.\"Ruby is copyrighted by Yukihiro Matsumoto . .\" .\"This source is distributed under the conditions blow: .\" .\" 1. You may make and give away verbatim copies of the source form of .\" the software without restriction, provided that you do not modify .\" the original distribution files. .\" .\" If you want to distribute the modified version in any way, contact .\" the author. .\" .\" 2. You may distribute the software in object code or executable .\" form, provided that you distribute it with instructions on where .\" to get the software. .\" .\" 3. You may modify the software in any way, provided that you do not .\" distribute the modified version. .\" .\" 4. You may modify and include the part of the software into any other .\" software (possibly commercial). But some files in the distribution .\" are not written by the author, so that they are not under this terms. .\" They are gc.c(partly)，utils.c(partly), regex.[ch]，fnmatch.[ch]， .\" glob.c, st.[ch] and somme files under the ./missing directory. See .\" each files for the copying condition. .\" .\" 5. The scripts and library files supplied as input to or produced as .\" output from the software do not automatically fall under the .\" copyright of the software, but belong to whomever generated them, .\" and may be sold commercially, and may be aggregated with this .\" software. .\" .\" 6. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED .\" WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR .\" PURPOSE. .\" .\" $Id$ .\" .na .TH RUBY 1 "ruby 1.2" "12/Jan/99" "Ruby Programmers Reference Guide" .SH NAME ruby - Interpreted object-oriented scripting language .SH SYNOPSIS .B ruby \c [ \c .BI -version \c ] [ \c .BI -c \c ] [ \c .BI -w \c ] [ \c .BI -d \c ] [ \c .BI -l \c ] [ \c .BI -p \c ] [ \c .BI -n \c ] [ \c .BI -a \c ] [ \c .BI -s \c ] [ \c .BI -0 "[digit]"\c ] [ \c .BI -K "c"\c ] [ \c .BI -e "script"\c ] [ \c .BI -F "pattern"\c ] [ \c .BI -i "[extension]"\c ] [ \c .BI -I "dir"\c ] [ \c .BI -r "filename"\c ] [ \c .BI -S \c ] [ \c .BI -v \c ] [ \c .BI -x "[dir]"\c ] [ \c .BI -X "[dir]"\c ] [ \c .BI -y \c ] [ \c .BI -- \c ] [ programfile ] [ argument ] ... .SH PREFACE Ruby is an interpreted scripting language for quick and easy object-oriented programming. It has many features to process text files and to do system management tasks (as in Perl). It is simple, straight-forward, and extensible. .PP If you want a language for easy object-oriented programming, or you don't like the Perl ugliness, or you do like the concept of lisp, but don't like too much parentheses, Ruby may be the language of your choice. .SH DESCRIPTION Ruby's features are as follows: .TP .B "\(bu Interpretive" Ruby is an interpreted language, so you don't have to recompile programs written in Ruby to execute them. .TP .B "\(bu Variables have no type (dynamic typing)" Variables in Ruby can contain data of any type. You don't have to worry about variable typing. Consequently, it has a weaker compile time check. .TP .B "\(bu No declaration needed" You can use variables in your Ruby programs without any declarations. Variable names denote their scope, local, global, instance, etc. .TP .B "\(bu Simple syntax" Ruby has a simple syntax influenced slightly from Eiffel. .TP .B "\(bu No user-level memory management" Ruby has automatic memory management. Objects no longer referenced from anywhere are automatically collected by the garbage collector built into the interpreter. .TP .B "\(bu Everything is an object" Ruby is the purely object-oriented language, and was so since its creation. Even such basic data as integers are seen as objects. .TP .B "\(bu Class, inheritance, methods" Of course, as an object-oriented language, Ruby has such basic features like classes, inheritance, and methods. .TP .B "\(bu Singleton methods" Ruby has the ability to define methods for certain objects. For example, you can define a press-button action for certain widget by defining a singleton method for the button. Or, you can make up your own prototype based object system using singleton methods, if you want to. .TP .B "\(bu Mix-in by modules" Ruby intentioanlly does not have the multiple inheritance as it is a souce of confusion. Instead, Ruby has the ability to share implementations acrss the inheritance tree. This is oftern called `Mix-in'. .TP .B "\(bu Iterators" Ruby has iterators for loop abstraction. .TP .B "\(bu Closures" In Ruby, you can objectify the procedure. .TP .B "\(bu Text processing and regular expression" Ruby has a bunch of text processing features like in Perl. .TP .B "\(bu Bignums" With built-in bignums, you can for example calculate