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authornobu <nobu@b2dd03c8-39d4-4d8f-98ff-823fe69b080e>2009-09-18 01:11:55 +0000
committernobu <nobu@b2dd03c8-39d4-4d8f-98ff-823fe69b080e>2009-09-18 01:11:55 +0000
commitd7f76f84d923ac8c7ef585e1f43fc0d691625377 (patch)
tree3a9fe7c617df7b28d63e6b95ad917826a1994d60
parent96ac19481183e11bd12ca0a704d90e415c4b3954 (diff)
* doc/re.rdoc: use rdoc mode.
git-svn-id: svn+ssh://ci.ruby-lang.org/ruby/trunk@24992 b2dd03c8-39d4-4d8f-98ff-823fe69b080e
-rw-r--r--ChangeLog4
-rw-r--r--doc/re.rdoc1165
2 files changed, 586 insertions, 583 deletions
diff --git a/ChangeLog b/ChangeLog
index 1ed763cc9f..65dafbfb64 100644
--- a/ChangeLog
+++ b/ChangeLog
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
-Fri Sep 18 10:11:27 2009 Nobuyoshi Nakada <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+Fri Sep 18 10:11:53 2009 Nobuyoshi Nakada <nobu@ruby-lang.org>
+
+ * doc/re.rdoc: use rdoc mode.
* misc/rdoc-mode.el: added.
diff --git a/doc/re.rdoc b/doc/re.rdoc
index 9671a7bd0b..6ca3325682 100644
--- a/doc/re.rdoc
+++ b/doc/re.rdoc
@@ -1,583 +1,584 @@
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-# Regular expressions (<i>regexp</i>s) are patterns which describe the
-# contents of a string. They're used for testing whether a string contains a
-# given pattern, or extracting the portions that match. They are created
-# with the <tt>/</tt><i>pat</i><tt>/</tt> and
-# <tt>%r{</tt><i>pat</i><tt>}</tt> literals or the <tt>Regexp.new</tt>
-# constructor.
-#
-# A regexp is usually delimited with forward slashes (<tt>/</tt>). For
-# example:
-#
-# /hay/ =~ 'haystack' #=> 0
-# /y/.match('haystack') #=> #<MatchData "y">
-#
-# If a string contains the pattern it is said to <i>match</i>. A literal
-# string matches itself.
-#
-# # 'haystack' does not contain the pattern 'needle', so doesn't match.
-# /needle/.match('haystack') #=> nil
-# # 'haystack' does contain the pattern 'hay', so it matches
-# /hay/.match('haystack') #=> #<MatchData "hay">
-#
-# Specifically, <tt>/st/</tt> requires that the string contains the letter
-# _s_ followed by the letter _t_, so it matches _haystack_, also.
-#
-# == Metacharacters and Escapes
-#
-# The following are <i>metacharacters</i> <tt>(</tt>, <tt>)</tt>,
-# <tt>[</tt>, <tt>]</tt>, <tt>{</tt>, <tt>}</tt>, <tt>.</tt>, <tt>?</tt>,
-# <tt>+</tt>, <tt>*</tt>. They have a specific meaning when appearing in a
-# pattern. To match them literally they must be backslash-escaped. To match
-# a backslash literally backslash-escape that: <tt>\\\\\\</tt>.
-#
-# /1 \+ 2 = 3\?/.match('Does 1 + 2 = 3?') #=> #<MatchData "1 + 2 = 3?">
-#
-# Patterns behave like double-quoted strings so can contain the same
-# backslash escapes.
-#
-# /\s\u{6771 4eac 90fd}/.match("Go to 東京都")
-# #=> #<MatchData " 東京都">
-#
-# Arbitrary Ruby expressions can be embedded into patterns with the
-# <tt>#{...}</tt> construct.
-#
-# place = "東京都"
-# /#{place}/.match("Go to 東京都")
-# #=> #<MatchData "東京都">
-#
-# == Character Classes
-#
-# A <i>character class</i> is delimited with square brackets (<tt>[</tt>,
-# <tt>]</tt>) and lists characters that may appear at that point in the
-# match. <tt>/[ab]/</tt> means _a_ or _b_, as opposed to <tt>/ab/</tt> which
-# means _a_ followed by _b_.
-#
-# /W[aeiou]rd/.match("Word") #=> #<MatchData "Word">
-#
-# Within a character class the hyphen (<tt>-</tt>) is a metacharacter
-# denoting an inclusive range of characters. <tt>[abcd]</tt> is equivalent
-# to <tt>[a-d]</tt>. A range can be followed by another range, so
-# <tt>[abcdwxyz]</tt> is equivalent to <tt>[a-dw-z]</tt>. The order in which
-# ranges or individual characters appear inside a character class is
-# irrelevant.
-#
-# /[0-9a-f]/.match('9f') #=> #<MatchData "9">
-# /[9f]/.match('9f') #=> #<MatchData "9">
-#
-# If the first character of a character class is a caret (<tt>^</tt>) the
-# class is inverted: it matches any character _except_ those named.
-#
-# /[^a-eg-z]/.match('f') #=> #<MatchData "f">
-#
-# A character class may contain another character class. By itself this
-# isn't useful because <tt>[a-z[0-9]]</tt> describes the same set as
-# <tt>[a-z0-9]</tt>. However, character classes also support the <tt>&&</tt>
-# operator which performs set intersection on its arguments. The two can be
-# combined as follows:
-#
-# /[a-w&&[^c-g]z]/ # ([a-w] AND ([^c-g] OR z))
-# # This is equivalent to:
-# /[abh-w]/
-#
-# The following metacharacters also behave like character classes:
-#
-# * <tt>/./</tt> - Any character except a newline.
