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authorMarc-Andre Lafortune <github@marc-andre.ca>2020-12-16 15:39:02 -0500
committerMarc-Andre Lafortune <github@marc-andre.ca>2020-12-23 11:50:33 -0500
commit8feb40f49a5862ba1a42a5d8d9e228e1a8883a29 (patch)
tree4d9a58d4a9e3751c32ab036c189b9ffbdc8793fb /doc/syntax/comments.rdoc
parent4a8ff22f0c9f8a7cd9a68f49523fa2573a4326e9 (diff)
Document shareable_constant_value and other magic constants [doc]
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@@ -35,3 +35,195 @@ syntax error:
Will not work
=end
end
+
+== Magic Comments
+
+While comments are typically ignored by Ruby, special "magic comments" contain
+directives that affect how the code is interpreted.
+
+Top-level magic comments must start on the first line, or on the second line if
+the first line looks like <tt>#! shebang line</tt>.
+
+NOTE: Magic comments affect only the file in which they appear;
+other files are unaffected.
+
+ # frozen_string_literal: true
+
+ var = 'hello'
+ var.frozen? # => true
+
+=== Alternative syntax
+
+Magic comments may consist of a single directive (as in the example above).
+Alternatively, multiple directives may appear on the same line if separated by ";"
+and wrapped between "-*-" (See Emacs' {file variables}[https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Specifying-File-Variables.html])
+
+ # emacs-compatible; -*- coding: big5; mode: ruby -*-
+
+ p 'hello'.frozen? # => true
+ p 'hello'.encoding # => #<Encoding:Big5>
+
+=== <code>encoding</code> Directive
+
+Indicates which string encoding should be used for string literals,
+regexp literals and `__ENCODING__`:
+
+ # encoding: big5
+
+ ''.encoding # => #<Encoding:Big5>
+
+Default encoding is UTF-8.
+
+It must appear in the first comment section of a file
+
+The word "coding" may be used instead of "encoding".
+
+=== <code>frozen_string_literal</code> Directive
+
+When appears in the top section of a file, indicates that string literals should be allocated once at parse time and frozen.
+
+ # frozen_string_literal: true
+
+ 3.times do
+ p 'hello'.object_id # => prints same number
+ end
+ p 'world'.frozen? # => true
+
+The default is false; this can be changed with `--enable=frozen-string-literal`.
+Without the directive, or with <code># frozen_string_literal: false</code>,
+the example above would print 3 different numbers and "false".
+
+Starting in Ruby 3.0, string literals that are dynamic are not frozen nor reused:
+
+ # frozen_string_literal: true
+
+ p "Addition: #{2 + 2}".frozen? # => false
+
+It must appear in the first comment section of a file
+
+=== <code>warn_indent</code> Directive
+
+This directive can turn detection of bad indentation for statements that follow it:
+
+ def foo
+ end # => no warning
+
+ # warn_indent: true
+ def bar
+ end # => warning: mismatched indentations at 'end' with 'def' at 6
+
+Another way to get these warnings to show is by running Ruby with warnings (<code>ruby -w</code>). Using a directive to set this false will prevent these warnings to show.
+
+=== <code>shareable_constant_value</code> Directive
+
+Note: This directive is experimental in Ruby 3.0 and may change in future releases.
+
+This special directive helps to create constants that hold only immutable objects, or {Ractor-shareable}[rdoc-ref:Ractor@Shareable+and+unshareable+objects] constants.
+
+The directive can specify special treatment for values assigned to constants:
+
+* +none+: (default)
+* +literal+: literals are implicitly frozen, others must be Ractor-shareable
+* +experimental_everything+: all made shareable
+
+==== Mode +none+ (default)
+
+No special treatment in this mode (as in Ruby 2.x): no automatic freezing and no checks.
+
+It has always been a good idea to deep-freeze constants; Ractor makes this
+an even better idea as only the main ractor can access non-shareable constants:
+
+ # shareable_constant_value: none
+ A = {foo: []}
+ A.frozen? # => false
+ Ractor.new { puts A } # => can not access non-shareable objects by non-main Ractor.
+
+==== Mode +literal+
+
+In "literal" mode, constants assigned to literals will be deeply-frozen:
+
+ # shareable_constant_value: literal
+ X = [{foo: []}] # => same as [{foo: [].freeze}.freeze].freeze
+
+Other values must be shareable:
+
+ # shareable_constant_value: literal
+ X = Object.new # => cannot assign unshareable object to X
+
+Note that only literals directly assigned to constants, or recursively held in such literals will be frozen:
+
+ # shareable_constant_value: literal
+ var = [{foo: []}]
+ var.frozen? # => false (assignment was made to local variable)
+ X = var # => cannot assign unshareable object to X
+
+ X = Set[1, 2, {foo: []}].freeze # => cannot assign unshareable object to X
+ # (`Set[...]` is not a literal and
+ # `{foo: []}` is an argument to `Set.[]`)
+
+The method Module#const_set is not affected.
+
+==== Mode +experimental_everything+
+
+In this mode, all values assigned to constants are made shareable.
+
+ # shareable_constant_value: experimental_everything
+ FOO = Set.new[1, 2, {foo: []}] # => ok, since this is
+ # same as `Set.new[1, 2, {foo: [].freeze}.freeze].freeze`
+
+ var = [{foo: []}]
+ var.frozen? # => false (assignment was made to local variable)
+ X = var # => calls `Ractor.make_shareable(var)`
+ var.frozen? # => true
+
+This mode is "experimental", because it might be too error prone,
+for example by deep-freezing the constants of an exernal resource
+which could cause errors:
+
+ # shareable_constant_value: experimental_everything
+ FOO = SomeGem::Something::FOO
+ # => deep freezes the gem's constant!
+
+The method Module#const_set is not affected.
+
+==== Scope
+
+This directive can be used multiple times in the same file:
+
+ # shareable_constant_value: none
+ A = {foo: []}
+ A.frozen? # => false
+ Ractor.new { puts A } # => can not access non-shareable objects by non-main Ractor.
+
+ # shareable_constant_value: literal
+ B = {foo: []}
+ B.frozen? # => true
+ B[:foo].frozen? # => true
+
+ C = [Object.new] # => cannot assign unshareable object to C (Ractor::Error)
+
+ D = [Object.new.freeze]
+ D.frozen? # => true
+
+ # shareable_constant_value: experimental_everything
+ E = Set[1, 2, Object.new]
+ E.frozen? # => true
+ E.all(&:frozen?) # => true
+
+The directive affect only subsequent constants and only for the current scope:
+
+ module Mod
+ # shareable_constant_value: literal
+ A = [1, 2, 3]
+ module Sub
+ B = [4, 5]
+ end
+ end
+
+ C = [4, 5]
+
+ module Mod
+ D = [6]
+ end
+ p Mod::A.frozen?, Mod::Sub::B.frozen? # => true, true
+ p C.frozen?, Mod::D.frozen? # => false, false