# # ipaddr.rb - A class to manipulate an IP address # # Copyright (c) 2002 Hajimu UMEMOTO . # Copyright (c) 2007 Akinori MUSHA . # All rights reserved. # # You can redistribute and/or modify it under the same terms as Ruby. # # $Id$ # # Contact: # - Akinori MUSHA (current maintainer) # # TODO: # - scope_id support # require 'socket' unless Socket.const_defined? "AF_INET6" class Socket < BasicSocket AF_INET6 = Object.new end class << IPSocket # Returns +true+ if +addr+ is a valid IPv4 address. def valid_v4?(addr) if /\A(\d{1,3})\.(\d{1,3})\.(\d{1,3})\.(\d{1,3})\Z/ =~ addr return $~.captures.all? {|i| i.to_i < 256} end return false end # Returns +true+ if +addr+ is a valid IPv6 address. def valid_v6?(addr) # IPv6 (normal) return true if /\A[\dA-Fa-f]{1,4}(:[\dA-Fa-f]{1,4})*\Z/ =~ addr return true if /\A[\dA-Fa-f]{1,4}(:[\dA-Fa-f]{1,4})*::([\dA-Fa-f]{1,4}(:[\dA-Fa-f]{1,4})*)?\Z/ =~ addr return true if /\A::([\dA-Fa-f]{1,4}(:[\dA-Fa-f]{1,4})*)?\Z/ =~ addr # IPv6 (IPv4 compat) return true if /\A[\dA-Fa-f]{1,4}(:[\dA-Fa-f]{1,4})*:/ =~ addr && valid_v4?($') return true if /\A[\dA-Fa-f]{1,4}(:[\dA-Fa-f]{1,4})*::([\dA-Fa-f]{1,4}(:[\dA-Fa-f]{1,4})*:)?/ =~ addr && valid_v4?($') return true if /\A::([\dA-Fa-f]{1,4}(:[\dA-Fa-f]{1,4})*:)?/ =~ addr && valid_v4?($') false end # Returns +true+ if +addr+ is either a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address. def valid?(addr) valid_v4?(addr) || valid_v6?(addr) end alias getaddress_orig getaddress def getaddress(s) if valid?(s) s elsif /\A[-A-Za-z\d.]+\Z/ =~ s getaddress_orig(s) else raise ArgumentError, "invalid address" end end end end # IPAddr provides a set of methods to manipulate an IP address. Both IPv4 and # IPv6 are supported. # # == Example # # require 'ipaddr' # # ipaddr1 = IPAddr.new "3ffe:505:2::1" # # p ipaddr1 #=> # # # p ipaddr1.to_s #=> "3ffe:505:2::1" # # ipaddr2 = ipaddr1.mask(48) #=> # # # p ipaddr2.to_s #=> "3ffe:505:2::" # # ipaddr3 = IPAddr.new "192.168.2.0/24" # # p ipaddr3 #=> # class IPAddr IN4MASK = 0xffffffff IN6MASK = 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff IN6FORMAT = (["%.4x"] * 8).join(':') # Returns the address family of this IP address. attr_reader :family # Creates a new ipaddr containing the given network byte ordered # string form of an IP address. def IPAddr::new_ntoh(addr) return IPAddr.new(IPAddr::ntop(addr)) end # Convert a network byte ordered string form of an IP address into # human readable form. def IPAddr::ntop(addr) case addr.size when 4 s = addr.unpack('C4').join('.') when 16 s = IN6FORMAT % addr.unpack('n8') else raise ArgumentError, "unsupported address family" end return s end # Returns a new ipaddr built by bitwise AND. def &(other) return self.clone.set(@addr & coerce_other(other).to_i) end # Returns a new ipaddr built by bitwise OR. def |(other) return self.clone.set(@addr | coerce_other(other).to_i) end # Returns a new ipaddr built by bitwise right-shift. def >>(num) return self.clone.set(@addr >> num) end # Returns a new ipaddr built by bitwise left shift. def <<(num) return self.clone.set(addr_mask(@addr << num)) end # Returns a new ipaddr built by bitwise negation. def ~ return self.clone.set(addr_mask(~@addr)) end # Returns true if two ipaddrs are equal. def ==(other) other = coerce_other(other) return @family == other.family && @addr == other.to_i end # Returns a new ipaddr built by masking IP address with the given # prefixlen/netmask. (e.g. 8, 64, "255.255.255.0", etc.) def mask(prefixlen) return self.clone.mask!