-# * <tt>/./m</tt> - Any character (the +m+ modifier enables multiline mode)
-# * <tt>/\w/</tt> - A word character (<tt>[a-zA-Z0-9_]</tt>)
-# * <tt>/\W/</tt> - A non-word character (<tt>[^a-zA-Z0-9_]</tt>)
-# * <tt>/\d/</tt> - A digit character (<tt>[0-9]</tt>)
-# * <tt>/\D/</tt> - A non-digit character (<tt>[^0-9]</tt>)
-# * <tt>/\h/</tt> - A hexdigit character (<tt>[0-9a-fA-F]</tt>)
-# * <tt>/\H/</tt> - A non-hexdigit character (<tt>[^0-9a-fA-F]</tt>)
-# * <tt>/\s/</tt> - A whitespace character: <tt>/[ \t\r\n\f]/</tt>
-# * <tt>/\S/</tt> - A non-whitespace character: <tt>/[^ \t\r\n\f]/</tt>
-#
-# POSIX <i>bracket expressions</i> are also similar to character classes.
-# They provide a portable alternative to the above, with the added benefit
-# that they encompass non-ASCII characters. For instance, <tt>/\d/</tt>
-# matches only the ASCII decimal digits (0-9); whereas <tt>/[[:digit:]]/</tt>
-# matches any character in the Unicode _Nd_ category.
-#
-# * <tt>/[[:alnum:]]/</tt> - Alphabetic and numeric character
-# * <tt>/[[:alpha:]]/</tt> - Alphabetic character
-# * <tt>/[[:blank:]]/</tt> - Space or tab
-# * <tt>/[[:cntrl:]]/</tt> - Control character
-# * <tt>/[[:digit:]]/</tt> - Digit
-# * <tt>/[[:graph:]]/</tt> - Non-blank character (excludes spaces, control
-# characters, and similar)
-# * <tt>/[[:lower:]]/</tt> - Lowercase alphabetical character
-# * <tt>/[[:print:]]/</tt> - Like [:graph:], but includes the space character
-# * <tt>/[[:punct:]]/</tt> - Punctuation character
-# * <tt>/[[:space:]]/</tt> - Whitespace character (<tt>[:blank:]</tt>, newline,
-# carriage return, etc.)
-# * <tt>/[[:upper:]]/</tt> - Uppercase alphabetical
-# * <tt>/[[:xdigit:]]/</tt> - Digit allowed in a hexadecimal number (i.e.,
-# 0-9a-fA-F)
-#
-# Ruby also supports the following non-POSIX character classes:
-#
-# * <tt>/[[:word:]]/</tt> - A character in one of the following Unicode
-# general categories _Letter_, _Mark_, _Number_,
-# <i>Connector_Punctuation<i/i>
-# * <tt>/[[:ascii:]]/</tt> - A character in the ASCII character set
-#
-# # U+06F2 is "EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO"
-# /[[:digit:]]/.match("\u06F2") #=> #<MatchData "\u{06F2}">
-# /[[:upper:]][[:lower:]]/.match("Hello") #=> #<MatchData "He">
-# /[[:xdigit:]][[:xdigit:]]/.match("A6") #=> #<MatchData "A6">
-#
-# == Repetition
-#
-# The constructs described so far match a single character. They can be
-# followed by a repetition metacharacter to specify how many times they need
-# to occur. Such metacharacters are called <i>quantifiers</i>.
-#
-# * <tt>*</tt> - Zero or more times
-# * <tt>+</tt> - One or more times
-# * <tt>?</tt> - Zero or one times (optional)
-# * <tt>{</tt><i>n</i><tt>}</tt> - Exactly <i>n</i> times
-# * <tt>{</tt><i>n</i><tt>,}</tt> - <i>n</i> or more times
-# * <tt>{,</tt><i>m</i><tt>}</tt> - <i>m</i> or less times
-# * <tt>{</tt><i>n</i><tt>,</tt><i>m</i><tt>}</tt> - At least <i>n</i> and
-# at most <i>m</i> times
-#
-# # At least one uppercase character ('H'), at least one lowercase
-# # character ('e'), two 'l' characters, then one 'o'
-# "Hello".match(/[[:upper:]]+[[:lower:]]+l{2}o/) #=> #<MatchData "Hello">
-#
-# Repetition is <i>greedy</i> by default: as many occurrences as possible
-# are matched while still allowing the overall match to succeed. By
-# contrast, <i>lazy</i> matching makes the minimal amount of matches
-# necessary for overall success. A greedy metacharacter can be made lazy by
-# following it with <tt>?</tt>.
-#
-# # Both patterns below match the string. The fist uses a greedy
-# # quantifier so '.+' matches '<a><b>'; the second uses a lazy
-# # quantifier so '.+?' matches '<a>'.
-# /<.+>/.match("<a><b>") #=> #<MatchData "<a><b>">
-# /<.+?>/.match("<a><b>") #=> #<MatchData "<a>">
-#
-# A quantifier followed by <tt>+</tt> matches <i>possessively</i>: once it
-# has matched it does not backtrack. They behave like greedy quantifiers,
-# but having matched they refuse to "give up" their match even if this
-# jeopardises the overall match.
-#
-# == Capturing
-#
-# Parentheses can be used for <i>capturing</i>. The text enclosed by the
-# <i>n</i><sup>th</sup> group of parentheses can be subsequently referred to
-# with <i>n</i>. Within a pattern use the <i>backreference</i>
-# <tt>\</tt><i>n</i>; outside of the pattern use
-# <tt>MatchData[</tt><i>n</i><tt>]</tt>.
-#
-# # 'at' is captured by the first group of parentheses, then referred to
-# # later with \1
-# /[csh](..) [csh]\1 in/.match("The cat sat in the hat")
-# #=> #<MatchData "cat sat in" 1:"at">
-# # Regexp#match returns a MatchData object which makes the captured
-# # text available with its #[] method.
-# /[csh](..) [csh]\1 in/.match("The cat sat in the hat")[1] #=> 'at'
-#
-# Capture groups can be referred to by name when defined with the
-# <tt>(?<</tt><i>name</i><tt>>)</tt> or <tt>(?'</tt><i>name</i><tt>')</tt>
-# constructs.
