
-        dependencies.reject {|dep| all_spec_names.include? dep.name }
-      end
-
       # Represents all dependencies
       def all_dependencies
         @spec.dependencies
@@ -84,8 +80,6 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def call
-      check_for_corrupt_lockfile
-
       if @rake
         do_install(@rake, 0)
         Gem::Specification.reset
@@ -102,7 +96,7 @@ module Bundler
       handle_error if failed_specs.any?
       @specs
     ensure
-      worker_pool && worker_pool.stop
+      worker_pool&.stop
     end
 
     def check_for_unmet_dependencies
@@ -116,43 +110,19 @@ module Bundler
 
       warning = []
       warning << "Your lockfile doesn't include a valid resolution."
-      warning << "You can fix this by regenerating your lockfile or trying to manually editing the bad locked gems to a version that satisfies all dependencies."
+      warning << "You can fix this by regenerating your lockfile or manually editing the bad locked gems to a version that satisfies all dependencies."
       warning << "The unmet dependencies are:"
 
       unmet_dependencies.each do |spec, unmet_spec_dependencies|
         unmet_spec_dependencies.each do |unmet_spec_dependency|
-          warning << "* #{unmet_spec_dependency}, depended upon #{spec.full_name}, unsatisfied by #{@specs.find {|s| s.name == unmet_spec_dependency.name && !unmet_spec_dependency.matches_spec?(s.spec) }.full_name}"
+          found = @specs.find {|s| s.name == unmet_spec_dependency.name && !unmet_spec_dependency.matches_spec?(s.spec) }
+          warning << "* #{unmet_spec_dependency}, dependency of #{spec.full_name}, unsatisfied by #{found.full_name}"
         end
       end
 
       Bundler.ui.warn(warning.join("\n"))
     end
 
-    def check_for_corrupt_lockfile
-      missing_dependencies = @specs.map do |s|
-        [
-          s,
-          s.missing_lockfile_dependencies(@specs.map(&:name)),
-        ]
-      end.reject {|a| a.last.empty? }
-      return if missing_dependencies.empty?
-
-      warning = []
-      warning << "Your lockfile was created by an old Bundler that left some things out."
-      if @size != 1
-        warning << "Because of the missing DEPENDENCIES, we can only install gems one at a time, instead of installing #{@size} at a time."
-        @size = 1
-      end
-      warning << "You can fix this by adding the missing gems to your Gemfile, running bundle install, and then removing the gems from your Gemfile."
-      warning << "The missing gems are:"
-
-      missing_dependencies.each do |spec, missing|
-        warning << "* #{missing.map(&:name).join(", ")} depended upon by #{spec.name}"
-      end
-
-      Bundler.ui.warn(warning.join("\n"))
-    end
-
     private
 
     def failed_specs
diff --git a/lib/bundler/installer/standalone.rb b/lib/bundler/installer/standalone.rb
index 2756626f8a..2a8c9a432d 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/installer/standalone.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/installer/standalone.rb
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ module Bundler
 
     def gem_path(path, spec)
       full_path = Pathname.new(path).absolute? ? path : File.join(spec.full_gem_path, path)
-      if spec.source.instance_of?(Source::Path)
+      if spec.source.instance_of?(Source::Path) && spec.source.path.absolute?
         full_path
       else
         Pathname.new(full_path).relative_path_from(Bundler.root.join(bundler_path)).to_s
@@ -84,13 +84,17 @@ module Bundler
 
     def reverse_rubygems_kernel_mixin
       <<~END
-      kernel = (class << ::Kernel; self; end)
-      [kernel, ::Kernel].each do |k|
-        if k.private_method_defined?(:gem_original_require)
-          private_require = k.private_method_defined?(:require)
-          k.send(:remove_method, :require)
-          k.send(:define_method, :require, k.instance_method(:gem_original_require))
-          k.send(:private, :require) if private_require
+      if Gem.respond_to?(:discover_gems_on_require=)
+        Gem.discover_gems_on_require = false
+      else
+        kernel = (class << ::Kernel; self; end)
+        [kernel, ::Kernel].each do |k|
+          if k.private_method_defined?(:gem_original_require)
+            private_require = k.private_method_defined?(:require)
+            k.send(:remove_method, :require)
+            k.send(:define_method, :require, k.instance_method(:gem_original_require))
+            k.send(:private, :require) if private_require
+          end
         end
       end
       END
diff --git a/lib/bundler/lazy_specification.rb b/lib/bundler/lazy_specification.rb
index ec141cfa27..c9b161dc0e 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/lazy_specification.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/lazy_specification.rb
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require_relative "force_platform"
+
 module Bundler
   class LazySpecification
     include MatchPlatform
+    include ForcePlatform
 
     attr_reader :name, :version, :dependencies, :platform
     attr_accessor :source, :remote, :force_ruby_platform
@@ -13,11 +16,11 @@ module Bundler
       @dependencies  = []
       @platform      = platform || Gem::Platform::RUBY
       @source        = source
-      @specification = nil
+      @force_ruby_platform = default_force_ruby_platform
     end
 
     def full_name
-      if platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
+      @full_name ||= if platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
         "#{@name}-#{@version}"
       else
         "#{@name}-#{@version}-#{platform}"
@@ -25,15 +28,15 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def ==(other)
-      identifier == other.identifier
+      full_name == other.full_name
     end
 
     def eql?(other)
-      identifier.eql?(other.identifier)
+      full_name.eql?(other.full_name)
     end
 
     def hash
-      identifier.hash
+      full_name.hash
     end
 
     ##
@@ -76,82 +79,71 @@ module Bundler
     def materialize_for_installation
       source.local!
 
-      candidates = if source.is_a?(Source::Path) || !ruby_platform_materializes_to_ruby_platform?
-        target_platform = ruby_platform_materializes_to_ruby_platform? ? platform : Bundler.local_platform
+      matching_specs = source.specs.search(use_exact_resolved_specifications? ? self : [name, version])
+      return self if matching_specs.empty?
 
-        source.specs.search(Dependency.new(name, version)).select do |spec|
-          MatchPlatform.platforms_match?(spec.platform, target_platform)
-        end
+      candidates = if use_exact_resolved_specifications?
+        matching_specs
       else
-        source.specs.search(self)
-      end
+        target_platform = ruby_platform_materializes_to_ruby_platform? ? platform : local_platform
 
-      return self if candidates.empty?
+        installable_candidates = GemHelpers.select_best_platform_match(matching_specs, target_platform)
 
-      __materialize__(candidates)
-    end
+        specification = __materialize__(installable_candidates, :fallback_to_non_installable => false)
+        return specification unless specification.nil?
 
-    def __materialize__(candidates)
-      @specification = begin
-        search = candidates.reverse.find do |spec|
-          spec.is_a?(StubSpecification) ||
-            (spec.matches_current_ruby? &&
-              spec.matches_current_rubygems?)
+        if target_platform != platform
+          installable_candidates = GemHelpers.select_best_platform_match(matching_specs, platform)
         end
-        if search.nil? && Bundler.frozen_bundle?
-          search = candidates.last
-        else
-          search.dependencies = dependencies if search && search.full_name == full_name && (search.is_a?(RemoteSpecification) || search.is_a?(EndpointSpecification))
-        end
-        search
+
+        installable_candidates
       end
+
+      __materialize__(candidates)
     end
 
-    def respond_to?(*args)
-      super || @specification ? @specification.respond_to?(*args) : nil
+    # If in frozen mode, we fallback to a non-installable candidate because by
+    # doing this we avoid re-resolving and potentially end up changing the
+    # lock file, which is not allowed. In that case, we will give a proper error
+    # about the mismatch higher up the stack, right before trying to install the
+    # bad gem.
+    def __materialize__(candidates, fallback_to_non_installable: Bundler.frozen_bundle?)
+      search = candidates.reverse.find do |spec|
+        spec.is_a?(StubSpecification) ||
+          (spec.matches_current_ruby? &&
+            spec.matches_current_rubygems?)
+      end
+      if search.nil? && fallback_to_non_installable
+        search = candidates.last
+      else
+        search.dependencies = dependencies if search && search.full_name == full_name && (search.is_a?(RemoteSpecification) || search.is_a?(EndpointSpecification))
+      end
+      search
     end
 
     def to_s
-      @__to_s ||= if platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
+      @to_s ||= if platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
         "#{name} (#{version})"
       else
         "#{name} (#{version}-#{platform})"
       end
     end
 
-    def identifier
-      @__identifier ||= [name, version, platform_string]
-    end
-
     def git_version
       return unless source.is_a?(Bundler::Source::Git)
       " #{source.revision[0..6]}"
     end
 
-    protected
-
-    def platform_string
-      platform_string = platform.to_s
-      platform_string == Index::RUBY ? Index::NULL : platform_string
-    end
-
     private
 
-    def to_ary
-      nil
-    end
-
-    def method_missing(method, *args, &blk)
-      raise "LazySpecification has not been materialized yet (calling :#{method} #{args.inspect})" unless @specification
-
-      return super unless respond_to?(method)
-
-      @specification.send(method, *args, &blk)
+    def use_exact_resolved_specifications?
+      @use_exact_resolved_specifications ||= !source.is_a?(Source::Path) && ruby_platform_materializes_to_ruby_platform?
     end
 
     #
     # For backwards compatibility with existing lockfiles, if the most specific
-    # locked platform is RUBY, we keep the previous behaviour of resolving the
+    # locked platform is not a specific platform like x86_64-linux or
+    # universal-java-11, then we keep the previous behaviour of resolving the
     # best platform variant at materiliazation time. For previous bundler
     # versions (before 2.2.0) this was always the case (except when the lockfile
     # only included non-ruby platforms), but we're also keeping this behaviour
@@ -159,7 +151,9 @@ module Bundler
     # explicitly add a more specific platform.
     #
     def ruby_platform_materializes_to_ruby_platform?
-      !Bundler.most_specific_locked_platform?(generic_local_platform) || force_ruby_platform || Bundler.settings[:force_ruby_platform]
+      generic_platform = generic_local_platform == Gem::Platform::JAVA ? Gem::Platform::JAVA : Gem::Platform::RUBY
+
+      !Bundler.most_specific_locked_platform?(generic_platform) || force_ruby_platform || Bundler.settings[:force_ruby_platform]
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/lockfile_generator.rb b/lib/bundler/lockfile_generator.rb
index 23413dbdd6..f7ba51b3e6 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/lockfile_generator.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/lockfile_generator.rb
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ module Bundler
       # gems with the same name, but different platform
       # are ordered consistently
       specs.sort_by(&:full_name).each do |spec|
-        next if spec.name == "bundler".freeze
+        next if spec.name == "bundler"
         out << spec.to_lock
       end
     end
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def add_bundled_with
-      add_section("BUNDLED WITH", Bundler::VERSION)
+      add_section("BUNDLED WITH", definition.bundler_version_to_lock.to_s)
     end
 
     def add_section(name, value)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/lockfile_parser.rb b/lib/bundler/lockfile_parser.rb
index 64fff4713d..7360a36752 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/lockfile_parser.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/lockfile_parser.rb
@@ -4,15 +4,15 @@ module Bundler
   class LockfileParser
     attr_reader :sources, :dependencies, :specs, :platforms, :bundler_version, :ruby_version
 
-    BUNDLED      = "BUNDLED WITH".freeze
-    DEPENDENCIES = "DEPENDENCIES".freeze
-    PLATFORMS    = "PLATFORMS".freeze
-    RUBY         = "RUBY VERSION".freeze
-    GIT          = "GIT".freeze
-    GEM          = "GEM".freeze
-    PATH         = "PATH".freeze
-    PLUGIN       = "PLUGIN SOURCE".freeze
-    SPECS        = "  specs:".freeze
+    BUNDLED      = "BUNDLED WITH"
+    DEPENDENCIES = "DEPENDENCIES"
+    PLATFORMS    = "PLATFORMS"
+    RUBY         = "RUBY VERSION"
+    GIT          = "GIT"
+    GEM          = "GEM"
+    PATH         = "PATH"
+    PLUGIN       = "PLUGIN SOURCE"
+    SPECS        = "  specs:"
     OPTIONS      = /^  ([a-z]+): (.*)$/i.freeze
     SOURCE       = [GIT, GEM, PATH, PLUGIN].freeze
 
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ module Bundler
     KNOWN_SECTIONS = SECTIONS_BY_VERSION_INTRODUCED.values.flatten.freeze
 
     ENVIRONMENT_VERSION_SECTIONS = [BUNDLED, RUBY].freeze
+    deprecate_constant(:ENVIRONMENT_VERSION_SECTIONS)
 
     def self.sections_in_lockfile(lockfile_contents)
       lockfile_contents.scan(/^\w[\w ]*$/).uniq
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ module Bundler
       @state        = nil
       @specs        = {}
 
-      if lockfile.match(/<<<<<<<|=======|>>>>>>>|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|/)
+      if lockfile.match?(/<<<<<<<|=======|>>>>>>>|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|/)
         raise LockfileError, "Your #{Bundler.default_lockfile.relative_path_from(SharedHelpers.pwd)} contains merge conflicts.\n" \
           "Run `git checkout HEAD -- #{Bundler.default_lockfile.relative_path_from(SharedHelpers.pwd)}` first to get a clean lock."
       end
@@ -80,13 +81,13 @@ module Bundler
           @state = :ruby
         elsif line == BUNDLED
           @state = :bundled_with
-        elsif line =~ /^[^\s]/
+        elsif /^[^\s]/.match?(line)
           @state = nil
         elsif @state
           send("parse_#{@state}", line)
         end
       end
-      @specs = @specs.values.sort_by(&:identifier)
+      @specs = @specs.values.sort_by(&:full_name)
     rescue ArgumentError => e
       Bundler.ui.debug(e)
       raise LockfileError, "Your lockfile is unreadable. Run `rm #{Bundler.default_lockfile.relative_path_from(SharedHelpers.pwd)}` " \
@@ -100,9 +101,9 @@ module Bundler
     private
 
     TYPES = {
-      GIT    => Bundler::Source::Git,
-      GEM    => Bundler::Source::Rubygems,
-      PATH   => Bundler::Source::Path,
+      GIT => Bundler::Source::Git,
+      GEM => Bundler::Source::Rubygems,
+      PATH => Bundler::Source::Path,
       PLUGIN => Bundler::Plugin,
     }.freeze
 
@@ -199,7 +200,7 @@ module Bundler
         @current_spec.source = @current_source
         @current_source.add_dependency_names(name)
 
-        @specs[@current_spec.identifier] = @current_spec
+        @specs[@current_spec.full_name] = @current_spec
       elsif spaces.size == 6
         version = version.split(",").map(&:strip) if version
         dep = Gem::Dependency.new(name, version)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-add.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-add.1
index 20430a78a0..8549855b0d 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-add.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-add.1
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-ADD" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-ADD" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-add\fR \- Add gem to the Gemfile and run bundle install
 .
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
-\fBbundle add\fR \fIGEM_NAME\fR [\-\-group=GROUP] [\-\-version=VERSION] [\-\-source=SOURCE] [\-\-git=GIT] [\-\-github=GITHUB] [\-\-branch=BRANCH] [\-\-ref=REF] [\-\-skip\-install] [\-\-strict] [\-\-optimistic]
+\fBbundle add\fR \fIGEM_NAME\fR [\-\-group=GROUP] [\-\-version=VERSION] [\-\-source=SOURCE] [\-\-path=PATH] [\-\-git=GIT] [\-\-github=GITHUB] [\-\-branch=BRANCH] [\-\-ref=REF] [\-\-skip\-install] [\-\-strict] [\-\-optimistic]
 .
 .SH "DESCRIPTION"
 Adds the named gem to the Gemfile and run \fBbundle install\fR\. \fBbundle install\fR can be avoided by using the flag \fB\-\-skip\-install\fR\.
@@ -49,6 +49,10 @@ Specify the source for the added gem\.
 Adds require path to gem\. Provide false, or a path as a string\.
 .
 .TP
+\fB\-\-path\fR
+Specify the file system path for the added gem\.
+.
+.TP
 \fB\-\-git\fR
 Specify the git source for the added gem\.
 .
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-add.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-add.1.ronn
index 8eead9c569..37c92e5fcd 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-add.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-add.1.ronn
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ bundle-add(1) -- Add gem to the Gemfile and run bundle install
 
 ## SYNOPSIS
 
-`bundle add` <GEM_NAME> [--group=GROUP] [--version=VERSION] [--source=SOURCE] [--git=GIT] [--github=GITHUB] [--branch=BRANCH] [--ref=REF] [--skip-install] [--strict] [--optimistic]
+`bundle add` <GEM_NAME> [--group=GROUP] [--version=VERSION] [--source=SOURCE] [--path=PATH] [--git=GIT] [--github=GITHUB] [--branch=BRANCH] [--ref=REF] [--skip-install] [--strict] [--optimistic]
 
 ## DESCRIPTION
 Adds the named gem to the Gemfile and run `bundle install`. `bundle install` can be avoided by using the flag `--skip-install`.
@@ -33,6 +33,9 @@ bundle add rails --group "development, test"
 * `--require`, `-r`:
   Adds require path to gem. Provide false, or a path as a string.
 
+* `--path`:
+  Specify the file system path for the added gem.
+
 * `--git`:
   Specify the git source for the added gem.
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-binstubs.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-binstubs.1
index 9c57c7c9c5..40c338916a 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-binstubs.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-binstubs.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-BINSTUBS" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-BINSTUBS" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-binstubs\fR \- Install the binstubs of the listed gems
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1
index fdaaa3b92a..69b1e1e3dd 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-CACHE" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-CACHE" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-cache\fR \- Package your needed \fB\.gem\fR files into your application
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 alias: \fBpackage\fR, \fBpack\fR
 .
 .SH "DESCRIPTION"
-Copy all of the \fB\.gem\fR files needed to run the application into the \fBvendor/cache\fR directory\. In the future, when running [bundle install(1)][bundle\-install], use the gems in the cache in preference to the ones on \fBrubygems\.org\fR\.
+Copy all of the \fB\.gem\fR files needed to run the application into the \fBvendor/cache\fR directory\. In the future, when running \fBbundle install(1)\fR \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR, use the gems in the cache in preference to the ones on \fBrubygems\.org\fR\.
 .
 .SH "GIT AND PATH GEMS"
 The \fBbundle cache\fR command can also package \fB:git\fR and \fB:path\fR dependencies besides \.gem files\. This needs to be explicitly enabled via the \fB\-\-all\fR option\. Once used, the \fB\-\-all\fR option will be remembered\.
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ The \fBbundle cache\fR command can also package \fB:git\fR and \fB:path\fR depen
 When using gems that have different packages for different platforms, Bundler supports caching of gems for other platforms where the Gemfile has been resolved (i\.e\. present in the lockfile) in \fBvendor/cache\fR\. This needs to be enabled via the \fB\-\-all\-platforms\fR option\. This setting will be remembered in your local bundler configuration\.
 .
 .SH "REMOTE FETCHING"
-By default, if you run \fBbundle install(1)\fR](bundle\-install\.1\.html) after running bundle cache(1) \fIbundle\-cache\.1\.html\fR, bundler will still connect to \fBrubygems\.org\fR to check whether a platform\-specific gem exists for any of the gems in \fBvendor/cache\fR\.
+By default, if you run \fBbundle install(1)\fR \fIbundle\-install\.1\.html\fR after running bundle cache(1) \fIbundle\-cache\.1\.html\fR, bundler will still connect to \fBrubygems\.org\fR to check whether a platform\-specific gem exists for any of the gems in \fBvendor/cache\fR\.
 .
 .P
 For instance, consider this Gemfile(5):
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1.ronn
index 46906d2b48..8112c2c551 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-cache.1.ronn
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ alias: `package`, `pack`
 ## DESCRIPTION
 
 Copy all of the `.gem` files needed to run the application into the
-`vendor/cache` directory. In the future, when running [bundle install(1)][bundle-install],
+`vendor/cache` directory. In the future, when running [`bundle install(1)`](bundle-install.1.html),
 use the gems in the cache in preference to the ones on `rubygems.org`.
 
 ## GIT AND PATH GEMS
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ bundler configuration.
 
 ## REMOTE FETCHING
 
-By default, if you run `bundle install(1)`](bundle-install.1.html) after running
+By default, if you run [`bundle install(1)`](bundle-install.1.html) after running
 [bundle cache(1)](bundle-cache.1.html), bundler will still connect to `rubygems.org`
 to check whether a platform-specific gem exists for any of the gems
 in `vendor/cache`.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-check.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-check.1
index 5be7886274..748a37e7d1 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-check.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-check.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-CHECK" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-CHECK" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-check\fR \- Verifies if dependencies are satisfied by installed gems
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-clean.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-clean.1
index 2bb95ed2de..af8f13cd89 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-clean.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-clean.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-CLEAN" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-CLEAN" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-clean\fR \- Cleans up unused gems in your bundler directory
@@ -20,5 +20,5 @@ Print the changes, but do not clean the unused gems\.
 .
 .TP
 \fB\-\-force\fR
-Force a clean even if \fB\-\-path\fR is not set\.
+Forces cleaning up unused gems even if Bundler is configured to use globally installed gems\. As a consequence, removes all system gems except for the ones in the current application\.
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-clean.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-clean.1.ronn
index de23991782..dae27c21ee 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-clean.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-clean.1.ronn
@@ -15,4 +15,4 @@ useful when you have made many changes to your gem dependencies.
 * `--dry-run`:
   Print the changes, but do not clean the unused gems.
 * `--force`:
-  Force a clean even if `--path` is not set.
+  Forces cleaning up unused gems even if Bundler is configured to use globally installed gems. As a consequence, removes all system gems except for the ones in the current application.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1
index 9f7887ca91..4442f33105 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1
@@ -1,13 +1,22 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-CONFIG" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-CONFIG" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-config\fR \- Set bundler configuration options
 .
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
-\fBbundle config\fR [list|get|set|unset] [\fIname\fR [\fIvalue\fR]]
+\fBbundle config\fR list
+.
+.br
+\fBbundle config\fR [get] NAME
+.
+.br
+\fBbundle config\fR [set] NAME VALUE
+.
+.br
+\fBbundle config\fR unset NAME
 .
 .SH "DESCRIPTION"
 This command allows you to interact with Bundler\'s configuration system\.
@@ -30,7 +39,7 @@ Bundler default config
 .IP "" 0
 .
 .P
-Executing \fBbundle config list\fR with will print a list of all bundler configuration for the current bundle, and where that configuration was set\.
+Executing \fBbundle config list\fR will print a list of all bundler configuration for the current bundle, and where that configuration was set\.
 .
 .P
 Executing \fBbundle config get <name>\fR will print the value of that configuration setting, and where it was set\.
@@ -275,9 +284,6 @@ The following is a list of all configuration keys and their purpose\. You can le
 \fBssl_verify_mode\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SSL_VERIFY_MODE\fR): The SSL verification mode Bundler uses when making HTTPS requests\. Defaults to verify peer\.
 .
 .IP "\(bu" 4
-\fBsuppress_install_using_messages\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SUPPRESS_INSTALL_USING_MESSAGES\fR): Avoid printing \fBUsing \.\.\.\fR messages during installation when the version of a gem has not changed\.
-.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
 \fBsystem_bindir\fR (\fBBUNDLE_SYSTEM_BINDIR\fR): The location where RubyGems installs binstubs\. Defaults to \fBGem\.bindir\fR\.
 .
 .IP "\(bu" 4
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1.ronn
index 905c85fcd9..adc273ec62 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-config.1.ronn
@@ -3,7 +3,10 @@ bundle-config(1) -- Set bundler configuration options
 
 ## SYNOPSIS
 
-`bundle config` [list|get|set|unset] [<name> [<value>]]
+`bundle config` list<br>
+`bundle config` [get] NAME<br>
+`bundle config` [set] NAME VALUE<br>
+`bundle config` unset NAME
 
 ## DESCRIPTION
 
@@ -16,7 +19,7 @@ Bundler loads configuration settings in this order:
 3. Global config (`~/.bundle/config`)
 4. Bundler default config
 
-Executing `bundle config list` with will print a list of all bundler
+Executing `bundle config list` will print a list of all bundler
 configuration for the current bundle, and where that configuration
 was set.
 
@@ -262,9 +265,6 @@ learn more about their operation in [bundle install(1)](bundle-install.1.html).
 * `ssl_verify_mode` (`BUNDLE_SSL_VERIFY_MODE`):
    The SSL verification mode Bundler uses when making HTTPS requests.
    Defaults to verify peer.
-* `suppress_install_using_messages` (`BUNDLE_SUPPRESS_INSTALL_USING_MESSAGES`):
-   Avoid printing `Using ...` messages during installation when the version of
-   a gem has not changed.
 * `system_bindir` (`BUNDLE_SYSTEM_BINDIR`):
    The location where RubyGems installs binstubs. Defaults to `Gem.bindir`.
 * `timeout` (`BUNDLE_TIMEOUT`):
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-console.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-console.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..24fff46cec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-console.1
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-CONSOLE" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-console\fR \- Deprecated way to open an IRB session with the bundle pre\-loaded
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle console\fR [GROUP]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Starts an interactive Ruby console session in the context of the current bundle\.
+.
+.P
+If no \fBGROUP\fR is specified, all gems in the \fBdefault\fR group in the Gemfile(5) \fIhttps://bundler\.io/man/gemfile\.5\.html\fR are preliminarily loaded\.
+.
+.P
+If \fBGROUP\fR is specified, all gems in the given group in the Gemfile in addition to the gems in \fBdefault\fR group are loaded\. Even if the given group does not exist in the Gemfile, IRB console starts without any warning or error\.
+.
+.P
+The environment variable \fBBUNDLE_CONSOLE\fR or \fBbundle config set console\fR can be used to change the shell from the following:
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBirb\fR (default)
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBpry\fR (https://github\.com/pry/pry)
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBripl\fR (https://github\.com/cldwalker/ripl)
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+\fBbundle console\fR uses irb by default\. An alternative Pry or Ripl can be used with \fBbundle console\fR by adjusting the \fBconsole\fR Bundler setting\. Also make sure that \fBpry\fR or \fBripl\fR is in your Gemfile\.
+.
+.SH "EXAMPLE"
+.
+.nf
+
+$ bundle config set console pry
+$ bundle console
+Resolving dependencies\.\.\.
+[1] pry(main)>
+.
+.fi
+.
+.SH "NOTES"
+This command was deprecated in Bundler 2\.1 and will be removed in 3\.0\. Use \fBbin/console\fR script, which can be generated by \fBbundle gem <NAME>\fR\.
+.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+Gemfile(5) \fIhttps://bundler\.io/man/gemfile\.5\.html\fR
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-console.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-console.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f9096d386a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-console.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+bundle-console(1) -- Deprecated way to open an IRB session with the bundle pre-loaded
+=====================================================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle console` [GROUP]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Starts an interactive Ruby console session in the context of the current bundle.
+
+If no `GROUP` is specified, all gems in the `default` group in the [Gemfile(5)](https://bundler.io/man/gemfile.5.html) are
+preliminarily loaded.
+
+If `GROUP` is specified, all gems in the given group in the Gemfile in addition
+to the gems in `default` group are loaded. Even if the given group does not
+exist in the Gemfile, IRB console starts without any warning or error.
+
+The environment variable `BUNDLE_CONSOLE` or `bundle config set console` can be used to change
+the shell from the following:
+
+* `irb` (default)
+* `pry` (https://github.com/pry/pry)
+* `ripl` (https://github.com/cldwalker/ripl)
+
+`bundle console` uses irb by default. An alternative Pry or Ripl can be used with
+`bundle console` by adjusting the `console` Bundler setting. Also make sure that
+`pry` or `ripl` is in your Gemfile.
+
+## EXAMPLE
+
+    $ bundle config set console pry
+    $ bundle console
+    Resolving dependencies...
+    [1] pry(main)>
+
+## NOTES
+
+This command was deprecated in Bundler 2.1 and will be removed in 3.0.
+Use `bin/console` script, which can be generated by `bundle gem <NAME>`.
+
+## SEE ALSO
+
+[Gemfile(5)](https://bundler.io/man/gemfile.5.html)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-doctor.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-doctor.1
index 6aad9858db..57da8216cb 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-doctor.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-doctor.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-DOCTOR" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-DOCTOR" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-doctor\fR \- Checks the bundle for common problems
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1
index 210dd178e8..852788db7a 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-EXEC" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-EXEC" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-exec\fR \- Execute a command in the context of the bundle
@@ -74,13 +74,13 @@ Finally, \fBbundle exec\fR also implicitly modifies \fBGemfile\.lock\fR if the l
 By default, when attempting to \fBbundle exec\fR to a file with a ruby shebang, Bundler will \fBKernel\.load\fR that file instead of using \fBKernel\.exec\fR\. For the vast majority of cases, this is a performance improvement\. In a rare few cases, this could cause some subtle side\-effects (such as dependence on the exact contents of \fB$0\fR or \fB__FILE__\fR) and the optimization can be disabled by enabling the \fBdisable_exec_load\fR setting\.
 .
 .SS "Shelling out"
-Any Ruby code that opens a subshell (like \fBsystem\fR, backticks, or \fB%x{}\fR) will automatically use the current Bundler environment\. If you need to shell out to a Ruby command that is not part of your current bundle, use the \fBwith_clean_env\fR method with a block\. Any subshells created inside the block will be given the environment present before Bundler was activated\. For example, Homebrew commands run Ruby, but don\'t work inside a bundle:
+Any Ruby code that opens a subshell (like \fBsystem\fR, backticks, or \fB%x{}\fR) will automatically use the current Bundler environment\. If you need to shell out to a Ruby command that is not part of your current bundle, use the \fBwith_unbundled_env\fR method with a block\. Any subshells created inside the block will be given the environment present before Bundler was activated\. For example, Homebrew commands run Ruby, but don\'t work inside a bundle:
 .
 .IP "" 4
 .
 .nf
 
-Bundler\.with_clean_env do
+Bundler\.with_unbundled_env do
   `brew install wget`
 end
 .
@@ -89,13 +89,13 @@ end
 .IP "" 0
 .
 .P
-Using \fBwith_clean_env\fR is also necessary if you are shelling out to a different bundle\. Any Bundler commands run in a subshell will inherit the current Gemfile, so commands that need to run in the context of a different bundle also need to use \fBwith_clean_env\fR\.
+Using \fBwith_unbundled_env\fR is also necessary if you are shelling out to a different bundle\. Any Bundler commands run in a subshell will inherit the current Gemfile, so commands that need to run in the context of a different bundle also need to use \fBwith_unbundled_env\fR\.
 .
 .IP "" 4
 .
 .nf
 
-Bundler\.with_clean_env do
+Bundler\.with_unbundled_env do
   Dir\.chdir "/other/bundler/project" do
     `bundle exec \./script`
   end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1.ronn
index 5f5e78ed12..05948095e2 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-exec.1.ronn
@@ -84,20 +84,20 @@ the `disable_exec_load` setting.
 Any Ruby code that opens a subshell (like `system`, backticks, or `%x{}`) will
 automatically use the current Bundler environment. If you need to shell out to
 a Ruby command that is not part of your current bundle, use the
-`with_clean_env` method with a block. Any subshells created inside the block
+`with_unbundled_env` method with a block. Any subshells created inside the block
 will be given the environment present before Bundler was activated. For
 example, Homebrew commands run Ruby, but don't work inside a bundle:
 
-    Bundler.with_clean_env do
+    Bundler.with_unbundled_env do
       `brew install wget`
     end
 
-Using `with_clean_env` is also necessary if you are shelling out to a different
+Using `with_unbundled_env` is also necessary if you are shelling out to a different
 bundle. Any Bundler commands run in a subshell will inherit the current
 Gemfile, so commands that need to run in the context of a different bundle also
-need to use `with_clean_env`.
+need to use `with_unbundled_env`.
 
-    Bundler.with_clean_env do
+    Bundler.with_unbundled_env do
       Dir.chdir "/other/bundler/project" do
         `bundle exec ./script`
       end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1
index 0fb6f7d0ab..8339b727ce 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-GEM" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-GEM" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-gem\fR \- Generate a project skeleton for creating a rubygem
@@ -31,41 +31,32 @@ The generated project skeleton can be customized with OPTIONS, as explained belo
 .
 .SH "OPTIONS"
 .
-.TP
-\fB\-\-exe\fR or \fB\-b\fR or \fB\-\-bin\fR
-Specify that Bundler should create a binary executable (as \fBexe/GEM_NAME\fR) in the generated rubygem project\. This binary will also be added to the \fBGEM_NAME\.gemspec\fR manifest\. This behavior is disabled by default\.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fB\-\-exe\fR or \fB\-b\fR or \fB\-\-bin\fR: Specify that Bundler should create a binary executable (as \fBexe/GEM_NAME\fR) in the generated rubygem project\. This binary will also be added to the \fBGEM_NAME\.gemspec\fR manifest\. This behavior is disabled by default\.
 .
-.TP
-\fB\-\-no\-exe\fR
-Do not create a binary (overrides \fB\-\-exe\fR specified in the global config)\.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fB\-\-no\-exe\fR: Do not create a binary (overrides \fB\-\-exe\fR specified in the global config)\.
 .
-.TP
-\fB\-\-coc\fR
-Add a \fBCODE_OF_CONDUCT\.md\fR file to the root of the generated project\. If this option is unspecified, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler\'s global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fB\-\-coc\fR: Add a \fBCODE_OF_CONDUCT\.md\fR file to the root of the generated project\. If this option is unspecified, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler\'s global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
 .
-.TP
-\fB\-\-no\-coc\fR
-Do not create a \fBCODE_OF_CONDUCT\.md\fR (overrides \fB\-\-coc\fR specified in the global config)\.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fB\-\-no\-coc\fR: Do not create a \fBCODE_OF_CONDUCT\.md\fR (overrides \fB\-\-coc\fR specified in the global config)\.
 .
-.TP
-\fB\-\-ext\fR
-Add boilerplate for C extension code to the generated project\. This behavior is disabled by default\.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fB\-\-ext=c\fR, \fB\-\-ext=rust\fR Add boilerplate for C or Rust (currently magnus \fIhttps://docs\.rs/magnus\fR based) extension code to the generated project\. This behavior is disabled by default\.
 .
-.TP
-\fB\-\-no\-ext\fR
-Do not add C extension code (overrides \fB\-\-ext\fR specified in the global config)\.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fB\-\-no\-ext\fR: Do not add extension code (overrides \fB\-\-ext\fR specified in the global config)\.
 .
-.TP
-\fB\-\-mit\fR
-Add an MIT license to a \fBLICENSE\.txt\fR file in the root of the generated project\. Your name from the global git config is used for the copyright statement\. If this option is unspecified, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler\'s global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fB\-\-mit\fR: Add an MIT license to a \fBLICENSE\.txt\fR file in the root of the generated project\. Your name from the global git config is used for the copyright statement\. If this option is unspecified, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler\'s global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
 .
-.TP
-\fB\-\-no\-mit\fR
-Do not create a \fBLICENSE\.txt\fR (overrides \fB\-\-mit\fR specified in the global config)\.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fB\-\-no\-mit\fR: Do not create a \fBLICENSE\.txt\fR (overrides \fB\-\-mit\fR specified in the global config)\.
 .
-.TP
-\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-test=minitest\fR, \fB\-\-test=rspec\fR, \fB\-\-test=test\-unit\fR
-Specify the test framework that Bundler should use when generating the project\. Acceptable values are \fBminitest\fR, \fBrspec\fR and \fBtest\-unit\fR\. The \fBGEM_NAME\.gemspec\fR will be configured and a skeleton test/spec directory will be created based on this option\. Given no option is specified:
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fB\-t\fR, \fB\-\-test=minitest\fR, \fB\-\-test=rspec\fR, \fB\-\-test=test\-unit\fR: Specify the test framework that Bundler should use when generating the project\. Acceptable values are \fBminitest\fR, \fBrspec\fR and \fBtest\-unit\fR\. The \fBGEM_NAME\.gemspec\fR will be configured and a skeleton test/spec directory will be created based on this option\. Given no option is specified:
 .
 .IP
 When Bundler is configured to generate tests, this defaults to Bundler\'s global config setting \fBgem\.test\fR\.
@@ -76,9 +67,8 @@ When Bundler is configured to not generate tests, an interactive prompt will be
 .IP
 When Bundler is unconfigured, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler\'s global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
 .
-.TP
-\fB\-\-ci\fR, \fB\-\-ci=github\fR, \fB\-\-ci=travis\fR, \fB\-\-ci=gitlab\fR, \fB\-\-ci=circle\fR
-Specify the continuous integration service that Bundler should use when generating the project\. Acceptable values are \fBgithub\fR, \fBtravis\fR, \fBgitlab\fR and \fBcircle\fR\. A configuration file will be generated in the project directory\. Given no option is specified:
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fB\-\-ci\fR, \fB\-\-ci=github\fR, \fB\-\-ci=gitlab\fR, \fB\-\-ci=circle\fR: Specify the continuous integration service that Bundler should use when generating the project\. Acceptable values are \fBgithub\fR, \fBgitlab\fR and \fBcircle\fR\. A configuration file will be generated in the project directory\. Given no option is specified:
 .
 .IP
 When Bundler is configured to generate CI files, this defaults to Bundler\'s global config setting \fBgem\.ci\fR\.
@@ -89,9 +79,8 @@ When Bundler is configured to not generate CI files, an interactive prompt will
 .IP
 When Bundler is unconfigured, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler\'s global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
 .
-.TP
-\fB\-\-linter\fR, \fB\-\-linter=rubocop\fR, \fB\-\-linter=standard\fR
-Specify the linter and code formatter that Bundler should add to the project\'s development dependencies\. Acceptable values are \fBrubocop\fR and \fBstandard\fR\. A configuration file will be generated in the project directory\. Given no option is specified:
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fB\-\-linter\fR, \fB\-\-linter=rubocop\fR, \fB\-\-linter=standard\fR: Specify the linter and code formatter that Bundler should add to the project\'s development dependencies\. Acceptable values are \fBrubocop\fR and \fBstandard\fR\. A configuration file will be generated in the project directory\. Given no option is specified:
 .
 .IP
 When Bundler is configured to add a linter, this defaults to Bundler\'s global config setting \fBgem\.linter\fR\.
@@ -102,9 +91,10 @@ When Bundler is configured not to add a linter, an interactive prompt will be di
 .IP
 When Bundler is unconfigured, an interactive prompt will be displayed and the answer will be saved in Bundler\'s global config for future \fBbundle gem\fR use\.
 .
-.TP
-\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-edit[=EDITOR]\fR
-Open the resulting GEM_NAME\.gemspec in EDITOR, or the default editor if not specified\. The default is \fB$BUNDLER_EDITOR\fR, \fB$VISUAL\fR, or \fB$EDITOR\fR\.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fB\-e\fR, \fB\-\-edit[=EDITOR]\fR: Open the resulting GEM_NAME\.gemspec in EDITOR, or the default editor if not specified\. The default is \fB$BUNDLER_EDITOR\fR, \fB$VISUAL\fR, or \fB$EDITOR\fR\.
+.
+.IP "" 0
 .
 .SH "SEE ALSO"
 .
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1.ronn
index 61c741fb24..46fa2f179f 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-gem.1.ronn
@@ -41,12 +41,12 @@ configuration file using the following names:
   Do not create a `CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md` (overrides `--coc` specified in the
   global config).
 