(prefixlen) end # Returns true if the given ipaddr is in the range. # # e.g.: # require 'ipaddr' # net1 = IPAddr.new("192.168.2.0/24") # net2 = IPAddr.new("192.168.2.100") # net3 = IPAddr.new("192.168.3.0") # p net1.include?(net2) #=> true # p net1.include?(net3) #=> false def include?(other) other = coerce_other(other) if ipv4_mapped? if (@mask_addr >> 32) != 0xffffffffffffffffffffffff return false end mask_addr = (@mask_addr & IN4MASK) addr = (@addr & IN4MASK) family = Socket::AF_INET else mask_addr = @mask_addr addr = @addr family = @family end if other.ipv4_mapped? other_addr = (other.to_i & IN4MASK) other_family = Socket::AF_INET else other_addr = other.to_i other_family = other.family end if family != other_family return false end return ((addr & mask_addr) == (other_addr & mask_addr)) end alias === include? # Returns the integer representation of the ipaddr. def to_i return @addr end # Returns a string containing the IP address representation. def to_s str = to_string return str if ipv4? str.gsub!(/\b0{1,3}([\da-f]+)\b/i, '\1') loop do break if str.sub!(/\A0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0\Z/, '::') break if str.sub!(/\b0:0:0:0:0:0:0\b/, ':') break if str.sub!(/\b0:0:0:0:0:0\b/, ':') break if str.sub!(/\b0:0:0:0:0\b/, ':') break if str.sub!(/\b0:0:0:0\b/, ':') break if str.sub!(/\b0:0:0\b/, ':') break if str.sub!(/\b0:0\b/, ':') break end str.sub!(/:{3,}/, '::') if /\A::(ffff:)?([\da-f]{1,4}):([\da-f]{1,4})\Z/i =~ str str = sprintf('::%s%d.%d.%d.%d', $1, $2.hex / 256, $2.hex % 256, $3.hex / 256, $3.hex % 256) end str end # Returns a string containing the IP address representation in # canonical form. def to_string return _to_string(@addr) end # Returns a network byte ordered string form of the IP address. def hton case @family when Socket::AF_INET return [@addr].pack('N') when Socket::AF_INET6 return (0..7).map { |i| (@addr >> (112 - 16 * i)) & 0xffff }.pack('n8') else raise "unsupported address family" end end # Returns true if the ipaddr is an IPv4 address. def ipv4? return @family == Socket::AF_INET end # Returns true if the ipaddr is an IPv6 address. def ipv6? return @family == Socket::AF_INET6 end # Returns true if the ipaddr is an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address. def ipv4_mapped? return ipv6? && (@addr >> 32) == 0xffff end # Returns true if the ipaddr is an IPv4-compatible IPv6 address. def ipv4_compat? if !ipv6? || (@addr >> 32) != 0 return false end a = (@addr & IN4MASK) return a != 0 && a != 1 end # Returns a new ipaddr built by converting the native IPv4 address # into an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address. def ipv4_mapped if !ipv4? raise ArgumentError, "not an IPv4 address" end return self.clone.set(@addr | 0xffff00000000, Socket::AF_INET6) end # Returns a new ipaddr built by converting the native IPv4 address # into an IPv4-compatible IPv6 address. def ipv4_compat if !ipv4? raise ArgumentError, "not an IPv4 address" end return self.clone.set(@addr, Socket::AF_INET6) end # Returns a new ipaddr built by converting the IPv6 address into a # native IPv4 address. If the IP address is not an IPv4-mapped or # IPv4-compatible IPv6 address, returns self. def native if !ipv4_mapped? && !ipv4_compat? return self end return self.clone.set(@addr & IN4MASK, Socket::AF_INET) end # Returns a string for DNS reverse lookup. It returns a string in # RFC3172 form for an IPv6 address. def reverse case @family when Socket::AF_INET return _reverse + ".in-addr.arpa" when Socket::AF_INET6 