-#
-# /\$(?<dollars>\d+)\.(?<cents>\d+)/.match("$3.67")
-# => #<MatchData "$3.67" dollars:"3" cents:"67">
-# /\$(?<dollars>\d+)\.(?<cents>\d+)/.match("$3.67")[:dollars] #=> "3"
-#
-# Named groups can be backreferenced with <tt>\k<</tt><i>name</i><tt>></tt>,
-# where _name_ is the group name.
-#
-# /(?<vowel>[aeiou]).\k<vowel>.\k<vowel>/.match('ototomy')
-# #=> #<MatchData "ototo" vowel:"o">
-#
-# *Note*: A regexp can't use named backreferences and numbered
-# backreferences simultaneously.
-#
-# When named capture groups are used with a literal regexp on the left-hand
-# side of an expression and the <tt>=~</tt> operator, the captured text is
-# also assigned to local variables with corresponding names.
-#
-# /\$(?<dollars>\d+)\.(?<cents>\d+)/ =~ "$3.67" #=> 0
-# dollars #=> "3"
-#
-# == Grouping
-#
-# Parentheses also <i>group</i> the terms they enclose, allowing them to be
-# quantified as one <i>atomic</i> whole.
-#
-# # The pattern below matches a vowel followed by 2 word characters:
-# # 'aen'
-# /[aeiou]\w{2}/.match("Caenorhabditis elegans") #=> #<MatchData "aen">
-# # Whereas the following pattern matches a vowel followed by a word
-# # character, twice, i.e. <tt>[aeiou]\w[aeiou]\w</tt>: 'enor'.
-# /([aeiou]\w){2}/.match("Caenorhabditis elegans")
-# #=> #<MatchData "enor" 1:"or">
-#
-# The <tt>(?:</tt>...<tt>)</tt> construct provides grouping without
-# capturing. That is, it combines the terms it contains into an atomic whole
-# without creating a backreference. This benefits performance at the slight
-# expense of readabilty.
-#
-# # The group of parentheses captures 'n' and the second 'ti'. The
-# # second group is referred to later with the backreference \2
-# /I(n)ves(ti)ga\2ons/.match("Investigations")
-# #=> #<MatchData "Investigations" 1:"n" 2:"ti">
-# # The first group of parentheses is now made non-capturing with '?:',
-# # so it still matches 'n', but doesn't create the backreference. Thus,
-# # the backreference \1 now refers to 'ti'.
-# /I(?:n)ves(ti)ga\1ons/.match("Investigations")
-# #=> #<MatchData "Investigations" 1:"ti">
-#
-# === Atomic Grouping
-#
-# Grouping can be made <i>atomic</i> with
-# <tt>(?></tt><i>pat</i><tt>)</tt>. This causes the subexpression <i>pat</i>
-# to be matched independently of the rest of the expression such that what
-# it matches becomes fixed for the remainder of the match, unless the entire
-# subexpression must be abandoned and subsequently revisited. In this
-# way <i>pat</i> is treated as a non-divisible whole. Atomic grouping is
-# typically used to optimise patterns so as to prevent the regular
-# expression engine from backtracking needlesly.
-#
-# # The <tt>"</tt> in the pattern below matches the first character of
-# # the string, then <tt>.*</tt> matches <i>Quote"</i>. This causes the
-# # overall match to fail, so the text matched by <tt>.*</tt> is
-# # backtracked by one position, which leaves the final character of the
-# # string available to match <tt>"</tt>
-# /".*"/.match('"Quote"') #=> #<MatchData "\"Quote\"">
-# # If <tt>.*</tt> is grouped atomically, it refuses to backtrack
-# # <i>Quote"</i>, even though this means that the overall match fails
-# /"(?>.*)"/.match('"Quote"') #=> nil
-#
-# == Subexpression Calls
-#
-# The <tt>\g<</tt><i>name</i><tt>></tt> syntax matches the previous
-# subexpression named _name_, which can be a group name or number, again.
-# This differs from backreferences in that it re-executes the group rather
-# than simply trying to re-match the same text.
-#
-# # Matches a <i>(</i> character and assigns it to the <tt>paren</tt>
-# # group, tries to call that the <tt>paren</tt> sub-expression again
-# # but fails, then matches a literal <i>)</i>.
-# /\A(?<paren>\(\g<paren>*\))*\z/ =~ '()'
-#
-#
-# /\A(?<paren>\(\g<paren>*\))*\z/ =~ '(())' #=> 0
-# # ^1
-# # ^2
-# # ^3
-# # ^4
-# # ^5
-# # ^6
-# # ^7
-# # ^8
-# # ^9
-# # ^10
-#
-# 1. Matches at the beginning of the string, i.e. before the first
-# character.
-# 2. Enters a named capture group called <tt>paren</tt>
-# 3. Matches a literal <i>(</i>, the first character in the string
-# 4. Calls the <tt>paren</tt> group again, i.e. recurses back to the
-# second step
-# 5. Re-enters the <tt>paren</tt> group
-# 6. Matches a literal <i>(</i>, the second character in the
-# string
-# 7. Try to call <tt>paren</tt> a third time, but fail because
-# doing so would prevent an overall successful match
-# 8. Match a literal <i>)</i>, the third character in the string.
-# Marks the end of the second recursive call
-# 9. Match a literal <i>)</i>, the fourth character in the string
-# 10. Match the end of the string
-#
-# == Alternation
-#
-# The vertical bar metacharacter (<tt>|</tt>) combines two expressions into
-# a single one that matches either of the expressions. Each expression is an
-# <i>alternative</i>.
-#
-# /\w(and|or)\w/.match("Feliformia") #=> #<MatchData "form" 1:"or">
-# /\w(and|or)\w/.match("furandi") #=> #<MatchData "randi" 1:"and">
-# /\w(and|or)\w/.match("dissemblance") #=> nil
-#
-# == Character Properties
-#
-# The <tt>\p{}</tt> construct matches characters with the named property,
-# much like POSIX bracket classes.