-* `--ext`:
-  Add boilerplate for C extension code to the generated project. This behavior
+* `--ext=c`, `--ext=rust`
+  Add boilerplate for C or Rust (currently [magnus](https://docs.rs/magnus) based) extension code to the generated project. This behavior
   is disabled by default.
 
 * `--no-ext`:
-  Do not add C extension code (overrides `--ext` specified in the global
+  Do not add extension code (overrides `--ext` specified in the global
   config).
 
 * `--mit`:
@@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ configuration file using the following names:
   the answer will be saved in Bundler's global config for future `bundle gem`
   use.
 
-* `--ci`, `--ci=github`, `--ci=travis`, `--ci=gitlab`, `--ci=circle`:
+* `--ci`, `--ci=github`, `--ci=gitlab`, `--ci=circle`:
   Specify the continuous integration service that Bundler should use when
-  generating the project. Acceptable values are `github`, `travis`, `gitlab`
+  generating the project. Acceptable values are `github`, `gitlab`
   and `circle`. A configuration file will be generated in the project directory.
   Given no option is specified:
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-help.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-help.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9787c2d49f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-help.1
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-HELP" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-help\fR \- Displays detailed help for each subcommand
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle help\fR [COMMAND]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Displays detailed help for the given subcommand\. You can specify a single \fBCOMMAND\fR at the same time\. When \fBCOMMAND\fR is omitted, help for \fBhelp\fR command will be displayed\.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-help.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-help.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e144aead7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-help.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+bundle-help(1) -- Displays detailed help for each subcommand
+============================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle help` [COMMAND]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Displays detailed help for the given subcommand.
+You can specify a single `COMMAND` at the same time.
+When `COMMAND` is omitted, help for `help` command will be displayed.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-info.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-info.1
index d3bad843b8..2cced71520 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-info.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-info.1
@@ -1,16 +1,16 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-INFO" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-INFO" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-info\fR \- Show information for the given gem in your bundle
 .
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
-\fBbundle info\fR [GEM] [\-\-path]
+\fBbundle info\fR [GEM_NAME] [\-\-path]
 .
 .SH "DESCRIPTION"
-Print the basic information about the provided GEM such as homepage, version, path and summary\.
+Given a gem name present in your bundle, print the basic information about it such as homepage, version, path and summary\.
 .
 .SH "OPTIONS"
 .
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-info.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-info.1.ronn
index 47e457aa3c..cecdeb564f 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-info.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-info.1.ronn
@@ -3,13 +3,13 @@ bundle-info(1) -- Show information for the given gem in your bundle
 
 ## SYNOPSIS
 
-`bundle info` [GEM]
+`bundle info` [GEM_NAME]
               [--path]
 
 ## DESCRIPTION
 
-Print the basic information about the provided GEM such as homepage, version,
-path and summary.
+Given a gem name present in your bundle, print the basic information about it
+ such as homepage, version, path and summary.
 
 ## OPTIONS
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-init.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-init.1
index 0b3abfeefc..c7a9a155b5 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-init.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-init.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-INIT" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-INIT" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-init\fR \- Generates a Gemfile into the current working directory
@@ -18,6 +18,10 @@ Init generates a default [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)] in the current working d
 \fB\-\-gemspec\fR
 Use the specified \.gemspec to create the [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)]
 .
+.TP
+\fB\-\-gemfile\fR
+Use the specified name for the gemfile instead of \fBGemfile\fR
+.
 .SH "FILES"
 Included in the default [\fBGemfile(5)\fR][Gemfile(5)] generated is the line \fB# frozen_string_literal: true\fR\. This is a magic comment supported for the first time in Ruby 2\.3\. The presence of this line results in all string literals in the file being implicitly frozen\.
 .
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-init.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-init.1.ronn
index 9d3d97deea..7d3cede1f6 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-init.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-init.1.ronn
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ created [`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)].
 
 * `--gemspec`:
   Use the specified .gemspec to create the [`Gemfile(5)`][Gemfile(5)]
+* `--gemfile`:
+  Use the specified name for the gemfile instead of `Gemfile`
 
 ## FILES
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-inject.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-inject.1
index 53f2eaae0a..9e25c29085 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-inject.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-inject.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-INJECT" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-INJECT" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-inject\fR \- Add named gem(s) with version requirements to Gemfile
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1
index 8e94fe2437..337683af06 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-INSTALL" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-INSTALL" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-install\fR \- Install the dependencies specified in your Gemfile
@@ -170,35 +170,6 @@ As a result, \fBbundle install \-\-deployment\fR installs gems to the \fBvendor/
 .
 .IP "" 0
 .
-.SH "SUDO USAGE"
-By default, Bundler installs gems to the same location as \fBgem install\fR\.
-.
-.P
-In some cases, that location may not be writable by your Unix user\. In that case, Bundler will stage everything in a temporary directory, then ask you for your \fBsudo\fR password in order to copy the gems into their system location\.
-.
-.P
-From your perspective, this is identical to installing the gems directly into the system\.
-.
-.P
-You should never use \fBsudo bundle install\fR\. This is because several other steps in \fBbundle install\fR must be performed as the current user:
-.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-Updating your \fBGemfile\.lock\fR
-.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-Updating your \fBvendor/cache\fR, if necessary
-.
-.IP "\(bu" 4
-Checking out private git repositories using your user\'s SSH keys
-.
-.IP "" 0
-.
-.P
-Of these three, the first two could theoretically be performed by \fBchown\fRing the resulting files to \fB$SUDO_USER\fR\. The third, however, can only be performed by invoking the \fBgit\fR command as the current user\. Therefore, git gems are downloaded and installed into \fB~/\.bundle\fR rather than $GEM_HOME or $BUNDLE_PATH\.
-.
-.P
-As a result, you should run \fBbundle install\fR as the current user, and Bundler will ask for your password if it is needed to put the gems into their final location\.
-.
 .SH "INSTALLING GROUPS"
 By default, \fBbundle install\fR will install all gems in all groups in your Gemfile(5), except those declared for a different platform\.
 .
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1.ronn
index 47200ac2d5..be9ed0f974 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-install.1.ronn
@@ -224,35 +224,6 @@ will cause an error when the Gemfile(5) is modified.
    the `vendor/bundle` directory in the application. This may be
    overridden using the `--path` option.
 
-## SUDO USAGE
-
-By default, Bundler installs gems to the same location as `gem install`.
-
-In some cases, that location may not be writable by your Unix user. In
-that case, Bundler will stage everything in a temporary directory,
-then ask you for your `sudo` password in order to copy the gems into
-their system location.
-
-From your perspective, this is identical to installing the gems
-directly into the system.
-
-You should never use `sudo bundle install`. This is because several
-other steps in `bundle install` must be performed as the current user:
-
-* Updating your `Gemfile.lock`
-* Updating your `vendor/cache`, if necessary
-* Checking out private git repositories using your user's SSH keys
-
-Of these three, the first two could theoretically be performed by
-`chown`ing the resulting files to `$SUDO_USER`. The third, however,
-can only be performed by invoking the `git` command as
-the current user. Therefore, git gems are downloaded and installed
-into `~/.bundle` rather than $GEM_HOME or $BUNDLE_PATH.
-
-As a result, you should run `bundle install` as the current user,
-and Bundler will ask for your password if it is needed to put the
-gems into their final location.
-
 ## INSTALLING GROUPS
 
 By default, `bundle install` will install all gems in all groups
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-list.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-list.1
index 3a9cc9a237..1680e6007a 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-list.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-list.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-LIST" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-LIST" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-list\fR \- List all the gems in the bundle
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-lock.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-lock.1
index ac03c5478e..8722c44b3d 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-lock.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-lock.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-LOCK" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-LOCK" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-lock\fR \- Creates / Updates a lockfile without installing
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-open.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-open.1
index be6c5af248..3513f0d09b 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-open.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-open.1
@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-OPEN" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-OPEN" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-open\fR \- Opens the source directory for a gem in your bundle
 .
 .SH "SYNOPSIS"
-\fBbundle open\fR [GEM]
+\fBbundle open\fR [GEM] [\-\-path=PATH]
 .
 .SH "DESCRIPTION"
 Opens the source directory of the provided GEM in your editor\.
@@ -30,3 +30,23 @@ bundle open \'rack\'
 .
 .P
 Will open the source directory for the \'rack\' gem in your bundle\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+bundle open \'rack\' \-\-path \'README\.md\'
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+Will open the README\.md file of the \'rack\' gem source in your bundle\.
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+.
+.TP
+\fB\-\-path\fR
+Specify GEM source relative path to open\.
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-open.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-open.1.ronn
index 497beac93f..a857f3a965 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-open.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-open.1.ronn
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ bundle-open(1) -- Opens the source directory for a gem in your bundle
 
 ## SYNOPSIS
 
-`bundle open` [GEM]
+`bundle open` [GEM] [--path=PATH]
 
 ## DESCRIPTION
 
@@ -17,3 +17,11 @@ Example:
     bundle open 'rack'
 
 Will open the source directory for the 'rack' gem in your bundle.
+
+    bundle open 'rack' --path 'README.md'
+
+Will open the README.md file of the 'rack' gem source in your bundle.
+
+## OPTIONS
+* `--path`:
+  Specify GEM source relative path to open.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-outdated.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-outdated.1
index fc3d5e8caf..129ff00f58 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-outdated.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-outdated.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-OUTDATED" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-OUTDATED" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-outdated\fR \- List installed gems with newer versions available
@@ -83,9 +83,10 @@ If the regular output shows the following:
 .
 .nf
 
-* faker (newest 1\.6\.6, installed 1\.6\.5, requested ~> 1\.4) in groups "development, test"
-* hashie (newest 3\.4\.6, installed 1\.2\.0, requested = 1\.2\.0) in groups "default"
-* headless (newest 2\.3\.1, installed 2\.2\.3) in groups "test"
+* Gem       Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+* faker     1\.6\.5    1\.6\.6   ~> 1\.4     development, test
+* hashie    1\.2\.0    3\.4\.6   = 1\.2\.0    default
+* headless  2\.2\.3    2\.3\.1   = 2\.2\.3    test
 .
 .fi
 .
@@ -98,7 +99,8 @@ If the regular output shows the following:
 .
 .nf
 
-* hashie (newest 3\.4\.6, installed 1\.2\.0, requested = 1\.2\.0) in groups "default"
+* Gem       Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+* hashie    1\.2\.0    3\.4\.6   = 1\.2\.0    default
 .
 .fi
 .
@@ -111,7 +113,8 @@ If the regular output shows the following:
 .
 .nf
 
-* headless (newest 2\.3\.1, installed 2\.2\.3) in groups "test"
+* Gem       Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+* headless  2\.2\.3    2\.3\.1   = 2\.2\.3    test
 .
 .fi
 .
@@ -124,7 +127,8 @@ If the regular output shows the following:
 .
 .nf
 
-* faker (newest 1\.6\.6, installed 1\.6\.5, requested ~> 1\.4) in groups "development, test"
+* Gem       Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+* faker     1\.6\.5    1\.6\.6   ~> 1\.4     development, test
 .
 .fi
 .
@@ -137,8 +141,8 @@ Filter options can be combined\. \fB\-\-filter\-minor\fR and \fB\-\-filter\-patc
 .
 .nf
 
-* faker (newest 1\.6\.6, installed 1\.6\.5, requested ~> 1\.4) in groups "development, test"
-* headless (newest 2\.3\.1, installed 2\.2\.3) in groups "test"
+* Gem       Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+* faker     1\.6\.5    1\.6\.6   ~> 1\.4     development, test
 .
 .fi
 .
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-outdated.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-outdated.1.ronn
index 04096ffbb6..27bf21ab9d 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-outdated.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-outdated.1.ronn
@@ -78,25 +78,28 @@ in the output.
 
 If the regular output shows the following:
 
-    * faker (newest 1.6.6, installed 1.6.5, requested ~> 1.4) in groups "development, test"
-    * hashie (newest 3.4.6, installed 1.2.0, requested = 1.2.0) in groups "default"
-    * headless (newest 2.3.1, installed 2.2.3) in groups "test"
+    * Gem       Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+    * faker     1.6.5    1.6.6   ~> 1.4     development, test
+    * hashie    1.2.0    3.4.6   = 1.2.0    default
+    * headless  2.2.3    2.3.1   = 2.2.3    test
 
 `--filter-major` would only show:
 
-    * hashie (newest 3.4.6, installed 1.2.0, requested = 1.2.0) in groups "default"
+    * Gem       Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+    * hashie    1.2.0    3.4.6   = 1.2.0    default
 
 `--filter-minor` would only show:
 
-    * headless (newest 2.3.1, installed 2.2.3) in groups "test"
+    * Gem       Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+    * headless  2.2.3    2.3.1   = 2.2.3    test
 
 `--filter-patch` would only show:
 
-    * faker (newest 1.6.6, installed 1.6.5, requested ~> 1.4) in groups "development, test"
+    * Gem       Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+    * faker     1.6.5    1.6.6   ~> 1.4     development, test
 
 Filter options can be combined. `--filter-minor` and `--filter-patch` would show:
 
-    * faker (newest 1.6.6, installed 1.6.5, requested ~> 1.4) in groups "development, test"
-    * headless (newest 2.3.1, installed 2.2.3) in groups "test"
-
+    * Gem       Current  Latest  Requested  Groups
+    * faker     1.6.5    1.6.6   ~> 1.4     development, test
 Combining all three `filter` options would be the same result as providing none of them.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-platform.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-platform.1
index f5a90c59e9..5021c46b4c 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-platform.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-platform.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-PLATFORM" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-PLATFORM" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-platform\fR \- Displays platform compatibility information
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ It will display the ruby directive information, so you don\'t have to parse it f
 .SH "SEE ALSO"
 .
 .IP "\(bu" 4
-bundle\-lock(1) \fIbundle\-lock\.1\.ronn\fR
+bundle\-lock(1) \fIbundle\-lock\.1\.html\fR
 .
 .IP "" 0
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-platform.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-platform.1.ronn
index eb9baa1c62..744acd1b43 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-platform.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-platform.1.ronn
@@ -46,4 +46,4 @@ match the running Ruby VM, it tells you what part does not.
 
 ## SEE ALSO
 
-* [bundle-lock(1)](bundle-lock.1.ronn)
+* [bundle-lock(1)](bundle-lock.1.html)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-plugin.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-plugin.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ec30e1d0fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-plugin.1
@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-PLUGIN" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-plugin\fR \- Manage Bundler plugins
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle plugin\fR install PLUGINS [\-\-source=\fISOURCE\fR] [\-\-version=\fIversion\fR] [\-\-git|\-\-local_git=\fIgit\-url\fR] [\-\-branch=\fIbranch\fR|\-\-ref=\fIrev\fR]
+.
+.br
+\fBbundle plugin\fR uninstall PLUGINS
+.
+.br
+\fBbundle plugin\fR list
+.
+.br
+\fBbundle plugin\fR help [COMMAND]
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+You can install, uninstall, and list plugin(s) with this command to extend functionalities of Bundler\.
+.
+.SH "SUB\-COMMANDS"
+.
+.SS "install"
+Install the given plugin(s)\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBbundle plugin install bundler\-graph\fR: Install bundler\-graph gem from RubyGems\.org\. The global source, specified in source in Gemfile is ignored\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBbundle plugin install bundler\-graph \-\-source https://example\.com\fR: Install bundler\-graph gem from example\.com\. The global source, specified in source in Gemfile is not considered\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBbundle plugin install bundler\-graph \-\-version 0\.2\.1\fR: You can specify the version of the gem via \fB\-\-version\fR\.
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBbundle plugin install bundler\-graph \-\-git https://github\.com/rubygems/bundler\-graph\fR: Install bundler\-graph gem from Git repository\. \fB\-\-git\fR can be replaced with \fB\-\-local\-git\fR\. You cannot use both \fB\-\-git\fR and \fB\-\-local\-git\fR\. You can use standard Git URLs like:
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBssh://[user@]host\.xz[:port]/path/to/repo\.git\fR
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBhttp[s]://host\.xz[:port]/path/to/repo\.git\fR
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fB/path/to/repo\fR
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+\fBfile:///path/to/repo\fR
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.IP
+When you specify \fB\-\-git\fR/\fB\-\-local\-git\fR, you can use \fB\-\-branch\fR or \fB\-\-ref\fR to specify any branch, tag, or commit hash (revision) to use\. When you specify both, only the latter is used\.
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.SS "uninstall"
+Uninstall the plugin(s) specified in PLUGINS\.
+.
+.SS "list"
+List the installed plugins and available commands\.
+.
+.P
+No options\.
+.
+.SS "help"
+Describe subcommands or one specific subcommand\.
+.
+.P
+No options\.
+.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+.
+.IP "\(bu" 4
+How to write a Bundler plugin \fIhttps://bundler\.io/guides/bundler_plugins\.html\fR
+.
+.IP "" 0
+
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-plugin.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-plugin.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4f234eeba7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-plugin.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+bundle-plugin(1) -- Manage Bundler plugins
+==========================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle plugin` install PLUGINS [--source=<SOURCE>] [--version=<version>]
+                              [--git|--local_git=<git-url>] [--branch=<branch>|--ref=<rev>]<br>
+`bundle plugin` uninstall PLUGINS<br>
+`bundle plugin` list<br>
+`bundle plugin` help [COMMAND]
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+You can install, uninstall, and list plugin(s) with this command to extend functionalities of Bundler.
+
+## SUB-COMMANDS
+
+### install
+
+Install the given plugin(s).
+
+* `bundle plugin install bundler-graph`:
+  Install bundler-graph gem from RubyGems.org. The global source, specified in source in Gemfile is ignored.
+
+* `bundle plugin install bundler-graph --source https://example.com`:
+  Install bundler-graph gem from example.com. The global source, specified in source in Gemfile is not considered.
+
+* `bundle plugin install bundler-graph --version 0.2.1`:
+  You can specify the version of the gem via `--version`.
+
+* `bundle plugin install bundler-graph --git https://github.com/rubygems/bundler-graph`:
+  Install bundler-graph gem from Git repository. `--git` can be replaced with `--local-git`. You cannot use both `--git` and `--local-git`. You can use standard Git URLs like:
+
+  * `ssh://[user@]host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git`
+  * `http[s]://host.xz[:port]/path/to/repo.git`
+  * `/path/to/repo`
+  * `file:///path/to/repo`
+
+  When you specify `--git`/`--local-git`, you can use `--branch` or `--ref` to specify any branch, tag, or commit hash (revision) to use. When you specify both, only the latter is used.
+
+### uninstall
+
+Uninstall the plugin(s) specified in PLUGINS.
+
+### list
+
+List the installed plugins and available commands.
+
+No options.
+
+### help
+
+Describe subcommands or one specific subcommand.
+
+No options.
+
+## SEE ALSO
+
+* [How to write a Bundler plugin](https://bundler.io/guides/bundler_plugins.html)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-pristine.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-pristine.1
index 44e5a83a01..af81c48d2b 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-pristine.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-pristine.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-PRISTINE" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-PRISTINE" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-pristine\fR \- Restores installed gems to their pristine condition
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-remove.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-remove.1
index 29ec246018..d86cf134bd 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-remove.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-remove.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-REMOVE" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-REMOVE" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-remove\fR \- Removes gems from the Gemfile
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-show.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-show.1
index 227b1c8a1e..aa91176bf2 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-show.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-show.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-SHOW" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-SHOW" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-show\fR \- Shows all the gems in your bundle, or the path to a gem
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-update.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-update.1
index 7d0988bfa5..e4e10ad23b 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-update.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-update.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-UPDATE" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-UPDATE" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-update\fR \- Update your gems to the latest available versions
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-version.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-version.1
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5e3ed44600
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-version.1
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+.\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
+.\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
+.
+.TH "BUNDLE\-VERSION" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
+.
+.SH "NAME"
+\fBbundle\-version\fR \- Prints Bundler version information
+.
+.SH "SYNOPSIS"
+\fBbundle version\fR
+.
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+Prints Bundler version information\.
+.
+.SH "OPTIONS"
+No options\.
+.
+.SH "EXAMPLE"
+Print the version of Bundler with build date and commit hash of the in the Git source\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+bundle version
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+shows \fBBundler version 2\.3\.21 (2022\-08\-24 commit d54be5fdd8)\fR for example\.
+.
+.P
+cf\. \fBbundle \-\-version\fR shows \fBBundler version 2\.3\.21\fR\.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-version.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-version.1.ronn
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..46c6f0b30a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-version.1.ronn
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+bundle-version(1) -- Prints Bundler version information
+=======================================================
+
+## SYNOPSIS
+
+`bundle version`
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+Prints Bundler version information.
+
+## OPTIONS
+
+No options.
+
+## EXAMPLE
+
+Print the version of Bundler with build date and commit hash of the in the Git source.
+
+    bundle version
+
+shows `Bundler version 2.3.21 (2022-08-24 commit d54be5fdd8)` for example.
+
+cf. `bundle --version` shows `Bundler version 2.3.21`.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-viz.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-viz.1
index f6f51cde0e..d5330ec754 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle-viz.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle-viz.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE\-VIZ" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE\-VIZ" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\-viz\fR \- Generates a visual dependency graph for your Gemfile
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1 b/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1
index f683e78cc6..99c65a72b5 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "BUNDLE" "1" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "BUNDLE" "1" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBbundle\fR \- Ruby Dependency Management
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ Execute a script in the current bundle
 Specify and read configuration options for Bundler
 .
 .TP
-\fBbundle help(1)\fR
+\fBbundle help(1)\fR \fIbundle\-help\.1\.html\fR
 Display detailed help for each subcommand
 .
 .SH "UTILITIES"
@@ -120,6 +120,14 @@ Display warnings about common problems
 \fBbundle remove(1)\fR \fIbundle\-remove\.1\.html\fR
 Removes gems from the Gemfile
 .
+.TP
+\fBbundle plugin(1)\fR \fIbundle\-plugin\.1\.html\fR
+Manage Bundler plugins
+.
+.TP
+\fBbundle version(1)\fR \fIbundle\-version\.1\.html\fR
+Prints Bundler version information
+.
 .SH "PLUGINS"
 When running a command that isn\'t listed in PRIMARY COMMANDS or UTILITIES, Bundler will try to find an executable on your path named \fBbundler\-<command>\fR and execute it, passing down any extra arguments to it\.
 .
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1.ronn
index 8f0159eee5..8245effabd 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/bundle.1.ronn
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ We divide `bundle` subcommands into primary commands and utilities:
 * [`bundle config(1)`](bundle-config.1.html):
   Specify and read configuration options for Bundler
 
-* `bundle help(1)`:
+* [`bundle help(1)`](bundle-help.1.html):
   Display detailed help for each subcommand
 
 ## UTILITIES
@@ -97,6 +97,12 @@ We divide `bundle` subcommands into primary commands and utilities:
 * [`bundle remove(1)`](bundle-remove.1.html):
   Removes gems from the Gemfile
 
+* [`bundle plugin(1)`](bundle-plugin.1.html):
+  Manage Bundler plugins
+
+* [`bundle version(1)`](bundle-version.1.html):
+  Prints Bundler version information
+
 ## PLUGINS
 
 When running a command that isn't listed in PRIMARY COMMANDS or UTILITIES,
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5 b/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5
index 63a16ca3ff..352fa0f545 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 .\" generated with Ronn/v0.7.3
 .\" http://github.com/rtomayko/ronn/tree/0.7.3
 .
-.TH "GEMFILE" "5" "July 2022" "" ""
+.TH "GEMFILE" "5" "August 2023" "" ""
 .
 .SH "NAME"
 \fBGemfile\fR \- A format for describing gem dependencies for Ruby programs
@@ -73,13 +73,26 @@ Credentials in the source URL will take precedence over credentials set using \f
 If your application requires a specific Ruby version or engine, specify your requirements using the \fBruby\fR method, with the following arguments\. All parameters are \fBOPTIONAL\fR unless otherwise specified\.
 .
 .SS "VERSION (required)"
-The version of Ruby that your application requires\. If your application requires an alternate Ruby engine, such as JRuby, Rubinius or TruffleRuby, this should be the Ruby version that the engine is compatible with\.
+The version of Ruby that your application requires\. If your application requires an alternate Ruby engine, such as JRuby, TruffleRuby, etc\., this should be the Ruby version that the engine is compatible with\.
 .
 .IP "" 4
 .
 .nf
 
-ruby "1\.9\.3"
+ruby "3\.1\.2"
+.
+.fi
+.
+.IP "" 0
+.
+.P
+If you wish to derive your Ruby version from a version file (ie \.ruby\-version), you can use the \fBfile\fR option instead\.
+.
+.IP "" 4
+.
+.nf
+
+ruby file: "\.ruby\-version"
 .
 .fi
 .
@@ -95,7 +108,7 @@ What exactly is an Engine? \- A Ruby engine is an implementation of the Ruby lan
 For background: the reference or original implementation of the Ruby programming language is called Matz\'s Ruby Interpreter \fIhttps://en\.wikipedia\.org/wiki/Ruby_MRI\fR, or MRI for short\. This is named after Ruby creator Yukihiro Matsumoto, also known as Matz\. MRI is also known as CRuby, because it is written in C\. MRI is the most widely used Ruby engine\.
 .
 .IP "\(bu" 4
-Other implementations \fIhttps://www\.ruby\-lang\.org/en/about/\fR of Ruby exist\. Some of the more well\-known implementations include Rubinius \fIhttps://rubinius\.com/\fR, and JRuby \fIhttp://jruby\.org/\fR\. Rubinius is an alternative implementation of Ruby written in Ruby\. JRuby is an implementation of Ruby on the JVM, short for Java Virtual Machine\.
+Other implementations \fIhttps://www\.ruby\-lang\.org/en/about/\fR of Ruby exist\. Some of the more well\-known implementations include JRuby \fIhttp://jruby\.org/\fR and TruffleRuby \fIhttps://www\.graalvm\.org/ruby/\fR\. Rubinius is an alternative implementation of Ruby written in Ruby\. JRuby is an implementation of Ruby on the JVM, short for Java Virtual Machine\. TruffleRuby is a Ruby implementation on the GraalVM, a language toolkit built on the JVM\.
 .
 .IP "" 0
 .
@@ -106,20 +119,23 @@ Each application \fImay\fR specify a Ruby engine version\. If an engine version
 .
 .nf
 
-ruby "1\.8\.7", engine: "jruby", engine_version: "1\.6\.7"
+ruby "2\.6\.8", engine: "jruby", engine_version: "9\.3\.8\.0"
 .
 .fi
 .
 .IP "" 0
 .
 .SS "PATCHLEVEL"
-Each application \fImay\fR specify a Ruby patchlevel\.
+Each application \fImay\fR specify a Ruby patchlevel\. Specifying the patchlevel has been meaningless since Ruby 2\.1\.0 was released as the patchlevel is now uniquely determined by a combination of major, minor, and teeny version numbers\.
+.
+.P
+This option was implemented in Bundler 1\.4\.0 for Ruby 2\.0 or earlier\.
 .
 .IP "" 4
 .
 .nf
 
-ruby "2\.0\.0", patchlevel: "247"
+ruby "3\.1\.2", patchlevel: "20"
 .
 .fi
 .
@@ -254,19 +270,23 @@ There are a number of \fBGemfile\fR platforms:
 .
 .TP
 \fBruby\fR
-C Ruby (MRI), Rubinius or TruffleRuby, but \fBNOT\fR Windows
+C Ruby (MRI), Rubinius, or TruffleRuby, but not Windows
 .
 .TP
 \fBmri\fR
-Same as \fIruby\fR, but only C Ruby (MRI)
+C Ruby (MRI) only, but not Windows
 .
 .TP
-\fBmingw\fR
-Windows 32 bit \'mingw32\' platform (aka RubyInstaller)
+\fBwindows\fR
+Windows C Ruby (MRI), including RubyInstaller 32\-bit and 64\-bit versions
 .
 .TP
-\fBx64_mingw\fR
-Windows 64 bit \'mingw32\' platform (aka RubyInstaller x64)
+\fBmswin\fR
+Windows C Ruby (MRI), including RubyInstaller 32\-bit versions
+.
+.TP
+\fBmswin64\fR
+Windows C Ruby (MRI), including RubyInstaller 64\-bit versions
 .
 .TP
 \fBrbx\fR
@@ -280,55 +300,29 @@ JRuby
 \fBtruffleruby\fR
 TruffleRuby
 .
-.TP
-\fBmswin\fR
-Windows
-.
-.P
-You can restrict further by platform and version for all platforms \fIexcept\fR for \fBrbx\fR, \fBjruby\fR, \fBtruffleruby\fR and \fBmswin\fR\.
-.
 .P
-To specify a version in addition to a platform, append the version number without the delimiter to the platform\. For example, to specify that a gem should only be used on platforms with Ruby 2\.3, use:
+On platforms \fBruby\fR, \fBmri\fR, \fBmswin\fR, \fBmswin64\fR, and \fBwindows\fR, you may additionally specify a version by appending the major and minor version numbers without a delimiter\. For example, to specify that a gem should only be used on platform \fBruby\fR version 3\.1, use:
 .
 .IP "" 4
 .
 .nf
 
-ruby_23
+ruby_31
 .
 .fi
 .
 .IP "" 0
 .
 .P
-The full list of platforms and supported versions includes:
-.
-.TP
-\fBruby\fR
-1\.8, 1\.9, 2\.0, 2\.1, 2\.2, 2\.3, 2\.4, 2\.5, 2\.6
-.
-.TP
-\fBmri\fR
-1\.8, 1\.9, 2\.0, 2\.1, 2\.2, 2\.3, 2\.4, 2\.5, 2\.6
-.
-.TP
-\fBmingw\fR
-1\.8, 1\.9, 2\.0, 2\.1, 2\.2, 2\.3, 2\.4, 2\.5, 2\.6
-.
-.TP
-\fBx64_mingw\fR
-2\.0, 2\.1, 2\.2, 2\.3, 2\.4, 2\.5, 2\.6
-.
-.P
-As with groups, you can specify one or more platforms:
+As with groups (above), you may specify one or more platforms:
 .
 .IP "" 4
 .
 .nf
 
 gem "weakling",   platforms: :jruby
-gem "ruby\-debug", platforms: :mri_18
-gem "nokogiri",   platforms: [:mri_18, :jruby]
+gem "ruby\-debug", platforms: :mri_31
+gem "nokogiri",   platforms: [:windows_31, :jruby]
 .
 .fi
 .
@@ -527,7 +521,7 @@ Are both equivalent to
 .
 .nf
 
-gem "rails", git: "git://github\.com/rails/rails\.git"
+gem "rails", git: "https://github\.com/rails/rails\.git"
 .
 .fi
 .
@@ -721,7 +715,7 @@ If you wish to use Bundler to help install dependencies for a gem while it is be
 The \fBgemspec\fR method adds any runtime dependencies as gem requirements in the default group\. It also adds development dependencies as gem requirements in the \fBdevelopment\fR group\. Finally, it adds a gem requirement on your project (\fBpath: \'\.\'\fR)\. In conjunction with \fBBundler\.setup\fR, this allows you to require project files in your test code as you would if the project were installed as a gem; you need not manipulate the load path manually or require project files via relative paths\.
 .
 .P
-The \fBgemspec\fR method supports optional \fB:path\fR, \fB:glob\fR, \fB:name\fR, and \fB:development_group\fR options, which control where bundler looks for the \fB\.gemspec\fR, the glob it uses to look for the gemspec (defaults to: "{,\fI,\fR/*}\.gemspec"), what named \fB\.gemspec\fR it uses (if more than one is present), and which group development dependencies are included in\.
+The \fBgemspec\fR method supports optional \fB:path\fR, \fB:glob\fR, \fB:name\fR, and \fB:development_group\fR options, which control where bundler looks for the \fB\.gemspec\fR, the glob it uses to look for the gemspec (defaults to: \fB{,*,*/*}\.gemspec\fR), what named \fB\.gemspec\fR it uses (if more than one is present), and which group development dependencies are included in\.
 .
 .P
 When a \fBgemspec\fR dependency encounters version conflicts during resolution, the local version under development will always be selected \-\- even if there are remote versions that better match other requirements for the \fBgemspec\fR gem\.
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5.ronn b/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5.ronn
index c2f9141c65..6749c33f59 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5.ronn
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/gemfile.5.ronn
@@ -64,10 +64,15 @@ All parameters are `OPTIONAL` unless otherwise specified.
 ### VERSION (required)
 
 The version of Ruby that your application requires. If your application
-requires an alternate Ruby engine, such as JRuby, Rubinius or TruffleRuby, this
+requires an alternate Ruby engine, such as JRuby, TruffleRuby, etc., this
 should be the Ruby version that the engine is compatible with.
 
-    ruby "1.9.3"
+    ruby "3.1.2"
+
+If you wish to derive your Ruby version from a version file (ie .ruby-version),
+you can use the `file` option instead.
+
+    ruby file: ".ruby-version"
 
 ### ENGINE
 
@@ -86,9 +91,10 @@ What exactly is an Engine?
 
   - [Other implementations](https://www.ruby-lang.org/en/about/) of Ruby exist.
     Some of the more well-known implementations include
-    [Rubinius](https://rubinius.com/), and [JRuby](http://jruby.org/).
+    [JRuby](http://jruby.org/) and [TruffleRuby](https://www.graalvm.org/ruby/).
     Rubinius is an alternative implementation of Ruby written in Ruby.
     JRuby is an implementation of Ruby on the JVM, short for Java Virtual Machine.
+    TruffleRuby is a Ruby implementation on the GraalVM, a language toolkit built on the JVM.
 
 ### ENGINE VERSION
 
@@ -96,13 +102,17 @@ Each application _may_ specify a Ruby engine version. If an engine version is
 specified, an engine _must_ also be specified. If the engine is "ruby" the
 engine version specified _must_ match the Ruby version.
 
-    ruby "1.8.7", engine: "jruby", engine_version: "1.6.7"
+    ruby "2.6.8", engine: "jruby", engine_version: "9.3.8.0"
 
 ### PATCHLEVEL
 
-Each application _may_ specify a Ruby patchlevel.
+Each application _may_ specify a Ruby patchlevel. Specifying the patchlevel has
+been meaningless since Ruby 2.1.0 was released as the patchlevel is now
+uniquely determined by a combination of major, minor, and teeny version numbers.
+
+This option was implemented in Bundler 1.4.0 for Ruby 2.0 or earlier.
 
-    ruby "2.0.0", patchlevel: "247"
+    ruby "3.1.2", patchlevel: "20"
 
 ## GEMS
 
@@ -190,47 +200,34 @@ platforms.
 There are a number of `Gemfile` platforms:
 
   * `ruby`:
-    C Ruby (MRI), Rubinius or TruffleRuby, but `NOT` Windows
+    C Ruby (MRI), Rubinius, or TruffleRuby, but not Windows
   * `mri`:
-    Same as _ruby_, but only C Ruby (MRI)
-  * `mingw`:
-    Windows 32 bit 'mingw32' platform (aka RubyInstaller)
-  * `x64_mingw`:
-    Windows 64 bit 'mingw32' platform (aka RubyInstaller x64)
+    C Ruby (MRI) only, but not Windows
+  * `windows`:
+    Windows C Ruby (MRI), including RubyInstaller 32-bit and 64-bit versions
+  * `mswin`:
+    Windows C Ruby (MRI), including RubyInstaller 32-bit versions
+  * `mswin64`:
+    Windows C Ruby (MRI), including RubyInstaller 64-bit versions
   * `rbx`:
     Rubinius
   * `jruby`:
     JRuby
   * `truffleruby`:
     TruffleRuby
-  * `mswin`:
-    Windows
-
-You can restrict further by platform and version for all platforms *except* for
-`rbx`, `jruby`, `truffleruby` and `mswin`.
 