return ip6_arpa else raise "unsupported address family" end end # Returns a string for DNS reverse lookup compatible with RFC3172. def ip6_arpa if !ipv6? raise ArgumentError, "not an IPv6 address" end return _reverse + ".ip6.arpa" end # Returns a string for DNS reverse lookup compatible with RFC1886. def ip6_int if !ipv6? raise ArgumentError, "not an IPv6 address" end return _reverse + ".ip6.int" end # Returns the successor to the ipaddr. def succ return self.clone.set(@addr + 1, @family) end # Compares the ipaddr with another. def <=>(other) other = coerce_other(other) return nil if other.family != @family return @addr <=> other.to_i end include Comparable # Checks equality used by Hash. def eql?(other) return self.class == other.class && self.hash == other.hash && self == other end # Returns a hash value used by Hash, Set, and Array classes def hash return ([@addr, @mask_addr].hash << 1) | (ipv4? ? 0 : 1) end # Creates a Range object for the network address. def to_range begin_addr = (@addr & @mask_addr) case @family when Socket::AF_INET end_addr = (@addr | (IN4MASK ^ @mask_addr)) when Socket::AF_INET6 end_addr = (@addr | (IN6MASK ^ @mask_addr)) else raise "unsupported address family" end return clone.set(begin_addr, @family)..clone.set(end_addr, @family) end # Returns a string containing a human-readable representation of the # ipaddr. ("#") def inspect case @family when Socket::AF_INET af = "IPv4" when Socket::AF_INET6 af = "IPv6" else raise "unsupported address family" end return sprintf("#<%s: %s:%s/%s>", self.class.name, af, _to_string(@addr), _to_string(@mask_addr)) end protected def set(addr, *family) case family[0] ? family[0] : @family when Socket::AF_INET if addr < 0 || addr > IN4MASK raise ArgumentError, "invalid address" end when Socket::AF_INET6 if addr < 0 || addr > IN6MASK raise ArgumentError, "invalid address" end else raise ArgumentError, "unsupported address family" end @addr = addr if family[0] @family = family[0] end return self end def mask!(mask) if mask.kind_of?(String) if mask =~ /^\d+$/ prefixlen = mask.to_i else m = IPAddr.new(mask) if m.family != @family raise ArgumentError, "address family is not same" end @mask_addr = m.to_i @addr &= @mask_addr return self end else prefixlen = mask end case @family when Socket::AF_INET if prefixlen < 0 || prefixlen > 32 raise ArgumentError, "invalid length" end masklen = 32 - prefixlen @mask_addr = ((IN4MASK >> masklen) << masklen) when Socket::AF_INET6 if prefixlen < 0 || prefixlen > 128 raise ArgumentError, "invalid length" end masklen = 128 - prefixlen @mask_addr = ((IN6MASK >> masklen) << masklen) else raise "unsupported address family" end @addr = ((@addr >> masklen) << masklen) return self end private # Creates a new ipaddr object either from a human readable IP # address representation in string, or from a packed in_addr value # followed by an address family. # # In the former case, the following are the valid formats that will # be recognized: "address", "address/prefixlen" and "address/mask", # where IPv6 address may be enclosed in square brackets (`[' and # `]'). If a prefixlen or a mask is specified, it returns a masked # IP address. Although the address family is determined # automatically from a specified string, you can specify one # explicitly by the optional second argument. # # Otherwise an IP address is generated from a packed in_addr value # and an address family. # # The IPAddr class defines many methods and operators, and some of # those, such as &, |, include? and ==, accept a string, or a packed # in_addr value instead of an IPAddr object. def initialize(addr = '::', family = Socket::AF_UNSPEC) if !addr.kind_of?