-#
-# * <tt>/\p{Alnum}/</tt> - Alphabetic and numeric character
-# * <tt>/\p{Alpha}/</tt> - Alphabetic character
-# * <tt>/\p{Blank}/</tt> - Space or tab
-# * <tt>/\p{Cntrl}/</tt> - Control character
-# * <tt>/\p{Digit}/</tt> - Digit
-# * <tt>/\p{Graph}/</tt> - Non-blank character (excludes spaces, control
-# characters, and similar)
-# * <tt>/\p{Lower}/</tt> - Lowercase alphabetical character
-# * <tt>/\p{Print}/</tt> - Like <tt>\p{Graph}</tt>, but includes the space character
-# * <tt>/\p{Punct}/</tt> - Punctuation character
-# * <tt>/\p{Space}/</tt> - Whitespace character (<tt>[:blank:]</tt>, newline,
-# carriage return, etc.)
-# * <tt>/\p{Upper}/</tt> - Uppercase alphabetical
-# * <tt>/\p{XDigit}/</tt> - Digit allowed in a hexadecimal number (i.e., 0-9a-fA-F)
-# * <tt>/\p{Word}/</tt> - A member of one of the following Unicode general
-# category <i>Letter</i>, <i>Mark</i>, <i>Number</i>,
-# <i>Connector\_Punctuation</i>
-# * <tt>/\p{ASCII}/</tt> - A character in the ASCII character set
-# * <tt>/\p{Any}/</tt> - Any Unicode character (including unassigned
-# characters)
-# * <tt>/\p{Assigned}/</tt> - An assigned character
-#
-# A Unicode character's <i>General Category</i> value can also be matched
-# with <tt>\p{</tt><i>Ab</i><tt>}</tt> where <i>Ab</i> is the category's
-# abbreviation as described below:
-#
-# * <tt>/\p{L}/</tt> - 'Letter'
-# * <tt>/\p{Ll}/</tt> - 'Letter: Lowercase'
-# * <tt>/\p{Lm}/</tt> - 'Letter: Mark'
-# * <tt>/\p{Lo}/</tt> - 'Letter: Other'
-# * <tt>/\p{Lt}/</tt> - 'Letter: Titlecase'
-# * <tt>/\p{Lu}/</tt> - 'Letter: Uppercase
-# * <tt>/\p{Lo}/</tt> - 'Letter: Other'
-# * <tt>/\p{M}/</tt> - 'Mark'
-# * <tt>/\p{Mn}/</tt> - 'Mark: Nonspacing'
-# * <tt>/\p{Mc}/</tt> - 'Mark: Spacing Combining'
-# * <tt>/\p{Me}/</tt> - 'Mark: Enclosing'
-# * <tt>/\p{N}/</tt> - 'Number'
-# * <tt>/\p{Nd}/</tt> - 'Number: Decimal Digit'
-# * <tt>/\p{Nl}/</tt> - 'Number: Letter'
-# * <tt>/\p{No}/</tt> - 'Number: Other'
-# * <tt>/\p{P}/</tt> - 'Punctuation'
-# * <tt>/\p{Pc}/</tt> - 'Punctuation: Connector'
-# * <tt>/\p{Pd}/</tt> - 'Punctuation: Dash'
-# * <tt>/\p{Ps}/</tt> - 'Punctuation: Open'
-# * <tt>/\p{Pe}/</tt> - 'Punctuation: Close'
-# * <tt>/\p{Pi}/</tt> - 'Punctuation: Initial Quote'
-# * <tt>/\p{Pf}/</tt> - 'Punctuation: Final Quote'
-# * <tt>/\p{Po}/</tt> - 'Punctuation: Other'
-# * <tt>/\p{S}/</tt> - 'Symbol'
-# * <tt>/\p{Sm}/</tt> - 'Symbol: Math'
-# * <tt>/\p{Sc}/</tt> - 'Symbol: Currency'
-# * <tt>/\p{Sc}/</tt> - 'Symbol: Currency'
-# * <tt>/\p{Sk}/</tt> - 'Symbol: Modifier'
-# * <tt>/\p{So}/</tt> - 'Symbol: Other'
-# * <tt>/\p{Z}/</tt> - 'Separator'
-# * <tt>/\p{Zs}/</tt> - 'Separator: Space'
-# * <tt>/\p{Zl}/</tt> - 'Separator: Line'
-# * <tt>/\p{Zp}/</tt> - 'Separator: Paragraph'
-# * <tt>/\p{C}/</tt> - 'Other'
-# * <tt>/\p{Cc}/</tt> - 'Other: Control'
-# * <tt>/\p{Cf}/</tt> - 'Other: Format'
-# * <tt>/\p{Cn}/</tt> - 'Other: Not Assigned'
-# * <tt>/\p{Co}/</tt> - 'Other: Private Use'
-# * <tt>/\p{Cs}/</tt> - 'Other: Surrogate'
-#
-# Lastly, <tt>\p{}</tt> matches a character's Unicode <i>script</i>. The
-# following scripts are supported: <i>Arabic</i>, <i>Armenian</i>,
-# <i>Balinese</i>, <i>Bengali</i>, <i>Bopomofo</i>, <i>Braille</i>,
-# <i>Buginese</i>, <i>Buhid</i>, <i>Canadian_Aboriginal</i>, <i>Carian</i>,
-# <i>Cham</i>, <i>Cherokee</i>, <i>Common</i>, <i>Coptic</i>,
-# <i>Cuneiform</i>, <i>Cypriot</i>, <i>Cyrillic</i>, <i>Deseret</i>,
-# <i>Devanagari</i>, <i>Ethiopic</i>, <i>Georgian</i>, <i>Glagolitic</i>,
-# <i>Gothic</i>, <i>Greek</i>, <i>Gujarati</i>, <i>Gurmukhi</i>, <i>Han</i>,
-# <i>Hangul</i>, <i>Hanunoo</i>, <i>Hebrew</i>, <i>Hiragana</i>,
-# <i>Inherited</i>, <i>Kannada</i>, <i>Katakana</i>, <i>Kayah_Li</i>,
-# <i>Kharoshthi</i>, <i>Khmer</i>, <i>Lao</i>, <i>Latin</i>, <i>Lepcha</i>,
-# <i>Limbu</i>, <i>Linear_B</i>, <i>Lycian</i>, <i>Lydian</i>,
-# <i>Malayalam</i>, <i>Mongolian</i>, <i>Myanmar</i>, <i>New_Tai_Lue</i>,
-# <i>Nko</i>, <i>Ogham</i>, <i>Ol_Chiki</i>, <i>Old_Italic</i>,
-# <i>Old_Persian</i>, <i>Oriya</i>, <i>Osmanya</i>, <i>Phags_Pa</i>,
-# <i>Phoenician</i>, <i>Rejang</i>, <i>Runic</i>, <i>Saurashtra</i>,
-# <i>Shavian</i>, <i>Sinhala</i>, <i>Sundanese</i>, <i>Syloti_Nagri</i>,
-# <i>Syriac</i>, <i>Tagalog</i>, <i>Tagbanwa</i>, <i>Tai_Le</i>,
-# <i>Tamil</i>, <i>Telugu</i>, <i>Thaana</i>, <i>Thai</i>, <i>Tibetan</i>,
-# <i>Tifinagh</i>, <i>Ugaritic</i>, <i>Vai</i>, and <i>Yi</i>.