-To specify a version in addition to a platform, append the version number without
-the delimiter to the platform. For example, to specify that a gem should only be
-used on platforms with Ruby 2.3, use:
+On platforms `ruby`, `mri`, `mswin`, `mswin64`, and `windows`, you may
+additionally specify a version by appending the major and minor version numbers
+without a delimiter. For example, to specify that a gem should only be used on
+platform `ruby` version 3.1, use:
 
-    ruby_23
+    ruby_31
 
-The full list of platforms and supported versions includes:
-
-  * `ruby`:
-    1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6
-  * `mri`:
-    1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6
-  * `mingw`:
-    1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6
-  * `x64_mingw`:
-    2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6
-
-As with groups, you can specify one or more platforms:
+As with groups (above), you may specify one or more platforms:
 
     gem "weakling",   platforms: :jruby
-    gem "ruby-debug", platforms: :mri_18
-    gem "nokogiri",   platforms: [:mri_18, :jruby]
+    gem "ruby-debug", platforms: :mri_31
+    gem "nokogiri",   platforms: [:windows_31, :jruby]
 
 All operations involving groups ([`bundle install`](bundle-install.1.html), `Bundler.setup`,
 `Bundler.require`) behave exactly the same as if any groups not
@@ -387,7 +384,7 @@ same, you can omit one.
 
 Are both equivalent to
 
-    gem "rails", git: "git://github.com/rails/rails.git"
+    gem "rails", git: "https://github.com/rails/rails.git"
 
 Since the `github` method is a specialization of `git_source`, it accepts a `:branch` named argument.
 
@@ -522,7 +519,7 @@ paths.
 
 The `gemspec` method supports optional `:path`, `:glob`, `:name`, and `:development_group`
 options, which control where bundler looks for the `.gemspec`, the glob it uses to look
-for the gemspec (defaults to: "{,*,*/*}.gemspec"), what named `.gemspec` it uses
+for the gemspec (defaults to: `{,*,*/*}.gemspec`), what named `.gemspec` it uses
 (if more than one is present), and which group development dependencies are included in.
 
 When a `gemspec` dependency encounters version conflicts during resolution, the
diff --git a/lib/bundler/man/index.txt b/lib/bundler/man/index.txt
index ef2956b2f9..24f7633e66 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/man/index.txt
+++ b/lib/bundler/man/index.txt
@@ -6,9 +6,11 @@ bundle-cache(1)       bundle-cache.1
 bundle-check(1)       bundle-check.1
 bundle-clean(1)       bundle-clean.1
 bundle-config(1)      bundle-config.1
+bundle-console(1)     bundle-console.1
 bundle-doctor(1)      bundle-doctor.1
 bundle-exec(1)        bundle-exec.1
 bundle-gem(1)         bundle-gem.1
+bundle-help(1)        bundle-help.1
 bundle-info(1)        bundle-info.1
 bundle-init(1)        bundle-init.1
 bundle-inject(1)      bundle-inject.1
@@ -18,8 +20,10 @@ bundle-lock(1)        bundle-lock.1
 bundle-open(1)        bundle-open.1
 bundle-outdated(1)    bundle-outdated.1
 bundle-platform(1)    bundle-platform.1
+bundle-plugin(1)      bundle-plugin.1
 bundle-pristine(1)    bundle-pristine.1
 bundle-remove(1)      bundle-remove.1
 bundle-show(1)        bundle-show.1
 bundle-update(1)      bundle-update.1
+bundle-version(1)     bundle-version.1
 bundle-viz(1)         bundle-viz.1
diff --git a/lib/bundler/match_remote_metadata.rb b/lib/bundler/match_remote_metadata.rb
index e1b2f4d0e2..5e46d52441 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/match_remote_metadata.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/match_remote_metadata.rb
@@ -2,8 +2,11 @@
 
 module Bundler
   module FetchMetadata
+    # A fallback is included because the original version of the specification
+    # API didn't include that field, so some marshalled specs in the index have it
+    # set to +nil+.
     def matches_current_ruby?
-      @required_ruby_version ||= _remote_specification.required_ruby_version
+      @required_ruby_version ||= _remote_specification.required_ruby_version || Gem::Requirement.default
 
       super
     end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/mirror.rb b/lib/bundler/mirror.rb
index a63b45b47d..9d437a0951 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/mirror.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/mirror.rb
@@ -148,13 +148,11 @@ module Bundler
     class TCPSocketProbe
       def replies?(mirror)
         MirrorSockets.new(mirror).any? do |socket, address, timeout|
-          begin
-            socket.connect_nonblock(address)
-          rescue Errno::EINPROGRESS
-            wait_for_writtable_socket(socket, address, timeout)
-          rescue RuntimeError # Connection failed somehow, again
-            false
-          end
+          socket.connect_nonblock(address)
+        rescue Errno::EINPROGRESS
+          wait_for_writtable_socket(socket, address, timeout)
+        rescue RuntimeError # Connection failed somehow, again
+          false
         end
       end
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/plugin.rb b/lib/bundler/plugin.rb
index 158c69e1a1..f3caff8963 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/plugin.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/plugin.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ module Bundler
     class UnknownSourceError < PluginError; end
     class PluginInstallError < PluginError; end
 
-    PLUGIN_FILE_NAME = "plugins.rb".freeze
+    PLUGIN_FILE_NAME = "plugins.rb"
 
     module_function
 
@@ -36,6 +36,8 @@ module Bundler
     # @param [Hash] options various parameters as described in description.
     #               Refer to cli/plugin for available options
     def install(names, options)
+      raise InvalidOption, "You cannot specify `--branch` and `--ref` at the same time." if options["branch"] && options["ref"]
+
       specs = Installer.new.install(names, options)
 
       save_plugins names, specs
diff --git a/lib/bundler/plugin/index.rb b/lib/bundler/plugin/index.rb
index 29d33be718..a2d5eaa38a 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/plugin/index.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/plugin/index.rb
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ module Bundler
       # @param [Boolean] is the index file global index
       def load_index(index_file, global = false)
         SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(index_file, :read) do |index_f|
-          valid_file = index_f && index_f.exist? && !index_f.size.zero?
+          valid_file = index_f&.exist? && !index_f.size.zero?
           break unless valid_file
 
           data = index_f.read
@@ -167,11 +167,11 @@ module Bundler
       # to be only String key value pairs)
       def save_index
         index = {
-          "commands"     => @commands,
-          "hooks"        => @hooks,
-          "load_paths"   => @load_paths,
+          "commands" => @commands,
+          "hooks" => @hooks,
+          "load_paths" => @load_paths,
           "plugin_paths" => @plugin_paths,
-          "sources"      => @sources,
+          "sources" => @sources,
         }
 
         require_relative "../yaml_serializer"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/plugin/installer.rb b/lib/bundler/plugin/installer.rb
index 81ecafa470..c9ff12ce4b 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/plugin/installer.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/plugin/installer.rb
@@ -83,8 +83,11 @@ module Bundler
 
         Bundler.configure_gem_home_and_path(Plugin.root)
 
-        definition = Definition.new(nil, deps, source_list, true)
-        install_definition(definition)
+        Bundler.settings.temporary(:deployment => false, :frozen => false) do
+          definition = Definition.new(nil, deps, source_list, true)
+
+          install_definition(definition)
+        end
       end
 
       # Installs the plugins and deps from the provided specs and returns map of
diff --git a/lib/bundler/plugin/installer/rubygems.rb b/lib/bundler/plugin/installer/rubygems.rb
index 7277234d9a..cb5db9c30e 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/plugin/installer/rubygems.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/plugin/installer/rubygems.rb
@@ -6,10 +6,6 @@ module Bundler
       class Rubygems < Bundler::Source::Rubygems
         private
 
-        def requires_sudo?
-          false # Will change on implementation of project level plugins
-        end
-
         def rubygems_dir
           Plugin.root
         end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/remote_specification.rb b/lib/bundler/remote_specification.rb
index 601957746f..f626a3218e 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/remote_specification.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/remote_specification.rb
@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def full_name
-      if @original_platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
+      @full_name ||= if @platform == Gem::Platform::RUBY
         "#{@name}-#{@version}"
       else
-        "#{@name}-#{@version}-#{@original_platform}"
+        "#{@name}-#{@version}-#{@platform}"
       end
     end
 
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ module Bundler
     def _remote_specification
       @_remote_specification ||= @spec_fetcher.fetch_spec([@name, @version, @original_platform])
       @_remote_specification || raise(GemspecError, "Gemspec data for #{full_name} was" \
-        " missing from the server! Try installing with `--full-index` as a workaround.")
+        " missing from the server!")
     end
 
     def method_missing(method, *args, &blk)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/resolver.rb b/lib/bundler/resolver.rb
index a74af45027..2ad35bc931 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/resolver.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/resolver.rb
@@ -1,440 +1,427 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Bundler
+  #
+  # This class implements the interface needed by PubGrub for resolution. It is
+  # equivalent to the `PubGrub::BasicPackageSource` class provided by PubGrub by
+  # default and used by the most simple PubGrub consumers.
+  #
   class Resolver
-    require_relative "vendored_molinillo"
-    require_relative "resolver/spec_group"
+    require_relative "vendored_pub_grub"
+    require_relative "resolver/base"
+    require_relative "resolver/candidate"
+    require_relative "resolver/incompatibility"
+    require_relative "resolver/root"
 
     include GemHelpers
 
-    # Figures out the best possible configuration of gems that satisfies
-    # the list of passed dependencies and any child dependencies without
-    # causing any gem activation errors.
-    #
-    # ==== Parameters
-    # *dependencies<Gem::Dependency>:: The list of dependencies to resolve
-    #
-    # ==== Returns
-    # <GemBundle>,nil:: If the list of dependencies can be resolved, a
-    #   collection of gemspecs is returned. Otherwise, nil is returned.
-    def self.resolve(requirements, source_requirements = {}, base = [], gem_version_promoter = GemVersionPromoter.new, additional_base_requirements = [], platforms = nil)
-      base = SpecSet.new(base) unless base.is_a?(SpecSet)
-      resolver = new(source_requirements, base, gem_version_promoter, additional_base_requirements, platforms)
-      resolver.start(requirements)
-    end
-
-    def initialize(source_requirements, base, gem_version_promoter, additional_base_requirements, platforms)
-      @source_requirements = source_requirements
+    def initialize(base, gem_version_promoter)
+      @source_requirements = base.source_requirements
       @base = base
-      @resolver = Molinillo::Resolver.new(self, self)
-      @results_for = {}
-      @search_for = {}
-      @additional_base_requirements = additional_base_requirements
-      @platforms = platforms
-      @resolving_only_for_ruby = platforms == [Gem::Platform::RUBY]
       @gem_version_promoter = gem_version_promoter
-      @use_gvp = Bundler.feature_flag.use_gem_version_promoter_for_major_updates? || !@gem_version_promoter.major?
     end
 
-    def start(requirements, exclude_specs: [])
-      @metadata_requirements, regular_requirements = requirements.partition {|dep| dep.name.end_with?("\0") }
+    def start
+      @requirements = @base.requirements
+      @packages = @base.packages
+
+      root, logger = setup_solver
 
-      exclude_specs.each do |spec|
-        remove_from_candidates(spec)
+      Bundler.ui.info "Resolving dependencies...", true
+
+      solve_versions(:root => root, :logger => logger)
+    end
+
+    def setup_solver
+      root = Resolver::Root.new(name_for_explicit_dependency_source)
+      root_version = Resolver::Candidate.new(0)
+
+      @all_specs = Hash.new do |specs, name|
+        specs[name] = source_for(name).specs.search(name).reject do |s|
+          s.dependencies.any? {|d| d.name == name && !d.requirement.satisfied_by?(s.version) } # ignore versions that depend on themselves incorrectly
+        end.sort_by {|s| [s.version, s.platform.to_s] }
       end
 
-      @base_dg = Molinillo::DependencyGraph.new
-      @base.each do |ls|
-        dep = Dependency.new(ls.name, ls.version)
-        @base_dg.add_vertex(ls.name, DepProxy.get_proxy(dep, ls.platform), true)
+      @sorted_versions = Hash.new do |candidates, package|
+        candidates[package] = if package.root?
+          [root_version]
+        else
+          all_versions_for(package).sort
+        end
       end
-      @additional_base_requirements.each {|d| @base_dg.add_vertex(d.name, d) }
-
-      @gem_version_promoter.prerelease_specified = @prerelease_specified = {}
-      requirements.each {|dep| @prerelease_specified[dep.name] ||= dep.prerelease? }
-
-      verify_gemfile_dependencies_are_found!(requirements)
-      result = @resolver.resolve(requirements, @base_dg).
-        map(&:payload).
-        reject {|sg| sg.name.end_with?("\0") }.
-        map(&:to_specs).
-        flatten
-
-      SpecSet.new(SpecSet.new(result).for(regular_requirements, false, @platforms))
-    rescue Molinillo::VersionConflict => e
-      message = version_conflict_message(e)
-      raise VersionConflict.new(e.conflicts.keys.uniq, message)
-    rescue Molinillo::CircularDependencyError => e
-      names = e.dependencies.sort_by(&:name).map {|d| "gem '#{d.name}'" }
-      raise CyclicDependencyError, "Your bundle requires gems that depend" \
-        " on each other, creating an infinite loop. Please remove" \
-        " #{names.count > 1 ? "either " : ""}#{names.join(" or ")}" \
-        " and try again."
-    end
 
-    include Molinillo::UI
-
-    # Conveys debug information to the user.
-    #
-    # @param [Integer] depth the current depth of the resolution process.
-    # @return [void]
-    def debug(depth = 0)
-      return unless debug?
-      debug_info = yield
-      debug_info = debug_info.inspect unless debug_info.is_a?(String)
-      puts debug_info.split("\n").map {|s| depth == 0 ? "BUNDLER: #{s}" : "BUNDLER(#{depth}): #{s}" }
-    end
+      root_dependencies = prepare_dependencies(@requirements, @packages)
 
-    def debug?
-      return @debug_mode if defined?(@debug_mode)
-      @debug_mode =
-        ENV["BUNDLER_DEBUG_RESOLVER"] ||
-        ENV["BUNDLER_DEBUG_RESOLVER_TREE"] ||
-        ENV["DEBUG_RESOLVER"] ||
-        ENV["DEBUG_RESOLVER_TREE"] ||
-        false
-    end
+      @cached_dependencies = Hash.new do |dependencies, package|
+        dependencies[package] = if package.root?
+          { root_version => root_dependencies }
+        else
+          Hash.new do |versions, version|
+            versions[version] = to_dependency_hash(version.dependencies.reject {|d| d.name == package.name }, @packages)
+          end
+        end
+      end
 
-    def before_resolution
-      Bundler.ui.info "Resolving dependencies...", debug?
-    end
+      logger = Bundler::UI::Shell.new
+      logger.level = debug? ? "debug" : "warn"
 
-    def after_resolution
-      Bundler.ui.info ""
+      [root, logger]
     end
 
-    def indicate_progress
-      Bundler.ui.info ".", false unless debug?
-    end
+    def solve_versions(root:, logger:)
+      solver = PubGrub::VersionSolver.new(:source => self, :root => root, :logger => logger)
+      result = solver.solve
+      result.map {|package, version| version.to_specs(package) }.flatten.uniq
+    rescue PubGrub::SolveFailure => e
+      incompatibility = e.incompatibility
 
-    include Molinillo::SpecificationProvider
+      names_to_unlock, names_to_allow_prereleases_for, extended_explanation = find_names_to_relax(incompatibility)
 
-    def dependencies_for(specification)
-      specification.dependencies_for_activated_platforms
-    end
+      names_to_relax = names_to_unlock + names_to_allow_prereleases_for
 
-    def search_for(dependency_proxy)
-      platform = dependency_proxy.__platform
-      dependency = dependency_proxy.dep
-      name = dependency.name
-      @search_for[dependency_proxy] ||= begin
-        results = results_for(dependency) + @base[name].select {|spec| requirement_satisfied_by?(dependency, nil, spec) }
+      if names_to_relax.any?
+        if names_to_unlock.any?
+          Bundler.ui.debug "Found conflicts with locked dependencies. Will retry with #{names_to_unlock.join(", ")} unlocked...", true
 
-        if vertex = @base_dg.vertex_named(name)
-          locked_requirement = vertex.payload.requirement
+          @base.unlock_names(names_to_unlock)
         end
 
-        if !@prerelease_specified[name] && (!@use_gvp || locked_requirement.nil?)
-          # Move prereleases to the beginning of the list, so they're considered
-          # last during resolution.
-          pre, results = results.partition {|spec| spec.version.prerelease? }
-          results = pre + results
+        if names_to_allow_prereleases_for.any?
+          Bundler.ui.debug "Found conflicts with dependencies with prereleases. Will retrying considering prereleases for #{names_to_allow_prereleases_for.join(", ")}...", true
+
+          @base.include_prereleases(names_to_allow_prereleases_for)
         end
 
-        spec_groups = if results.any?
-          nested = []
-          results.each do |spec|
-            version, specs = nested.last
-            if version == spec.version
-              specs << spec
-            else
-              nested << [spec.version, [spec]]
-            end
-          end
-          nested.reduce([]) do |groups, (version, specs)|
-            next groups if locked_requirement && !locked_requirement.satisfied_by?(version)
-            next groups unless specs.any? {|spec| spec.match_platform(platform) }
+        root, logger = setup_solver
 
-            specs_by_platform = Hash.new do |current_specs, current_platform|
-              current_specs[current_platform] = select_best_platform_match(specs, current_platform)
-            end
+        Bundler.ui.debug "Retrying resolution...", true
+        retry
+      end
+
+      explanation = e.message
+
+      if extended_explanation
+        explanation << "\n\n"
+        explanation << extended_explanation
+      end
 
-            spec_group_ruby = SpecGroup.create_for(specs_by_platform, [Gem::Platform::RUBY], Gem::Platform::RUBY)
-            if spec_group_ruby
-              spec_group_ruby.force_ruby_platform = dependency.force_ruby_platform
-              groups << spec_group_ruby
-            end
+      raise SolveFailure.new(explanation)
+    end
+
+    def find_names_to_relax(incompatibility)
+      names_to_unlock = []
+      names_to_allow_prereleases_for = []
+      extended_explanation = nil
 
-            next groups if @resolving_only_for_ruby || dependency.force_ruby_platform
+      while incompatibility.conflict?
+        cause = incompatibility.cause
+        incompatibility = cause.incompatibility
 
-            spec_group = SpecGroup.create_for(specs_by_platform, @platforms, platform)
-            groups << spec_group
+        incompatibility.terms.each do |term|
+          package = term.package
+          name = package.name
 
-            groups
+          if base_requirements[name]
+            names_to_unlock << name
+          elsif package.ignores_prereleases?
+            names_to_allow_prereleases_for << name
           end
-        else
-          []
-        end
-        # GVP handles major itself, but it's still a bit risky to trust it with it
-        # until we get it settled with new behavior. For 2.x it can take over all cases.
-        if !@use_gvp
-          spec_groups
-        else
-          @gem_version_promoter.sort_versions(dependency, spec_groups)
+
+          no_versions_incompat = [cause.incompatibility, cause.satisfier].find {|incompat| incompat.cause.is_a?(PubGrub::Incompatibility::NoVersions) }
+          next unless no_versions_incompat
+
+          extended_explanation = no_versions_incompat.extended_explanation
         end
       end
-    end
 
-    def index_for(dependency)
-      source_for(dependency.name).specs
+      [names_to_unlock.uniq, names_to_allow_prereleases_for.uniq, extended_explanation]
     end
 
-    def source_for(name)
-      @source_requirements[name] || @source_requirements[:default]
-    end
+    def parse_dependency(package, dependency)
+      range = if repository_for(package).is_a?(Source::Gemspec)
+        PubGrub::VersionRange.any
+      else
+        requirement_to_range(dependency)
+      end
 
-    def results_for(dependency)
-      @results_for[dependency] ||= index_for(dependency).search(dependency)
+      PubGrub::VersionConstraint.new(package, :range => range)
     end
 
-    def name_for(dependency)
-      dependency.name
-    end
+    def versions_for(package, range=VersionRange.any)
+      versions = range.select_versions(@sorted_versions[package])
 
-    def name_for_explicit_dependency_source
-      Bundler.default_gemfile.basename.to_s
-    rescue StandardError
-      "Gemfile"
+      sort_versions(package, versions)
     end
 
-    def name_for_locking_dependency_source
-      Bundler.default_lockfile.basename.to_s
-    rescue StandardError
-      "Gemfile.lock"
-    end
+    def no_versions_incompatibility_for(package, unsatisfied_term)
+      cause = PubGrub::Incompatibility::NoVersions.new(unsatisfied_term)
+      name = package.name
+      constraint = unsatisfied_term.constraint
+      constraint_string = constraint.constraint_string
+      requirements = constraint_string.split(" OR ").map {|req| Gem::Requirement.new(req.split(",")) }
+
+      if name == "bundler" && bundler_pinned_to_current_version?
+        custom_explanation = "the current Bundler version (#{Bundler::VERSION}) does not satisfy #{constraint}"
+        extended_explanation = bundler_not_found_message(requirements)
+      else
+        specs_matching_other_platforms = filter_matching_specs(@all_specs[name], requirements)
+
+        platforms_explanation = specs_matching_other_platforms.any? ? " for any resolution platforms (#{package.platforms.join(", ")})" : ""
+        custom_explanation = "#{constraint} could not be found in #{repository_for(package)}#{platforms_explanation}"
 
-    def requirement_satisfied_by?(requirement, activated, spec)
-      requirement.matches_spec?(spec) || spec.source.is_a?(Source::Gemspec)
+        label = "#{name} (#{constraint_string})"
+        extended_explanation = other_specs_matching_message(specs_matching_other_platforms, label) if specs_matching_other_platforms.any?
+      end
+
+      Incompatibility.new([unsatisfied_term], :cause => cause, :custom_explanation => custom_explanation, :extended_explanation => extended_explanation)
     end
 
-    def dependencies_equal?(dependencies, other_dependencies)
-      dependencies.map(&:dep) == other_dependencies.map(&:dep)
+    def debug?
+      ENV["BUNDLER_DEBUG_RESOLVER"] ||
+        ENV["BUNDLER_DEBUG_RESOLVER_TREE"] ||
+        ENV["DEBUG_RESOLVER"] ||
+        ENV["DEBUG_RESOLVER_TREE"] ||
+        false
     end
 
-    def sort_dependencies(dependencies, activated, conflicts)
-      dependencies.sort_by do |dependency|
-        name = name_for(dependency)
-        vertex = activated.vertex_named(name)
-        [
-          @base_dg.vertex_named(name) ? 0 : 1,
-          vertex.payload ? 0 : 1,
-          vertex.root? ? 0 : 1,
-          amount_constrained(dependency),
-          conflicts[name] ? 0 : 1,
-          vertex.payload ? 0 : search_for(dependency).count,
-          self.class.platform_sort_key(dependency.__platform),
-        ]
+    def incompatibilities_for(package, version)
+      package_deps = @cached_dependencies[package]
+      sorted_versions = @sorted_versions[package]
+      package_deps[version].map do |dep_package, dep_constraint|
+        low = high = sorted_versions.index(version)
+
+        # find version low such that all >= low share the same dep
+        while low > 0 && package_deps[sorted_versions[low - 1]][dep_package] == dep_constraint
+          low -= 1
+        end
+        low =
+          if low == 0
+            nil
+          else
+            sorted_versions[low]
+          end
+
+        # find version high such that all < high share the same dep
+        while high < sorted_versions.length && package_deps[sorted_versions[high]][dep_package] == dep_constraint
+          high += 1
+        end
+        high =
+          if high == sorted_versions.length
+            nil
+          else
+            sorted_versions[high]
+          end
+
+        range = PubGrub::VersionRange.new(:min => low, :max => high, :include_min => true)
+
+        self_constraint = PubGrub::VersionConstraint.new(package, :range => range)
+
+        dep_term = PubGrub::Term.new(dep_constraint, false)
+        self_term = PubGrub::Term.new(self_constraint, true)
+
+        custom_explanation = if dep_package.meta? && package.root?
+          "current #{dep_package} version is #{dep_constraint.constraint_string}"
+        end
+
+        PubGrub::Incompatibility.new([self_term, dep_term], :cause => :dependency, :custom_explanation => custom_explanation)
       end
     end
 
-    def self.platform_sort_key(platform)
-      # Prefer specific platform to not specific platform
-      return ["99-LAST", "", "", ""] if Gem::Platform::RUBY == platform
-      ["00", *platform.to_a.map {|part| part || "" }]
-    end
+    def all_versions_for(package)
+      name = package.name
+      results = (@base[name] + filter_prereleases(@all_specs[name], package)).uniq {|spec| [spec.version.hash, spec.platform] }
 
-    private
+      if name == "bundler" && !bundler_pinned_to_current_version?
+        bundler_spec = Gem.loaded_specs["bundler"]
+        results << bundler_spec if bundler_spec
+      end
 
-    def remove_from_candidates(spec)
-      @base.delete(spec)
-      @gem_version_promoter.reset
+      locked_requirement = base_requirements[name]
+      results = filter_matching_specs(results, locked_requirement) if locked_requirement
 
-      @results_for.keys.each do |dep|
-        next unless dep.name == spec.name
+      versions = results.group_by(&:version).reduce([]) do |groups, (version, specs)|
+        platform_specs = package.platforms.flat_map {|platform| select_best_platform_match(specs, platform) }
+        next groups if platform_specs.empty?
 
-        @results_for[dep].reject {|s| s.name == spec.name && s.version == spec.version }
+        ruby_specs = select_best_platform_match(specs, Gem::Platform::RUBY)
+        groups << Resolver::Candidate.new(version, :specs => ruby_specs) if ruby_specs.any?
+
+        next groups if platform_specs == ruby_specs || package.force_ruby_platform?
+
+        groups << Resolver::Candidate.new(version, :specs => platform_specs)
+
+        groups
       end
 
-      @search_for = {}
+      sort_versions(package, versions)
     end
 
-    # returns an integer \in (-\infty, 0]
-    # a number closer to 0 means the dependency is less constraining
-    #
-    # dependencies w/ 0 or 1 possibilities (ignoring version requirements)
-    # are given very negative values, so they _always_ sort first,
-    # before dependencies that are unconstrained
-    def amount_constrained(dependency)
-      @amount_constrained ||= {}
-      @amount_constrained[dependency.name] ||= if (base = @base[dependency.name]) && !base.empty?
-        dependency.requirement.satisfied_by?(base.first.version) ? 0 : 1
-      else
-        all = index_for(dependency).search(dependency.name).size
+    def source_for(name)
+      @source_requirements[name] || @source_requirements[:default]
+    end
 
-        if all <= 1
-          all - 1_000_000
-        else
-          search = search_for(dependency)
-          search = @prerelease_specified[dependency.name] ? search.count : search.count {|s| !s.version.prerelease? }
-          search - all
-        end
-      end
+    def default_bundler_source
+      @source_requirements[:default_bundler]
     end
 
-    def verify_gemfile_dependencies_are_found!(requirements)
-      requirements.map! do |requirement|
-        name = requirement.name
-        next requirement if name == "bundler"
-        next requirement unless search_for(requirement).empty?
-        next unless requirement.current_platform?
-
-        if (base = @base[name]) && !base.empty?
-          version = base.first.version
-          message = "You have requested:\n" \
-            "  #{name} #{requirement.requirement}\n\n" \
-            "The bundle currently has #{name} locked at #{version}.\n" \
-            "Try running `bundle update #{name}`\n\n" \
-            "If you are updating multiple gems in your Gemfile at once,\n" \
-            "try passing them all to `bundle update`"
-        else
-          message = gem_not_found_message(name, requirement, source_for(name))
-        end
-        raise GemNotFound, message
-      end.compact!
+    def bundler_pinned_to_current_version?
+      !default_bundler_source.nil?
     end
 
-    def gem_not_found_message(name, requirement, source, extra_message = "")
-      specs = source.specs.search(name)
+    def name_for_explicit_dependency_source
+      Bundler.default_gemfile.basename.to_s
+    rescue StandardError
+      "Gemfile"
+    end
+
+    def raise_not_found!(package)
+      name = package.name
+      source = source_for(name)
+      specs = @all_specs[name]
       matching_part = name
-      requirement_label = SharedHelpers.pretty_dependency(requirement)
+      requirement_label = SharedHelpers.pretty_dependency(package.dependency)
       cache_message = begin
                           " or in gems cached in #{Bundler.settings.app_cache_path}" if Bundler.app_cache.exist?
                         rescue GemfileNotFound
                           nil
                         end
-      specs_matching_requirement = specs.select {| spec| requirement.matches_spec?(spec) }
+      specs_matching_requirement = filter_matching_specs(specs, package.dependency.requirement)
 
       if specs_matching_requirement.any?
         specs = specs_matching_requirement
         matching_part = requirement_label
-        requirement_label = "#{requirement_label}' with platform '#{requirement.__platform}"
+        platforms = package.platforms
+        platform_label = platforms.size == 1 ? "platform '#{platforms.first}" : "platforms '#{platforms.join("', '")}"
+        requirement_label = "#{requirement_label}' with #{platform_label}"
       end
 
-      message = String.new("Could not find gem '#{requirement_label}'#{extra_message} in #{source}#{cache_message}.\n")
+      message = String.new("Could not find gem '#{requirement_label}' in #{source}#{cache_message}.\n")
 
       if specs.any?
-        message << "\nThe source contains the following gems matching '#{matching_part}':\n"
-        message << specs.map {|s| "  * #{s.full_name}" }.join("\n")
+        message << "\n#{other_specs_matching_message(specs, matching_part)}"
       end
 
-      message
+      raise GemNotFound, message
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def filter_matching_specs(specs, requirements)
+      Array(requirements).flat_map do |requirement|
+        specs.select {| spec| requirement_satisfied_by?(requirement, spec) }
+      end
     end
 
-    def version_conflict_message(e)
-      # only show essential conflicts, if possible
-      conflicts = e.conflicts.dup
+    def filter_prereleases(specs, package)
+      return specs unless package.ignores_prereleases? && specs.size > 1
 
-      if conflicts["bundler"]
-        conflicts.replace("bundler" => conflicts["bundler"])
+      specs.reject {|s| s.version.prerelease? }
+    end
+
+    def requirement_satisfied_by?(requirement, spec)
+      requirement.satisfied_by?(spec.version) || spec.source.is_a?(Source::Gemspec)
+    end
+
+    def sort_versions(package, versions)
+      if versions.size > 1
+        @gem_version_promoter.sort_versions(package, versions).reverse
       else
-        conflicts.delete_if do |_name, conflict|
-          deps = conflict.requirement_trees.map(&:last).flatten(1)
-          !Bundler::VersionRanges.empty?(*Bundler::VersionRanges.for_many(deps.map(&:requirement)))
-        end
+        versions
       end
+    end
 
-      e = Molinillo::VersionConflict.new(conflicts, e.specification_provider) unless conflicts.empty?
+    def repository_for(package)
+      source_for(package.name)
+    end
 
-      e.message_with_trees(
-        :full_message_for_conflict => lambda do |name, conflict|
-          o = if name.end_with?("\0")
-            String.new("Bundler found conflicting requirements for the #{name} version:")
-          else
-            String.new("Bundler could not find compatible versions for gem \"#{name}\":")
-          end
-          o << %(\n)
-          if conflict.locked_requirement
-            o << %(  In snapshot (#{name_for_locking_dependency_source}):\n)
-            o << %(    #{SharedHelpers.pretty_dependency(conflict.locked_requirement)}\n)
-            o << %(\n)
-          end
-          o << %(  In #{name_for_explicit_dependency_source}:\n)
-          trees = conflict.requirement_trees
+    def base_requirements
+      @base.base_requirements
+    end
 
-          # called first, because we want to reduce the amount of work required to find maximal empty sets
-          trees = trees.uniq {|t| t.flatten.map {|dep| [dep.name, dep.requirement] } }
+    def prepare_dependencies(requirements, packages)
+      to_dependency_hash(requirements, packages).map do |dep_package, dep_constraint|
+        name = dep_package.name
 
-          # bail out if tree size is too big for Array#combination to make any sense
-          if trees.size <= 15
-            maximal = 1.upto(trees.size).map do |size|
-              trees.map(&:last).flatten(1).combination(size).to_a
-            end.flatten(1).select do |deps|
-              Bundler::VersionRanges.empty?(*Bundler::VersionRanges.for_many(deps.map(&:requirement)))
-            end.min_by(&:size)
+        next [dep_package, dep_constraint] if name == "bundler"
 
-            trees.reject! {|t| !maximal.include?(t.last) } if maximal
+        versions = versions_for(dep_package, dep_constraint.range)
+        if versions.empty? && dep_package.ignores_prereleases?
+          @sorted_versions.delete(dep_package)
+          dep_package.consider_prereleases!
+          versions = versions_for(dep_package, dep_constraint.range)
+        end
+        next [dep_package, dep_constraint] unless versions.empty?
 
-            trees.sort_by! {|t| t.reverse.map(&:name) }
-          end
+        next unless dep_package.current_platform?
 