(String) case family when Socket::AF_INET, Socket::AF_INET6 set(addr.to_i, family) @mask_addr = (family == Socket::AF_INET) ? IN4MASK : IN6MASK return when Socket::AF_UNSPEC raise ArgumentError, "address family must be specified" else raise ArgumentError, "unsupported address family: #{family}" end end prefix, prefixlen = addr.split('/') if prefix =~ /^\[(.*)\]$/i prefix = $1 family = Socket::AF_INET6 end # It seems AI_NUMERICHOST doesn't do the job. #Socket.getaddrinfo(left, nil, Socket::AF_INET6, Socket::SOCK_STREAM, nil, # Socket::AI_NUMERICHOST) begin IPSocket.getaddress(prefix) # test if address is valid rescue raise ArgumentError, "invalid address" end @addr = @family = nil if family == Socket::AF_UNSPEC || family == Socket::AF_INET @addr = in_addr(prefix) if @addr @family = Socket::AF_INET end end if !@addr && (family == Socket::AF_UNSPEC || family == Socket::AF_INET6) @addr = in6_addr(prefix) @family = Socket::AF_INET6 end if family != Socket::AF_UNSPEC && @family != family raise ArgumentError, "address family mismatch" end if prefixlen mask!(prefixlen) else @mask_addr = (@family == Socket::AF_INET) ? IN4MASK : IN6MASK end end def coerce_other(other) case other when IPAddr other when String self.class.new(other) else self.class.new(other, @family) end end def in_addr(addr) if addr =~ /^\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+$/ return addr.split('.').inject(0) { |i, s| i << 8 | s.to_i } end return nil end def in6_addr(left) case left when /^::ffff:(\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+)$/i return in_addr($1) + 0xffff00000000 when /^::(\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+)$/i return in_addr($1) when /[^0-9a-f:]/i raise ArgumentError, "invalid address" when /^(.*)::(.*)$/ left, right = $1, $2 else right = '' end l = left.split(':') r = right.split(':') rest = 8 - l.size - r.size if rest < 0 return nil end return (l + Array.new(rest, '0') + r).inject(0) { |i, s| i << 16 | s.hex } end def addr_mask(addr) case @family when Socket::AF_INET return addr & IN4MASK when Socket::AF_INET6 return addr & IN6MASK else raise "unsupported address family" end end def _reverse case @family when Socket::AF_INET return (0..3).map { |i| (@addr >> (8 * i)) & 0xff }.join('.') when Socket::AF_INET6 return ("%.32x" % @addr).reverse!.gsub!(/.(?!$)/, '\&.') else raise "unsupported address family" end end def _to_string(addr) case @family when Socket::AF_INET return (0..3).map { |i| (addr >> (24 - 8 * i)) & 0xff }.join('.') when Socket::AF_INET6 return (("%.32x" % addr).gsub!(/.{4}(?!$)/, '\&:')) else raise "unsupported address family" end end end if $0 == __FILE__ eval DATA.read, nil, $0, __LINE__+4 end __END__ require 'test/unit' class TC_IPAddr < Test::Unit::TestCase def test_s_new assert_nothing_raised { IPAddr.new("3FFE:505:ffff::/48") IPAddr.new("0:0:0:1::") IPAddr.new("2001:200:300::/48") } a = IPAddr.new assert_equal("::", a.to_s) assert_equal("0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000", a.to_string) assert_equal(Socket::AF_INET6, a.family) a = IPAddr.new("0123:4567:89ab:cdef:0ABC:DEF0:1234:5678") assert_equal("123:4567:89ab:cdef:abc:def0:1234:5678", a.to_s) assert_equal("0123:4567:89ab:cdef:0abc:def0:1234:5678", a.to_string) assert_equal(Socket::AF_INET6, a.family) a = IPAddr.new("3ffe:505:2::/48") assert_equal("3ffe:505:2::", a.to_s) assert_equal("3ffe:0505:0002:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000", a.to_string) assert_equal(Socket::AF_INET6, a.family) assert_equal(false, a.ipv4?) assert_equal(true, a.ipv6?) assert_equal("#", a.inspect) a = IPAddr.new("3ffe:505:2::/ffff:ffff:ffff::") assert_equal("3ffe:505:2::", a.to_s) assert_equal("3ffe:0505:0002:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000", a.to_string) assert_equal(Socket::AF_INET6, a.family) a = IPAddr.new("0.0.0.0") assert_equal("0.0.0.0", a.to_s) assert_equal("0.0.0.0", a.to_string) assert_equal(Socket::AF_INET, a.family) a = IPAddr.new("192.168.1.2") assert_equal("192.168.1.2", a.to_s) assert_equal("192.168.1.2", a.to_string) assert_equal(Socket::AF_INET, a.family) assert_equal(true, a.ipv4?) assert_equal(false, a.ipv6?) a = IPAddr.new("192.168.1.2/24") assert_equal("192.168.1.0", a.to_s) assert_equal("192.168.1.0", a.to_string) assert_equal(Socket::AF_INET, a.family) assert_equal("#", a.inspect) a = IPAddr.new("192.168.1.2/255.255.255.0") assert_equal("192.168.1.0", a.to_s) assert_equal("192.168.1.0", a.to_string) assert_equal(Socket::AF_INET, a.family) assert_equal("0:0:0:1::", IPAddr.new("0:0:0:1::").to_s) assert_equal("2001:200:300::", IPAddr.new("2001:200:300::/48").to_s) assert_equal("2001:200:300::", IPAddr.new("[2001:200:300::]/48").to_s) [ ["fe80::1%fxp0"], ["::1/255.255.255.0"], ["::1:192.168.1.2/120"], [IPAddr.new("::1").to_i], ["::ffff:192.168.1.2/120", Socket::AF_INET], ["[192.168.1.2]/120"], ].each { |args| assert_raises(ArgumentError) { IPAddr.new(*args) } } end def test_s_new_ntoh addr = '' IPAddr.new("1234:5678:9abc:def0:1234:5678:9abc:def0").hton.each_byte { |c| addr += sprintf("%02x", c) } assert_equal("123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0", addr) addr = '' IPAddr.new("123.45.67.89").hton.each_byte { |c| addr += sprintf("%02x", c) } assert_equal(sprintf("%02x%02x%02x%02x", 123, 45, 67, 89), addr) a = IPAddr.new("3ffe:505:2::") assert_equal("3ffe:505:2::", IPAddr.new_ntoh(a.hton).to_s) a = IPAddr.new("192.168.2.1") assert_equal("192.168.2.1", IPAddr.new_ntoh(a.hton).to_s) end def test_ipv4_compat a = IPAddr.new("::192.168.1.2") assert_equal("::192.168.1.2", a.to_s) assert_equal("0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:c0a8:0102", a.to_string) assert_equal(Socket::AF_INET6, a.family) assert_equal(true, a.ipv4_compat?) b = a.native assert_equal("192.168.1.2", b.to_s) assert_equal(Socket::AF_INET, b.family) assert_equal(false, b.ipv4_compat?) a = IPAddr.new("192.168.1.2") b = a.ipv4_compat assert_equal("::192.168.1.2", b.to_s) assert_equal(Socket::AF_INET6, b.family) end def test_ipv4_mapped a = IPAddr.new("::ffff:192.168.1.2") assert_equal("::ffff:192.168.1.2", a.to_s) assert_equal("0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:ffff:c0a8:0102", a.to_string) assert_equal(Socket::AF_INET6, a.family) assert_equal(true, a.ipv4_mapped?) b = a.native assert_equal("192.168.1.2", b.to_s) assert_equal(Socket::AF_INET, b.family) assert_equal(false, b.ipv4_mapped?) a = IPAddr.new("192.168.1.2") b = a.ipv4_mapped assert_equal("::ffff:192.168.1.2", b.to_s) assert_equal(Socket::AF_INET6, b.family) end def test_reverse assert_equal("f.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.2.0.0.0.5.0.5.0.e.f.f.3.ip6.arpa", IPAddr.new("3ffe:505:2::f").reverse) assert_equal("1.2.168.192.in-addr.arpa", IPAddr.new("192.168.2.1").reverse) end def test_ip6_arpa assert_equal("f.