-#
-# # Unicode codepoint U+06E9 is named "ARABIC PLACE OF SAJDAH" and
-# # belongs to the Arabic script.
-# /\p{Arabic}/.match("\u06E9") #=> #<MatchData "\u06E9">
-#
-# All character properties can be inverted by prefixing their name with a
-# caret (<tt>^</tt>).
-#
-# # Letter 'A' is not in the Unicode Ll (Letter; Lowercase) category, so
-# # this match succeeds
-# /\p{^Ll}/.match("A") #=> #<MatchData "A">
-#
-# == Anchors
-#
-# Anchors are metacharacter that match the zero-width positions between
-# characters, <i>anchoring</i> the match to a specific position.
-#
-# * <tt>^</tt> - Matches beginning of line
-# * <tt>$</tt> - Matches end of line
-# * <tt>\A</tt> - Matches beginning of string.
-# * <tt>\Z</tt> - Matches end of string. If string ends with a newline,
-# it matches just before newline
-# * <tt>\z</tt> - Matches end of string
-# * <tt>\G</tt> - Matches point where last match finished
-# * <tt>\b</tt> - Matches word boundaries when outside brackets; backspace
-# (0x08) inside brackets
-# * <tt>\B</tt> - Matches non-word boundaries
-# * <tt>(?=</tt><i>pat</i><tt>)</tt> - <i>Positive lookahead</i> assertion:
-# ensures that the following characters match <i>pat</i>, but doesn't
-# include those characters in the matched text
-# * <tt>(?!</tt><i>pat</i><tt>)</tt> - <i>Negative lookahead</i> assertion:
-# ensures that the following characters do not match <i>pat</i>, but
-# doesn't include those characters in the matched text
-# * <tt>(?<=</tt><i>pat</i><tt>)</tt> - <i>Positive lookbehind</i>
-# assertion: ensures that the preceding characters match <i>pat</i>, but
-# doesn't include those characters in the matched text
-# * <tt>(?<!</tt><i>pat</i><tt>)</tt> - <i>Negative lookbehind</i>
-# assertion: ensures that the preceding characters do not match
-# <i>pat</i>, but doesn't include those characters in the matched text
-#
-# # If a pattern isn't anchored it can begin at any point in the string
-# /real/.match("surrealist") #=> #<MatchData "real">
-# # Anchoring the pattern to the beginning of the string forces the
-# # match to start there. 'real' doesn't occur at the beginning of the
-# # string, so now the match fails
-# /\Areal/.match("surrealist") #=> nil
-# # The match below fails because although 'Demand' contains 'and', the
-# pattern does not occur at a word boundary.
-# /\band/.match("Demand")
-# # Whereas in the following example 'and' has been anchored to a
-# # non-word boundary so instead of matching the first 'and' it matches
-# # from the fourth letter of 'demand' instead
-# /\Band.+/.match("Supply and demand curve") #=> #<MatchData "and curve">
-# # The pattern below uses positive lookahead and positive lookbehind to
-# # match text appearing in <b></b> tags without including the tags in the
-# # match
-# /(?<=<b>)\w+(?=<\/b>)/.match("Fortune favours the <b>bold</b>")
-# #=> #<MatchData "bold">
-#
-# == Options
-#
-# The end delimiter for a regexp can be followed by one or more single-letter
-# options which control how the pattern can match.
-#
-# * <tt>/pat/i</tt> - Ignore case
-# * <tt>/pat/m</tt> - Treat a newline as a character matched by <tt>.</tt>
-# * <tt>/pat/x</tt> - Ignore whitespace and comments in the pattern
-# * <tt>/pat/o</tt> - Perform <tt>#{}</tt> interpolation only once
-#
-# <tt>i</tt>, <tt>m</tt>, and <tt>x</tt> can also be applied on the
-# subexpression level with the
-# <tt>(?</tt><i>on</i><tt>-</tt><i>off</i><tt>)</tt> construct, which
-# enables options <i>on</i>, and disables options <i>off</i> for the
-# expression enclosed by the parentheses.
-#
-# /a(?i:b)c/.match('aBc') #=> #<MatchData "aBc">
-# /a(?i:b)c/.match('abc') #=> #<MatchData "abc">
-#
-# == Free-Spacing Mode and Comments
-#
-# As mentioned above, the <tt>x</tt> option enables <i>free-spacing</i>
-# mode. Literal white space inside the pattern is ignored, and the
-# octothorpe (<tt>#</tt>) character introduces a comment until the end of
-# the line. This allows the components of the pattern to be organised in a
-# potentially more readable fashion.
-#
-# # A contrived pattern to match a number with optional decimal places
-# float_pat = /\A
-# [[:digit:]]+ # 1 or more digits before the decimal point
-# (\. # Decimal point
-# [[:digit:]]+ # 1 or more digits after the decimal point
-# )? # The decimal point and following digits are optional
-# \Z/x
-# float_pat.match('3.14') #=> #<MatchData "3.14" 1:".14">
-#
-# *Note*: To match whitespace in an <tt>x</tt> pattern use an escape such as
-# <tt>\s</tt> or <tt>\p{Space}</tt>.