-          o << trees.map do |tree|
-            t = "".dup
-            depth = 2
-
-            base_tree = tree.first
-            base_tree_name = base_tree.name
-
-            if base_tree_name.end_with?("\0")
-              t = nil
-            else
-              tree.each do |req|
-                t << "  " * depth << SharedHelpers.pretty_dependency(req)
-                unless tree.last == req
-                  if spec = conflict.activated_by_name[req.name]
-                    t << %( was resolved to #{spec.version}, which)
-                  end
-                  t << %( depends on)
-                end
-                t << %(\n)
-                depth += 1
-              end
-            end
-            t
-          end.compact.join("\n")
-
-          if name == "bundler"
-            o << %(\n  Current Bundler version:\n    bundler (#{Bundler::VERSION}))
-
-            conflict_dependency = conflict.requirement
-            conflict_requirement = conflict_dependency.requirement
-            other_bundler_required = !conflict_requirement.satisfied_by?(Gem::Version.new(Bundler::VERSION))
-
-            if other_bundler_required
-              o << "\n\n"
-
-              candidate_specs = source_for(:default_bundler).specs.search(conflict_dependency)
-              if candidate_specs.any?
-                target_version = candidate_specs.last.version
-                new_command = [File.basename($PROGRAM_NAME), "_#{target_version}_", *ARGV].join(" ")
-                o << "Your bundle requires a different version of Bundler than the one you're running.\n"
-                o << "Install the necessary version with `gem install bundler:#{target_version}` and rerun bundler using `#{new_command}`\n"
-              else
-                o << "Your bundle requires a different version of Bundler than the one you're running, and that version could not be found.\n"
-              end
-            end
-          elsif name.end_with?("\0")
-            o << %(\n  Current #{name} version:\n    #{SharedHelpers.pretty_dependency(@metadata_requirements.find {|req| req.name == name })}\n\n)
-          elsif conflict.locked_requirement
-            o << "\n"
-            o << %(Deleting your #{name_for_locking_dependency_source} file and running `bundle install` will rebuild your snapshot from scratch, using only\n)
-            o << %(the gems in your Gemfile, which may resolve the conflict.\n)
-          elsif !conflict.existing
-            o << "\n"
-
-            relevant_source = conflict.requirement.source || source_for(name)
-
-            extra_message = if conflict.requirement_trees.first.size > 1
-              ", which is required by gem '#{SharedHelpers.pretty_dependency(conflict.requirement_trees.first[-2])}',"
-            else
-              ""
-            end
-
-            o << gem_not_found_message(name, conflict.requirement, relevant_source, extra_message)
-          end
+        raise_not_found!(dep_package)
+      end.compact.to_h
+    end
+
+    def other_specs_matching_message(specs, requirement)
+      message = String.new("The source contains the following gems matching '#{requirement}':\n")
+      message << specs.map {|s| "  * #{s.full_name}" }.join("\n")
+      message
+    end
 
-          o
+    def requirement_to_range(requirement)
+      ranges = requirement.requirements.map do |(op, version)|
+        ver = Resolver::Candidate.new(version).generic!
+        platform_ver = Resolver::Candidate.new(version).platform_specific!
+
+        case op
+        when "~>"
+          name = "~> #{ver}"
+          bump = Resolver::Candidate.new(version.bump.to_s + ".A")
+          PubGrub::VersionRange.new(:name => name, :min => ver, :max => bump, :include_min => true)
+        when ">"
+          PubGrub::VersionRange.new(:min => platform_ver)
+        when ">="
+          PubGrub::VersionRange.new(:min => ver, :include_min => true)
+        when "<"
+          PubGrub::VersionRange.new(:max => ver)
+        when "<="
+          PubGrub::VersionRange.new(:max => platform_ver, :include_max => true)
+        when "="
+          PubGrub::VersionRange.new(:min => ver, :max => platform_ver, :include_min => true, :include_max => true)
+        when "!="
+          PubGrub::VersionRange.new(:min => ver, :max => platform_ver, :include_min => true, :include_max => true).invert
+        else
+          raise "bad version specifier: #{op}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      ranges.inject(&:intersect)
+    end
+
+    def to_dependency_hash(dependencies, packages)
+      dependencies.inject({}) do |deps, dep|
+        package = packages[dep.name]
+
+        current_req = deps[package]
+        new_req = parse_dependency(package, dep.requirement)
+
+        deps[package] = if current_req
+          current_req.intersect(new_req)
+        else
+          new_req
         end
-      )
+
+        deps
+      end
+    end
+
+    def bundler_not_found_message(conflict_dependencies)
+      candidate_specs = filter_matching_specs(default_bundler_source.specs.search("bundler"), conflict_dependencies)
+
+      if candidate_specs.any?
+        target_version = candidate_specs.last.version
+        new_command = [File.basename($PROGRAM_NAME), "_#{target_version}_", *ARGV].join(" ")
+        "Your bundle requires a different version of Bundler than the one you're running.\n" \
+        "Install the necessary version with `gem install bundler:#{target_version}` and rerun bundler using `#{new_command}`\n"
+      else
+        "Your bundle requires a different version of Bundler than the one you're running, and that version could not be found.\n"
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/resolver/base.rb b/lib/bundler/resolver/base.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e5c3763c3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/resolver/base.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "package"
+
+module Bundler
+  class Resolver
+    class Base
+      attr_reader :packages, :requirements, :source_requirements
+
+      def initialize(source_requirements, dependencies, base, platforms, options)
+        @source_requirements = source_requirements
+
+        @base = base
+
+        @packages = Hash.new do |hash, name|
+          hash[name] = Package.new(name, platforms, **options)
+        end
+
+        @requirements = dependencies.map do |dep|
+          dep_platforms = dep.gem_platforms(platforms)
+
+          # Dependencies scoped to external platforms are ignored
+          next if dep_platforms.empty?
+
+          name = dep.name
+
+          @packages[name] = Package.new(name, dep_platforms, **options.merge(:dependency => dep))
+
+          dep
+        end.compact
+      end
+
+      def [](name)
+        @base[name]
+      end
+
+      def delete(specs)
+        @base.delete(specs)
+      end
+
+      def get_package(name)
+        @packages[name]
+      end
+
+      def base_requirements
+        @base_requirements ||= build_base_requirements
+      end
+
+      def unlock_names(names)
+        indirect_pins = indirect_pins(names)
+
+        if indirect_pins.any?
+          loosen_names(indirect_pins)
+        else
+          pins = pins(names)
+
+          if pins.any?
+            loosen_names(pins)
+          else
+            unrestrict_names(names)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def include_prereleases(names)
+        names.each do |name|
+          get_package(name).consider_prereleases!
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def indirect_pins(names)
+        names.select {|name| @base_requirements[name].exact? && @requirements.none? {|dep| dep.name == name } }
+      end
+
+      def pins(names)
+        names.select {|name| @base_requirements[name].exact? }
+      end
+
+      def loosen_names(names)
+        names.each do |name|
+          version = @base_requirements[name].requirements.first[1]
+
+          @base_requirements[name] = Gem::Requirement.new(">= #{version}")
+
+          @base.delete_by_name(name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def unrestrict_names(names)
+        names.each do |name|
+          @base_requirements.delete(name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def build_base_requirements
+        base_requirements = {}
+        @base.each do |ls|
+          req = Gem::Requirement.new(ls.version)
+          base_requirements[ls.name] = req
+        end
+        base_requirements
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/resolver/candidate.rb b/lib/bundler/resolver/candidate.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e695ef08ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/resolver/candidate.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "spec_group"
+
+module Bundler
+  class Resolver
+    #
+    # This class is a PubGrub compatible "Version" class that takes Bundler
+    # resolution complexities into account.
+    #
+    # Each Resolver::Candidate has a underlying `Gem::Version` plus a set of
+    # platforms. For example, 1.1.0-x86_64-linux is a different resolution candidate
+    # from 1.1.0 (generic). This is because different platform variants of the
+    # same gem version can bring different dependencies, so they need to be
+    # considered separately.
+    #
+    # Some candidates may also keep some information explicitly about the
+    # package the refer to. These candidates are referred to as "canonical" and
+    # are used when materializing resolution results back into RubyGems
+    # specifications that can be installed, written to lock files, and so on.
+    #
+    class Candidate
+      include Comparable
+
+      attr_reader :version
+
+      def initialize(version, specs: [])
+        @spec_group = Resolver::SpecGroup.new(specs)
+        @version = Gem::Version.new(version)
+        @ruby_only = specs.map(&:platform).uniq == [Gem::Platform::RUBY]
+      end
+
+      def dependencies
+        @spec_group.dependencies
+      end
+
+      def to_specs(package)
+        return [] if package.meta?
+
+        @spec_group.to_specs(package.force_ruby_platform?)
+      end
+
+      def generic!
+        @ruby_only = true
+
+        self
+      end
+
+      def platform_specific!
+        @ruby_only = false
+
+        self
+      end
+
+      def prerelease?
+        @version.prerelease?
+      end
+
+      def segments
+        @version.segments
+      end
+
+      def sort_obj
+        [@version, @ruby_only ? -1 : 1]
+      end
+
+      def <=>(other)
+        return unless other.is_a?(self.class)
+
+        sort_obj <=> other.sort_obj
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        return unless other.is_a?(self.class)
+
+        sort_obj == other.sort_obj
+      end
+
+      def eql?(other)
+        return unless other.is_a?(self.class)
+
+        sort_obj.eql?(other.sort_obj)
+      end
+
+      def hash
+        sort_obj.hash
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        @version.to_s
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/resolver/incompatibility.rb b/lib/bundler/resolver/incompatibility.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c61151fbeb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/resolver/incompatibility.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Resolver
+    class Incompatibility < PubGrub::Incompatibility
+      attr_reader :extended_explanation
+
+      def initialize(terms, cause:, custom_explanation: nil, extended_explanation: nil)
+        @extended_explanation = extended_explanation
+
+        super(terms, :cause => cause, :custom_explanation => custom_explanation)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/resolver/package.rb b/lib/bundler/resolver/package.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7499a75006
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/resolver/package.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  class Resolver
+    #
+    # Represents a gem being resolved, in a format PubGrub likes.
+    #
+    # The class holds the following information:
+    #
+    # * Platforms this gem will be resolved on.
+    # * The locked version of this gem resolution should favor (if any).
+    # * Whether the gem should be unlocked to its latest version.
+    # * The dependency explicit set in the Gemfile for this gem (if any).
+    #
+    class Package
+      attr_reader :name, :platforms, :dependency, :locked_version
+
+      def initialize(name, platforms, locked_specs:, unlock:, prerelease: false, dependency: nil)
+        @name = name
+        @platforms = platforms
+        @locked_version = locked_specs[name].first&.version
+        @unlock = unlock
+        @dependency = dependency || Dependency.new(name, @locked_version)
+        @prerelease = @dependency.prerelease? || @locked_version&.prerelease? || prerelease ? :consider_first : :ignore
+      end
+
+      def to_s
+        @name.delete("\0")
+      end
+
+      def root?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def meta?
+        @name.end_with?("\0")
+      end
+
+      def ==(other)
+        self.class == other.class && @name == other.name
+      end
+
+      def hash
+        @name.hash
+      end
+
+      def unlock?
+        @unlock.empty? || @unlock.include?(name)
+      end
+
+      def ignores_prereleases?
+        @prerelease == :ignore
+      end
+
+      def prerelease_specified?
+        @prerelease == :consider_first
+      end
+
+      def consider_prereleases!
+        @prerelease = :consider_last
+      end
+
+      def force_ruby_platform?
+        @dependency.force_ruby_platform
+      end
+
+      def current_platform?
+        @dependency.current_platform?
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/resolver/root.rb b/lib/bundler/resolver/root.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e5eb634fb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/resolver/root.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "package"
+
+module Bundler
+  class Resolver
+    #
+    # Represents the Gemfile from the resolver's perspective. It's the root
+    # package and Gemfile entries depend on it.
+    #
+    class Root < Package
+      def initialize(name)
+        @name = name
+      end
+
+      def meta?
+        true
+      end
+
+      def root?
+        true
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/resolver/spec_group.rb b/lib/bundler/resolver/spec_group.rb
index 4e5b0082d3..b44c19a73f 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/resolver/spec_group.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/resolver/spec_group.rb
@@ -3,111 +3,79 @@
 module Bundler
   class Resolver
     class SpecGroup
-      attr_accessor :name, :version, :source
-      attr_accessor :activated_platforms, :force_ruby_platform
-
-      def self.create_for(specs, all_platforms, specific_platform)
-        specific_platform_specs = specs[specific_platform]
-        return unless specific_platform_specs.any?
-
-        platforms = all_platforms.select {|p| specs[p].any? }
-
-        new(specific_platform_specs.first, specs, platforms)
+      def initialize(specs)
+        @specs = specs
       end
 
-      def initialize(exemplary_spec, specs, relevant_platforms)
-        @exemplary_spec = exemplary_spec
-        @name = exemplary_spec.name
-        @version = exemplary_spec.version
-        @source = exemplary_spec.source
-
-        @activated_platforms = relevant_platforms
-        @dependencies = Hash.new do |dependencies, platforms|
-          dependencies[platforms] = dependencies_for(platforms)
-        end
-        @specs = specs
+      def empty?
+        @specs.empty?
       end
 
-      def to_specs
-        activated_platforms.map do |p|
-          specs = @specs[p]
-          next unless specs.any?
-
-          specs.map do |s|
-            lazy_spec = LazySpecification.new(name, version, s.platform, source)
-            lazy_spec.force_ruby_platform = force_ruby_platform
-            lazy_spec.dependencies.replace s.dependencies
-            lazy_spec
-          end
-        end.flatten.compact.uniq
+      def name
+        @name ||= exemplary_spec.name
       end
 
-      def to_s
-        activated_platforms_string = sorted_activated_platforms.join(", ")
-        "#{name} (#{version}) (#{activated_platforms_string})"
+      def version
+        @version ||= exemplary_spec.version
       end
 
-      def dependencies_for_activated_platforms
-        @dependencies[activated_platforms]
+      def source
+        @source ||= exemplary_spec.source
       end
 
-      def ==(other)
-        return unless other.is_a?(SpecGroup)
-        name == other.name &&
-          version == other.version &&
-          sorted_activated_platforms == other.sorted_activated_platforms &&
-          source == other.source
+      def to_specs(force_ruby_platform)
+        @specs.map do |s|
+          lazy_spec = LazySpecification.new(name, version, s.platform, source)
+          lazy_spec.force_ruby_platform = force_ruby_platform
+          lazy_spec.dependencies.replace s.dependencies
+          lazy_spec
+        end
       end
 
-      def eql?(other)
-        return unless other.is_a?(SpecGroup)
-        name.eql?(other.name) &&
-          version.eql?(other.version) &&
-          sorted_activated_platforms.eql?(other.sorted_activated_platforms) &&
-          source.eql?(other.source)
+      def to_s
+        sorted_spec_names.join(", ")
       end
 
-      def hash
-        name.hash ^ version.hash ^ sorted_activated_platforms.hash ^ source.hash
+      def dependencies
+        @dependencies ||= @specs.map do |spec|
+          __dependencies(spec) + metadata_dependencies(spec)
+        end.flatten.uniq
       end
 
       protected
 
-      def sorted_activated_platforms
-        activated_platforms.sort_by(&:to_s)
+      def sorted_spec_names
+        @sorted_spec_names ||= @specs.map(&:full_name).sort
       end
 
       private
 
-      def dependencies_for(platforms)
-        platforms.map do |platform|
-          __dependencies(platform) + metadata_dependencies(platform)
-        end.flatten
+      def exemplary_spec
+        @specs.first
       end
 
-      def __dependencies(platform)
+      def __dependencies(spec)
         dependencies = []
-        @specs[platform].first.dependencies.each do |dep|
+        spec.dependencies.each do |dep|
           next if dep.type == :development
-          dependencies << DepProxy.get_proxy(Dependency.new(dep.name, dep.requirement), platform)
+          dependencies << Dependency.new(dep.name, dep.requirement)
         end
         dependencies
       end
 
-      def metadata_dependencies(platform)
-        spec = @specs[platform].first
+      def metadata_dependencies(spec)
         return [] if spec.is_a?(LazySpecification)
 
         [
-          metadata_dependency("Ruby", spec.required_ruby_version, platform),
-          metadata_dependency("RubyGems", spec.required_rubygems_version, platform),
+          metadata_dependency("Ruby", spec.required_ruby_version),
+          metadata_dependency("RubyGems", spec.required_rubygems_version),
         ].compact
       end
 
-      def metadata_dependency(name, requirement, platform)
+      def metadata_dependency(name, requirement)
         return if requirement.nil? || requirement.none?
 
-        DepProxy.get_proxy(Dependency.new("#{name}\0", requirement), platform)
+        Dependency.new("#{name}\0", requirement)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/ruby_dsl.rb b/lib/bundler/ruby_dsl.rb
index 3b3a0583a5..d054969e8d 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/ruby_dsl.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/ruby_dsl.rb
@@ -5,9 +5,15 @@ module Bundler
     def ruby(*ruby_version)
       options = ruby_version.last.is_a?(Hash) ? ruby_version.pop : {}
       ruby_version.flatten!
+
       raise GemfileError, "Please define :engine_version" if options[:engine] && options[:engine_version].nil?
       raise GemfileError, "Please define :engine" if options[:engine_version] && options[:engine].nil?
 
+      if options[:file]
+        raise GemfileError, "Cannot specify version when using the file option" if ruby_version.any?
+        ruby_version << Bundler.read_file(options[:file]).strip
+      end
+
       if options[:engine] == "ruby" && options[:engine_version] &&
          ruby_version != Array(options[:engine_version])
         raise GemfileEvalError, "ruby_version must match the :engine_version for MRI"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/ruby_version.rb b/lib/bundler/ruby_version.rb
index 9161c6afde..b5396abb6e 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/ruby_version.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/ruby_version.rb
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ module Bundler
       end
 
       @gem_version        = Gem::Requirement.create(@versions.first).requirements.first.last
-      @input_engine       = engine && engine.to_s
-      @engine             = engine && engine.to_s || "ruby"
+      @input_engine       = engine&.to_s
+      @engine             = engine&.to_s || "ruby"
       @engine_versions    = (engine_version && Array(engine_version)) || @versions
       @engine_gem_version = Gem::Requirement.create(@engine_versions.first).requirements.first.last
       @patchlevel         = patchlevel || (@gem_version.prerelease? ? "-1" : nil)
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ module Bundler
       ruby_engine_version = RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby" ? ruby_version : RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION.dup
       patchlevel = RUBY_PATCHLEVEL.to_s
 
-      @ruby_version ||= RubyVersion.new(ruby_version, patchlevel, ruby_engine, ruby_engine_version)
+      @system ||= RubyVersion.new(ruby_version, patchlevel, ruby_engine, ruby_engine_version)
     end
 
     private
diff --git a/lib/bundler/rubygems_ext.rb b/lib/bundler/rubygems_ext.rb
index 056053a783..8981612706 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/rubygems_ext.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/rubygems_ext.rb
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ require "rubygems/specification"
 require "rubygems/source"
 
 require_relative "match_metadata"
+require_relative "force_platform"
 require_relative "match_platform"
 
 # Cherry-pick fixes to `Gem.ruby_version` to be useful for modern Bundler
@@ -65,7 +66,9 @@ module Gem
 
     alias_method :rg_extension_dir, :extension_dir
     def extension_dir
-      @bundler_extension_dir ||= if source.respond_to?(:extension_dir_name)
+      # following instance variable is already used in original method
+      # and that is the reason to prefix it with bundler_ and add rubocop exception
+      @bundler_extension_dir ||= if source.respond_to?(:extension_dir_name) # rubocop:disable Naming/MemoizedInstanceVariableName
         unique_extension_dir = [source.extension_dir_name, File.basename(full_gem_path)].uniq.join("-")
         File.expand_path(File.join(extensions_dir, unique_extension_dir))
       else
@@ -153,12 +156,16 @@ module Gem
   end
 
   class Dependency
+    include ::Bundler::ForcePlatform
+
     attr_accessor :source, :groups
 
     alias_method :eql?, :==
 
     def force_ruby_platform
-      false
+      return @force_ruby_platform if defined?(@force_ruby_platform) && !@force_ruby_platform.nil?
+
+      @force_ruby_platform = default_force_ruby_platform
     end
 
     def encode_with(coder)
@@ -198,9 +205,9 @@ module Gem
         protected
 
         def _requirements_sorted?
-          return @_are_requirements_sorted if defined?(@_are_requirements_sorted)
+          return @_requirements_sorted if defined?(@_requirements_sorted)
           strings = as_list
-          @_are_requirements_sorted = strings == strings.sort
+          @_requirements_sorted = strings == strings.sort
         end
 
         def _with_sorted_requirements
@@ -238,8 +245,10 @@ module Gem
     X64_MINGW = [Gem::Platform.new("x64-mingw32"),
                  Gem::Platform.new("x64-mingw-ucrt")].freeze
     WINDOWS = [MSWIN, MSWIN64, MINGW, X64_MINGW].flatten.freeze
+    X64_LINUX = Gem::Platform.new("x86_64-linux")
+    X64_LINUX_MUSL = Gem::Platform.new("x86_64-linux-musl")
 
-    if Gem::Platform.new("x86_64-linux-musl") === Gem::Platform.new("x86_64-linux")
+    if X64_LINUX === X64_LINUX_MUSL
       remove_method :===
 
       def ===(other)
@@ -259,10 +268,25 @@ module Gem
           # version
           (
             (@os != "linux" && (@version.nil? || other.version.nil?)) ||
-            (@os == "linux" && ((@version.nil? && ["gnu", "musl"].include?(other.version)) || (@version == "gnu" && other.version.nil?))) ||
+            (@os == "linux" && (normalized_linux_version_ext == other.normalized_linux_version_ext || ["musl#{@version}", "musleabi#{@version}", "musleabihf#{@version}"].include?(other.version))) ||
             @version == other.version
           )
       end
+
+      # This is a copy of RubyGems 3.3.23 or higher `normalized_linux_method`.
+      # Once only 3.3.23 is supported, we can use the method in RubyGems.
+      def normalized_linux_version_ext
+        return nil unless @version
+
+        without_gnu_nor_abi_modifiers = @version.sub(/\Agnu/, "").sub(/eabi(hf)?\Z/, "")
+        return nil if without_gnu_nor_abi_modifiers.empty?
+
+        without_gnu_nor_abi_modifiers
+      end
+    end
+
+    if RUBY_ENGINE == "truffleruby" && !defined?(REUSE_AS_BINARY_ON_TRUFFLERUBY)
+      REUSE_AS_BINARY_ON_TRUFFLERUBY = %w[libv8 libv8-node sorbet-static].freeze
     end
   end
 
@@ -275,14 +299,43 @@ module Gem
       def match_gem?(platform, gem_name)
         match_platforms?(platform, Gem.platforms)
       end
+    end
+
+    match_platforms_defined = Gem::Platform.respond_to?(:match_platforms?, true)
+
+    if !match_platforms_defined || Gem::Platform.send(:match_platforms?, Gem::Platform::X64_LINUX_MUSL, [Gem::Platform::X64_LINUX])
 
       private
 
+      remove_method :match_platforms? if match_platforms_defined
+
       def match_platforms?(platform, platforms)
         platforms.any? do |local_platform|
           platform.nil? ||
             local_platform == platform ||
-            (local_platform != Gem::Platform::RUBY && local_platform =~ platform)
+            (local_platform != Gem::Platform::RUBY && platform =~ local_platform)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # On universal Rubies, resolve the "universal" arch to the real CPU arch, without changing the extension directory.
+  class Specification
+    if /^universal\.(?<arch>.*?)-/ =~ (CROSS_COMPILING || RUBY_PLATFORM)
+      local_platform = Platform.local
+      if local_platform.cpu == "universal"
+        ORIGINAL_LOCAL_PLATFORM = local_platform.to_s.freeze
+
+        local_platform.cpu = if arch == "arm64e" # arm64e is only permitted for Apple system binaries
+          "arm64"
+        else
+          arch
+        end
+
+        def extensions_dir
+          Gem.default_ext_dir_for(base_dir) ||
+            File.join(base_dir, "extensions", ORIGINAL_LOCAL_PLATFORM,
+                      Gem.extension_api_version)
         end
       end
     end
@@ -296,11 +349,7 @@ module Gem
     end
 
     def glob_files_in_dir(glob, base_path)
-      if RUBY_VERSION >= "2.5"
-        Dir.glob(glob, :base => base_path).map! {|f| File.expand_path(f, base_path) }
-      else
-        Dir.glob(File.join(base_path.to_s.gsub(/[\[\]]/, '\\\\\\&'), glob)).map! {|f| File.expand_path(f) }
-      end
+      Dir.glob(glob, :base => base_path).map! {|f| File.expand_path(f, base_path) }
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/rubygems_gem_installer.rb b/lib/bundler/rubygems_gem_installer.rb
index 13c2d25882..38035a00ac 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/rubygems_gem_installer.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/rubygems_gem_installer.rb
@@ -109,8 +109,10 @@ module Bundler
 
     def strict_rm_rf(dir)
       Bundler.rm_rf dir
-    rescue Errno::ENOTEMPTY => e
-      raise DirectoryRemovalError.new(e.cause, "Could not delete previous installation of `#{dir}`")
+    rescue StandardError => e
+      raise unless File.exist?(dir)
+
+      raise DirectoryRemovalError.new(e, "Could not delete previous installation of `#{dir}`")
     end
 
     def validate_bundler_checksum(checksum)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/rubygems_integration.rb b/lib/bundler/rubygems_integration.rb
index 08af0610c6..d8b7886af7 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/rubygems_integration.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/rubygems_integration.rb
@@ -227,10 +227,14 @@ module Bundler
 
     def reverse_rubygems_kernel_mixin
       # Disable rubygems' gem activation system
-      kernel = (class << ::Kernel; self; end)
-      [kernel, ::Kernel].each do |k|
-        if k.private_method_defined?(:gem_original_require)
-          redefine_method(k, :require, k.instance_method(:gem_original_require))
+      if Gem.respond_to?(:discover_gems_on_require=)
+        Gem.discover_gems_on_require = false
+      else
+        kernel = (class << ::Kernel; self; end)
+        [kernel, ::Kernel].each do |k|
+          if k.private_method_defined?(:gem_original_require)
+            redefine_method(k, :require, k.instance_method(:gem_original_require))
+          end
         end
       end
     end
@@ -243,7 +247,7 @@ module Bundler
       kernel = (class << ::Kernel; self; end)
       [kernel, ::Kernel].each do |kernel_class|
         redefine_method(kernel_class, :gem) do |dep, *reqs|
-          if executables && executables.include?(File.basename(caller.first.split(":").first))
+          if executables&.include?(File.basename(caller.first.split(":").first))
             break
           end
 
@@ -449,7 +453,7 @@ module Bundler
       fetcher = gem_remote_fetcher
       fetcher.headers = { "X-Gemfile-Source" => remote.original_uri.to_s } if remote.original_uri
       string = fetcher.fetch_path(path)
-      Bundler.load_marshal(string)
+      Bundler.safe_load_marshal(string)
     rescue Gem::RemoteFetcher::FetchError
       # it's okay for prerelease to fail
       raise unless name == "prerelease_specs"
@@ -504,10 +508,6 @@ module Bundler
       Gem::Package.build(spec, skip_validation)
     end
 
-    def repository_subdirectories
-      Gem::REPOSITORY_SUBDIRECTORIES
-    end
-
     def path_separator
       Gem.path_separator
     end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/runtime.rb b/lib/bundler/runtime.rb
index bd38353d3c..95cf78dd41 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/runtime.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/runtime.rb
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ module Bundler
     definition_method :requires
 
     def lock(opts = {})
-      return if @definition.nothing_changed? && !@definition.unlocking?
+      return if @definition.no_resolve_needed?
       @definition.lock(Bundler.default_lockfile, opts[:preserve_unknown_sections])
     end
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/safe_marshal.rb b/lib/bundler/safe_marshal.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..50aa0f60a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/safe_marshal.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  module SafeMarshal
+    ALLOWED_CLASSES = [
+      Array,
+      FalseClass,
+      Gem::Specification,
+      Gem::Version,
+      Hash,
+      String,
+      Symbol,
+      Time,
+      TrueClass,
+    ].freeze
+
+    ERROR = "Unexpected class %s present in marshaled data. Only %s are allowed."
+
+    PROC = proc do |object|
+      object.tap do
+        unless ALLOWED_CLASSES.include?(object.class)
+          raise TypeError, format(ERROR, object.class, ALLOWED_CLASSES.join(", "))
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.proc
+      PROC
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/settings.rb b/lib/bundler/settings.rb
index cf5675274e..0af2236a45 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/settings.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/settings.rb
@@ -43,9 +43,7 @@ module Bundler
       setup_makes_kernel_gem_public
       silence_deprecations
       silence_root_warning
-      suppress_install_using_messages
       update_requires_all_flag
-      use_gem_version_promoter_for_major_updates
     ].freeze
 
     NUMBER_KEYS = %w[
@@ -220,7 +218,6 @@ module Bundler
     def path
       configs.each do |_level, settings|
         path = value_for("path", settings)
-        path = "vendor/bundle" if value_for("deployment", settings) && path.nil?
         path_system = value_for("path.system", settings)
         disabled_shared_gems = value_for("disable_shared_gems", settings)
         next if path.nil? && path_system.nil? && disabled_shared_gems.nil?
@@ -228,7 +225,9 @@ module Bundler
         return Path.new(path, system_path)
       end
 
-      Path.new(nil, false)
+      path = "vendor/bundle" if self[:deployment]
+
+      Path.new(path, false)
     end
 
     Path = Struct.new(:explicit_path, :system_path) do
@@ -278,12 +277,6 @@ module Bundler
       end
     end
 
-    def allow_sudo?
-      key = key_for(:path)
-      path_configured = @temporary.key?(key) || @local_config.key?(key)
-      !path_configured
-    end
-
     def ignore_config?
       ENV["BUNDLE_IGNORE_CONFIG"]
     end
@@ -502,7 +495,7 @@ module Bundler
         uri = $2
         suffix = $3
       end
-      uri = "#{uri}/" unless uri.end_with?("/")
+      uri = URINormalizer.normalize_suffix(uri)
       require_relative "vendored_uri"
       uri = Bundler::URI(uri)
       unless uri.absolute?
diff --git a/lib/bundler/setup.rb b/lib/bundler/setup.rb
index 32e9b2d7c0..801fd5312a 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/setup.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/setup.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,10 @@ if Bundler::SharedHelpers.in_bundle?
       Bundler.ui.error e.message
       Bundler.ui.warn e.backtrace.join("\n") if ENV["DEBUG"]
       if e.is_a?(Bundler::GemNotFound)
-        Bundler.ui.warn "Run `bundle install` to install missing gems."
+        suggested_cmd = "bundle install"
+        original_gemfile = Bundler.original_env["BUNDLE_GEMFILE"]
+        suggested_cmd += " --gemfile #{original_gemfile}" if original_gemfile
+        Bundler.ui.warn "Run `#{suggested_cmd}` to install missing gems."
       end
       exit e.status_code
     end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/shared_helpers.rb b/lib/bundler/shared_helpers.rb
index 8c4e26f074..d1d4e1d07a 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/shared_helpers.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/shared_helpers.rb
@@ -160,10 +160,10 @@ module Bundler
         " (was expecting #{old_deps.map(&:to_s)}, but the real spec has #{new_deps.map(&:to_s)})"
       raise APIResponseMismatchError,
         "Downloading #{spec.full_name} revealed dependencies not in the API or the lockfile (#{extra_deps.join(", ")})." \
-        "\nEither installing with `--full-index` or running `bundle update #{spec.name}` should fix the problem."
+        "\nRunning `bundle update #{spec.name}` should fix the problem."
     end
 
-    def pretty_dependency(dep, print_source = false)
+    def pretty_dependency(dep)
       msg = String.new(dep.name)
       msg << " (#{dep.requirement})" unless dep.requirement == Gem::Requirement.default
 
@@ -172,7 +172,6 @@ module Bundler
         msg << " " << platform_string if !platform_string.empty? && platform_string != Gem::Platform::RUBY
       end
 
-      msg << " from the `#{dep.source}` source" if print_source && dep.source
       msg
     end
 
@@ -285,6 +284,7 @@ module Bundler
       Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLE_BIN_PATH", exe_file
       Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLE_GEMFILE", find_gemfile.to_s
       Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLER_VERSION", Bundler::VERSION
+      Bundler::SharedHelpers.set_env "BUNDLER_SETUP", File.expand_path("setup", __dir__) unless RUBY_VERSION < "2.7"
     end
 
     def set_path
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source.rb b/lib/bundler/source.rb
index 69804a2e63..f7f5ea7865 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/source.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/source.rb
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def print_using_message(message)
-      if !message.include?("(was ") && Bundler.feature_flag.suppress_install_using_messages?
+      if !message.include?("(was ")
         Bundler.ui.debug message
       else
         Bundler.ui.info message
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/git.rb b/lib/bundler/source/git.rb
index ed66dcdc12..adbce5fce4 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/source/git.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/git.rb
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ module Bundler
         # Stringify options that could be set as symbols
         %w[ref branch tag revision].each {|k| options[k] = options[k].to_s if options[k] }
 
-        @uri        = options["uri"] || ""
+        @uri        = URINormalizer.normalize_suffix(options["uri"] || "", :trailing_slash => false)
         @safe_uri   = URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_uri(@uri)
         @branch     = options["branch"]
         @ref        = options["ref"] || options["branch"] || options["tag"]
@@ -46,6 +46,14 @@ module Bundler
         out << "  specs:\n"
       end
 
+      def to_gemfile
+        specifiers = %w[ref branch tag submodules glob].map do |opt|
+          "#{opt}: #{options[opt]}" if options[opt]
+        end
+
+        uri_with_specifiers(specifiers)
+      end
+
       def hash
         [self.class, uri, ref, branch, name, version, glob, submodules].hash
       end
@@ -59,28 +67,32 @@ module Bundler
 
       alias_method :==, :eql?
 
+      def include?(other)
+        other.is_a?(Git) && uri == other.uri &&
+          name == other.name &&
+          glob == other.glob &&
+          submodules == other.submodules
+      end
+
       def to_s
         begin
-          at = if local?
-            path
-          elsif user_ref = options["ref"]
-            if ref =~ /\A[a-z0-9]{4,}\z/i
-              shortref_for_display(user_ref)
-            else
-              user_ref
-            end
-          elsif ref
-            ref
-          else
-            git_proxy.branch
-          end
+          at = humanized_ref || current_branch
 
           rev = "at #{at}@#{shortref_for_display(revision)}"
         rescue GitError
           ""
         end
 
-        specifiers = [rev, glob_for_display].compact
+        uri_with_specifiers([rev, glob_for_display])
+      end
+
+      def identifier
+        uri_with_specifiers([humanized_ref, cached_revision, glob_for_display])
+      end
+
+      def uri_with_specifiers(specifiers)
+        specifiers.compact!
+
         suffix =
           if specifiers.any?
             " (#{specifiers.join(", ")})"
@@ -102,13 +114,7 @@ module Bundler
         @install_path ||= begin
           git_scope = "#{base_name}-#{shortref_for_path(revision)}"
 
-          path = Bundler.install_path.join(git_scope)
-
-          if !path.exist? && Bundler.requires_sudo?
-            Bundler.user_bundle_path.join(Bundler.ruby_scope).join(git_scope)
-          else
-            path
-          end
+          Bundler.install_path.join(git_scope)
         end
       end
 
@@ -132,7 +138,7 @@ module Bundler
         path = Pathname.new(path)
         path = path.expand_path(Bundler.root) unless path.relative?
 
-        unless options["branch"] || Bundler.settings[:disable_local_branch_check]
+        unless branch || Bundler.settings[:disable_local_branch_check]
           raise GitError, "Cannot use local override for #{name} at #{path} because " \
             ":branch is not specified in Gemfile. Specify a branch or run " \
             "`bundle config unset local.#{override_for(original_path)}` to remove the local override"
@@ -147,14 +153,14 @@ module Bundler
 
         # Create a new git proxy without the cached revision
         # so the Gemfile.lock always picks up the new revision.
-        @git_proxy = GitProxy.new(path, uri, ref)
+        @git_proxy = GitProxy.new(path, uri, options)
 
-        if git_proxy.branch != options["branch"] && !Bundler.settings[:disable_local_branch_check]
+        if current_branch != branch && !Bundler.settings[:disable_local_branch_check]
           raise GitError, "Local override for #{name} at #{path} is using branch " \
-            "#{git_proxy.branch} but Gemfile specifies #{options["branch"]}"
+            "#{current_branch} but Gemfile specifies #{branch}"
         end
 
-        changed = cached_revision && cached_revision != git_proxy.revision
+        changed = cached_revision && cached_revision != revision
 
         if !Bundler.settings[:disable_local_revision_check] && changed && !@unlocked && !git_proxy.contains?(cached_revision)
           raise GitError, "The Gemfile lock is pointing to revision #{shortref_for_display(cached_revision)} " \
@@ -179,6 +185,7 @@ module Bundler
       end
 
       def install(spec, options = {})
+        return if Bundler.settings[:no_install]
         force = options[:force]
 
         print_using_message "Using #{version_message(spec, options[:previous_spec])} from #{self}"
@@ -219,7 +226,7 @@ module Bundler
       # across different projects, this cache will be shared.
       # When using local git repos, this is set to the local repo.
       def cache_path
-        @cache_path ||= if Bundler.requires_sudo? || Bundler.feature_flag.global_gem_cache?
+        @cache_path ||= if Bundler.feature_flag.global_gem_cache?
           Bundler.user_cache
         else
           Bundler.bundle_path.join("cache", "bundler")
@@ -234,6 +241,10 @@ module Bundler
         git_proxy.revision
       end
 
+      def current_branch
+        git_proxy.current_branch
+      end
+
       def allow_git_ops?
         @allow_remote || @allow_cached
       end
@@ -244,6 +255,20 @@ module Bundler
 
       private
 
+      def humanized_ref
+        if local?
+          path
+        elsif user_ref = options["ref"]
+          if /\A[a-z0-9]{4,}\z/i.match?(ref)
+            shortref_for_display(user_ref)
+          else
+            user_ref
+          end
+        elsif ref
+          ref
+        end
+      end
+
       def serialize_gemspecs_in(destination)
         destination = destination.expand_path(Bundler.root) if destination.relative?
         Dir["#{destination}/#{@glob}"].each do |spec_path|
@@ -297,7 +322,7 @@ module Bundler
       end
 
       def uri_hash
-        if uri =~ %r{^\w+://(\w+@)?}
+        if %r{^\w+://(\w+@)?}.match?(uri)
           # Downcase the domain component of the URI
           # and strip off a trailing slash, if one is present
           input = Bundler::URI.parse(uri).normalize.to_s.sub(%r{/$}, "")
@@ -319,7 +344,7 @@ module Bundler
       end
 
       def git_proxy
-        @git_proxy ||= GitProxy.new(cache_path, uri, ref, cached_revision, self)
+        @git_proxy ||= GitProxy.new(cache_path, uri, options, cached_revision, self)
       end
 
       def fetch
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/git/git_proxy.rb b/lib/bundler/source/git/git_proxy.rb
index 745a7fe118..fdb738e52e 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/source/git/git_proxy.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/git/git_proxy.rb
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ module Bundler
         def initialize(command, path, extra_info = nil)
           @command = command
 
-          msg = String.new
-          msg << "Git error: command `#{command}` in directory #{path} has failed."
+          msg = String.new("Git error: command `#{command}`")
+          msg << " in directory #{path}" if path
+          msg << " has failed."
           msg << "\n#{extra_info}" if extra_info
-          msg << "\nIf this error persists you could try removing the cache directory '#{path}'" if path.exist?
           super msg
         end
       end
@@ -47,24 +47,28 @@ module Bundler
       # All actions required by the Git source is encapsulated in this
       # object.
       class GitProxy
-        attr_accessor :path, :uri, :ref
+        attr_accessor :path, :uri, :branch, :tag, :ref, :explicit_ref
         attr_writer :revision
 
-        def initialize(path, uri, ref, revision = nil, git = nil)
+        def initialize(path, uri, options = {}, revision = nil, git = nil)
           @path     = path
           @uri      = uri
-          @ref      = ref
+          @branch   = options["branch"]
+          @tag      = options["tag"]
+          @ref      = options["ref"]
+          @explicit_ref = branch || tag || ref
           @revision = revision
           @git      = git
+          @commit_ref = nil
         end
 
         def revision
-          @revision ||= find_local_revision
+          @revision ||= allowed_with_path { find_local_revision }
         end
 
-        def branch
-          @branch ||= allowed_with_path do
-            git("rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", "HEAD", :dir => path).strip
+        def current_branch
+          @current_branch ||= with_path do
+            git_local("rev-parse", "--abbrev-ref", "HEAD", :dir => path).strip
           end
         end
 
@@ -76,36 +80,26 @@ module Bundler
         end
 
         def version
-          git("--version").match(/(git version\s*)?((\.?\d+)+).*/)[2]
+          @version ||= full_version.match(/((\.?\d+)+).*/)[1]
         end
 
         def full_version
-          git("--version").sub("git version", "").strip
+          @full_version ||= git_local("--version").sub(/git version\s*/, "").strip
         end
 
         def checkout
-          return if path.exist? && has_revision_cached?
-          extra_ref = "#{ref}:#{ref}" if ref && ref.start_with?("refs/")
-
-          Bundler.ui.info "Fetching #{URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_uri(uri)}"
+          return if has_revision_cached?
 