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.2.0.0.0.5.0.5.0.e.f.f.3.ip6.arpa", IPAddr.new("3ffe:505:2::f").ip6_arpa) assert_raises(ArgumentError) { IPAddr.new("192.168.2.1").ip6_arpa } end def test_ip6_int assert_equal("f.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.2.0.0.0.5.0.5.0.e.f.f.3.ip6.int", IPAddr.new("3ffe:505:2::f").ip6_int) assert_raises(ArgumentError) { IPAddr.new("192.168.2.1").ip6_int } end def test_to_s assert_equal("3ffe:0505:0002:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001", IPAddr.new("3ffe:505:2::1").to_string) assert_equal("3ffe:505:2::1", IPAddr.new("3ffe:505:2::1").to_s) end end class TC_Operator < Test::Unit::TestCase IN6MASK32 = "ffff:ffff::" IN6MASK128 = "ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff" def setup @in6_addr_any = IPAddr.new() @a = IPAddr.new("3ffe:505:2::/48") @b = IPAddr.new("0:0:0:1::") @c = IPAddr.new(IN6MASK32) end alias set_up setup def test_or assert_equal("3ffe:505:2:1::", (@a | @b).to_s) a = @a a |= @b assert_equal("3ffe:505:2:1::", a.to_s) assert_equal("3ffe:505:2::", @a.to_s) assert_equal("3ffe:505:2:1::", (@a | 0x00000000000000010000000000000000).to_s) end def test_and assert_equal("3ffe:505::", (@a & @c).to_s) a = @a a &= @c assert_equal("3ffe:505::", a.to_s) assert_equal("3ffe:505:2::", @a.to_s) assert_equal("3ffe:505::", (@a & 0xffffffff000000000000000000000000).to_s) end def test_shift_right assert_equal("0:3ffe:505:2::", (@a >> 16).to_s) a = @a a >>= 16 assert_equal("0:3ffe:505:2::", a.to_s) assert_equal("3ffe:505:2::", @a.to_s) end def test_shift_left assert_equal("505:2::", (@a << 16).to_s) a = @a a <<= 16 assert_equal("505:2::", a.to_s) assert_equal("3ffe:505:2::", @a.to_s) end def test_carrot a = ~@in6_addr_any assert_equal(IN6MASK128, a.to_s) assert_equal("::", @in6_addr_any.to_s) end def test_equal assert_equal(true, @a == IPAddr.new("3ffe:505:2::")) assert_equal(false, @a == IPAddr.new("3ffe:505:3::")) assert_equal(true, @a != IPAddr.new("3ffe:505:3::")) assert_equal(false, @a != IPAddr.new("3ffe:505:2::")) end def test_mask a = @a.mask(32) assert_equal("3ffe:505::", a.to_s) assert_equal("3ffe:505:2::", @a.to_s) end def test_include? assert_equal(true, @a.include?(IPAddr.new("3ffe:505:2::"))) assert_equal(true, @a.include?(IPAddr.new("3ffe:505:2::1"))) assert_equal(false, @a.include?(IPAddr.new("3ffe:505:3::"))) net1 = IPAddr.new("192.168.2.0/24") assert_equal(true, net1.include?(IPAddr.new("192.168.2.0"))) assert_equal(true, net1.include?(IPAddr.new("192.168.2.255"))) assert_equal(false, net1.include?(IPAddr.new("192.168.3.0"))) # test with integer parameter int = (192 << 24) + (168 << 16) + (2 << 8) + 13 assert_equal(true, net1.include?(int)) assert_equal(false, net1.include?(int+255)) end def test_hash a1 = IPAddr.new('192.168.2.0') a2 = IPAddr.new('192.168.2.0') a3 = IPAddr.new('3ffe:505:2::1') a4 = IPAddr.new('3ffe:505:2::1') a5 = IPAddr.new('127.0.0.1') a6 = IPAddr.new('::1') a7 = IPAddr.new('192.168.2.0/25') a8 = IPAddr.new('192.168.2.0/25') h = { a1 => 'ipv4', a2 => 'ipv4', a3 => 'ipv6', a4 => 'ipv6', a5 => 'ipv4', a6 => 'ipv6', a7 => 'ipv4', a8 => 'ipv4'} assert_equal(5, h.size) assert_equal('ipv4', h[a1]) assert_equal('ipv4', h[a2]) assert_equal('ipv6', h[a3]) assert_equal('ipv6', h[a4]) require 'set' s = Set[a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7, a8] assert_equal(5, s.size) assert_equal(true, s.include?(a1)) assert_equal(true, s.include?(a2)) assert_equal(true, s.include?(a3)) assert_equal(true, s.include?(a4)) assert_equal(true, s.include?(a5)) assert_equal(true, s.include?(a6)) end end