-#
-# Comments can be included in a non-<tt>x</tt> pattern with the
-# <tt>(?#</tt><i>comment</i><tt>)</tt> construct, where <i>comment</i> is
-# arbitrary text ignored by the regexp engine.
-#
-# == Encoding
-#
-# Regular expressions are assumed to use the source encoding. This can be
-# overridden with one of the following modifiers.
-#
-# * <tt>/</tt><i>pat</i><tt>/u</tt> - UTF-8
-# * <tt>/</tt><i>pat</i><tt>/e</tt> - EUC-JP
-# * <tt>/</tt><i>pat</i><tt>/s</tt> - Windows-31J
-# * <tt>/</tt><i>pat</i><tt>/n</tt> - ASCII-8BIT
-#
-# A regexp can be matched against a string when they either share an
-# encoding, or the regexp's encoding is _US-ASCII_ and the string's encoding
-# is ASCII-compatible.
-#
-# If a match between incompatible encodings is attempted an
-# <tt>Encoding::CompatibilityError</tt> exception is raised.
-#
-# The <tt>Regexp#fixed_encoding?</tt> predicate indicates whether the regexp
-# has a <i>fixed</i> encoding, that is one incompatible with ASCII. A
-# regexp's encoding can be explicitly fixed by supplying
-# <tt>Regexp::FIXEDENCODING</tt> as the second argument of
-# <tt>Regexp.new</tt>:
-#
-# r = Regexp.new("a".force_encoding("iso-8859-1"),Regexp::FIXEDENCODING)
-# r =~"a\u3042"
-# #=> Encoding::CompatibilityError: incompatible encoding regexp match
-# (ISO-8859-1 regexp with UTF-8 string)
-#
-# == Performance
-#
-# Certain pathological combinations of constructs can lead to abysmally bad
-# performance.
-#
-# Consider a string of 25 <i>a</i>s, a <i>d</i>, 4 <i>a</i>s, and a
-# <i>c</i>.
-#
-# s = 'a' * 25 + 'd' 'a' * 4 + 'c'
-# #=> "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaadadadadac"
-#
-# The following patterns match instantly as you would expect:
-#
-# /(b|a)/ =~ s #=> 0
-# /(b|a+)/ =~ s #=> 0
-# /(b|a+)*\/ =~ s #=> 0
-#
-# However, the following pattern takes appreciably longer:
-#
-# /(b|a+)*c/ =~ s #=> 32
-#
-# This happens because an atom in the regexp is quantified by both an
-# immediate <tt>+</tt> and an enclosing <tt>*</tt> with nothing to
-# differentiate which is in control of any particular character. The
-# nondeterminism that results produces super-linear performance. (Consult
-# <i>Mastering Regular Expressions</i> (3rd ed.), pp 222, by
-# <i>Jeffery Friedl</i>, for an in-depth analysis). This particular case
-# can be fixed by use of atomic grouping, which prevents the unnecessary
-# backtracking:
-#
-# (start = Time.now) && /(b|a+)*c/ =~ s && (Time.now - start)
-# #=> 24.702736882
-# (start = Time.now) && /(?>b|a+)*c/ =~ s && (Time.now - start)
-# #=> 0.000166571
-#
-# A similar case is typified by the following example, which takes
-# approximately 60 seconds to execute for me:
-#
-# # Match a string of 29 <i>a</i>s against a pattern of 29 optional
-# # <i>a</i>s followed by 29 mandatory <i>a</i>s.
-# Regexp.new('a?' * 29 + 'a' * 29) =~ 'a' * 29
-#
-# The 29 optional <i>a</i>s match the string, but this prevents the 29
-# mandatory <i>a</i>s that follow from matching. Ruby must then backtrack
-# repeatedly so as to satisfy as many of the optional matches as it can
-# while still matching the mandatory 29. It is plain to us that none of the
-# optional matches can succeed, but this fact unfortunately eludes Ruby.
-#
-# One approach for improving performance is to anchor the match to the
-# beginning of the string, thus significantly reducing the amount of
-# backtracking needed.
-#
-# Regexp.new('\A' 'a?' * 29 + 'a' * 29).match('a' * 29)
-# #=> #<MatchData "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa">
-#
-#
+# -*- mode: rdoc; coding: utf-8; fill-column: 74; -*-
+=begin rdoc
+
+Regular expressions (<i>regexp</i>s) are patterns which describe the
+contents of a string. They're used for testing whether a string contains a
+given pattern, or extracting the portions that match. They are created
+with the <tt>/</tt><i>pat</i><tt>/</tt> and
+<tt>%r{</tt><i>pat</i><tt>}</tt> literals or the <tt>Regexp.new</tt>
+constructor.
+
+A regexp is usually delimited with forward slashes (<tt>/</tt>). For
+example:
+
+ /hay/ =~ 'haystack' #=> 0
+ /y/.match('haystack') #=> #<MatchData "y">
+
+If a string contains the pattern it is said to <i>match</i>. A literal
+string matches itself.
+
+ # 'haystack' does not contain the pattern 'needle', so doesn't match.
+ /needle/.match('haystack') #=> nil
+ # 'haystack' does contain the pattern 'hay', so it matches
+ /hay/.match('haystack') #=> #<MatchData "hay">
+
+Specifically, <tt>/st/</tt> requires that the string contains the letter
+_s_ followed by the letter _t_, so it matches _haystack_, also.
+
+== Metacharacters and Escapes
+
+The following are <i>metacharacters</i> <tt>(</tt>, <tt>)</tt>,
+<tt>[</tt>, <tt>]</tt>, <tt>{</tt>, <tt>}</tt>, <tt>.</tt>, <tt>?</tt>,
+<tt>+</tt>, <tt>*</tt>. They have a specific meaning when appearing in a
+pattern. To match them literally they must be backslash-escaped. To match
+a backslash literally backslash-escape that: <tt>\\\\\\</tt>.