-          configured_uri = configured_uri_for(uri).to_s
+          Bundler.ui.info "Fetching #{credential_filtered_uri}"
 
-          unless path.exist?
-            SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(path.dirname) do |p|
-              FileUtils.mkdir_p(p)
-            end
-            git_retry "clone", "--bare", "--no-hardlinks", "--quiet", "--", configured_uri, path.to_s
-            return unless extra_ref
-          end
+          extra_fetch_needed = clone_needs_extra_fetch?
+          unshallow_needed = clone_needs_unshallow?
+          return unless extra_fetch_needed || unshallow_needed
 
-          with_path do
-            git_retry(*["fetch", "--force", "--quiet", "--tags", "--", configured_uri, "refs/heads/*:refs/heads/*", extra_ref].compact, :dir => path)
-          end
+          git_remote_fetch(unshallow_needed ? ["--unshallow"] : depth_args)
         end
 
         def copy_to(destination, submodules = false)
-          # method 1
           unless File.exist?(destination.join(".git"))
             begin
               SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(destination.dirname) do |p|
@@ -114,7 +108,7 @@ module Bundler
               SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(destination) do |p|
                 FileUtils.rm_rf(p)
               end
-              git_retry "clone", "--no-checkout", "--quiet", path.to_s, destination.to_s
+              git "clone", "--no-checkout", "--quiet", path.to_s, destination.to_s
               File.chmod(((File.stat(destination).mode | 0o777) & ~File.umask), destination)
             rescue Errno::EEXIST => e
               file_path = e.message[%r{.*?((?:[a-zA-Z]:)?/.*)}, 1]
@@ -123,14 +117,10 @@ module Bundler
                 "this file and try again."
             end
           end
-          # method 2
-          git_retry "fetch", "--force", "--quiet", "--tags", path.to_s, :dir => destination
 
-          begin
-            git "reset", "--hard", @revision, :dir => destination
-          rescue GitCommandError => e
-            raise MissingGitRevisionError.new(e.command, destination, @revision, URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_uri(uri))
-          end
+          git "fetch", "--force", "--quiet", *extra_fetch_args, :dir => destination if @commit_ref
+
+          git "reset", "--hard", @revision, :dir => destination
 
           if submodules
             git_retry "submodule", "update", "--init", "--recursive", :dir => destination
@@ -142,14 +132,117 @@ module Bundler
 
         private
 
-        def git_null(*command, dir: nil)
-          check_allowed(command)
+        def git_remote_fetch(args)
+          command = ["fetch", "--force", "--quiet", "--no-tags", *args, "--", configured_uri, refspec].compact
+          command_with_no_credentials = check_allowed(command)
+
+          Bundler::Retry.new("`#{command_with_no_credentials}` at #{path}", [MissingGitRevisionError]).attempts do
+            out, err, status = capture(command, path)
+            return out if status.success?
+
+            if err.include?("couldn't find remote ref") || err.include?("not our ref")
+              raise MissingGitRevisionError.new(command_with_no_credentials, path, commit || explicit_ref, credential_filtered_uri)
+            else
+              raise GitCommandError.new(command_with_no_credentials, path, err)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def clone_needs_extra_fetch?
+          return true if path.exist?
+
+          SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(path.dirname) do |p|
+            FileUtils.mkdir_p(p)
+          end
+
+          command = ["clone", "--bare", "--no-hardlinks", "--quiet", *extra_clone_args, "--", configured_uri, path.to_s]
+          command_with_no_credentials = check_allowed(command)
+
+          Bundler::Retry.new("`#{command_with_no_credentials}`", [MissingGitRevisionError]).attempts do
+            _, err, status = capture(command, nil)
+            return extra_ref if status.success?
+
+            if err.include?("Could not find remote branch") || # git up to 2.49
+               err.include?("Remote branch #{branch_option} not found") # git 2.49 or higher
+              raise MissingGitRevisionError.new(command_with_no_credentials, nil, explicit_ref, credential_filtered_uri)
+            else
+              raise GitCommandError.new(command_with_no_credentials, path, err)
+            end
+          end
+        end
 
-          out, status = SharedHelpers.with_clean_git_env do
-            capture_and_ignore_stderr(*capture3_args_for(command, dir))
+        def clone_needs_unshallow?
+          return false unless path.join("shallow").exist?
+          return true if full_clone?
+
+          @revision && @revision != head_revision
+        end
+
+        def extra_ref
+          return false if not_pinned?
+          return true unless full_clone?
+
+          ref.start_with?("refs/")
+        end
+
+        def depth
+          return @depth if defined?(@depth)
+
+          @depth = if !supports_fetching_unreachable_refs?
+            nil
+          elsif not_pinned? || pinned_to_full_sha?
+            1
+          elsif ref.include?("~")
+            parsed_depth = ref.split("~").last
+            parsed_depth.to_i + 1
           end
+        end
+
+        def refspec
+          if commit
+            @commit_ref = "refs/#{commit}-sha"
+            return "#{commit}:#{@commit_ref}"
+          end
+
+          reference = fully_qualified_ref
+
+          reference ||= if ref.include?("~")
+            ref.split("~").first
+          elsif ref.start_with?("refs/")
+            ref
+          else
+            "refs/*"
+          end
+
+          "#{reference}:#{reference}"
+        end
+
+        def commit
+          @commit ||= pinned_to_full_sha? ? ref : @revision
+        end
+
+        def fully_qualified_ref
+          if branch
+            "refs/heads/#{branch}"
+          elsif tag
+            "refs/tags/#{tag}"
+          elsif ref.nil?
+            "refs/heads/#{current_branch}"
+          end
+        end
+
+        def not_pinned?
+          branch_option || ref.nil?
+        end
+
+        def pinned_to_full_sha?
+          ref =~ /\A\h{40}\z/
+        end
 
-          [URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_string(out, uri), status]
+        def git_null(*command, dir: nil)
+          check_allowed(command)
+
+          capture(command, dir, :ignore_err => true)
         end
 
         def git_retry(*command, dir: nil)
@@ -161,51 +254,64 @@ module Bundler
         end
 
         def git(*command, dir: nil)
-          command_with_no_credentials = check_allowed(command)
-
-          out, status = SharedHelpers.with_clean_git_env do
-            capture_and_filter_stderr(*capture3_args_for(command, dir))
+          run_command(*command, :dir => dir) do |unredacted_command|
+            check_allowed(unredacted_command)
           end
+        end
 
-          filtered_out = URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_string(out, uri)
-
-          raise GitCommandError.new(command_with_no_credentials, dir || SharedHelpers.pwd, filtered_out) unless status.success?
-
-          filtered_out
+        def git_local(*command, dir: nil)
+          run_command(*command, :dir => dir) do |unredacted_command|
+            redact_and_check_presence(unredacted_command)
+          end
         end
 
         def has_revision_cached?
-          return unless @revision
-          with_path { git("cat-file", "-e", @revision, :dir => path) }
+          return unless @revision && path.exist?
+          git("cat-file", "-e", @revision, :dir => path)
           true
         rescue GitError
           false
         end
 
-        def remove_cache
-          FileUtils.rm_rf(path)
+        def find_local_revision
+          return head_revision if explicit_ref.nil?
+
+          find_revision_for(explicit_ref)
         end
 
-        def find_local_revision
-          allowed_with_path do
-            git("rev-parse", "--verify", ref || "HEAD", :dir => path).strip
-          end
+        def head_revision
+          verify("HEAD")
+        end
+
+        def find_revision_for(reference)
+          verify(reference)
         rescue GitCommandError => e
-          raise MissingGitRevisionError.new(e.command, path, ref, URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_uri(uri))
+          raise MissingGitRevisionError.new(e.command, path, reference, credential_filtered_uri)
         end
 
-        # Adds credentials to the URI as Fetcher#configured_uri_for does
-        def configured_uri_for(uri)
-          if /https?:/ =~ uri
+        def verify(reference)
+          git("rev-parse", "--verify", reference, :dir => path).strip
+        end
+
+        # Adds credentials to the URI
+        def configured_uri
+          if /https?:/.match?(uri)
             remote = Bundler::URI(uri)
             config_auth = Bundler.settings[remote.to_s] || Bundler.settings[remote.host]
             remote.userinfo ||= config_auth
             remote.to_s
+          elsif File.exist?(uri)
+            "file://#{uri}"
           else
-            uri
+            uri.to_s
           end
         end
 
+        # Removes credentials from the URI
+        def credential_filtered_uri
+          URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_uri(uri)
+        end
+
         def allow?
           allowed = @git ? @git.allow_git_ops? : true
 
@@ -225,23 +331,41 @@ module Bundler
         end
 
         def check_allowed(command)
-          require "shellwords"
-          command_with_no_credentials = URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_string("git #{command.shelljoin}", uri)
+          command_with_no_credentials = redact_and_check_presence(command)
           raise GitNotAllowedError.new(command_with_no_credentials) unless allow?
           command_with_no_credentials
         end
 
-        def capture_and_filter_stderr(*cmd)
-          require "open3"
-          return_value, captured_err, status = Open3.capture3(*cmd)
-          Bundler.ui.warn URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_string(captured_err, uri) unless captured_err.empty?
-          [return_value, status]
+        def redact_and_check_presence(command)
+          raise GitNotInstalledError.new unless Bundler.git_present?
+
+          require "shellwords"
+          URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_string("git #{command.shelljoin}", uri)
+        end
+
+        def run_command(*command, dir: nil)
+          command_with_no_credentials = yield(command)
+
+          out, err, status = capture(command, dir)
+
+          raise GitCommandError.new(command_with_no_credentials, dir || SharedHelpers.pwd, err) unless status.success?
+
+          Bundler.ui.warn err unless err.empty?
+
+          out
         end
 
-        def capture_and_ignore_stderr(*cmd)
-          require "open3"
-          return_value, _, status = Open3.capture3(*cmd)
-          [return_value, status]
+        def capture(cmd, dir, ignore_err: false)
+          SharedHelpers.with_clean_git_env do
+            require "open3"
+            out, err, status = Open3.capture3(*capture3_args_for(cmd, dir))
+
+            filtered_out = URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_string(out, uri)
+            return [filtered_out, status] if ignore_err
+
+            filtered_err = URICredentialsFilter.credential_filtered_string(err, uri)
+            [filtered_out, filtered_err, status]
+          end
         end
 
         def capture3_args_for(cmd, dir)
@@ -254,9 +378,53 @@ module Bundler
           end
         end
 
+        def extra_clone_args
+          args = depth_args
+          return [] if args.empty?
+
+          args += ["--single-branch"]
+          args.unshift("--no-tags") if supports_cloning_with_no_tags?
+
+          # If there's a locked revision, no need to clone any specific branch
+          # or tag, since we will end up checking out that locked revision
+          # anyways.
+          return args if @revision
+
+          args += ["--branch", branch_option] if branch_option
+          args
+        end
+
+        def depth_args
+          return [] if full_clone?
+
+          ["--depth", depth.to_s]
+        end
+
+        def extra_fetch_args
+          extra_args = [path.to_s, *depth_args]
+          extra_args.push(@commit_ref)
+          extra_args
+        end
+
+        def branch_option
+          branch || tag
+        end
+
+        def full_clone?
+          depth.nil?
+        end
+
         def supports_minus_c?
           @supports_minus_c ||= Gem::Version.new(version) >= Gem::Version.new("1.8.5")
         end
+
+        def supports_fetching_unreachable_refs?
+          @supports_fetching_unreachable_refs ||= Gem::Version.new(version) >= Gem::Version.new("2.5.0")
+        end
+
+        def supports_cloning_with_no_tags?
+          @supports_cloning_with_no_tags ||= Gem::Version.new(version) >= Gem::Version.new("2.14.0-rc0")
+        end
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/metadata.rb b/lib/bundler/source/metadata.rb
index 23531b8bd4..593da6d1a7 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/source/metadata.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/metadata.rb
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ module Bundler
             s.version  = VERSION
             s.license  = "MIT"
             s.platform = Gem::Platform::RUBY
-            s.source   = self
             s.authors  = ["bundler team"]
             s.bindir   = "exe"
             s.homepage = "https://bundler.io"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/path.rb b/lib/bundler/source/path.rb
index 672ecfd13b..bdfcf8274a 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/source/path.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/path.rb
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ module Bundler
 
       protected :original_path
 
-      DEFAULT_GLOB = "{,*,*/*}.gemspec".freeze
+      DEFAULT_GLOB = "{,*,*/*}.gemspec"
 
       def initialize(options)
         @options = options.dup
@@ -224,13 +224,13 @@ module Bundler
 
         # Some gem authors put absolute paths in their gemspec
         # and we have to save them from themselves
-        spec.files = spec.files.map do |p|
-          next p unless p =~ /\A#{Pathname::SEPARATOR_PAT}/
-          next if File.directory?(p)
+        spec.files = spec.files.map do |path|
+          next path unless /\A#{Pathname::SEPARATOR_PAT}/.match?(path)
+          next if File.directory?(path)
           begin
-            Pathname.new(p).relative_path_from(gem_dir).to_s
+            Pathname.new(path).relative_path_from(gem_dir).to_s
           rescue ArgumentError
-            p
+            path
           end
         end.compact
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/path/installer.rb b/lib/bundler/source/path/installer.rb
index a70973bde7..0af28fe770 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/source/path/installer.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/path/installer.rb
@@ -18,13 +18,7 @@ module Bundler
           @build_args         = options[:build_args] || Bundler.rubygems.build_args
           @gem_bin_dir        = "#{Bundler.rubygems.gem_dir}/bin"
           @disable_extensions = options[:disable_extensions]
-
-          if Bundler.requires_sudo?
-            @tmp_dir = Bundler.tmp(spec.full_name).to_s
-            @bin_dir = "#{@tmp_dir}/bin"
-          else
-            @bin_dir = @gem_bin_dir
-          end
+          @bin_dir = @gem_bin_dir
         end
 
         def post_install
@@ -38,25 +32,10 @@ module Bundler
           generate_bin unless spec.executables.empty?
 
           run_hooks(:post_install)
-        ensure
-          Bundler.rm_rf(@tmp_dir) if Bundler.requires_sudo?
         end
 
         private
 
-        def generate_bin
-          super
-
-          if Bundler.requires_sudo?
-            SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(@gem_bin_dir) do |p|
-              Bundler.mkdir_p(p)
-            end
-            spec.executables.each do |exe|
-              Bundler.sudo "cp -R #{@bin_dir}/#{exe} #{@gem_bin_dir}"
-            end
-          end
-        end
-
         def run_hooks(type)
           hooks_meth = "#{type}_hooks"
           return unless Gem.respond_to?(hooks_meth)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb b/lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb
index a50934b315..af57acbbc2 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/source/rubygems.rb
@@ -7,12 +7,10 @@ module Bundler
     class Rubygems < Source
       autoload :Remote, File.expand_path("rubygems/remote", __dir__)
 
-      # Use the API when installing less than X gems
-      API_REQUEST_LIMIT = 500
       # Ask for X gems per API request
       API_REQUEST_SIZE = 50
 
-      attr_reader :remotes, :caches
+      attr_reader :remotes
 
       def initialize(options = {})
         @options = options
@@ -21,11 +19,14 @@ module Bundler
         @allow_remote = false
         @allow_cached = false
         @allow_local = options["allow_local"] || false
-        @caches = [cache_path, *Bundler.rubygems.gem_cache]
 
         Array(options["remotes"]).reverse_each {|r| add_remote(r) }
       end
 
+      def caches
+        @caches ||= [cache_path, *Bundler.rubygems.gem_cache]
+      end
+
       def local_only!
         @specs = nil
         @allow_local = true
@@ -122,6 +123,7 @@ module Bundler
         end
       end
       alias_method :name, :identifier
+      alias_method :to_gemfile, :identifier
 
       def specs
         @specs ||= begin
@@ -145,7 +147,7 @@ module Bundler
         end
 
         if installed?(spec) && !force
-          print_using_message "Using #{version_message(spec)}"
+          print_using_message "Using #{version_message(spec, options[:previous_spec])}"
           return nil # no post-install message
         end
 
@@ -160,27 +162,20 @@ module Bundler
 
         return if Bundler.settings[:no_install]
 
-        if requires_sudo?
-          install_path = Bundler.tmp(spec.full_name)
-          bin_path     = install_path.join("bin")
-        else
-          install_path = rubygems_dir
-          bin_path     = Bundler.system_bindir
-        end
-
-        Bundler.mkdir_p bin_path, :no_sudo => true unless spec.executables.empty? || Bundler.rubygems.provides?(">= 2.7.5")
+        install_path = rubygems_dir
+        bin_path     = Bundler.system_bindir
 
         require_relative "../rubygems_gem_installer"
 
         installer = Bundler::RubyGemsGemInstaller.at(
           path,
-          :security_policy     => Bundler.rubygems.security_policies[Bundler.settings["trust-policy"]],
-          :install_dir         => install_path.to_s,
-          :bin_dir             => bin_path.to_s,
+          :security_policy => Bundler.rubygems.security_policies[Bundler.settings["trust-policy"]],
+          :install_dir => install_path.to_s,
+          :bin_dir => bin_path.to_s,
           :ignore_dependencies => true,
-          :wrappers            => true,
-          :env_shebang         => true,
-          :build_args          => options[:build_args],
+          :wrappers => true,
+          :env_shebang => true,
+          :build_args => options[:build_args],
           :bundler_expected_checksum => spec.respond_to?(:checksum) && spec.checksum,
           :bundler_extension_cache_path => extension_cache_path(spec)
         )
@@ -209,34 +204,7 @@ module Bundler
         spec.full_gem_path = installed_spec.full_gem_path
         spec.loaded_from = installed_spec.loaded_from
 
-        # SUDO HAX
-        if requires_sudo?
-          Bundler.rubygems.repository_subdirectories.each do |name|
-            src = File.join(install_path, name, "*")
-            dst = File.join(rubygems_dir, name)
-            if name == "extensions" && Dir.glob(src).any?
-              src = File.join(src, "*/*")
-              ext_src = Dir.glob(src).first
-              ext_src.gsub!(src[0..-6], "")
-              dst = File.dirname(File.join(dst, ext_src))
-            end
-            SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(dst) do |p|
-              Bundler.mkdir_p(p)
-            end
-            Bundler.sudo "cp -R #{src} #{dst}" if Dir[src].any?
-          end
-
-          spec.executables.each do |exe|
-            SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(Bundler.system_bindir) do |p|
-              Bundler.mkdir_p(p)
-            end
-            Bundler.sudo "cp -R #{install_path}/bin/#{exe} #{Bundler.system_bindir}/"
-          end
-        end
-
         spec.post_install_message
-      ensure
-        Bundler.rm_rf(install_path) if requires_sudo?
       end
 
       def cache(spec, custom_path = nil)
@@ -326,7 +294,7 @@ module Bundler
       end
 
       def dependency_api_available?
-        api_fetchers.any?
+        @allow_remote && api_fetchers.any?
       end
 
       protected
@@ -360,9 +328,9 @@ module Bundler
 
       def cached_path(spec)
         global_cache_path = download_cache_path(spec)
-        @caches << global_cache_path if global_cache_path
+        caches << global_cache_path if global_cache_path
 
-        possibilities = @caches.map {|p| package_path(p, spec) }
+        possibilities = caches.map {|p| package_path(p, spec) }
         possibilities.find {|p| File.exist?(p) }
       end
 
@@ -371,8 +339,7 @@ module Bundler
       end
 
       def normalize_uri(uri)
-        uri = uri.to_s
-        uri = "#{uri}/" unless uri =~ %r{/$}
+        uri = URINormalizer.normalize_suffix(uri.to_s)
         require_relative "../vendored_uri"
         uri = Bundler::URI(uri)
         raise ArgumentError, "The source must be an absolute URI. For example:\n" \
@@ -415,7 +382,6 @@ module Bundler
           idx = @allow_local ? installed_specs.dup : Index.new
 
           Dir["#{cache_path}/*.gem"].each do |gemfile|
-            next if gemfile =~ /^bundler\-[\d\.]+?\.gem/
             s ||= Bundler.rubygems.spec_from_gem(gemfile)
             s.source = self
             idx << s
@@ -436,12 +402,11 @@ module Bundler
           # gather lists from non-api sites
           fetch_names(index_fetchers, nil, idx, false)
 
-          # because ensuring we have all the gems we need involves downloading
-          # the gemspecs of those gems, if the non-api sites contain more than
-          # about 500 gems, we treat all sites as non-api for speed.
-          allow_api = idx.size < API_REQUEST_LIMIT && dependency_names.size < API_REQUEST_LIMIT
-          Bundler.ui.debug "Need to query more than #{API_REQUEST_LIMIT} gems." \
-            " Downloading full index instead..." unless allow_api
+          # legacy multi-remote sources need special logic to figure out
+          # dependency names and that logic can be very costly if one remote
+          # uses the dependency API but others don't. So use full indexes
+          # consistently in that particular case.
+          allow_api = !multiple_remotes?
 
           fetch_names(api_fetchers, allow_api && dependency_names, idx, false)
         end
@@ -475,38 +440,18 @@ module Bundler
         gem_path = package_path(cache_path, spec)
         return gem_path if File.exist?(gem_path)
 
-        if requires_sudo?
-          download_path = Bundler.tmp(spec.full_name)
-          download_cache_path = default_cache_path_for(download_path)
-        else
-          download_cache_path = cache_path
-        end
-
-        SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(download_cache_path) do |p|
+        SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(cache_path) do |p|
           FileUtils.mkdir_p(p)
         end
-        download_gem(spec, download_cache_path, previous_spec)
-
-        if requires_sudo?
-          SharedHelpers.filesystem_access(cache_path) do |p|
-            Bundler.mkdir_p(p)
-          end
-          Bundler.sudo "mv #{package_path(download_cache_path, spec)} #{gem_path}"
-        end
+        download_gem(spec, cache_path, previous_spec)
 
         gem_path
-      ensure
-        Bundler.rm_rf(download_path) if requires_sudo?
       end
 
       def installed?(spec)
         installed_specs[spec].any? && !spec.deleted_gem?
       end
 
-      def requires_sudo?
-        Bundler.requires_sudo?
-      end
-
       def rubygems_dir
         Bundler.bundle_path
       end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/source_list.rb b/lib/bundler/source_list.rb
index 6ea2910d18..4419695b7f 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/source_list.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/source_list.rb
@@ -101,10 +101,6 @@ module Bundler
       source_list_for(source).find {|s| equivalent_source?(source, s) }
     end
 
-    def get_with_fallback(source)
-      get(source) || default_source
-    end
-
     def lock_sources
       lock_other_sources + lock_rubygems_sources
     end
@@ -161,11 +157,17 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def map_sources(replacement_sources)
-      [@rubygems_sources, @path_sources, @git_sources, @plugin_sources].map do |sources|
+      rubygems, git, plugin = [@rubygems_sources, @git_sources, @plugin_sources].map do |sources|
         sources.map do |source|
           replacement_sources.find {|s| s == source } || source
         end
       end
+
+      path = @path_sources.map do |source|
+        replacement_sources.find {|s| s == (source.is_a?(Source::Gemspec) ? source.as_path_source : source) } || source
+      end
+
+      [rubygems, path, git, plugin]
     end
 
     def global_replacement_source(replacement_sources)
@@ -206,7 +208,7 @@ module Bundler
     def warn_on_git_protocol(source)
       return if Bundler.settings["git.allow_insecure"]
 
-      if source.uri =~ /^git\:/
+      if /^git\:/.match?(source.uri)
         Bundler.ui.warn "The git source `#{source.uri}` uses the `git` protocol, " \
           "which transmits data without encryption. Disable this warning with " \
           "`bundle config set --local git.allow_insecure true`, or switch to the `https` " \
diff --git a/lib/bundler/spec_set.rb b/lib/bundler/spec_set.rb
index 4965ca9e60..21630e3a3e 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/spec_set.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/spec_set.rb
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ module Bundler
 
         name = dep[0].name
         platform = dep[1]
+        incomplete = false
 
         key = [name, platform]
         next if handled.key?(key)
@@ -36,14 +37,19 @@ module Bundler
 
           specs_for_dep.first.dependencies.each do |d|
             next if d.type == :development
+            incomplete = true if d.name != "bundler" && lookup[d.name].empty?
             deps << [d, dep[1]]
           end
-        elsif check
-          @incomplete_specs += lookup[name]
+        else
+          incomplete = true
+        end
+
+        if incomplete && check
+          @incomplete_specs += lookup[name].any? ? lookup[name] : [LazySpecification.new(name, nil, nil)]
         end
       end
 
-      specs
+      specs.uniq
     end
 
     def [](key)
@@ -57,8 +63,8 @@ module Bundler
       @sorted = nil
     end
 
-    def delete(spec)
-      @specs.delete(spec)
+    def delete(specs)
+      specs.each {|spec| @specs.delete(spec) }
       @lookup = nil
       @sorted = nil
     end
@@ -95,6 +101,10 @@ module Bundler
     end
 
     def incomplete_ruby_specs?(deps)
+      return false if @specs.empty?
+
+      @incomplete_specs = []
+
       self.for(deps, true, [Gem::Platform::RUBY])
 
       @incomplete_specs.any?
@@ -114,10 +124,20 @@ module Bundler
       SpecSet.new(arr)
     end
 
+    def -(other)
+      SpecSet.new(to_a - other.to_a)
+    end
+
     def find_by_name_and_platform(name, platform)
       @specs.detect {|spec| spec.name == name && spec.match_platform(platform) }
     end
 
+    def delete_by_name(name)
+      @specs.reject! {|spec| spec.name == name }
+      @lookup = nil
+      @sorted = nil
+    end
+
     def what_required(spec)
       unless req = find {|s| s.dependencies.any? {|d| d.type == :runtime && d.name == spec.name } }
         return [spec]
@@ -155,7 +175,7 @@ module Bundler
         cgems = extract_circular_gems(error)
         raise CyclicDependencyError, "Your bundle requires gems that depend" \
           " on each other, creating an infinite loop. Please remove either" \
-          " gem '#{cgems[1]}' or gem '#{cgems[0]}' and try again."
+          " gem '#{cgems[0]}' or gem '#{cgems[1]}' and try again."
       end
     end
 
@@ -166,7 +186,7 @@ module Bundler
     def lookup
       @lookup ||= begin
         lookup = Hash.new {|h, k| h[k] = [] }
-        Index.sort_specs(@specs).reverse_each do |s|
+        @specs.each do |s|
           lookup[s.name] << s
         end
         lookup
@@ -180,12 +200,10 @@ module Bundler
 
     def specs_for_dependency(dep, platform)
       specs_for_name = lookup[dep.name]
-      if platform.nil?
-        matching_specs = specs_for_name.map {|s| s.materialize_for_installation if Gem::Platform.match_spec?(s) }.compact
-        GemHelpers.sort_best_platform_match(matching_specs, Bundler.local_platform)
-      else
-        GemHelpers.select_best_platform_match(specs_for_name, dep.force_ruby_platform ? Gem::Platform::RUBY : platform)
-      end
+      target_platform = dep.force_ruby_platform ? Gem::Platform::RUBY : (platform || Bundler.local_platform)
+      matching_specs = GemHelpers.select_best_platform_match(specs_for_name, target_platform)
+      matching_specs.map!(&:materialize_for_installation).compact! if platform.nil?
+      matching_specs
     end
 
     def tsort_each_child(s)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/Executable.bundler b/lib/bundler/templates/Executable.bundler
index 77f90e735c..e290fe91eb 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/Executable.bundler
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/Executable.bundler
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ m = Module.new do
   def lockfile
     lockfile =
       case File.basename(gemfile)
-      when "gems.rb" then gemfile.sub(/\.rb$/, gemfile)
+      when "gems.rb" then gemfile.sub(/\.rb$/, ".locked")
       else "#{gemfile}.lock"
       end
     File.expand_path(lockfile)
@@ -72,13 +72,7 @@ m = Module.new do
 
     bundler_gem_version = Gem::Version.new(version)
 
-    requirement = bundler_gem_version.approximate_recommendation
-
-    return requirement unless Gem.rubygems_version < Gem::Version.new("2.7.0")
-
-    requirement += ".a" if bundler_gem_version.prerelease?
-
-    requirement
+    bundler_gem_version.approximate_recommendation
   end
 
   def load_bundler!
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/gems.rb b/lib/bundler/templates/gems.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d2403f18b2..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/gems.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-source "https://rubygems.org"
-
-# gem "rails"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Cargo.toml.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Cargo.toml.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f5a460c9bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Cargo.toml.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# This Cargo.toml is here to let externals tools (IDEs, etc.) know that this is
+# a Rust project. Your extensions dependencies should be added to the Cargo.toml
+# in the ext/ directory.
+
+[workspace]
+members = ["./ext/<%= config[:name] %>"]
+resolver = "2"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Gemfile.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Gemfile.tt
index de82a63c5f..a0d2ac2826 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Gemfile.tt
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Gemfile.tt
@@ -9,6 +9,9 @@ gem "rake", "~> 13.0"
 <%- if config[:ext] -%>
 
 gem "rake-compiler"
+<%- if config[:ext] == 'rust' -%>
+gem "rb_sys", "~> 0.9.63"
+<%- end -%>
 <%- end -%>
 <%- if config[:test] -%>
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/README.md.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/README.md.tt
index a60c7967ec..20eaac8a62 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/README.md.tt
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/README.md.tt
@@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
 # <%= config[:constant_name] %>
 
-Welcome to your new gem! In this directory, you'll find the files you need to be able to package up your Ruby library into a gem. Put your Ruby code in the file `lib/<%= config[:namespaced_path] %>`. To experiment with that code, run `bin/console` for an interactive prompt.
+TODO: Delete this and the text below, and describe your gem
 
-TODO: Delete this and the text above, and describe your gem
+Welcome to your new gem! In this directory, you'll find the files you need to be able to package up your Ruby library into a gem. Put your Ruby code in the file `lib/<%= config[:namespaced_path] %>`. To experiment with that code, run `bin/console` for an interactive prompt.
 
 ## Installation
 
+TODO: Replace `UPDATE_WITH_YOUR_GEM_NAME_PRIOR_TO_RELEASE_TO_RUBYGEMS_ORG` with your gem name right after releasing it to RubyGems.org. Please do not do it earlier due to security reasons. Alternatively, replace this section with instructions to install your gem from git if you don't plan to release to RubyGems.org.
+
 Install the gem and add to the application's Gemfile by executing:
 
-    $ bundle add <%= config[:name] %>
+    $ bundle add UPDATE_WITH_YOUR_GEM_NAME_PRIOR_TO_RELEASE_TO_RUBYGEMS_ORG
 
 If bundler is not being used to manage dependencies, install the gem by executing:
 
-    $ gem install <%= config[:name] %>
+    $ gem install UPDATE_WITH_YOUR_GEM_NAME_PRIOR_TO_RELEASE_TO_RUBYGEMS_ORG
 
 ## Usage
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Rakefile.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Rakefile.tt
index b02ada9b6c..b5a5c4e392 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Rakefile.tt
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/Rakefile.tt
@@ -39,7 +39,17 @@ require "standard/rake"
 
 <% end -%>
 <% if config[:ext] -%>
-<% default_task_names.unshift(:clobber, :compile) -%>
+<% default_task_names.unshift(:compile) -%>
+<% default_task_names.unshift(:clobber) unless config[:ext] == 'rust' -%>
+<% if config[:ext] == 'rust' -%>
+require "rb_sys/extensiontask"
+
+task build: :compile
+
+RbSys::ExtensionTask.new(<%= config[:name].inspect %>) do |ext|
+  ext.lib_dir = "lib/<%= config[:namespaced_path] %>"
+end
+<% else -%>
 require "rake/extensiontask"
 
 task build: :compile
@@ -47,6 +57,7 @@ task build: :compile
 Rake::ExtensionTask.new("<%= config[:underscored_name] %>") do |ext|
   ext.lib_dir = "lib/<%= config[:namespaced_path] %>"
 end
+<% end -%>
 
 <% end -%>
 <% if default_task_names.size == 1 -%>
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/bin/console.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/bin/console.tt
index 08dfaaef69..c91ee65f93 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/bin/console.tt
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/bin/console.tt
@@ -7,9 +7,5 @@ require "<%= config[:namespaced_path] %>"
 # You can add fixtures and/or initialization code here to make experimenting
 # with your gem easier. You can also use a different console, if you like.
 
-# (If you use this, don't forget to add pry to your Gemfile!)
-# require "pry"
-# Pry.start
-
 require "irb"
 IRB.start(__FILE__)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/circleci/config.yml.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/circleci/config.yml.tt
index 79fd0dcc0f..f40f029bf1 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/circleci/config.yml.tt
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/circleci/config.yml.tt
@@ -3,8 +3,20 @@ jobs:
   build:
     docker:
       - image: ruby:<%= RUBY_VERSION %>
+<%- if config[:ext] == 'rust' -%>
+    environment:
+      RB_SYS_FORCE_INSTALL_RUST_TOOLCHAIN: 'true'
+<%- end -%>
     steps:
       - checkout
+<%- if config[:ext] == 'rust' -%>
+      - run:
+          name: Install Rust/Cargo dependencies
+          command: apt-get update && apt-get install -y clang
+      - run:
+          name: Install a RubyGems version that can compile rust extensions
+          command: gem update --system '<%= ::Gem.rubygems_version %>'
+<%- end -%>
       - run:
           name: Run the default task
           command: |
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/Cargo.toml.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/Cargo.toml.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c64385486e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/Cargo.toml.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+[package]
+name = <%= config[:name].inspect %>
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2021"
+authors = ["<%= config[:author] %> <<%= config[:email] %>>"]
+<%- if config[:mit] -%>
+license = "MIT"
+<%- end -%>
+publish = false
+
+[lib]
+crate-type = ["cdylib"]
+
+[dependencies]
+magnus = { version = "0.6" }
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/extconf-c.rb.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/extconf-c.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a0c5a3d09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/extconf-c.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "mkmf"
+
+# Makes all symbols private by default to avoid unintended conflict
+# with other gems. To explicitly export symbols you can use RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED
+# selectively, or entirely remove this flag.
+append_cflags("-fvisibility=hidden")
+
+create_makefile(<%= config[:makefile_path].inspect %>)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/extconf-rust.rb.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/extconf-rust.rb.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e24566a17a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/extconf-rust.rb.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "mkmf"
+require "rb_sys/mkmf"
+
+create_rust_makefile(<%= config[:makefile_path].inspect %>)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/extconf.rb.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/extconf.rb.tt
deleted file mode 100644
index e918063ddf..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/extconf.rb.tt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require "mkmf"
-
-create_makefile(<%= config[:makefile_path].inspect %>)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/newgem.c.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/newgem.c.tt
index 8177c4d202..bcd5148569 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/newgem.c.tt
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/newgem.c.tt
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 VALUE rb_m<%= config[:constant_array].join %>;
 
-void
+RUBY_FUNC_EXPORTED void
 Init_<%= config[:underscored_name] %>(void)
 {
   rb_m<%= config[:constant_array].join %> = rb_define_module(<%= config[:constant_name].inspect %>);
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/src/lib.rs.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/src/lib.rs.tt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ba234529a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/ext/newgem/src/lib.rs.tt
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+use magnus::{function, prelude::*, Error, Ruby};
+
+fn hello(subject: String) -> String {
+    format!("Hello from Rust, {subject}!")
+}
+
+#[magnus::init]
+fn init(ruby: &Ruby) -> Result<(), Error> {
+    let module = ruby.<%= config[:constant_array].map {|c| "define_module(#{c.dump})?"}.join(".") %>;
+    module.define_singleton_method("hello", function!(hello, 1))?;
+    Ok(())
+}
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/github/workflows/main.yml.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/github/workflows/main.yml.tt
index 1ff4b58b7b..be58dd8156 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/github/workflows/main.yml.tt
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/github/workflows/main.yml.tt
@@ -18,10 +18,20 @@ jobs:
 
     steps:
     - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+<%- if config[:ext] == 'rust' -%>
+    - name: Set up Ruby & Rust
+      uses: oxidize-rb/actions/setup-ruby-and-rust@v1
+      with:
+        ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}
+        bundler-cache: true
+        cargo-cache: true
+        rubygems: '<%= ::Gem.rubygems_version %>'
+<%- else -%>
     - name: Set up Ruby
       uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
       with:
         ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}
         bundler-cache: true
+<%- end -%>
     - name: Run the default task
       run: bundle exec rake
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/gitignore.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/gitignore.tt
index b1c9f9986c..9b40ba5a58 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/gitignore.tt
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/gitignore.tt
@@ -12,6 +12,9 @@
 *.o
 *.a
 mkmf.log
+<%- if config[:ext] == 'rust' -%>
+target/
+<%- end -%>
 <%- end -%>
 <%- if config[:test] == "rspec" -%>
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/gitlab-ci.yml.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/gitlab-ci.yml.tt
index 0e71ff26a4..d2e1f33736 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/gitlab-ci.yml.tt
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/gitlab-ci.yml.tt
@@ -1,9 +1,18 @@
-image: ruby:<%= RUBY_VERSION %>
+default:
+  image: ruby:<%= RUBY_VERSION %>
 
-before_script:
-  - gem install bundler -v <%= Bundler::VERSION %>
-  - bundle install
+  before_script:
+<%- if config[:ext] == 'rust' -%>
+    - apt-get update && apt-get install -y clang
+    - gem update --system '<%= ::Gem.rubygems_version %>'
+<%- end -%>
+    - gem install bundler -v <%= Bundler::VERSION %>
+    - bundle install
 
 example_job:
+<%- if config[:ext] == 'rust' -%>
+  variables:
+    RB_SYS_FORCE_INSTALL_RUST_TOOLCHAIN: 'true'
+<%- end -%>
   script:
     - bundle exec rake
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/newgem.gemspec.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/newgem.gemspec.tt
index ceb2e9b28d..bb76680379 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/newgem.gemspec.tt
+++ b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/newgem.gemspec.tt
@@ -15,6 +15,9 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.license = "MIT"
 <%- end -%>
   spec.required_ruby_version = ">= <%= config[:required_ruby_version] %>"
+<%- if config[:ext] == 'rust' -%>
+  spec.required_rubygems_version = ">= <%= config[:rust_builder_required_rubygems_version] %>"
+<%- end -%>
 
   spec.metadata["allowed_push_host"] = "TODO: Set to your gem server 'https://example.com'"
 