factorial(400). .TP .B "\(bu Exception handling" As in Java(tm). .TP .B "\(bu Direct access to the OS" Ruby can use most UNIX system calls, often used in system programming. .TP .B "\(bu Dynamic loading" On most UNIX systems, you can load object files into the Ruby interpreter on-the-fly. .PP .SH COMMAND LINE OPTIONS Ruby interpreter accepts following command-line options (switches). They are quite similar to those of Perl. .TP .B -0digit pecifies the input record separator ($/) as an octal number. If no digit is given, the null character is taken as the separator. Other switches may follow the digits. -00 turns Ruby into paragraph mode. - 0777 makes Ruby read whole file at once as a single string since there is no legal character with that value. .TP .B -a turns on auto-split mode when used with -n or -p. In auto-split mode, Ruby executes .nf .ne 1 \& $F = $_.split at beginning of each loop. .fi .TP .B -c causes Ruby to check the syntax of the script and exit without executing. If there are no syntax errors, Ruby will print "Syntax OK" to the standard output. .TP .B -Kc specifies KANJI (Japanese) code-set. .TP .B -d --debug turns on debug mode. $DEBUG will set TRUE. .TP .B -e script specifies script from command-line while telling Ruby to not search argv for script filenames. .TP .B -F regexp specifies input field separator ($;). .TP .B -i extension specifies in-place-edit mode. The extension, if specified, is added to old filename to make a backup copy. example: .nf .ne 8 \& % echo matz > /tmp/junk \& % cat /tmp/junk \& matz \& % ruby -p -i.bak -e '$_.upcase!' /tmp/junk \& % cat /tmp/junk \& MATZ \& % cat /tmp/junk.bak \& matz .fi .TP .B -I directory used to tell Ruby where to load the library scripts. Directory path will be added to the load-path variable ($:'). .TP .B -l enables automatic line-ending processing, which means to firstly set $\ to the value of $/, and secondly chops every line read using chop!. .TP .B -n causes Ruby to assume the following loop around your script, which makes it iterate over filename arguments somewhat like sed -n or awk. .nf .ne 3 \& while gets \& ... \& end .fi .TP .B -p acts mostly same as -n switch, but print the value of variable $_ at the each end of the loop. example: .nf .ne 2 \& % echo matz | ruby -p -e '$_.tr! "a-z", "A-Z"' \& MATZ .fi .TP .B -r filename causes Ruby to load the file using [4]require. It is useful with switches -n or -p. .TP .B -s enables some switch parsing for switches after script name but before any filename arguments (or before a --). Any switches found there are removed from ARGV and set the corresponding variable in the script. example: .nf .ne 3 \& #! /usr/local/bin/ruby -s \& # prints "true" if invoked with `-xyz' switch. \& print "true\en" if $xyz .fi .TP .B -S makes Ruby use the PATH environment variable to search for script, unless if its name begins with a slash. This is used to emulate #! on machines that don't support it, in the following manner: .nf .ne 2 \& #! /usr/local/bin/ruby \& # This line makes the next one a comment in ruby \\ \& exec /usr/local/bin/ruby -S $0 $* .fi On some systems $0 does not always contain the full pathname, so you need -S switch to tell Ruby to search for the script if necessary. To handle embedded spaces or such. A better construct than $* would be ${1+"$@"}, but it does not work if the script is being interpreted by csh. .TP .B -v --verbose enables verbose mode. Ruby will print its version at the beginning, and set the variable `$VERBOSE' to TRUE. Some methods print extra messages if this variable is TRUE. If this switch is given, and no other switches are present, Ruby quits after printing its version. .TP .B --version prints the version of Ruby interpreter. .TP .B -w enables verbose mode without printing version message at the beginning. It set the `$VERBOSE' variable to true. .TP .B -x[directory] tells Ruby that the script is embedded in a message. Leading garbage will be discarded until the first that starts with "#!" and contains the string, "ruby". Any meaningful switches on that line will applied. The end of script must be specified with either EOF, ^D (control-D), ^Z (control-Z), or reserved word __END__.If the directory name is specified, Ruby will switch to that directory before executing script. .TP .B -X directory causes Ruby to switch to the directory. .TP .B -y --yydebug turns on compiler debug mode. Ruby will print a bunch of internal state messages during compiling scripts. You don't have to specify this switch, unless you are going to debug the Ruby interpreter. .PP .SH AUTHOR Ruby is designed and implemented by Yukihiro Matsumoto .