+
+ /1 \+ 2 = 3\?/.match('Does 1 + 2 = 3?') #=> #<MatchData "1 + 2 = 3?">
+
+Patterns behave like double-quoted strings so can contain the same
+backslash escapes.
+
+ /\s\u{6771 4eac 90fd}/.match("Go to 東京都")
+ #=> #<MatchData " 東京都">
+
+Arbitrary Ruby expressions can be embedded into patterns with the
+<tt>#{...}</tt> construct.
+
+ place = "東京都"
+ /#{place}/.match("Go to 東京都")
+ #=> #<MatchData "東京都">
+
+== Character Classes
+
+A <i>character class</i> is delimited with square brackets (<tt>[</tt>,
+<tt>]</tt>) and lists characters that may appear at that point in the
+match. <tt>/[ab]/</tt> means _a_ or _b_, as opposed to <tt>/ab/</tt> which
+means _a_ followed by _b_.
+
+ /W[aeiou]rd/.match("Word") #=> #<MatchData "Word">
+
+Within a character class the hyphen (<tt>-</tt>) is a metacharacter
+denoting an inclusive range of characters. <tt>[abcd]</tt> is equivalent
+to <tt>[a-d]</tt>. A range can be followed by another range, so
+<tt>[abcdwxyz]</tt> is equivalent to <tt>[a-dw-z]</tt>. The order in which
+ranges or individual characters appear inside a character class is
+irrelevant.
+
+ /[0-9a-f]/.match('9f') #=> #<MatchData "9">
+ /[9f]/.match('9f') #=> #<MatchData "9">
+
+If the first character of a character class is a caret (<tt>^</tt>) the
+class is inverted: it matches any character _except_ those named.
+
+ /[^a-eg-z]/.match('f') #=> #<MatchData "f">
+
+A character class may contain another character class. By itself this
+isn't useful because <tt>[a-z[0-9]]</tt> describes the same set as
+<tt>[a-z0-9]</tt>. However, character classes also support the <tt>&&</tt>
+operator which performs set intersection on its arguments. The two can be
+combined as follows:
+
+ /[a-w&&[^c-g]z]/ # ([a-w] AND ([^c-g] OR z))
+ # This is equivalent to:
+ /[abh-w]/
+
+The following metacharacters also behave like character classes:
+
+* <tt>/./</tt> - Any character except a newline.
+* <tt>/./m</tt> - Any character (the +m+ modifier enables multiline mode)
+* <tt>/\w/</tt> - A word character (<tt>[a-zA-Z0-9_]</tt>)
+* <tt>/\W/</tt> - A non-word character (<tt>[^a-zA-Z0-9_]</tt>)
+* <tt>/\d/</tt> - A digit character (<tt>[0-9]</tt>)
+* <tt>/\D/</tt> - A non-digit character (<tt>[^0-9]</tt>)
+* <tt>/\h/</tt> - A hexdigit character (<tt>[0-9a-fA-F]</tt>)
+* <tt>/\H/</tt> - A non-hexdigit character (<tt>[^0-9a-fA-F]</tt>)
+* <tt>/\s/</tt> - A whitespace character: <tt>/[ \t\r\n\f]/</tt>
+* <tt>/\S/</tt> - A non-whitespace character: <tt>/[^ \t\r\n\f]/</tt>
+
+POSIX <i>bracket expressions</i> are also similar to character classes.
+They provide a portable alternative to the above, with the added benefit
+that they encompass non-ASCII characters. For instance, <tt>/\d/</tt>
+matches only the ASCII decimal digits (0-9); whereas <tt>/[[:digit:]]/</tt>
+matches any character in the Unicode _Nd_ category.
+
+* <tt>/[[:alnum:]]/</tt> - Alphabetic and numeric character
+* <tt>/[[:alpha:]]/</tt> - Alphabetic character
+* <tt>/[[:blank:]]/</tt> - Space or tab
+* <tt>/[[:cntrl:]]/</tt> - Control character
+* <tt>/[[:digit:]]/</tt> - Digit
+* <tt>/[[:graph:]]/</tt> - Non-blank character (excludes spaces, control
+ characters, and similar)
+* <tt>/[[:lower:]]/</tt> - Lowercase alphabetical character
+* <tt>/[[:print:]]/</tt> - Like [:graph:], but includes the space character
+* <tt>/[[:punct:]]/</tt> - Punctuation character
+* <tt>/[[:space:]]/</tt> - Whitespace character (<tt>[:blank:]</tt>, newline,
+ carriage return, etc.)
+* <tt>/[[:upper:]]/</tt> - Uppercase alphabetical
+* <tt>/[[:xdigit:]]/</tt> - Digit allowed in a hexadecimal number (i.e.,
+ 0-9a-fA-F)
+
+Ruby also supports the following non-POSIX character classes:
+
+* <tt>/[[:word:]]/</tt> - A character in one of the following Unicode
+ general categories _Letter_, _Mark_, _Number_,
+ <i>Connector_Punctuation<i/i>
+* <tt>/[[:ascii:]]/</tt> - A character in the ASCII character set
+
+ # U+06F2 is "EXTENDED ARABIC-INDIC DIGIT TWO"
+ /[[:digit:]]/.match("\u06F2") #=> #<MatchData "\u{06F2}">
+ /[[:upper:]][[:lower:]]/.match("Hello") #=> #<MatchData "He">
+ /[[:xdigit:]][[:xdigit:]]/.match("A6") #=> #<MatchData "A6">
+
+== Repetition
+
+The constructs described so far match a single character. They can be
+followed by a repetition metacharacter to specify how many times they need
+to occur. Such metacharacters are called <i>quantifiers</i>.