@@ -26,15 +29,19 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   # The `git ls-files -z` loads the files in the RubyGem that have been added into git.
   spec.files = Dir.chdir(__dir__) do
     `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject do |f|
-      (f == __FILE__) || f.match(%r{\A(?:(?:bin|test|spec|features)/|\.(?:git|travis|circleci)|appveyor)})
+      (File.expand_path(f) == __FILE__) ||
+        f.start_with?(*%w[bin/ test/ spec/ features/ .git .circleci appveyor Gemfile])
     end
   end
   spec.bindir = "exe"
   spec.executables = spec.files.grep(%r{\Aexe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
   spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
-<%- if config[:ext] -%>
+<%- if config[:ext] == 'c' -%>
   spec.extensions = ["ext/<%= config[:underscored_name] %>/extconf.rb"]
 <%- end -%>
+<%- if config[:ext] == 'rust' -%>
+  spec.extensions = ["ext/<%= config[:underscored_name] %>/Cargo.toml"]
+<%- end -%>
 
   # Uncomment to register a new dependency of your gem
   # spec.add_dependency "example-gem", "~> 1.0"
diff --git a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/travis.yml.tt b/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/travis.yml.tt
deleted file mode 100644
index eab16addca..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/templates/newgem/travis.yml.tt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,6 +0,0 @@
----
-language: ruby
-cache: bundler
-rvm:
-  - <%= RUBY_VERSION %>
-before_install: gem install bundler -v <%= Bundler::VERSION %>
diff --git a/lib/bundler/ui/rg_proxy.rb b/lib/bundler/ui/rg_proxy.rb
index ef6def225b..b17ca65f53 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/ui/rg_proxy.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/ui/rg_proxy.rb
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ module Bundler
       end
 
       def say(message)
-        @ui && @ui.debug(message)
+        @ui&.debug(message)
       end
     end
   end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/ui/shell.rb b/lib/bundler/ui/shell.rb
index 384752a340..4139585c47 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/ui/shell.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/ui/shell.rb
@@ -20,29 +20,52 @@ module Bundler
         @shell.set_color(string, *color)
       end
 
-      def info(msg, newline = nil)
-        tell_me(msg, nil, newline) if level("info")
+      def info(msg = nil, newline = nil)
+        return unless info?
+
+        tell_me(msg || yield, nil, newline)
       end
 
-      def confirm(msg, newline = nil)
-        tell_me(msg, :green, newline) if level("confirm")
+      def confirm(msg = nil, newline = nil)
+        return unless confirm?
+
+        tell_me(msg || yield, :green, newline)
       end
 
-      def warn(msg, newline = nil, color = :yellow)
-        return unless level("warn")
+      def warn(msg = nil, newline = nil, color = :yellow)
+        return unless warn?
         return if @warning_history.include? msg
         @warning_history << msg
 
-        tell_err(msg, color, newline)
+        tell_err(msg || yield, color, newline)
+      end
+
+      def error(msg = nil, newline = nil, color = :red)
+        return unless error?
+
+        tell_err(msg || yield, color, newline)
+      end
+
+      def debug(msg = nil, newline = nil)
+        return unless debug?
+
+        tell_me(msg || yield, nil, newline)
+      end
+
+      def info?
+        level("info")
+      end
+
+      def confirm?
+        level("confirm")
       end
 
-      def error(msg, newline = nil, color = :red)
-        return unless level("error")
-        tell_err(msg, color, newline)
+      def warn?
+        level("warn")
       end
 
-      def debug(msg, newline = nil)
-        tell_me(msg, nil, newline) if debug?
+      def error?
+        level("error")
       end
 
       def debug?
diff --git a/lib/bundler/ui/silent.rb b/lib/bundler/ui/silent.rb
index dca1b2ac86..fa3292bdc9 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/ui/silent.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/ui/silent.rb
@@ -13,30 +13,46 @@ module Bundler
         string
       end
 
-      def info(message, newline = nil)
+      def info(message = nil, newline = nil)
       end
 
-      def confirm(message, newline = nil)
+      def confirm(message = nil, newline = nil)
       end
 
-      def warn(message, newline = nil)
+      def warn(message = nil, newline = nil)
         @warnings |= [message]
       end
 
-      def error(message, newline = nil)
+      def error(message = nil, newline = nil)
       end
 
-      def debug(message, newline = nil)
+      def debug(message = nil, newline = nil)
+      end
+
+      def confirm?
+        false
+      end
+
+      def error?
+        false
       end
 
       def debug?
         false
       end
 
+      def info?
+        false
+      end
+
       def quiet?
         false
       end
 
+      def warn?
+        false
+      end
+
       def ask(message)
       end
 
diff --git a/lib/bundler/uri_normalizer.rb b/lib/bundler/uri_normalizer.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad08593256
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lib/bundler/uri_normalizer.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Bundler
+  module URINormalizer
+    module_function
+
+    # Normalizes uri to a consistent version, either with or without trailing
+    # slash.
+    #
+    # TODO: Currently gem sources are locked with a trailing slash, while git
+    # sources are locked without a trailing slash. This should be normalized but
+    # the inconsistency is there for now to avoid changing all lockfiles
+    # including GIT sources. We could normalize this on the next major.
+    #
+    def normalize_suffix(uri, trailing_slash: true)
+      if trailing_slash
+        uri.end_with?("/") ? uri : "#{uri}/"
+      else
+        uri.end_with?("/") ? uri.delete_suffix("/") : uri
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool.rb
index 984c1c3dcb..455319efe3 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool.rb
@@ -3,7 +3,9 @@ require_relative "connection_pool/version"
 
 class Bundler::ConnectionPool
   class Error < ::RuntimeError; end
+
   class PoolShuttingDownError < ::Bundler::ConnectionPool::Error; end
+
   class TimeoutError < ::Timeout::Error; end
 end
 
@@ -67,7 +69,7 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool
       end
     end
   end
-  alias then with
+  alias_method :then, :with
 
   def checkout(options = {})
     if ::Thread.current[@key]
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/timed_stack.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/timed_stack.rb
index a7b1cf06a8..35d1d7cc35 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/timed_stack.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/timed_stack.rb
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimedStack
       @resource.broadcast
     end
   end
-  alias << push
+  alias_method :<<, :push
 
   ##
   # Retrieves a connection from the stack.  If a connection is available it is
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimedStack
         return connection if connection
 
         to_wait = deadline - current_time
-        raise Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimeoutError, "Waited #{timeout} sec" if to_wait <= 0
+        raise Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimeoutError, "Waited #{timeout} sec, #{length}/#{@max} available" if to_wait <= 0
         @resource.wait(@mutex, to_wait)
       end
     end
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool::TimedStack
   # +:reload+ is +true+.
 
   def shutdown(reload: false, &block)
-    raise ArgumentError, "shutdown must receive a block" unless block_given?
+    raise ArgumentError, "shutdown must receive a block" unless block
 
     @mutex.synchronize do
       @shutdown_block = block
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/wrapper.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/wrapper.rb
index 880170c06b..dd796d1021 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/wrapper.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/connection_pool/lib/connection_pool/wrapper.rb
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ class Bundler::ConnectionPool
       METHODS.include?(id) || with { |c| c.respond_to?(id, *args) }
     end
 
-    # rubocop:disable Style/MethodMissingSuper
     # rubocop:disable Style/MissingRespondToMissing
     if ::RUBY_VERSION >= "3.0.0"
       def method_missing(name, *args, **kwargs, &block)
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/fileutils/lib/fileutils.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/fileutils/lib/fileutils.rb
index 8f8faf30c8..211311c069 100644
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/fileutils/lib/fileutils.rb
+++ b/lib/bundler/vendor/fileutils/lib/fileutils.rb
@@ -3,106 +3,184 @@
 begin
   require 'rbconfig'
 rescue LoadError
-  # for make mjit-headers
+  # for make rjit-headers
 end
 
+# Namespace for file utility methods for copying, moving, removing, etc.
 #
-# = fileutils.rb
+# == What's Here
 #
-# Copyright (c) 2000-2007 Minero Aoki
+# First, what’s elsewhere. \Module \Bundler::FileUtils:
 #
-# This program is free software.
-# You can distribute/modify this program under the same terms of ruby.
+# - Inherits from {class Object}[rdoc-ref:Object].
+# - Supplements {class File}[rdoc-ref:File]
+#   (but is not included or extended there).
 #
-# == module Bundler::FileUtils
+# Here, module \Bundler::FileUtils provides methods that are useful for:
 #
-# Namespace for several file utility methods for copying, moving, removing, etc.
+# - {Creating}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Creating].
+# - {Deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
+# - {Querying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Querying].
+# - {Setting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Setting].
+# - {Comparing}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Comparing].
+# - {Copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
+# - {Moving}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Moving].
+# - {Options}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Options].
 #
-# === Module Functions
+# === Creating
 #
-#   require 'bundler/vendor/fileutils/lib/fileutils'
+# - ::mkdir: Creates directories.
+# - ::mkdir_p, ::makedirs, ::mkpath: Creates directories,
+#   also creating ancestor directories as needed.
+# - ::link_entry: Creates a hard link.
+# - ::ln, ::link: Creates hard links.
+# - ::ln_s, ::symlink: Creates symbolic links.
+# - ::ln_sf: Creates symbolic links, overwriting if necessary.
+# - ::ln_sr: Creates symbolic links relative to targets
 #
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.cd(dir, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.cd(dir, **options) {|dir| block }
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.pwd()
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir(dir, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir(list, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p(dir, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p(list, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.rmdir(dir, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.rmdir(list, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.ln(target, link, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.ln(targets, dir, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s(target, link, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s(targets, dir, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_sf(target, link, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.cp(src, dest, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.cp(list, dir, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r(src, dest, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r(list, dir, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.mv(src, dest, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.mv(list, dir, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.rm(list, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r(list, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_rf(list, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.install(src, dest, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod(mode, list, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod_R(mode, list, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.chown(user, group, list, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.chown_R(user, group, list, **options)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.touch(list, **options)
+# === Deleting
 #
-# Possible <tt>options</tt> are:
+# - ::remove_dir: Removes a directory and its descendants.
+# - ::remove_entry: Removes an entry, including its descendants if it is a directory.
+# - ::remove_entry_secure: Like ::remove_entry, but removes securely.
+# - ::remove_file: Removes a file entry.
+# - ::rm, ::remove: Removes entries.
+# - ::rm_f, ::safe_unlink: Like ::rm, but removes forcibly.
+# - ::rm_r: Removes entries and their descendants.
+# - ::rm_rf, ::rmtree: Like ::rm_r, but removes forcibly.
+# - ::rmdir: Removes directories.
 #
-# <tt>:force</tt> :: forced operation (rewrite files if exist, remove
-#                    directories if not empty, etc.);
-# <tt>:verbose</tt> :: print command to be run, in bash syntax, before
-#                      performing it;
-# <tt>:preserve</tt> :: preserve object's group, user and modification
-#                       time on copying;
-# <tt>:noop</tt> :: no changes are made (usable in combination with
-#                   <tt>:verbose</tt> which will print the command to run)
+# === Querying
 #
-# Each method documents the options that it honours. See also ::commands,
-# ::options and ::options_of methods to introspect which command have which
-# options.
+# - ::pwd, ::getwd: Returns the path to the working directory.
+# - ::uptodate?: Returns whether a given entry is newer than given other entries.
 #
-# All methods that have the concept of a "source" file or directory can take
-# either one file or a list of files in that argument.  See the method
-# documentation for examples.
+# === Setting
 #
-# There are some `low level' methods, which do not accept keyword arguments:
+# - ::cd, ::chdir: Sets the working directory.
+# - ::chmod: Sets permissions for an entry.
+# - ::chmod_R: Sets permissions for an entry and its descendants.
+# - ::chown: Sets the owner and group for entries.
+# - ::chown_R: Sets the owner and group for entries and their descendants.
+# - ::touch: Sets modification and access times for entries,
+#   creating if necessary.
 #
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.copy_entry(src, dest, preserve = false, dereference_root = false, remove_destination = false)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.copy_file(src, dest, preserve = false, dereference = true)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.copy_stream(srcstream, deststream)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry(path, force = false)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry_secure(path, force = false)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.remove_file(path, force = false)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.compare_file(path_a, path_b)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.compare_stream(stream_a, stream_b)
-#   Bundler::FileUtils.uptodate?(file, cmp_list)
+# === Comparing
 #
-# == module Bundler::FileUtils::Verbose
+# - ::compare_file, ::cmp, ::identical?: Returns whether two entries are identical.
+# - ::compare_stream: Returns whether two streams are identical.
 #
-# This module has all methods of Bundler::FileUtils module, but it outputs messages
-# before acting.  This equates to passing the <tt>:verbose</tt> flag to methods
-# in Bundler::FileUtils.
+# === Copying
 #
-# == module Bundler::FileUtils::NoWrite
+# - ::copy_entry: Recursively copies an entry.
+# - ::copy_file: Copies an entry.
+# - ::copy_stream: Copies a stream.
+# - ::cp, ::copy: Copies files.
+# - ::cp_lr: Recursively creates hard links.
+# - ::cp_r: Recursively copies files, retaining mode, owner, and group.
+# - ::install: Recursively copies files, optionally setting mode,
+#   owner, and group.
 #
-# This module has all methods of Bundler::FileUtils module, but never changes
-# files/directories.  This equates to passing the <tt>:noop</tt> flag to methods
-# in Bundler::FileUtils.
+# === Moving
 #
-# == module Bundler::FileUtils::DryRun
+# - ::mv, ::move: Moves entries.
 #
-# This module has all methods of Bundler::FileUtils module, but never changes
-# files/directories.  This equates to passing the <tt>:noop</tt> and
-# <tt>:verbose</tt> flags to methods in Bundler::FileUtils.
+# === Options
+#
+# - ::collect_method: Returns the names of methods that accept a given option.
+# - ::commands: Returns the names of methods that accept options.
+# - ::have_option?: Returns whether a given method accepts a given option.
+# - ::options: Returns all option names.
+# - ::options_of: Returns the names of the options for a given method.
+#
+# == Path Arguments
+#
+# Some methods in \Bundler::FileUtils accept _path_ arguments,
+# which are interpreted as paths to filesystem entries:
+#
+# - If the argument is a string, that value is the path.
+# - If the argument has method +:to_path+, it is converted via that method.
+# - If the argument has method +:to_str+, it is converted via that method.
+#
+# == About the Examples
+#
+# Some examples here involve trees of file entries.
+# For these, we sometimes display trees using the
+# {tree command-line utility}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_(command)],
+# which is a recursive directory-listing utility that produces
+# a depth-indented listing of files and directories.
+#
+# We use a helper method to launch the command and control the format:
+#
+#   def tree(dirpath = '.')
+#     command = "tree --noreport --charset=ascii #{dirpath}"
+#     system(command)
+#   end
+#
+# To illustrate:
+#
+#   tree('src0')
+#   # => src0
+#   #    |-- sub0
+#   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+#   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+#   #    `-- sub1
+#   #        |-- src2.txt
+#   #        `-- src3.txt
+#
+# == Avoiding the TOCTTOU Vulnerability
+#
+# For certain methods that recursively remove entries,
+# there is a potential vulnerability called the
+# {Time-of-check to time-of-use}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-of-check_to_time-of-use],
+# or TOCTTOU, vulnerability that can exist when:
+#
+# - An ancestor directory of the entry at the target path is world writable;
+#   such directories include <tt>/tmp</tt>.
+# - The directory tree at the target path includes:
+#
+#   - A world-writable descendant directory.
+#   - A symbolic link.
+#
+# To avoid that vulnerability, you can use this method to remove entries:
+#
+# - Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry_secure: removes recursively
+#   if the target path points to a directory.
+#
+# Also available are these methods,
+# each of which calls \Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry_secure:
+#
+# - Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r with keyword argument <tt>secure: true</tt>.
+# - Bundler::FileUtils.rm_rf with keyword argument <tt>secure: true</tt>.
+#
+# Finally, this method for moving entries calls \Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry_secure
+# if the source and destination are on different file systems
+# (which means that the "move" is really a copy and remove):
+#
+# - Bundler::FileUtils.mv with keyword argument <tt>secure: true</tt>.
+#
+# \Method \Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry_secure removes securely
+# by applying a special pre-process:
+#
+# - If the target path points to a directory, this method uses methods
+#   {File#chown}[rdoc-ref:File#chown]
+#   and {File#chmod}[rdoc-ref:File#chmod]
+#   in removing directories.
+# - The owner of the target directory should be either the current process
+#   or the super user (root).
+#
+# WARNING: You must ensure that *ALL* parent directories cannot be
+# moved by other untrusted users.  For example, parent directories
+# should not be owned by untrusted users, and should not be world
+# writable except when the sticky bit is set.
+#
+# For details of this security vulnerability, see Perl cases:
+#
+# - {CVE-2005-0448}[https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CAN-2005-0448].
+# - {CVE-2004-0452}[https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CAN-2004-0452].
 #
 module Bundler::FileUtils
-  VERSION = "1.4.1"
+  VERSION = "1.7.0"
 
   def self.private_module_function(name)   #:nodoc:
     module_function name
@@ -110,7 +188,13 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
 
   #
-  # Returns the name of the current directory.
+  # Returns a string containing the path to the current directory:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.pwd # => "/rdoc/fileutils"
+  #
+  # Bundler::FileUtils.getwd is an alias for Bundler::FileUtils.pwd.
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.cd.
   #
   def pwd
     Dir.pwd
@@ -120,19 +204,40 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   alias getwd pwd
   module_function :getwd
 
+  # Changes the working directory to the given +dir+, which
+  # should be {interpretable as a path}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments]:
+  #
+  # With no block given,
+  # changes the current directory to the directory at +dir+; returns zero:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.pwd # => "/rdoc/fileutils"
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cd('..')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.pwd # => "/rdoc"
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cd('fileutils')
+  #
+  # With a block given, changes the current directory to the directory
+  # at +dir+, calls the block with argument +dir+,
+  # and restores the original current directory; returns the block's value:
   #
-  # Changes the current directory to the directory +dir+.
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.pwd                                     # => "/rdoc/fileutils"
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cd('..') { |arg| [arg, Bundler::FileUtils.pwd] } # => ["..", "/rdoc"]
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.pwd                                     # => "/rdoc/fileutils"
   #
-  # If this method is called with block, resumes to the previous
-  # working directory after the block execution has finished.
+  # Keyword arguments:
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cd('/')  # change directory
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cd('/', verbose: true)   # change directory and report it
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cd('..')
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cd('fileutils')
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cd('/') do  # change directory
-  #     # ...               # do something
-  #   end                   # return to original directory
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     cd ..
+  #     cd fileutils
+  #
+  # Bundler::FileUtils.chdir is an alias for Bundler::FileUtils.cd.
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.pwd.
   #
   def cd(dir, verbose: nil, &block) # :yield: dir
     fu_output_message "cd #{dir}" if verbose
@@ -146,11 +251,19 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   module_function :chdir
 
   #
-  # Returns true if +new+ is newer than all +old_list+.
-  # Non-existent files are older than any file.
+  # Returns +true+ if the file at path +new+
+  # is newer than all the files at paths in array +old_list+;
+  # +false+ otherwise.
+  #
+  # Argument +new+ and the elements of +old_list+
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments]:
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.uptodate?('hello.o', %w(hello.c hello.h)) or \
-  #       system 'make hello.o'
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.uptodate?('Rakefile', ['Gemfile', 'README.md']) # => true
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.uptodate?('Gemfile', ['Rakefile', 'README.md']) # => false
+  #
+  # A non-existent file is considered to be infinitely old.
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.touch.
   #
   def uptodate?(new, old_list)
     return false unless File.exist?(new)
@@ -170,12 +283,39 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   private_module_function :remove_trailing_slash
 
   #
-  # Creates one or more directories.
+  # Creates directories at the paths in the given +list+
+  # (a single path or an array of paths);
+  # returns +list+ if it is an array, <tt>[list]</tt> otherwise.
+  #
+  # Argument +list+ or its elements
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # With no keyword arguments, creates a directory at each +path+ in +list+
+  # by calling: <tt>Dir.mkdir(path, mode)</tt>;
+  # see {Dir.mkdir}[rdoc-ref:Dir.mkdir]:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir(%w[tmp0 tmp1]) # => ["tmp0", "tmp1"]
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('tmp4')        # => ["tmp4"]
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>mode: <i>mode</i></tt> - also calls <tt>File.chmod(mode, path)</tt>;
+  #   see {File.chmod}[rdoc-ref:File.chmod].
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not create directories.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir(%w[tmp0 tmp1], verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir(%w[tmp2 tmp3], mode: 0700, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir 'test'
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir %w(tmp data)
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir 'notexist', noop: true  # Does not really create.
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir 'tmp', mode: 0700
+  #     mkdir tmp0 tmp1
+  #     mkdir -m 700 tmp2 tmp3
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if any path points to an existing
+  # file or directory, or if for any reason a directory cannot be created.
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p.
   #
   def mkdir(list, mode: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
     list = fu_list(list)
@@ -189,40 +329,56 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   module_function :mkdir
 
   #
-  # Creates a directory and all its parent directories.
-  # For example,
+  # Creates directories at the paths in the given +list+
+  # (a single path or an array of paths),
+  # also creating ancestor directories as needed;
+  # returns +list+ if it is an array, <tt>[list]</tt> otherwise.
+  #
+  # Argument +list+ or its elements
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # With no keyword arguments, creates a directory at each +path+ in +list+,
+  # along with any needed ancestor directories,
+  # by calling: <tt>Dir.mkdir(path, mode)</tt>;
+  # see {Dir.mkdir}[rdoc-ref:Dir.mkdir]:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p(%w[tmp0/tmp1 tmp2/tmp3]) # => ["tmp0/tmp1", "tmp2/tmp3"]
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p('tmp4/tmp5')             # => ["tmp4/tmp5"]
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>mode: <i>mode</i></tt> - also calls <tt>File.chmod(mode, path)</tt>;
+  #   see {File.chmod}[rdoc-ref:File.chmod].
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not create directories.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p(%w[tmp0 tmp1], verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p(%w[tmp2 tmp3], mode: 0700, verbose: true)
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p '/usr/local/lib/ruby'
+  #   Output:
   #
-  # causes to make following directories, if they do not exist.
+  #     mkdir -p tmp0 tmp1
+  #     mkdir -p -m 700 tmp2 tmp3
   #
-  # * /usr
-  # * /usr/local
-  # * /usr/local/lib
-  # * /usr/local/lib/ruby
+  # Raises an exception if for any reason a directory cannot be created.
   #
-  # You can pass several directories at a time in a list.
+  # Bundler::FileUtils.mkpath and Bundler::FileUtils.makedirs are aliases for Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p.
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir.
   #
   def mkdir_p(list, mode: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
     list = fu_list(list)
     fu_output_message "mkdir -p #{mode ? ('-m %03o ' % mode) : ''}#{list.join ' '}" if verbose
     return *list if noop
 
-    list.map {|path| remove_trailing_slash(path)}.each do |path|
-      # optimize for the most common case
-      begin
-        fu_mkdir path, mode
-        next
-      rescue SystemCallError
-        next if File.directory?(path)
-      end
+    list.each do |item|
+      path = remove_trailing_slash(item)
 
       stack = []
-      until path == stack.last   # dirname("/")=="/", dirname("C:/")=="C:/"
+      until File.directory?(path) || File.dirname(path) == path
         stack.push path
         path = File.dirname(path)
       end
-      stack.pop                 # root directory should exist
       stack.reverse_each do |dir|
         begin
           fu_mkdir dir, mode
@@ -253,12 +409,39 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   private_module_function :fu_mkdir
 
   #
-  # Removes one or more directories.
+  # Removes directories at the paths in the given +list+
+  # (a single path or an array of paths);
+  # returns +list+, if it is an array, <tt>[list]</tt> otherwise.
+  #
+  # Argument +list+ or its elements
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # With no keyword arguments, removes the directory at each +path+ in +list+,
+  # by calling: <tt>Dir.rmdir(path)</tt>;
+  # see {Dir.rmdir}[rdoc-ref:Dir.rmdir]:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rmdir(%w[tmp0/tmp1 tmp2/tmp3]) # => ["tmp0/tmp1", "tmp2/tmp3"]
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rmdir('tmp4/tmp5')             # => ["tmp4/tmp5"]
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>parents: true</tt> - removes successive ancestor directories
+  #   if empty.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not remove directories.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rmdir 'somedir'
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rmdir %w(somedir anydir otherdir)
-  #   # Does not really remove directory; outputs message.
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rmdir 'somedir', verbose: true, noop: true
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.rmdir(%w[tmp0/tmp1 tmp2/tmp3], parents: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.rmdir('tmp4/tmp5', parents: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     rmdir -p tmp0/tmp1 tmp2/tmp3
+  #     rmdir -p tmp4/tmp5
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if a directory does not exist
+  # or if for any reason a directory cannot be removed.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
   #
   def rmdir(list, parents: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
     list = fu_list(list)
@@ -279,26 +462,62 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
   module_function :rmdir
 
+  # Creates {hard links}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_link].
+  #
+  # Arguments +src+ (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # and +dest+ (a single path)
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # When +src+ is the path to an existing file
+  # and +dest+ is the path to a non-existent file,
+  # creates a hard link at +dest+ pointing to +src+; returns zero:
+  #
+  #   Dir.children('tmp0/')                    # => ["t.txt"]
+  #   Dir.children('tmp1/')                    # => []
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln('tmp0/t.txt', 'tmp1/t.lnk') # => 0
+  #   Dir.children('tmp1/')                    # => ["t.lnk"]
+  #
+  # When +src+ is the path to an existing file
+  # and +dest+ is the path to an existing directory,
+  # creates a hard link at <tt>dest/src</tt> pointing to +src+; returns zero:
   #
-  # :call-seq:
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln(target, link, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln(target,  dir, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln(targets, dir, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+  #   Dir.children('tmp2')               # => ["t.dat"]
+  #   Dir.children('tmp3')               # => []
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln('tmp2/t.dat', 'tmp3') # => 0
+  #   Dir.children('tmp3')               # => ["t.dat"]
   #
-  # In the first form, creates a hard link +link+ which points to +target+.
-  # If +link+ already exists, raises Errno::EEXIST.
-  # But if the +force+ option is set, overwrites +link+.
+  # When +src+ is an array of paths to existing files
+  # and +dest+ is the path to an existing directory,
+  # then for each path +target+ in +src+,
+  # creates a hard link at <tt>dest/target</tt> pointing to +target+;
+  # returns +src+:
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln 'gcc', 'cc', verbose: true
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln '/usr/bin/emacs21', '/usr/bin/emacs'
+  #   Dir.children('tmp4/')                               # => []
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln(['tmp0/t.txt', 'tmp2/t.dat'], 'tmp4/') # => ["tmp0/t.txt", "tmp2/t.dat"]
+  #   Dir.children('tmp4/')                               # => ["t.dat", "t.txt"]
   #
-  # In the second form, creates a link +dir/target+ pointing to +target+.
-  # In the third form, creates several hard links in the directory +dir+,
-  # pointing to each item in +targets+.
-  # If +dir+ is not a directory, raises Errno::ENOTDIR.
+  # Keyword arguments:
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cd '/sbin'
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln %w(cp mv mkdir), '/bin'   # Now /sbin/cp and /bin/cp are linked.
+  # - <tt>force: true</tt> - overwrites +dest+ if it exists.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not create links.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln('tmp0/t.txt', 'tmp1/t.lnk', verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln('tmp2/t.dat', 'tmp3', verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln(['tmp0/t.txt', 'tmp2/t.dat'], 'tmp4/', verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     ln tmp0/t.txt tmp1/t.lnk
+  #     ln tmp2/t.dat tmp3
+  #     ln tmp0/t.txt tmp2/t.dat tmp4/
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if +dest+ is the path to an existing file
+  # and keyword argument +force+ is not +true+.
+  #
+  # Bundler::FileUtils#link is an alias for Bundler::FileUtils#ln.
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.link_entry (has different options).
   #
   def ln(src, dest, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
     fu_output_message "ln#{force ? ' -f' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
@@ -313,28 +532,103 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   alias link ln
   module_function :link
 
-  #
-  # Hard link +src+ to +dest+. If +src+ is a directory, this method links
-  # all its contents recursively. If +dest+ is a directory, links
-  # +src+ to +dest/src+.
-  #
-  # +src+ can be a list of files.
-  #
-  # If +dereference_root+ is true, this method dereference tree root.
-  #
-  # If +remove_destination+ is true, this method removes each destination file before copy.
-  #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r site_ruby + '/mylib', force: true
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr 'lib/', site_ruby + '/mylib'
-  #
-  #   # Examples of linking several files to target directory.
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr %w(mail.rb field.rb debug/), site_ruby + '/tmail'
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr Dir.glob('*.rb'), '/home/aamine/lib/ruby', noop: true, verbose: true
-  #
-  #   # If you want to link all contents of a directory instead of the
-  #   # directory itself, c.f. src/x -> dest/x, src/y -> dest/y,
-  #   # use the following code.
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr 'src/.', 'dest'  # cp_lr('src', 'dest') makes dest/src, but this doesn't.
+  # Creates {hard links}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_link].
+  #
+  # Arguments +src+ (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # and +dest+ (a single path)
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # If +src+ is the path to a directory and +dest+ does not exist,
+  # creates links +dest+ and descendents pointing to +src+ and its descendents:
+  #
+  #   tree('src0')
+  #   # => src0
+  #   #    |-- sub0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- sub1
+  #   #        |-- src2.txt
+  #   #        `-- src3.txt
+  #   File.exist?('dest0') # => false
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr('src0', 'dest0')
+  #   tree('dest0')
+  #   # => dest0
+  #   #    |-- sub0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- sub1
+  #   #        |-- src2.txt
+  #   #        `-- src3.txt
+  #
+  # If +src+ and +dest+ are both paths to directories,
+  # creates links <tt>dest/src</tt> and descendents
+  # pointing to +src+ and its descendents:
+  #
+  #   tree('src1')
+  #   # => src1
+  #   #    |-- sub0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- sub1
+  #   #        |-- src2.txt
+  #   #        `-- src3.txt
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('dest1')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr('src1', 'dest1')
+  #   tree('dest1')
+  #   # => dest1
+  #   #    `-- src1
+  #   #        |-- sub0
+  #   #        |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #        |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #        `-- sub1
+  #   #            |-- src2.txt
+  #   #            `-- src3.txt
+  #
+  # If +src+ is an array of paths to entries and +dest+ is the path to a directory,
+  # for each path +filepath+ in +src+, creates a link at <tt>dest/filepath</tt>
+  # pointing to that path:
+  #
+  #   tree('src2')
+  #   # => src2
+  #   #    |-- sub0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- sub1
+  #   #        |-- src2.txt
+  #   #        `-- src3.txt
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('dest2')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr(['src2/sub0', 'src2/sub1'], 'dest2')
+  #   tree('dest2')
+  #   # => dest2
+  #   #    |-- sub0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- sub1
+  #   #        |-- src2.txt
+  #   #        `-- src3.txt
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>dereference_root: false</tt> - if +src+ is a symbolic link,
+  #   does not dereference it.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not create links.
+  # - <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> - removes +dest+ before creating links.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr('src0', 'dest0', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr('src1', 'dest1', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp_lr(['src2/sub0', 'src2/sub1'], 'dest2', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     cp -lr src0 dest0
+  #     cp -lr src1 dest1
+  #     cp -lr src2/sub0 src2/sub1 dest2
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if +dest+ is the path to an existing file or directory
+  # and keyword argument <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> is not given.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
   #
   def cp_lr(src, dest, noop: nil, verbose: nil,
             dereference_root: true, remove_destination: false)
@@ -346,27 +640,81 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
   module_function :cp_lr
 
+  # Creates {symbolic links}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_link].
+  #
+  # Arguments +src+ (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # and +dest+ (a single path)
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # If +src+ is the path to an existing file:
+  #
+  # - When +dest+ is the path to a non-existent file,
+  #   creates a symbolic link at +dest+ pointing to +src+:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src0.txt')
+  #     File.exist?('dest0.txt')   # => false
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt')
+  #     File.symlink?('dest0.txt') # => true
   #
-  # :call-seq:
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s(target, link, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s(target,  dir, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s(targets, dir, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+  # - When +dest+ is the path to an existing file,
+  #   creates a symbolic link at +dest+ pointing to +src+
+  #   if and only if keyword argument <tt>force: true</tt> is given
+  #   (raises an exception otherwise):
   #
-  # In the first form, creates a symbolic link +link+ which points to +target+.
-  # If +link+ already exists, raises Errno::EEXIST.
-  # But if the <tt>force</tt> option is set, overwrites +link+.
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src1.txt')
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.touch('dest1.txt')
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s('src1.txt', 'dest1.txt', force: true)
+  #     FileTest.symlink?('dest1.txt') # => true
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s '/usr/bin/ruby', '/usr/local/bin/ruby'
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s 'verylongsourcefilename.c', 'c', force: true
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s('src1.txt', 'dest1.txt') # Raises Errno::EEXIST.
   #
-  # In the second form, creates a link +dir/target+ pointing to +target+.
-  # In the third form, creates several symbolic links in the directory +dir+,
-  # pointing to each item in +targets+.
-  # If +dir+ is not a directory, raises Errno::ENOTDIR.
+  # If +dest+ is the path to a directory,
+  # creates a symbolic link at <tt>dest/src</tt> pointing to +src+:
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s Dir.glob('/bin/*.rb'), '/home/foo/bin'
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src2.txt')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('destdir2')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s('src2.txt', 'destdir2')
+  #   File.symlink?('destdir2/src2.txt') # => true
   #
-  def ln_s(src, dest, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+  # If +src+ is an array of paths to existing files and +dest+ is a directory,
+  # for each child +child+ in +src+ creates a symbolic link <tt>dest/child</tt>
+  # pointing to +child+:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('srcdir3')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('srcdir3/src0.txt')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('srcdir3/src1.txt')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('destdir3')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s(['srcdir3/src0.txt', 'srcdir3/src1.txt'], 'destdir3')
+  #   File.symlink?('destdir3/src0.txt') # => true
+  #   File.symlink?('destdir3/src1.txt') # => true
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>force: true</tt> - overwrites +dest+ if it exists.
+  # - <tt>relative: false</tt> - create links relative to +dest+.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not create links.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s('src1.txt', 'destdir1', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s('src2.txt', 'dest2.txt', force: true, noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s(['srcdir3/src0.txt', 'srcdir3/src1.txt'], 'destdir3', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     ln -s src0.txt dest0.txt
+  #     ln -s src1.txt destdir1
+  #     ln -sf src2.txt dest2.txt
+  #     ln -s srcdir3/src0.txt srcdir3/src1.txt destdir3
+  #
+  # Bundler::FileUtils.symlink is an alias for Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s.
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.ln_sf.
+  #
+  def ln_s(src, dest, force: nil, relative: false, target_directory: true, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    if relative
+      return ln_sr(src, dest, force: force, noop: noop, verbose: verbose)
+    end
     fu_output_message "ln -s#{force ? 'f' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
     return if noop
     fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest) do |s,d|
@@ -379,29 +727,95 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   alias symlink ln_s
   module_function :symlink
 
-  #
-  # :call-seq:
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_sf(*args)
-  #
-  # Same as
-  #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s(*args, force: true)
+  # Like Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s, but always with keyword argument <tt>force: true</tt> given.
   #
   def ln_sf(src, dest, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
     ln_s src, dest, force: true, noop: noop, verbose: verbose
   end
   module_function :ln_sf
 
+  # Like Bundler::FileUtils.ln_s, but create links relative to +dest+.
+  #
+  def ln_sr(src, dest, target_directory: true, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
+    options = "#{force ? 'f' : ''}#{target_directory ? '' : 'T'}"
+    dest = File.path(dest)
+    srcs = Array(src)
+    link = proc do |s, target_dir_p = true|
+      s = File.path(s)
+      if target_dir_p
+        d = File.join(destdirs = dest, File.basename(s))
+      else
+        destdirs = File.dirname(d = dest)
+      end
+      destdirs = fu_split_path(File.realpath(destdirs))
+      if fu_starting_path?(s)
+        srcdirs = fu_split_path((File.realdirpath(s) rescue File.expand_path(s)))
+        base = fu_relative_components_from(srcdirs, destdirs)
+        s = File.join(*base)
+      else
+        srcdirs = fu_clean_components(*fu_split_path(s))
+        base = fu_relative_components_from(fu_split_path(Dir.pwd), destdirs)
+        while srcdirs.first&. == ".." and base.last&.!=("..") and !fu_starting_path?(base.last)
+          srcdirs.shift
+          base.pop
+        end
+        s = File.join(*base, *srcdirs)
+      end
+      fu_output_message "ln -s#{options} #{s} #{d}" if verbose
+      next if noop
+      remove_file d, true if force
+      File.symlink s, d
+    end
+    case srcs.size
+    when 0
+    when 1
+      link[srcs[0], target_directory && File.directory?(dest)]
+    else
+      srcs.each(&link)
+    end
+  end
+  module_function :ln_sr
+
+  # Creates {hard links}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_link]; returns +nil+.
   #
-  # Hard links a file system entry +src+ to +dest+.
-  # If +src+ is a directory, this method links its contents recursively.
+  # Arguments +src+ and +dest+
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
   #
-  # Both of +src+ and +dest+ must be a path name.
-  # +src+ must exist, +dest+ must not exist.
+  # If +src+ is the path to a file and +dest+ does not exist,
+  # creates a hard link at +dest+ pointing to +src+:
   #
-  # If +dereference_root+ is true, this method dereferences the tree root.
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src0.txt')
+  #   File.exist?('dest0.txt') # => false
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.link_entry('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt')
+  #   File.file?('dest0.txt')  # => true
   #
-  # If +remove_destination+ is true, this method removes each destination file before copy.
+  # If +src+ is the path to a directory and +dest+ does not exist,
+  # recursively creates hard links at +dest+ pointing to paths in +src+:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir_p(['src1/dir0', 'src1/dir1'])
+  #   src_file_paths = [
+  #     'src1/dir0/t0.txt',
+  #     'src1/dir0/t1.txt',
+  #     'src1/dir1/t2.txt',
+  #     'src1/dir1/t3.txt',
+  #     ]
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch(src_file_paths)
+  #   File.directory?('dest1')        # => true
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.link_entry('src1', 'dest1')
+  #   File.file?('dest1/dir0/t0.txt') # => true
+  #   File.file?('dest1/dir0/t1.txt') # => true
+  #   File.file?('dest1/dir1/t2.txt') # => true
+  #   File.file?('dest1/dir1/t3.txt') # => true
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>dereference_root: true</tt> - dereferences +src+ if it is a symbolic link.
+  # - <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> - removes +dest+ before creating links.
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if +dest+ is the path to an existing file or directory
+  # and keyword argument <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> is not given.
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.ln (has different options).
   #
   def link_entry(src, dest, dereference_root = false, remove_destination = false)
     Entry_.new(src, nil, dereference_root).traverse do |ent|
@@ -412,16 +826,59 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
   module_function :link_entry
 
+  # Copies files.
+  #
+  # Arguments +src+ (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # and +dest+ (a single path)
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # If +src+ is the path to a file and +dest+ is not the path to a directory,
+  # copies +src+ to +dest+:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src0.txt')
+  #   File.exist?('dest0.txt') # => false
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt')
+  #   File.file?('dest0.txt')  # => true
   #
-  # Copies a file content +src+ to +dest+.  If +dest+ is a directory,
-  # copies +src+ to +dest/src+.
+  # If +src+ is the path to a file and +dest+ is the path to a directory,
+  # copies +src+ to <tt>dest/src</tt>:
   #
-  # If +src+ is a list of files, then +dest+ must be a directory.
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src1.txt')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('dest1')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp('src1.txt', 'dest1')
+  #   File.file?('dest1/src1.txt') # => true
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp 'eval.c', 'eval.c.org'
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp %w(cgi.rb complex.rb date.rb), '/usr/lib/ruby/1.6'
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp %w(cgi.rb complex.rb date.rb), '/usr/lib/ruby/1.6', verbose: true
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp 'symlink', 'dest'   # copy content, "dest" is not a symlink
+  # If +src+ is an array of paths to files and +dest+ is the path to a directory,
+  # copies from each +src+ to +dest+:
+  #
+  #   src_file_paths = ['src2.txt', 'src2.dat']
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch(src_file_paths)
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('dest2')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp(src_file_paths, 'dest2')
+  #   File.file?('dest2/src2.txt') # => true
+  #   File.file?('dest2/src2.dat') # => true
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>preserve: true</tt> - preserves file times.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not copy files.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp('src1.txt', 'dest1', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp(src_file_paths, 'dest2', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     cp src0.txt dest0.txt
+  #     cp src1.txt dest1
+  #     cp src2.txt src2.dat dest2
+  #
+  # Raises an exception if +src+ is a directory.
+  #
+  # Bundler::FileUtils.copy is an alias for Bundler::FileUtils.cp.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
   #
   def cp(src, dest, preserve: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
     fu_output_message "cp#{preserve ? ' -p' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
@@ -435,30 +892,105 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   alias copy cp
   module_function :copy
 
-  #
-  # Copies +src+ to +dest+. If +src+ is a directory, this method copies
-  # all its contents recursively. If +dest+ is a directory, copies
-  # +src+ to +dest/src+.
-  #
-  # +src+ can be a list of files.
-  #
-  # If +dereference_root+ is true, this method dereference tree root.
-  #
-  # If +remove_destination+ is true, this method removes each destination file before copy.
-  #
-  #   # Installing Ruby library "mylib" under the site_ruby
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r site_ruby + '/mylib', force: true
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r 'lib/', site_ruby + '/mylib'
-  #
-  #   # Examples of copying several files to target directory.
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r %w(mail.rb field.rb debug/), site_ruby + '/tmail'
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r Dir.glob('*.rb'), '/home/foo/lib/ruby', noop: true, verbose: true
-  #
-  #   # If you want to copy all contents of a directory instead of the
-  #   # directory itself, c.f. src/x -> dest/x, src/y -> dest/y,
-  #   # use following code.
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r 'src/.', 'dest'     # cp_r('src', 'dest') makes dest/src,
-  #                                      # but this doesn't.
+  # Recursively copies files.
+  #
+  # Arguments +src+ (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # and +dest+ (a single path)
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # The mode, owner, and group are retained in the copy;
+  # to change those, use Bundler::FileUtils.install instead.
+  #
+  # If +src+ is the path to a file and +dest+ is not the path to a directory,
+  # copies +src+ to +dest+:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src0.txt')
+  #   File.exist?('dest0.txt') # => false
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt')
+  #   File.file?('dest0.txt')  # => true
+  #
+  # If +src+ is the path to a file and +dest+ is the path to a directory,
+  # copies +src+ to <tt>dest/src</tt>:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src1.txt')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('dest1')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r('src1.txt', 'dest1')
+  #   File.file?('dest1/src1.txt') # => true
+  #
+  # If +src+ is the path to a directory and +dest+ does not exist,
+  # recursively copies +src+ to +dest+:
+  #
+  #   tree('src2')
+  #   # => src2
+  #   #    |-- dir0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- dir1
+  #   #    |-- src2.txt
+  #   #    `-- src3.txt
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.exist?('dest2') # => false
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r('src2', 'dest2')
+  #   tree('dest2')
+  #   # => dest2
+  #   #    |-- dir0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- dir1
+  #   #    |-- src2.txt
+  #   #    `-- src3.txt
+  #
+  # If +src+ and +dest+ are paths to directories,
+  # recursively copies +src+ to <tt>dest/src</tt>:
+  #
+  #   tree('src3')
+  #   # => src3
+  #   #    |-- dir0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- dir1
+  #   #    |-- src2.txt
+  #   #    `-- src3.txt
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('dest3')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r('src3', 'dest3')
+  #   tree('dest3')
+  #   # => dest3
+  #   #    `-- src3
+  #   #      |-- dir0
+  #   #      |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #      |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #      `-- dir1
+  #   #          |-- src2.txt
+  #   #          `-- src3.txt
+  #
+  # If +src+ is an array of paths and +dest+ is a directory,
+  # recursively copies from each path in +src+ to +dest+;
+  # the paths in +src+ may point to files and/or directories.
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>dereference_root: false</tt> - if +src+ is a symbolic link,
+  #   does not dereference it.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not copy files.
+  # - <tt>preserve: true</tt> - preserves file times.
+  # - <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> - removes +dest+ before copying files.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r('src1.txt', 'dest1', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r('src2', 'dest2', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.cp_r('src3', 'dest3', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     cp -r src0.txt dest0.txt
+  #     cp -r src1.txt dest1
+  #     cp -r src2 dest2
+  #     cp -r src3 dest3
+  #
+  # Raises an exception of +src+ is the path to a directory
+  # and +dest+ is the path to a file.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
   #
   def cp_r(src, dest, preserve: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil,
            dereference_root: true, remove_destination: nil)
@@ -470,21 +1002,50 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
   module_function :cp_r
 
+  # Recursively copies files from +src+ to +dest+.
+  #
+  # Arguments +src+ and +dest+
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
   #
-  # Copies a file system entry +src+ to +dest+.
-  # If +src+ is a directory, this method copies its contents recursively.
-  # This method preserves file types, c.f. symlink, directory...
-  # (FIFO, device files and etc. are not supported yet)
+  # If +src+ is the path to a file, copies +src+ to +dest+:
   #
-  # Both of +src+ and +dest+ must be a path name.
-  # +src+ must exist, +dest+ must not exist.
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src0.txt')
+  #   File.exist?('dest0.txt') # => false
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.copy_entry('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt')
+  #   File.file?('dest0.txt')  # => true
   #
-  # If +preserve+ is true, this method preserves owner, group, and
-  # modified time.  Permissions are copied regardless +preserve+.
+  # If +src+ is a directory, recursively copies +src+ to +dest+:
   #
-  # If +dereference_root+ is true, this method dereference tree root.
+  #   tree('src1')
+  #   # => src1
+  #   #    |-- dir0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- dir1
+  #   #        |-- src2.txt
+  #   #        `-- src3.txt
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.copy_entry('src1', 'dest1')
+  #   tree('dest1')
+  #   # => dest1
+  #   #    |-- dir0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- dir1
+  #   #        |-- src2.txt
+  #   #        `-- src3.txt
   #
-  # If +remove_destination+ is true, this method removes each destination file before copy.
+  # The recursive copying preserves file types for regular files,
+  # directories, and symbolic links;
+  # other file types (FIFO streams, device files, etc.) are not supported.
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>dereference_root: true</tt> - if +src+ is a symbolic link,
+  #   follows the link.
+  # - <tt>preserve: true</tt> - preserves file times.
+  # - <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> - removes +dest+ before copying files.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
   #
   def copy_entry(src, dest, preserve = false, dereference_root = false, remove_destination = false)
     if dereference_root
@@ -502,9 +1063,25 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
   module_function :copy_entry
 
+  # Copies file from +src+ to +dest+, which should not be directories.
+  #
+  # Arguments +src+ and +dest+
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # Examples:
   #
-  # Copies file contents of +src+ to +dest+.
-  # Both of +src+ and +dest+ must be a path name.
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src0.txt')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.copy_file('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt')
+  #   File.file?('dest0.txt') # => true
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>dereference: false</tt> - if +src+ is a symbolic link,
+  #   does not follow the link.
+  # - <tt>preserve: true</tt> - preserves file times.
+  # - <tt>remove_destination: true</tt> - removes +dest+ before copying files.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
   #
   def copy_file(src, dest, preserve = false, dereference = true)
     ent = Entry_.new(src, nil, dereference)
@@ -513,25 +1090,81 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
   module_function :copy_file
 
+  # Copies \IO stream +src+ to \IO stream +dest+ via
+  # {IO.copy_stream}[rdoc-ref:IO.copy_stream].
   #
-  # Copies stream +src+ to +dest+.
-  # +src+ must respond to #read(n) and
-  # +dest+ must respond to #write(str).
+  # Related: {methods for copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
   #
   def copy_stream(src, dest)
     IO.copy_stream(src, dest)
   end
   module_function :copy_stream
 
-  #
-  # Moves file(s) +src+ to +dest+.  If +file+ and +dest+ exist on the different
-  # disk partition, the file is copied then the original file is removed.
-  #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mv 'badname.rb', 'goodname.rb'
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mv 'stuff.rb', '/notexist/lib/ruby', force: true  # no error
-  #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mv %w(junk.txt dust.txt), '/home/foo/.trash/'
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mv Dir.glob('test*.rb'), 'test', noop: true, verbose: true
+  # Moves entries.
+  #
+  # Arguments +src+ (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # and +dest+ (a single path)
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # If +src+ and +dest+ are on different file systems,
+  # first copies, then removes +src+.
+  #
+  # May cause a local vulnerability if not called with keyword argument
+  # <tt>secure: true</tt>;
+  # see {Avoiding the TOCTTOU Vulnerability}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Avoiding+the+TOCTTOU+Vulnerability].
+  #
+  # If +src+ is the path to a single file or directory and +dest+ does not exist,
+  # moves +src+ to +dest+:
+  #
+  #   tree('src0')
+  #   # => src0
+  #   #    |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    `-- src1.txt
+  #   File.exist?('dest0') # => false
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mv('src0', 'dest0')
+  #   File.exist?('src0')  # => false
+  #   tree('dest0')
+  #   # => dest0
+  #   #    |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    `-- src1.txt
+  #
+  # If +src+ is an array of paths to files and directories
+  # and +dest+ is the path to a directory,
+  # copies from each path in the array to +dest+:
+  #
+  #   File.file?('src1.txt') # => true
+  #   tree('src1')
+  #   # => src1
+  #   #    |-- src.dat
+  #   #    `-- src.txt
+  #   Dir.empty?('dest1')    # => true
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mv(['src1.txt', 'src1'], 'dest1')
+  #   tree('dest1')
+  #   # => dest1
+  #   #    |-- src1
+  #   #    |   |-- src.dat
+  #   #    |   `-- src.txt
+  #   #    `-- src1.txt
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>force: true</tt> - if the move includes removing +src+
+  #   (that is, if +src+ and +dest+ are on different file systems),
+  #   ignores raised exceptions of StandardError and its descendants.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not move files.
+  # - <tt>secure: true</tt> - removes +src+ securely;
+  #   see details at Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry_secure.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.mv('src0', 'dest0', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.mv(['src1.txt', 'src1'], 'dest1', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     mv src0 dest0
+  #     mv src1.txt src1 dest1
+  #
+  # Bundler::FileUtils.move is an alias for Bundler::FileUtils.mv.
   #
   def mv(src, dest, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil, secure: nil)
     fu_output_message "mv#{force ? ' -f' : ''} #{[src,dest].flatten.join ' '}" if verbose
@@ -565,13 +1198,34 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   alias move mv
   module_function :move
 
+  # Removes entries at the paths in the given +list+
+  # (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # returns +list+, if it is an array, <tt>[list]</tt> otherwise.
+  #
+  # Argument +list+ or its elements
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # With no keyword arguments, removes files at the paths given in +list+:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch(['src0.txt', 'src0.dat'])
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm(['src0.dat', 'src0.txt']) # => ["src0.dat", "src0.txt"]
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>force: true</tt> - ignores raised exceptions of StandardError
+  #   and its descendants.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not remove files; returns +nil+.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.rm(['src0.dat', 'src0.txt'], noop: true, verbose: true)
   #
-  # Remove file(s) specified in +list+.  This method cannot remove directories.
-  # All StandardErrors are ignored when the :force option is set.
+  #   Output:
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm %w( junk.txt dust.txt )
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm Dir.glob('*.so')
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm 'NotExistFile', force: true   # never raises exception
+  #     rm src0.dat src0.txt
+  #
+  # Bundler::FileUtils.remove is an alias for Bundler::FileUtils.rm.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
   #
   def rm(list, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
     list = fu_list(list)
@@ -587,10 +1241,18 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   alias remove rm
   module_function :remove
 
+  # Equivalent to:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm(list, force: true, **kwargs)
+  #
+  # Argument +list+ (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # See Bundler::FileUtils.rm for keyword arguments.
   #
-  # Equivalent to
+  # Bundler::FileUtils.safe_unlink is an alias for Bundler::FileUtils.rm_f.
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm(list, force: true)
+  # Related: {methods for deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
   #
   def rm_f(list, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
     rm list, force: true, noop: noop, verbose: verbose
@@ -600,24 +1262,55 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   alias safe_unlink rm_f
   module_function :safe_unlink
 
+  # Removes entries at the paths in the given +list+
+  # (a single path or an array of paths);
+  # returns +list+, if it is an array, <tt>[list]</tt> otherwise.
+  #
+  # Argument +list+ or its elements
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # May cause a local vulnerability if not called with keyword argument
+  # <tt>secure: true</tt>;
+  # see {Avoiding the TOCTTOU Vulnerability}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Avoiding+the+TOCTTOU+Vulnerability].
+  #
+  # For each file path, removes the file at that path:
+  #
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch(['src0.txt', 'src0.dat'])
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r(['src0.dat', 'src0.txt'])
+  #   File.exist?('src0.txt') # => false
+  #   File.exist?('src0.dat') # => false
   #
-  # remove files +list+[0] +list+[1]... If +list+[n] is a directory,
-  # removes its all contents recursively. This method ignores
-  # StandardError when :force option is set.
+  # For each directory path, recursively removes files and directories:
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r Dir.glob('/tmp/*')
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r 'some_dir', force: true
+  #   tree('src1')
+  #   # => src1
+  #   #    |-- dir0
+  #   #    |   |-- src0.txt
+  #   #    |   `-- src1.txt
+  #   #    `-- dir1
+  #   #        |-- src2.txt
+  #   #        `-- src3.txt
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r('src1')
+  #   File.exist?('src1') # => false
   #
-  # WARNING: This method causes local vulnerability
-  # if one of parent directories or removing directory tree are world
-  # writable (including /tmp, whose permission is 1777), and the current
-  # process has strong privilege such as Unix super user (root), and the
-  # system has symbolic link.  For secure removing, read the documentation
-  # of remove_entry_secure carefully, and set :secure option to true.
-  # Default is <tt>secure: false</tt>.
+  # Keyword arguments:
   #
-  # NOTE: This method calls remove_entry_secure if :secure option is set.
-  # See also remove_entry_secure.
+  # - <tt>force: true</tt> - ignores raised exceptions of StandardError
+  #   and its descendants.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not remove entries; returns +nil+.
+  # - <tt>secure: true</tt> - removes +src+ securely;
+  #   see details at Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry_secure.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r(['src0.dat', 'src0.txt'], noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r('src1', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     rm -r src0.dat src0.txt
+  #     rm -r src1
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
   #
   def rm_r(list, force: nil, noop: nil, verbose: nil, secure: nil)
     list = fu_list(list)
@@ -633,13 +1326,22 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
   module_function :rm_r
 
+  # Equivalent to:
   #
-  # Equivalent to
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r(list, force: true, **kwargs)
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r(list, force: true)
+  # Argument +list+ or its elements
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
   #
-  # WARNING: This method causes local vulnerability.
-  # Read the documentation of rm_r first.
+  # May cause a local vulnerability if not called with keyword argument
+  # <tt>secure: true</tt>;
+  # see {Avoiding the TOCTTOU Vulnerability}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Avoiding+the+TOCTTOU+Vulnerability].
+  #
+  # See Bundler::FileUtils.rm_r for keyword arguments.
+  #
+  # Bundler::FileUtils.rmtree is an alias for Bundler::FileUtils.rm_rf.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
   #
   def rm_rf(list, noop: nil, verbose: nil, secure: nil)
     rm_r list, force: true, noop: noop, verbose: verbose, secure: secure
@@ -649,37 +1351,20 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   alias rmtree rm_rf
   module_function :rmtree
 
+  # Securely removes the entry given by +path+,
+  # which should be the entry for a regular file, a symbolic link,
+  # or a directory.
   #
-  # This method removes a file system entry +path+.  +path+ shall be a
-  # regular file, a directory, or something.  If +path+ is a directory,
-  # remove it recursively.  This method is required to avoid TOCTTOU
-  # (time-of-check-to-time-of-use) local security vulnerability of rm_r.
-  # #rm_r causes security hole when:
-  #
-  # * Parent directory is world writable (including /tmp).
-  # * Removing directory tree includes world writable directory.
-  # * The system has symbolic link.
+  # Argument +path+
+  # should be {interpretable as a path}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
   #
-  # To avoid this security hole, this method applies special preprocess.
-  # If +path+ is a directory, this method chown(2) and chmod(2) all
-  # removing directories.  This requires the current process is the
-  # owner of the removing whole directory tree, or is the super user (root).
+  # Avoids a local vulnerability that can exist in certain circumstances;
+  # see {Avoiding the TOCTTOU Vulnerability}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Avoiding+the+TOCTTOU+Vulnerability].
   #
-  # WARNING: You must ensure that *ALL* parent directories cannot be
-  # moved by other untrusted users.  For example, parent directories
-  # should not be owned by untrusted users, and should not be world
-  # writable except when the sticky bit set.
+  # Optional argument +force+ specifies whether to ignore
+  # raised exceptions of StandardError and its descendants.
   #
-  # WARNING: Only the owner of the removing directory tree, or Unix super
-  # user (root) should invoke this method.  Otherwise this method does not
-  # work.
-  #
-  # For details of this security vulnerability, see Perl's case:
-  #
-  # * https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CAN-2005-0448
-  # * https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CAN-2004-0452
-  #
-  # For fileutils.rb, this vulnerability is reported in [ruby-dev:26100].
+  # Related: {methods for deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
   #
   def remove_entry_secure(path, force = false)
     unless fu_have_symlink?
@@ -767,12 +1452,17 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
   private_module_function :fu_stat_identical_entry?
 
+  # Removes the entry given by +path+,
+  # which should be the entry for a regular file, a symbolic link,
+  # or a directory.
   #
-  # This method removes a file system entry +path+.
-  # +path+ might be a regular file, a directory, or something.
-  # If +path+ is a directory, remove it recursively.
+  # Argument +path+
+  # should be {interpretable as a path}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
   #
-  # See also remove_entry_secure.
+  # Optional argument +force+ specifies whether to ignore
+  # raised exceptions of StandardError and its descendants.
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.remove_entry_secure.
   #
   def remove_entry(path, force = false)
     Entry_.new(path).postorder_traverse do |ent|
@@ -787,9 +1477,16 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
   module_function :remove_entry
 
+  # Removes the file entry given by +path+,
+  # which should be the entry for a regular file or a symbolic link.
+  #
+  # Argument +path+
+  # should be {interpretable as a path}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
   #
-  # Removes a file +path+.
-  # This method ignores StandardError if +force+ is true.
+  # Optional argument +force+ specifies whether to ignore
+  # raised exceptions of StandardError and its descendants.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
   #
   def remove_file(path, force = false)
     Entry_.new(path).remove_file
@@ -798,20 +1495,32 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
   module_function :remove_file
 
+  # Recursively removes the directory entry given by +path+,
+  # which should be the entry for a regular file, a symbolic link,
+  # or a directory.
+  #
+  # Argument +path+
+  # should be {interpretable as a path}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
   #
-  # Removes a directory +dir+ and its contents recursively.
-  # This method ignores StandardError if +force+ is true.
+  # Optional argument +force+ specifies whether to ignore
+  # raised exceptions of StandardError and its descendants.
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for deleting}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Deleting].
   #
   def remove_dir(path, force = false)
     remove_entry path, force   # FIXME?? check if it is a directory
   end
   module_function :remove_dir
 
+  # Returns +true+ if the contents of files +a+ and +b+ are identical,
+  # +false+ otherwise.
+  #
+  # Arguments +a+ and +b+
+  # should be {interpretable as a path}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
   #
-  # Returns true if the contents of a file +a+ and a file +b+ are identical.
+  # Bundler::FileUtils.identical? and Bundler::FileUtils.cmp are aliases for Bundler::FileUtils.compare_file.
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.compare_file('somefile', 'somefile')       #=> true
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.compare_file('/dev/null', '/dev/urandom')  #=> false
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.compare_stream.
   #
   def compare_file(a, b)
     return false unless File.size(a) == File.size(b)
@@ -828,19 +1537,19 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   module_function :identical?
   module_function :cmp
 
+  # Returns +true+ if the contents of streams +a+ and +b+ are identical,
+  # +false+ otherwise.
   #
-  # Returns true if the contents of a stream +a+ and +b+ are identical.
+  # Arguments +a+ and +b+
+  # should be {interpretable as a path}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.compare_file.
   #
   def compare_stream(a, b)
     bsize = fu_stream_blksize(a, b)
 
-    if RUBY_VERSION > "2.4"
-      sa = String.new(capacity: bsize)
-      sb = String.new(capacity: bsize)
-    else
-      sa = String.new
-      sb = String.new
-    end
+    sa = String.new(capacity: bsize)
+    sb = String.new(capacity: bsize)
 
     begin
       a.read(bsize, sa)
@@ -851,13 +1560,69 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
   module_function :compare_stream
 
+  # Copies a file entry.
+  # See {install(1)}[https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/install.1.html].
+  #
+  # Arguments +src+ (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # and +dest+ (a single path)
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments];
+  #
+  # If the entry at +dest+ does not exist, copies from +src+ to +dest+:
+  #
+  #   File.read('src0.txt')    # => "aaa\n"
+  #   File.exist?('dest0.txt') # => false
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.install('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt')
+  #   File.read('dest0.txt')   # => "aaa\n"
+  #
+  # If +dest+ is a file entry, copies from +src+ to +dest+, overwriting:
+  #
+  #   File.read('src1.txt')  # => "aaa\n"
+  #   File.read('dest1.txt') # => "bbb\n"
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.install('src1.txt', 'dest1.txt')
+  #   File.read('dest1.txt') # => "aaa\n"
   #
-  # If +src+ is not same as +dest+, copies it and changes the permission
-  # mode to +mode+.  If +dest+ is a directory, destination is +dest+/+src+.
-  # This method removes destination before copy.
+  # If +dest+ is a directory entry, copies from +src+ to <tt>dest/src</tt>,
+  # overwriting if necessary:
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.install 'ruby', '/usr/local/bin/ruby', mode: 0755, verbose: true
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.install 'lib.rb', '/usr/local/lib/ruby/site_ruby', verbose: true
+  #   File.read('src2.txt')       # => "aaa\n"
+  #   File.read('dest2/src2.txt') # => "bbb\n"
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.install('src2.txt', 'dest2')
+  #   File.read('dest2/src2.txt') # => "aaa\n"
+  #
+  # If +src+ is an array of paths and +dest+ points to a directory,
+  # copies each path +path+ in +src+ to <tt>dest/path</tt>:
+  #
+  #   File.file?('src3.txt') # => true
+  #   File.file?('src3.dat') # => true
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.mkdir('dest3')
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.install(['src3.txt', 'src3.dat'], 'dest3')
+  #   File.file?('dest3/src3.txt') # => true
+  #   File.file?('dest3/src3.dat') # => true
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>group: <i>group</i></tt> - changes the group if not +nil+,
+  #   using {File.chown}[rdoc-ref:File.chown].
+  # - <tt>mode: <i>permissions</i></tt> - changes the permissions.
+  #   using {File.chmod}[rdoc-ref:File.chmod].
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not copy entries; returns +nil+.
+  # - <tt>owner: <i>owner</i></tt> - changes the owner if not +nil+,
+  #   using {File.chown}[rdoc-ref:File.chown].
+  # - <tt>preserve: true</tt> - preserve timestamps
+  #   using {File.utime}[rdoc-ref:File.utime].
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.install('src0.txt', 'dest0.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.install('src1.txt', 'dest1.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.install('src2.txt', 'dest2', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     install -c src0.txt dest0.txt
+  #     install -c src1.txt dest1.txt
+  #     install -c src2.txt dest2
+  #
+  # Related: {methods for copying}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Copying].
   #
   def install(src, dest, mode: nil, owner: nil, group: nil, preserve: nil,
               noop: nil, verbose: nil)
@@ -917,11 +1682,8 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   private_module_function :apply_mask
 
   def symbolic_modes_to_i(mode_sym, path)  #:nodoc:
-    mode = if File::Stat === path
-             path.mode
-           else
-             File.stat(path).mode
-           end
+    path = File.stat(path) unless File::Stat === path
+    mode = path.mode
     mode_sym.split(/,/).inject(mode & 07777) do |current_mode, clause|
       target, *actions = clause.split(/([=+-])/)
       raise ArgumentError, "invalid file mode: #{mode_sym}" if actions.empty?
@@ -938,7 +1700,7 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
           when "x"
             mask | 0111
           when "X"
-            if FileTest.directory? path
+            if path.directory?
               mask | 0111
             else
               mask
@@ -978,37 +1740,78 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
   private_module_function :mode_to_s
 
+  # Changes permissions on the entries at the paths given in +list+
+  # (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # to the permissions given by +mode+;
+  # returns +list+ if it is an array, <tt>[list]</tt> otherwise:
+  #
+  # - Modifies each entry that is a regular file using
+  #   {File.chmod}[rdoc-ref:File.chmod].
+  # - Modifies each entry that is a symbolic link using
+  #   {File.lchmod}[rdoc-ref:File.lchmod].
+  #
+  # Argument +list+ or its elements
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # Argument +mode+ may be either an integer or a string:
+  #
+  # - \Integer +mode+: represents the permission bits to be set:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chmod(0755, 'src0.txt')
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chmod(0644, ['src0.txt', 'src0.dat'])
+  #
+  # - \String +mode+: represents the permissions to be set:
+  #
+  #   The string is of the form <tt>[targets][[operator][perms[,perms]]</tt>, where:
+  #
+  #   - +targets+ may be any combination of these letters:
+  #
+  #     - <tt>'u'</tt>: permissions apply to the file's owner.
+  #     - <tt>'g'</tt>: permissions apply to users in the file's group.
+  #     - <tt>'o'</tt>: permissions apply to other users not in the file's group.
+  #     - <tt>'a'</tt> (the default): permissions apply to all users.
+  #
+  #   - +operator+ may be one of these letters:
+  #
+  #     - <tt>'+'</tt>: adds permissions.
+  #     - <tt>'-'</tt>: removes permissions.
+  #     - <tt>'='</tt>: sets (replaces) permissions.
+  #
+  #   - +perms+ (may be repeated, with separating commas)
+  #     may be any combination of these letters:
+  #
+  #     - <tt>'r'</tt>: Read.
+  #     - <tt>'w'</tt>: Write.
+  #     - <tt>'x'</tt>: Execute (search, for a directory).
+  #     - <tt>'X'</tt>: Search (for a directories only;
+  #       must be used with <tt>'+'</tt>)
+  #     - <tt>'s'</tt>: Uid or gid.
+  #     - <tt>'t'</tt>: Sticky bit.
+  #
+  #   Examples:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chmod('u=wrx,go=rx', 'src1.txt')
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chmod('u=wrx,go=rx', '/usr/bin/ruby')
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not change permissions; returns +nil+.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chmod(0755, 'src0.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chmod(0644, ['src0.txt', 'src0.dat'], noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chmod('u=wrx,go=rx', 'src1.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chmod('u=wrx,go=rx', '/usr/bin/ruby', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     chmod 755 src0.txt
+  #     chmod 644 src0.txt src0.dat
+  #     chmod u=wrx,go=rx src1.txt
+  #     chmod u=wrx,go=rx /usr/bin/ruby
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.chmod_R.
   #
-  # Changes permission bits on the named files (in +list+) to the bit pattern
-  # represented by +mode+.
-  #
-  # +mode+ is the symbolic and absolute mode can be used.
-  #
-  # Absolute mode is
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod 0755, 'somecommand'
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod 0644, %w(my.rb your.rb his.rb her.rb)
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod 0755, '/usr/bin/ruby', verbose: true
-  #
-  # Symbolic mode is
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod "u=wrx,go=rx", 'somecommand'
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod "u=wr,go=rr", %w(my.rb your.rb his.rb her.rb)
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod "u=wrx,go=rx", '/usr/bin/ruby', verbose: true
-  #
-  # "a" :: is user, group, other mask.
-  # "u" :: is user's mask.
-  # "g" :: is group's mask.
-  # "o" :: is other's mask.
-  # "w" :: is write permission.
-  # "r" :: is read permission.
-  # "x" :: is execute permission.
-  # "X" ::
-  #   is execute permission for directories only, must be used in conjunction with "+"
-  # "s" :: is uid, gid.
-  # "t" :: is sticky bit.
-  # "+" :: is added to a class given the specified mode.
-  # "-" :: Is removed from a given class given mode.
-  # "=" :: Is the exact nature of the class will be given a specified mode.
-
   def chmod(mode, list, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
     list = fu_list(list)
     fu_output_message sprintf('chmod %s %s', mode_to_s(mode), list.join(' ')) if verbose
@@ -1019,12 +1822,7 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
   module_function :chmod
 
-  #
-  # Changes permission bits on the named files (in +list+)
-  # to the bit pattern represented by +mode+.
-  #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod_R 0700, "/tmp/app.#{$$}"
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chmod_R "u=wrx", "/tmp/app.#{$$}"
+  # Like Bundler::FileUtils.chmod, but changes permissions recursively.
   #
   def chmod_R(mode, list, noop: nil, verbose: nil, force: nil)
     list = fu_list(list)
@@ -1044,15 +1842,68 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
   module_function :chmod_R
 
+  # Changes the owner and group on the entries at the paths given in +list+
+  # (a single path or an array of paths)
+  # to the given +user+ and +group+;
+  # returns +list+ if it is an array, <tt>[list]</tt> otherwise:
+  #
+  # - Modifies each entry that is a regular file using
+  #   {File.chown}[rdoc-ref:File.chown].
+  # - Modifies each entry that is a symbolic link using
+  #   {File.lchown}[rdoc-ref:File.lchown].
+  #
+  # Argument +list+ or its elements
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
   #
-  # Changes owner and group on the named files (in +list+)
-  # to the user +user+ and the group +group+.  +user+ and +group+
-  # may be an ID (Integer/String) or a name (String).
-  # If +user+ or +group+ is nil, this method does not change
-  # the attribute.
+  # User and group:
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chown 'root', 'staff', '/usr/local/bin/ruby'
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chown nil, 'bin', Dir.glob('/usr/bin/*'), verbose: true
+  # - Argument +user+ may be a user name or a user id;
+  #   if +nil+ or +-1+, the user is not changed.
+  # - Argument +group+ may be a group name or a group id;
+  #   if +nil+ or +-1+, the group is not changed.
+  # - The user must be a member of the group.
+  #
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #   # One path.
+  #   # User and group as string names.
+  #   File.stat('src0.txt').uid # => 1004
+  #   File.stat('src0.txt').gid # => 1004
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chown('user2', 'group1', 'src0.txt')
+  #   File.stat('src0.txt').uid # => 1006
+  #   File.stat('src0.txt').gid # => 1005
+  #
+  #   # User and group as uid and gid.
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chown(1004, 1004, 'src0.txt')
+  #   File.stat('src0.txt').uid # => 1004
+  #   File.stat('src0.txt').gid # => 1004
+  #
+  #   # Array of paths.
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chown(1006, 1005, ['src0.txt', 'src0.dat'])
+  #
+  #   # Directory (not recursive).
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chown('user2', 'group1', '.')
+  #
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not change permissions; returns +nil+.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chown('user2', 'group1', 'src0.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chown(1004, 1004, 'src0.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chown(1006, 1005, ['src0.txt', 'src0.dat'], noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chown('user2', 'group1', path, noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.chown('user2', 'group1', '.', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     chown user2:group1 src0.txt
+  #     chown 1004:1004 src0.txt
+  #     chown 1006:1005 src0.txt src0.dat
+  #     chown user2:group1 src0.txt
+  #     chown user2:group1 .
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.chown_R.
   #
   def chown(user, group, list, noop: nil, verbose: nil)
     list = fu_list(list)
@@ -1068,15 +1919,7 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
   module_function :chown
 
-  #
-  # Changes owner and group on the named files (in +list+)
-  # to the user +user+ and the group +group+ recursively.
-  # +user+ and +group+ may be an ID (Integer/String) or
-  # a name (String).  If +user+ or +group+ is nil, this
-  # method does not change the attribute.
-  #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chown_R 'www', 'www', '/var/www/htdocs'
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.chown_R 'cvs', 'cvs', '/var/cvs', verbose: true
+  # Like Bundler::FileUtils.chown, but changes owner and group recursively.
   #
   def chown_R(user, group, list, noop: nil, verbose: nil, force: nil)
     list = fu_list(list)
@@ -1127,12 +1970,50 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
   private_module_function :fu_get_gid
 
+  # Updates modification times (mtime) and access times (atime)
+  # of the entries given by the paths in +list+
+  # (a single path or an array of paths);
+  # returns +list+ if it is an array, <tt>[list]</tt> otherwise.
+  #
+  # By default, creates an empty file for any path to a non-existent entry;
+  # use keyword argument +nocreate+ to raise an exception instead.
+  #
+  # Argument +list+ or its elements
+  # should be {interpretable as paths}[rdoc-ref:FileUtils@Path+Arguments].
+  #
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #   # Single path.
+  #   f = File.new('src0.txt') # Existing file.
+  #   f.atime # => 2022-06-10 11:11:21.200277 -0700
+  #   f.mtime # => 2022-06-10 11:11:21.200277 -0700
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src0.txt')
+  #   f = File.new('src0.txt')
+  #   f.atime # => 2022-06-11 08:28:09.8185343 -0700
+  #   f.mtime # => 2022-06-11 08:28:09.8185343 -0700
   #
-  # Updates modification time (mtime) and access time (atime) of file(s) in
-  # +list+.  Files are created if they don't exist.
+  #   # Array of paths.
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch(['src0.txt', 'src0.dat'])
   #
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch 'timestamp'
-  #   Bundler::FileUtils.touch Dir.glob('*.c');  system 'make'
+  # Keyword arguments:
+  #
+  # - <tt>mtime: <i>time</i></tt> - sets the entry's mtime to the given time,
+  #   instead of the current time.
+  # - <tt>nocreate: true</tt> - raises an exception if the entry does not exist.
+  # - <tt>noop: true</tt> - does not touch entries; returns +nil+.
+  # - <tt>verbose: true</tt> - prints an equivalent command:
+  #
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.touch('src0.txt', noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.touch(['src0.txt', 'src0.dat'], noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #     Bundler::FileUtils.touch(path, noop: true, verbose: true)
+  #
+  #   Output:
+  #
+  #     touch src0.txt
+  #     touch src0.txt src0.dat
+  #     touch src0.txt
+  #
+  # Related: Bundler::FileUtils.uptodate?.
   #
   def touch(list, noop: nil, verbose: nil, mtime: nil, nocreate: nil)
     list = fu_list(list)
@@ -1290,14 +2171,9 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
 
     def entries
       opts = {}
-      opts[:encoding] = ::Encoding::UTF_8 if fu_windows?
+      opts[:encoding] = fu_windows? ? ::Encoding::UTF_8 : path.encoding
 
-      files = if Dir.respond_to?(:children)
-        Dir.children(path, **opts)
-      else
-        Dir.entries(path(), **opts)
-           .reject {|n| n == '.' or n == '..' }
-      end
+      files = Dir.children(path, **opts)
 
       untaint = RUBY_VERSION < '2.7'
       files.map {|n| Entry_.new(prefix(), join(rel(), untaint ? n.untaint : n)) }
@@ -1345,6 +2221,7 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
       else
         File.chmod mode, path()
       end
+    rescue Errno::EOPNOTSUPP
     end
 
     def chown(uid, gid)
@@ -1439,7 +2316,7 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
       if st.symlink?
         begin
           File.lchmod mode, path
-        rescue NotImplementedError
+        rescue NotImplementedError, Errno::EOPNOTSUPP
         end
       else
         File.chmod mode, path
@@ -1498,13 +2375,21 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
 
     def postorder_traverse
       if directory?
-        entries().each do |ent|
+        begin
+          children = entries()
+        rescue Errno::EACCES
+          # Failed to get the list of children.
+          # Assuming there is no children, try to process the parent directory.
+          yield self
+          return
+        end
+
+        children.each do |ent|
           ent.postorder_traverse do |e|
             yield e
           end
         end
       end
-    ensure
       yield self
     end
 
@@ -1559,7 +2444,15 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
     def join(dir, base)
       return File.path(dir) if not base or base == '.'
       return File.path(base) if not dir or dir == '.'
-      File.join(dir, base)
+      begin
+        File.join(dir, base)
+      rescue EncodingError
+        if fu_windows?
+          File.join(dir.encode(::Encoding::UTF_8), base.encode(::Encoding::UTF_8))
+        else
+          raise
+        end
+      end
     end
 
     if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
@@ -1590,15 +2483,15 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
   private_module_function :fu_each_src_dest
 
-  def fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest)   #:nodoc:
+  def fu_each_src_dest0(src, dest, target_directory = true)   #:nodoc:
     if tmp = Array.try_convert(src)
       tmp.each do |s|
         s = File.path(s)
-        yield s, File.join(dest, File.basename(s))
+        yield s, (target_directory ? File.join(dest, File.basename(s)) : dest)
       end
     else
       src = File.path(src)
-      if File.directory?(dest)
+      if target_directory and File.directory?(dest)
         yield src, File.join(dest, File.basename(src))
       else
         yield src, File.path(dest)
@@ -1614,7 +2507,7 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
 
   def fu_output_message(msg)   #:nodoc:
     output = @fileutils_output if defined?(@fileutils_output)
-    output ||= $stderr
+    output ||= $stdout
     if defined?(@fileutils_label)
       msg = @fileutils_label + msg
     end
@@ -1622,6 +2515,56 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
   end
   private_module_function :fu_output_message
 
+  def fu_split_path(path)
+    path = File.path(path)
+    list = []
+    until (parent, base = File.split(path); parent == path or parent == ".")
+      list << base
+      path = parent
+    end
+    list << path
+    list.reverse!
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_split_path
+
+  def fu_relative_components_from(target, base) #:nodoc:
+    i = 0
+    while target[i]&.== base[i]
+      i += 1
+    end
+    Array.new(base.size-i, '..').concat(target[i..-1])
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_relative_components_from
+
+  def fu_clean_components(*comp)
+    comp.shift while comp.first == "."
+    return comp if comp.empty?
+    clean = [comp.shift]
+    path = File.join(*clean, "") # ending with File::SEPARATOR
+    while c = comp.shift
+      if c == ".." and clean.last != ".." and !(fu_have_symlink? && File.symlink?(path))
+        clean.pop
+        path.chomp!(%r((?<=\A|/)[^/]+/\z), "")
+      else
+        clean << c
+        path << c << "/"
+      end
+    end
+    clean
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_clean_components
+
+  if fu_windows?
+    def fu_starting_path?(path)
+      path&.start_with?(%r(\w:|/))
+    end
+  else
+    def fu_starting_path?(path)
+      path&.start_with?("/")
+    end
+  end
+  private_module_function :fu_starting_path?
+
   # This hash table holds command options.
   OPT_TABLE = {}    #:nodoc: internal use only
   (private_instance_methods & methods(false)).inject(OPT_TABLE) {|tbl, name|
@@ -1631,50 +2574,49 @@ module Bundler::FileUtils
 
   public
 
+  # Returns an array of the string names of \Bundler::FileUtils methods
+  # that accept one or more keyword arguments:
   #
-  # Returns an Array of names of high-level methods that accept any keyword
-  # arguments.
-  #
-  #   p Bundler::FileUtils.commands  #=> ["chmod", "cp", "cp_r", "install", ...]
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.commands.sort.take(3) # => ["cd", "chdir", "chmod"]
   #
   def self.commands
     OPT_TABLE.keys
   end
 
+  # Returns an array of the string keyword names:
   #
-  # Returns an Array of option names.
-  #
-  #   p Bundler::FileUtils.options  #=> ["noop", "force", "verbose", "preserve", "mode"]
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.options.take(3) # => ["noop", "verbose", "force"]
   #
   def self.options
     OPT_TABLE.values.flatten.uniq.map {|sym| sym.to_s }
   end
 
+  # Returns +true+ if method +mid+ accepts the given option +opt+, +false+ otherwise;
+  # the arguments may be strings or symbols:
   #
-  # Returns true if the method +mid+ have an option +opt+.
-  #
-  #   p Bundler::FileUtils.have_option?(:cp, :noop)     #=> true
-  #   p Bundler::FileUtils.have_option?(:rm, :force)    #=> true
-  #   p Bundler::FileUtils.have_option?(:rm, :preserve) #=> false
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.have_option?(:chmod, :noop) # => true
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.have_option?('chmod', 'secure') # => false
   #
   def self.have_option?(mid, opt)
     li = OPT_TABLE[mid.to_s] or raise ArgumentError, "no such method: #{mid}"
     li.include?(opt)
   end
 
+  # Returns an array of the string keyword name for method +mid+;
+  # the argument may be a string or a symbol:
   #
-  # Returns an Array of option names of the method +mid+.
-  #
-  #   p Bundler::FileUtils.options_of(:rm)  #=> ["noop", "verbose", "force"]
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.options_of(:rm) # => ["force", "noop", "verbose"]
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.options_of('mv') # => ["force", "noop", "verbose", "secure"]
   #
   def self.options_of(mid)
     OPT_TABLE[mid.to_s].map {|sym| sym.to_s }
   end
 
+  # Returns an array of the string method names of the methods
+  # that accept the given keyword option +opt+;
+  # the argument must be a symbol:
   #
-  # Returns an Array of methods names which have the option +opt+.
-  #
-  #   p Bundler::FileUtils.collect_method(:preserve) #=> ["cp", "cp_r", "copy", "install"]
+  #   Bundler::FileUtils.collect_method(:preserve) # => ["cp", "copy", "cp_r", "install"]
   #
   def self.collect_method(opt)
     OPT_TABLE.keys.select {|m| OPT_TABLE[m].include?(opt) }
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index a52b96deaf..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,11 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative 'molinillo/gem_metadata'
-require_relative 'molinillo/errors'
-require_relative 'molinillo/resolver'
-require_relative 'molinillo/modules/ui'
-require_relative 'molinillo/modules/specification_provider'
-
-# Bundler::Molinillo is a generic dependency resolution algorithm.
-module Bundler::Molinillo
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/resolution_state.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/resolution_state.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index bcacf35243..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/resolution_state.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Bundler::Molinillo
-  # @!visibility private
-  module Delegates
-    # Delegates all {Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState} methods to a `#state` property.
-    module ResolutionState
-      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState#name)
-      def name
-        current_state = state || Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
-        current_state.name
-      end
-
-      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState#requirements)
-      def requirements
-        current_state = state || Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
-        current_state.requirements
-      end
-
-      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState#activated)
-      def activated
-        current_state = state || Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
-        current_state.activated
-      end
-
-      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState#requirement)
-      def requirement
-        current_state = state || Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
-        current_state.requirement
-      end
-
-      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState#possibilities)
-      def possibilities
-        current_state = state || Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
-        current_state.possibilities
-      end
-
-      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState#depth)
-      def depth
-        current_state = state || Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
-        current_state.depth
-      end
-
-      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState#conflicts)
-      def conflicts
-        current_state = state || Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
-        current_state.conflicts
-      end
-
-      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState#unused_unwind_options)
-      def unused_unwind_options
-        current_state = state || Bundler::Molinillo::ResolutionState.empty
-        current_state.unused_unwind_options
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/specification_provider.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/specification_provider.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index f8c695c1ed..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/delegates/specification_provider.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Bundler::Molinillo
-  module Delegates
-    # Delegates all {Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider} methods to a
-    # `#specification_provider` property.
-    module SpecificationProvider
-      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#search_for)
-      def search_for(dependency)
-        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
-          specification_provider.search_for(dependency)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#dependencies_for)
-      def dependencies_for(specification)
-        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
-          specification_provider.dependencies_for(specification)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#requirement_satisfied_by?)
-      def requirement_satisfied_by?(requirement, activated, spec)
-        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
-          specification_provider.requirement_satisfied_by?(requirement, activated, spec)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#dependencies_equal?)
-      def dependencies_equal?(dependencies, other_dependencies)
-        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
-          specification_provider.dependencies_equal?(dependencies, other_dependencies)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#name_for)
-      def name_for(dependency)
-        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
-          specification_provider.name_for(dependency)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#name_for_explicit_dependency_source)
-      def name_for_explicit_dependency_source
-        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
-          specification_provider.name_for_explicit_dependency_source
-        end
-      end
-
-      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#name_for_locking_dependency_source)
-      def name_for_locking_dependency_source
-        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
-          specification_provider.name_for_locking_dependency_source
-        end
-      end
-
-      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#sort_dependencies)
-      def sort_dependencies(dependencies, activated, conflicts)
-        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
-          specification_provider.sort_dependencies(dependencies, activated, conflicts)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # (see Bundler::Molinillo::SpecificationProvider#allow_missing?)
-      def allow_missing?(dependency)
-        with_no_such_dependency_error_handling do
-          specification_provider.allow_missing?(dependency)
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      # Ensures any raised {NoSuchDependencyError} has its
-      # {NoSuchDependencyError#required_by} set.
-      # @yield
-      def with_no_such_dependency_error_handling
-        yield
-      rescue NoSuchDependencyError => error
-        if state
-          vertex = activated.vertex_named(name_for(error.dependency))
-          error.required_by += vertex.incoming_edges.map { |e| e.origin.name }
-          error.required_by << name_for_explicit_dependency_source unless vertex.explicit_requirements.empty?
-        end
-        raise
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 4d577213b9..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,255 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative '../../../../vendored_tsort'
-
-require_relative 'dependency_graph/log'
-require_relative 'dependency_graph/vertex'
-
-module Bundler::Molinillo
-  # A directed acyclic graph that is tuned to hold named dependencies
-  class DependencyGraph
-    include Enumerable
-
-    # Enumerates through the vertices of the graph.
-    # @return [Array<Vertex>] The graph's vertices.
-    def each
-      return vertices.values.each unless block_given?
-      vertices.values.each { |v| yield v }
-    end
-
-    include Bundler::TSort
-
-    # @!visibility private
-    alias tsort_each_node each
-
-    # @!visibility private
-    def tsort_each_child(vertex, &block)
-      vertex.successors.each(&block)
-    end
-
-    # Topologically sorts the given vertices.
-    # @param [Enumerable<Vertex>] vertices the vertices to be sorted, which must
-    #   all belong to the same graph.
-    # @return [Array<Vertex>] The sorted vertices.
-    def self.tsort(vertices)
-      Bundler::TSort.tsort(
-        lambda { |b| vertices.each(&b) },
-        lambda { |v, &b| (v.successors & vertices).each(&b) }
-      )
-    end
-
-    # A directed edge of a {DependencyGraph}
-    # @attr [Vertex] origin The origin of the directed edge
-    # @attr [Vertex] destination The destination of the directed edge
-    # @attr [Object] requirement The requirement the directed edge represents
-    Edge = Struct.new(:origin, :destination, :requirement)
-
-    # @return [{String => Vertex}] the vertices of the dependency graph, keyed
-    #   by {Vertex#name}
-    attr_reader :vertices
-
-    # @return [Log] the op log for this graph
-    attr_reader :log
-
-    # Initializes an empty dependency graph
-    def initialize
-      @vertices = {}
-      @log = Log.new
-    end
-
-    # Tags the current state of the dependency as the given tag
-    # @param  [Object] tag an opaque tag for the current state of the graph
-    # @return [Void]
-    def tag(tag)
-      log.tag(self, tag)
-    end
-
-    # Rewinds the graph to the state tagged as `tag`
-    # @param  [Object] tag the tag to rewind to
-    # @return [Void]
-    def rewind_to(tag)
-      log.rewind_to(self, tag)
-    end
-
-    # Initializes a copy of a {DependencyGraph}, ensuring that all {#vertices}
-    # are properly copied.
-    # @param [DependencyGraph] other the graph to copy.
-    def initialize_copy(other)
-      super
-      @vertices = {}
-      @log = other.log.dup
-      traverse = lambda do |new_v, old_v|
-        return if new_v.outgoing_edges.size == old_v.outgoing_edges.size
-        old_v.outgoing_edges.each do |edge|
-          destination = add_vertex(edge.destination.name, edge.destination.payload)
-          add_edge_no_circular(new_v, destination, edge.requirement)
-          traverse.call(destination, edge.destination)
-        end
-      end
-      other.vertices.each do |name, vertex|
-        new_vertex = add_vertex(name, vertex.payload, vertex.root?)
-        new_vertex.explicit_requirements.replace(vertex.explicit_requirements)
-        traverse.call(new_vertex, vertex)
-      end
-    end
-
-    # @return [String] a string suitable for debugging
-    def inspect
-      "#{self.class}:#{vertices.values.inspect}"
-    end
-
-    # @param [Hash] options options for dot output.
-    # @return [String] Returns a dot format representation of the graph
-    def to_dot(options = {})
-      edge_label = options.delete(:edge_label)
-      raise ArgumentError, "Unknown options: #{options.keys}" unless options.empty?
-
-      dot_vertices = []
-      dot_edges = []
-      vertices.each do |n, v|
-        dot_vertices << "  #{n} [label=\"{#{n}|#{v.payload}}\"]"
-        v.outgoing_edges.each do |e|
-          label = edge_label ? edge_label.call(e) : e.requirement
-          dot_edges << "  #{e.origin.name} -> #{e.destination.name} [label=#{label.to_s.dump}]"
-        end
-      end
-
-      dot_vertices.uniq!
-      dot_vertices.sort!
-      dot_edges.uniq!
-      dot_edges.sort!
-
-      dot = dot_vertices.unshift('digraph G {').push('') + dot_edges.push('}')
-      dot.join("\n")
-    end
-
-    # @param [DependencyGraph] other
-    # @return [Boolean] whether the two dependency graphs are equal, determined
-    #   by a recursive traversal of each {#root_vertices} and its
-    #   {Vertex#successors}
-    def ==(other)
-      return false unless other
-      return true if equal?(other)
-      vertices.each do |name, vertex|
-        other_vertex = other.vertex_named(name)
-        return false unless other_vertex
-        return false unless vertex.payload == other_vertex.payload
-        return false unless other_vertex.successors.to_set == vertex.successors.to_set
-      end
-    end
-
-    # @param [String] name
-    # @param [Object] payload
-    # @param [Array<String>] parent_names
-    # @param [Object] requirement the requirement that is requiring the child
-    # @return [void]
-    def add_child_vertex(name, payload, parent_names, requirement)
-      root = !parent_names.delete(nil) { true }
-      vertex = add_vertex(name, payload, root)
-      vertex.explicit_requirements << requirement if root
-      parent_names.each do |parent_name|
-        parent_vertex = vertex_named(parent_name)
-        add_edge(parent_vertex, vertex, requirement)
-      end
-      vertex
-    end
-
-    # Adds a vertex with the given name, or updates the existing one.
-    # @param [String] name
-    # @param [Object] payload
-    # @return [Vertex] the vertex that was added to `self`
-    def add_vertex(name, payload, root = false)
-      log.add_vertex(self, name, payload, root)
-    end
-
-    # Detaches the {#vertex_named} `name` {Vertex} from the graph, recursively
-    # removing any non-root vertices that were orphaned in the process
-    # @param [String] name
-    # @return [Array<Vertex>] the vertices which have been detached
-    def detach_vertex_named(name)
-      log.detach_vertex_named(self, name)
-    end
-
-    # @param [String] name
-    # @return [Vertex,nil] the vertex with the given name
-    def vertex_named(name)
-      vertices[name]
-    end
-
-    # @param [String] name
-    # @return [Vertex,nil] the root vertex with the given name
-    def root_vertex_named(name)
-      vertex = vertex_named(name)
-      vertex if vertex && vertex.root?
-    end
-
-    # Adds a new {Edge} to the dependency graph
-    # @param [Vertex] origin
-    # @param [Vertex] destination
-    # @param [Object] requirement the requirement that this edge represents
-    # @return [Edge] the added edge
-    def add_edge(origin, destination, requirement)
-      if destination.path_to?(origin)
-        raise CircularDependencyError.new(path(destination, origin))
-      end
-      add_edge_no_circular(origin, destination, requirement)
-    end
-
-    # Deletes an {Edge} from the dependency graph
-    # @param [Edge] edge
-    # @return [Void]
-    def delete_edge(edge)
-      log.delete_edge(self, edge.origin.name, edge.destination.name, edge.requirement)
-    end
-
-    # Sets the payload of the vertex with the given name
-    # @param [String] name the name of the vertex
-    # @param [Object] payload the payload
-    # @return [Void]
-    def set_payload(name, payload)
-      log.set_payload(self, name, payload)
-    end
-
-    private
-
-    # Adds a new {Edge} to the dependency graph without checking for
-    # circularity.
-    # @param (see #add_edge)
-    # @return (see #add_edge)
-    def add_edge_no_circular(origin, destination, requirement)
-      log.add_edge_no_circular(self, origin.name, destination.name, requirement)
-    end
-
-    # Returns the path between two vertices
-    # @raise [ArgumentError] if there is no path between the vertices
-    # @param [Vertex] from
-    # @param [Vertex] to
-    # @return [Array<Vertex>] the shortest path from `from` to `to`
-    def path(from, to)
-      distances = Hash.new(vertices.size + 1)
-      distances[from.name] = 0
-      predecessors = {}
-      each do |vertex|
-        vertex.successors.each do |successor|
-          if distances[successor.name] > distances[vertex.name] + 1
-            distances[successor.name] = distances[vertex.name] + 1
-            predecessors[successor] = vertex
-          end
-        end
-      end
-
-      path = [to]
-      while before = predecessors[to]
-        path << before
-        to = before
-        break if to == from
-      end
-
-      unless path.last.equal?(from)
-        raise ArgumentError, "There is no path from #{from.name} to #{to.name}"
-      end
-
-      path.reverse
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index c04c7eec9c..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/action.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Bundler::Molinillo
-  class DependencyGraph
-    # An action that modifies a {DependencyGraph} that is reversible.
-    # @abstract
-    class Action
-      # rubocop:disable Lint/UnusedMethodArgument
-
-      # @return [Symbol] The name of the action.
-      def self.action_name
-        raise 'Abstract'
-      end
-
-      # Performs the action on the given graph.
-      # @param  [DependencyGraph] graph the graph to perform the action on.
-      # @return [Void]
-      def up(graph)
-        raise 'Abstract'
-      end
-
-      # Reverses the action on the given graph.
-      # @param  [DependencyGraph] graph the graph to reverse the action on.
-      # @return [Void]
-      def down(graph)
-        raise 'Abstract'
-      end
-
-      # @return [Action,Nil] The previous action
-      attr_accessor :previous
-
-      # @return [Action,Nil] The next action
-      attr_accessor :next
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_edge_no_circular.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_edge_no_circular.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 946a08236e..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_edge_no_circular.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative 'action'
-module Bundler::Molinillo
-  class DependencyGraph
-    # @!visibility private
-    # (see DependencyGraph#add_edge_no_circular)
-    class AddEdgeNoCircular < Action
-      # @!group Action
-
-      # (see Action.action_name)
-      def self.action_name
-        :add_vertex
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#up)
-      def up(graph)
-        edge = make_edge(graph)
-        edge.origin.outgoing_edges << edge
-        edge.destination.incoming_edges << edge
-        edge
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#down)
-      def down(graph)
-        edge = make_edge(graph)
-        delete_first(edge.origin.outgoing_edges, edge)
-        delete_first(edge.destination.incoming_edges, edge)
-      end
-
-      # @!group AddEdgeNoCircular
-
-      # @return [String] the name of the origin of the edge
-      attr_reader :origin
-
-      # @return [String] the name of the destination of the edge
-      attr_reader :destination
-
-      # @return [Object] the requirement that the edge represents
-      attr_reader :requirement
-
-      # @param  [DependencyGraph] graph the graph to find vertices from
-      # @return [Edge] The edge this action adds
-      def make_edge(graph)
-        Edge.new(graph.vertex_named(origin), graph.vertex_named(destination), requirement)
-      end
-
-      # Initialize an action to add an edge to a dependency graph
-      # @param [String] origin the name of the origin of the edge
-      # @param [String] destination the name of the destination of the edge
-      # @param [Object] requirement the requirement that the edge represents
-      def initialize(origin, destination, requirement)
-        @origin = origin
-        @destination = destination
-        @requirement = requirement
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      def delete_first(array, item)
-        return unless index = array.index(item)
-        array.delete_at(index)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_vertex.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_vertex.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 483527daf8..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/add_vertex.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative 'action'
-module Bundler::Molinillo
-  class DependencyGraph
-    # @!visibility private
-    # (see DependencyGraph#add_vertex)
-    class AddVertex < Action # :nodoc:
-      # @!group Action
-
-      # (see Action.action_name)
-      def self.action_name
-        :add_vertex
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#up)
-      def up(graph)
-        if existing = graph.vertices[name]
-          @existing_payload = existing.payload
-          @existing_root = existing.root
-        end
-        vertex = existing || Vertex.new(name, payload)
-        graph.vertices[vertex.name] = vertex
-        vertex.payload ||= payload
-        vertex.root ||= root
-        vertex
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#down)
-      def down(graph)
-        if defined?(@existing_payload)
-          vertex = graph.vertices[name]
-          vertex.payload = @existing_payload
-          vertex.root = @existing_root
-        else
-          graph.vertices.delete(name)
-        end
-      end
-
-      # @!group AddVertex
-
-      # @return [String] the name of the vertex
-      attr_reader :name
-
-      # @return [Object] the payload for the vertex
-      attr_reader :payload
-
-      # @return [Boolean] whether the vertex is root or not
-      attr_reader :root
-
-      # Initialize an action to add a vertex to a dependency graph
-      # @param [String] name the name of the vertex
-      # @param [Object] payload the payload for the vertex
-      # @param [Boolean] root whether the vertex is root or not
-      def initialize(name, payload, root)
-        @name = name
-        @payload = payload
-        @root = root
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/delete_edge.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/delete_edge.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index d81940585a..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/delete_edge.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative 'action'
-module Bundler::Molinillo
-  class DependencyGraph
-    # @!visibility private
-    # (see DependencyGraph#delete_edge)
-    class DeleteEdge < Action
-      # @!group Action
-
-      # (see Action.action_name)
-      def self.action_name
-        :delete_edge
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#up)
-      def up(graph)
-        edge = make_edge(graph)
-        edge.origin.outgoing_edges.delete(edge)
-        edge.destination.incoming_edges.delete(edge)
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#down)
-      def down(graph)
-        edge = make_edge(graph)
-        edge.origin.outgoing_edges << edge
-        edge.destination.incoming_edges << edge
-        edge
-      end
-
-      # @!group DeleteEdge
-
-      # @return [String] the name of the origin of the edge
-      attr_reader :origin_name
-
-      # @return [String] the name of the destination of the edge
-      attr_reader :destination_name
-
-      # @return [Object] the requirement that the edge represents
-      attr_reader :requirement
-
-      # @param  [DependencyGraph] graph the graph to find vertices from
-      # @return [Edge] The edge this action adds
-      def make_edge(graph)
-        Edge.new(
-          graph.vertex_named(origin_name),
-          graph.vertex_named(destination_name),
-          requirement
-        )
-      end
-
-      # Initialize an action to add an edge to a dependency graph
-      # @param [String] origin_name the name of the origin of the edge
-      # @param [String] destination_name the name of the destination of the edge
-      # @param [Object] requirement the requirement that the edge represents
-      def initialize(origin_name, destination_name, requirement)
-        @origin_name = origin_name
-        @destination_name = destination_name
-        @requirement = requirement
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/detach_vertex_named.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/detach_vertex_named.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 36fce7c526..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/detach_vertex_named.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative 'action'
-module Bundler::Molinillo
-  class DependencyGraph
-    # @!visibility private
-    # @see DependencyGraph#detach_vertex_named
-    class DetachVertexNamed < Action
-      # @!group Action
-
-      # (see Action#name)
-      def self.action_name
-        :add_vertex
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#up)
-      def up(graph)
-        return [] unless @vertex = graph.vertices.delete(name)
-
-        removed_vertices = [@vertex]
-        @vertex.outgoing_edges.each do |e|
-          v = e.destination
-          v.incoming_edges.delete(e)
-          if !v.root? && v.incoming_edges.empty?
-            removed_vertices.concat graph.detach_vertex_named(v.name)
-          end
-        end
-
-        @vertex.incoming_edges.each do |e|
-          v = e.origin
-          v.outgoing_edges.delete(e)
-        end
-
-        removed_vertices
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#down)
-      def down(graph)
-        return unless @vertex
-        graph.vertices[@vertex.name] = @vertex
-        @vertex.outgoing_edges.each do |e|
-          e.destination.incoming_edges << e
-        end
-        @vertex.incoming_edges.each do |e|
-          e.origin.outgoing_edges << e
-        end
-      end
-
-      # @!group DetachVertexNamed
-
-      # @return [String] the name of the vertex to detach
-      attr_reader :name
-
-      # Initialize an action to detach a vertex from a dependency graph
-      # @param [String] name the name of the vertex to detach
-      def initialize(name)
-        @name = name
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/log.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/log.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 6f0de19886..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/log.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative 'add_edge_no_circular'
-require_relative 'add_vertex'
-require_relative 'delete_edge'
-require_relative 'detach_vertex_named'
-require_relative 'set_payload'
-require_relative 'tag'
-
-module Bundler::Molinillo
-  class DependencyGraph
-    # A log for dependency graph actions
-    class Log
-      # Initializes an empty log
-      def initialize
-        @current_action = @first_action = nil
-      end
-
-      # @!macro [new] action
-      #   {include:DependencyGraph#$0}
-      #   @param [Graph] graph the graph to perform the action on
-      #   @param (see DependencyGraph#$0)
-      #   @return (see DependencyGraph#$0)
-
-      # @macro action
-      def tag(graph, tag)
-        push_action(graph, Tag.new(tag))
-      end
-
-      # @macro action
-      def add_vertex(graph, name, payload, root)
-        push_action(graph, AddVertex.new(name, payload, root))
-      end
-
-      # @macro action
-      def detach_vertex_named(graph, name)
-        push_action(graph, DetachVertexNamed.new(name))
-      end
-
-      # @macro action
-      def add_edge_no_circular(graph, origin, destination, requirement)
-        push_action(graph, AddEdgeNoCircular.new(origin, destination, requirement))
-      end
-
-      # {include:DependencyGraph#delete_edge}
-      # @param [Graph] graph the graph to perform the action on
-      # @param [String] origin_name
-      # @param [String] destination_name
-      # @param [Object] requirement
-      # @return (see DependencyGraph#delete_edge)
-      def delete_edge(graph, origin_name, destination_name, requirement)
-        push_action(graph, DeleteEdge.new(origin_name, destination_name, requirement))
-      end
-
-      # @macro action
-      def set_payload(graph, name, payload)
-        push_action(graph, SetPayload.new(name, payload))
-      end
-
-      # Pops the most recent action from the log and undoes the action
-      # @param [DependencyGraph] graph
-      # @return [Action] the action that was popped off the log
-      def pop!(graph)
-        return unless action = @current_action
-        unless @current_action = action.previous
-          @first_action = nil
-        end
-        action.down(graph)
-        action
-      end
-
-      extend Enumerable
-
-      # @!visibility private
-      # Enumerates each action in the log
-      # @yield [Action]
-      def each
-        return enum_for unless block_given?
-        action = @first_action
-        loop do
-          break unless action
-          yield action
-          action = action.next
-        end
-        self
-      end
-
-      # @!visibility private
-      # Enumerates each action in the log in reverse order
-      # @yield [Action]
-      def reverse_each
-        return enum_for(:reverse_each) unless block_given?
-        action = @current_action
-        loop do
-          break unless action
-          yield action
-          action = action.previous
-        end
-        self
-      end
-
-      # @macro action
-      def rewind_to(graph, tag)
-        loop do
-          action = pop!(graph)
-          raise "No tag #{tag.inspect} found" unless action
-          break if action.class.action_name == :tag && action.tag == tag
-        end
-      end
-
-      private
-
-      # Adds the given action to the log, running the action
-      # @param [DependencyGraph] graph
-      # @param [Action] action
-      # @return The value returned by `action.up`
-      def push_action(graph, action)
-        action.previous = @current_action
-        @current_action.next = action if @current_action
-        @current_action = action
-        @first_action ||= action
-        action.up(graph)
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/set_payload.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/set_payload.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 2e9b90e6cd..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/set_payload.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative 'action'
-module Bundler::Molinillo
-  class DependencyGraph
-    # @!visibility private
-    # @see DependencyGraph#set_payload
-    class SetPayload < Action # :nodoc:
-      # @!group Action
-
-      # (see Action.action_name)
-      def self.action_name
-        :set_payload
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#up)
-      def up(graph)
-        vertex = graph.vertex_named(name)
-        @old_payload = vertex.payload
-        vertex.payload = payload
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#down)
-      def down(graph)
-        graph.vertex_named(name).payload = @old_payload
-      end
-
-      # @!group SetPayload
-
-      # @return [String] the name of the vertex
-      attr_reader :name
-
-      # @return [Object] the payload for the vertex
-      attr_reader :payload
-
-      # Initialize an action to add set the payload for a vertex in a dependency
-      # graph
-      # @param [String] name the name of the vertex
-      # @param [Object] payload the payload for the vertex
-      def initialize(name, payload)
-        @name = name
-        @payload = payload
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/tag.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/tag.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 5b5da3e4f9..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/tag.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-require_relative 'action'
-module Bundler::Molinillo
-  class DependencyGraph
-    # @!visibility private
-    # @see DependencyGraph#tag
-    class Tag < Action
-      # @!group Action
-
-      # (see Action.action_name)
-      def self.action_name
-        :tag
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#up)
-      def up(graph)
-      end
-
-      # (see Action#down)
-      def down(graph)
-      end
-
-      # @!group Tag
-
-      # @return [Object] An opaque tag
-      attr_reader :tag
-
-      # Initialize an action to tag a state of a dependency graph
-      # @param [Object] tag an opaque tag
-      def initialize(tag)
-        @tag = tag
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/vertex.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/vertex.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 1185a8ab05..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/dependency_graph/vertex.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,164 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Bundler::Molinillo
-  class DependencyGraph
-    # A vertex in a {DependencyGraph} that encapsulates a {#name} and a
-    # {#payload}
-    class Vertex
-      # @return [String] the name of the vertex
-      attr_accessor :name
-
-      # @return [Object] the payload the vertex holds
-      attr_accessor :payload
-
-      # @return [Array<Object>] the explicit requirements that required
-      #   this vertex
-      attr_reader :explicit_requirements
-
-      # @return [Boolean] whether the vertex is considered a root vertex
-      attr_accessor :root
-      alias root? root
-
-      # Initializes a vertex with the given name and payload.
-      # @param [String] name see {#name}
-      # @param [Object] payload see {#payload}
-      def initialize(name, payload)
-        @name = name.frozen? ? name : name.dup.freeze
-        @payload = payload
-        @explicit_requirements = []
-        @outgoing_edges = []
-        @incoming_edges = []
-      end
-
-      # @return [Array<Object>] all of the requirements that required
-      #   this vertex
-      def requirements
-        (incoming_edges.map(&:requirement) + explicit_requirements).uniq
-      end
-
-      # @return [Array<Edge>] the edges of {#graph} that have `self` as their
-      #   {Edge#origin}
-      attr_accessor :outgoing_edges
-
-      # @return [Array<Edge>] the edges of {#graph} that have `self` as their
-      #   {Edge#destination}
-      attr_accessor :incoming_edges
-
-      # @return [Array<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} that have an edge with
-      #   `self` as their {Edge#destination}
-      def predecessors
-        incoming_edges.map(&:origin)
-      end
-
-      # @return [Set<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} where `self` is a
-      #   {#descendent?}
-      def recursive_predecessors
-        _recursive_predecessors
-      end
-
-      # @param [Set<Vertex>] vertices the set to add the predecessors to
-      # @return [Set<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} where `self` is a
-      #   {#descendent?}
-      def _recursive_predecessors(vertices = new_vertex_set)
-        incoming_edges.each do |edge|
-          vertex = edge.origin
-          next unless vertices.add?(vertex)
-          vertex._recursive_predecessors(vertices)
-        end
-
-        vertices
-      end
-      protected :_recursive_predecessors
-
-      # @return [Array<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} that have an edge with
-      #   `self` as their {Edge#origin}
-      def successors
-        outgoing_edges.map(&:destination)
-      end
-
-      # @return [Set<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} where `self` is an
-      #   {#ancestor?}
-      def recursive_successors
-        _recursive_successors
-      end
-
-      # @param [Set<Vertex>] vertices the set to add the successors to
-      # @return [Set<Vertex>] the vertices of {#graph} where `self` is an
-      #   {#ancestor?}
-      def _recursive_successors(vertices = new_vertex_set)
-        outgoing_edges.each do |edge|
-          vertex = edge.destination
-          next unless vertices.add?(vertex)
-          vertex._recursive_successors(vertices)
-        end
-
-        vertices
-      end
-      protected :_recursive_successors
-
-      # @return [String] a string suitable for debugging
-      def inspect
-        "#{self.class}:#{name}(#{payload.inspect})"
-      end
-
-      # @return [Boolean] whether the two vertices are equal, determined
-      #   by a recursive traversal of each {Vertex#successors}
-      def ==(other)
-        return true if equal?(other)
-        shallow_eql?(other) &&
-          successors.to_set == other.successors.to_set
-      end
-
-      # @param  [Vertex] other the other vertex to compare to
-      # @return [Boolean] whether the two vertices are equal, determined
-      #   solely by {#name} and {#payload} equality
-      def shallow_eql?(other)
-        return true if equal?(other)
-        other &&
-          name == other.name &&
-          payload == other.payload
-      end
-
-      alias eql? ==
-
-      # @return [Fixnum] a hash for the vertex based upon its {#name}
-      def hash
-        name.hash
-      end
-
-      # Is there a path from `self` to `other` following edges in the
-      # dependency graph?
-      # @return whether there is a path following edges within this {#graph}
-      def path_to?(other)
-        _path_to?(other)
-      end
-
-      alias descendent? path_to?
-
-      # @param [Vertex] other the vertex to check if there's a path to
-      # @param [Set<Vertex>] visited the vertices of {#graph} that have been visited
-      # @return [Boolean] whether there is a path to `other` from `self`
-      def _path_to?(other, visited = new_vertex_set)
-        return false unless visited.add?(self)
-        return true if equal?(other)
-        successors.any? { |v| v._path_to?(other, visited) }
-      end
-      protected :_path_to?
-
-      # Is there a path from `other` to `self` following edges in the
-      # dependency graph?
-      # @return whether there is a path following edges within this {#graph}
-      def ancestor?(other)
-        other.path_to?(self)
-      end
-
-      alias is_reachable_from? ancestor?
-
-      def new_vertex_set
-        require 'set'
-        Set.new
-      end
-      private :new_vertex_set
-    end
-  end
-end
diff --git a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/errors.rb b/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/errors.rb
deleted file mode 100644
index 8c8cafb447..0000000000
--- a/lib/bundler/vendor/molinillo/lib/molinillo/errors.rb
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,149 +0,0 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module Bundler::Molinillo
-  # An error that occurred during the resolution process
-  class ResolverError < StandardError; end
-
-  # An error caused by searching for a dependency that is completely unknown,
-  # i.e. has no versions available whatsoever.
-  class NoSuchDependencyError < ResolverError
-    # @return [Object] the dependency that could not be found
-    attr_accessor :dependency
-
-    # @return [Array<Object>] the specifications that depended upon {#dependency}
-    attr_accessor :required_by
-
-    # Initializes a new error with the given missing dependency.
-    # @param [Object] dependency @see {#dependency}
-    # @param [Array<Object>] required_by @see {#required_by}
-    def initialize(dependency, required_by = [])
-      @dependency = dependency
-      @required_by = required_by.uniq
-      super()
-    end
-
-    # The error message for the missing dependency, including the specifications
-    # that had this dependency.
-    def message
-      sources = required_by.map { |r| "`#{r}`" }.join(' and ')
-      message = "Unable to find a specification for `#{dependency}`"
-      message += " depended upon by #{sources}" unless sources.empty?
-      message
-    end
-  end
-
-  # An error caused by attempting to fulfil a dependency that was circular
-  #
-  # @note This exception will be thrown if and only if a {Vertex} is added to a
-  #   {DependencyGraph} that has a {DependencyGraph::Vertex#path_to?} an
-  #   existing {DependencyGraph::Vertex}
-  class CircularDependencyError < ResolverError
-    # [Set<Object>] the dependencies responsible for causing the error
-    attr_reader :dependencies
-
-    # Initializes a new error with the given circular vertices.
-    # @param [Array<DependencyGraph::Vertex>] vertices the vertices in the dependency
-    #   that caused the error