+
+* <tt>*</tt> - Zero or more times
+* <tt>+</tt> - One or more times
+* <tt>?</tt> - Zero or one times (optional)
+* <tt>{</tt><i>n</i><tt>}</tt> - Exactly <i>n</i> times
+* <tt>{</tt><i>n</i><tt>,}</tt> - <i>n</i> or more times
+* <tt>{,</tt><i>m</i><tt>}</tt> - <i>m</i> or less times
+* <tt>{</tt><i>n</i><tt>,</tt><i>m</i><tt>}</tt> - At least <i>n</i> and
+ at most <i>m</i> times
+
+ # At least one uppercase character ('H'), at least one lowercase
+ # character ('e'), two 'l' characters, then one 'o'
+ "Hello".match(/[[:upper:]]+[[:lower:]]+l{2}o/) #=> #<MatchData "Hello">
+
+Repetition is <i>greedy</i> by default: as many occurrences as possible
+are matched while still allowing the overall match to succeed. By
+contrast, <i>lazy</i> matching makes the minimal amount of matches
+necessary for overall success. A greedy metacharacter can be made lazy by
+following it with <tt>?</tt>.
+
+ # Both patterns below match the string. The fist uses a greedy
+ # quantifier so '.+' matches '<a><b>'; the second uses a lazy
+ # quantifier so '.+?' matches '<a>'.
+ /<.+>/.match("<a><b>") #=> #<MatchData "<a><b>">
+ /<.+?>/.match("<a><b>") #=> #<MatchData "<a>">
+
+A quantifier followed by <tt>+</tt> matches <i>possessively</i>: once it
+has matched it does not backtrack. They behave like greedy quantifiers,
+but having matched they refuse to "give up" their match even if this
+jeopardises the overall match.
+
+== Capturing
+
+Parentheses can be used for <i>capturing</i>. The text enclosed by the
+<i>n</i><sup>th</sup> group of parentheses can be subsequently referred to
+with <i>n</i>. Within a pattern use the <i>backreference</i>
+<tt>\</tt><i>n</i>; outside of the pattern use
+<tt>MatchData[</tt><i>n</i><tt>]</tt>.
+
+ # 'at' is captured by the first group of parentheses, then referred to
+ # later with \1
+ /[csh](..) [csh]\1 in/.match("The cat sat in the hat")
+ #=> #<MatchData "cat sat in" 1:"at">
+ # Regexp#match returns a MatchData object which makes the captured
+ # text available with its #[] method.
+ /[csh](..) [csh]\1 in/.match("The cat sat in the hat")[1] #=> 'at'
+
+Capture groups can be referred to by name when defined with the
+<tt>(?<</tt><i>name</i><tt>>)</tt> or <tt>(?'</tt><i>name</i><tt>')</tt>
+constructs.
+
+ /\$(?<dollars>\d+)\.(?<cents>\d+)/.match("$3.67")
+ => #<MatchData "$3.67" dollars:"3" cents:"67">
+ /\$(?<dollars>\d+)\.(?<cents>\d+)/.match("$3.67")[:dollars] #=> "3"
+
+Named groups can be backreferenced with <tt>\k<</tt><i>name</i><tt>></tt>,
+where _name_ is the group name.
+
+ /(?<vowel>[aeiou]).\k<vowel>.\k<vowel>/.match('ototomy')
+ #=> #<MatchData "ototo" vowel:"o">
+
+*Note*: A regexp can't use named backreferences and numbered
+backreferences simultaneously.
+
+When named capture groups are used with a literal regexp on the left-hand
+side of an expression and the <tt>=~</tt> operator, the captured text is
+also assigned to local variables with corresponding names.
+
+ /\$(?<dollars>\d+)\.(?<cents>\d+)/ =~ "$3.67" #=> 0
+ dollars #=> "3"
+
+== Grouping
+
+Parentheses also <i>group</i> the terms they enclose, allowing them to be
+quantified as one <i>atomic</i> whole.
+
+ # The pattern below matches a vowel followed by 2 word characters:
+ # 'aen'
+ /[aeiou]\w{2}/.match("Caenorhabditis elegans") #=> #<MatchData "aen">
+ # Whereas the following pattern matches a vowel followed by a word
+ # character, twice, i.e. <tt>[aeiou]\w[aeiou]\w</tt>: 'enor'.
+ /([aeiou]\w){2}/.match("Caenorhabditis elegans")
+ #=> #<MatchData "enor" 1:"or">
+
+The <tt>(?:</tt>...<tt>)</tt> construct provides grouping without
+capturing. That is, it combines the terms it contains into an atomic whole
+without creating a backreference. This benefits performance at the slight
+expense of readabilty.
+
+ # The group of parentheses captures 'n' and the second 'ti'. The
+ # second group is referred to later with the backreference \2
+ /I(n)ves(ti)ga\2ons/.match("Investigations")
+ #=> #<MatchData "Investigations" 1:"n" 2:"ti">
+ # The first group of parentheses is now made non-capturing with '?:',
+ # so it still matches 'n', but doesn't create the backreference. Thus,
+ # the backreference \1 now refers to 'ti'.
+ /I(?:n)ves(ti)ga\1ons/.match("Investigations")
+ #=> #<MatchData "Investigations" 1:"ti">
+
+=== Atomic Grouping
+
+Grouping can be made <i>atomic</i> with
+<tt>(?></tt><i>pat</i><tt>)</tt>. This causes the subexpression <i>pat</i>
+to be matched independently of the rest of the expression such that what
+it matches becomes fixed for the remainder of the match, unless the entire
+subexpression must be abandoned and subsequently revisited. In this
+way <i>pat</i> is treated as a non-divisible whole. Atomic grouping is
+typically used to optimise patterns so as to prevent the regular
+expression engine from backtracking needlesly.
+
+ # The <tt>"</tt> in the pattern below matches the first character of
+ # the string, then <tt>.*</tt> matches <i>Quote"</i>. This causes the
+ # overall match to fail, so the text matched by <tt>.*</tt> is
+ # backtracked by one position, which leaves the final character of the
+ # string available to match <tt>"</tt>
+ /".*"/.match('"Quote"') #=> #<MatchData "\"Quote\"">
+ # If <tt>.*</tt> is grouped atomically, it refuses to backtrack
+ # <i>Quote"</i>, even though this means that the overall match fails
+ /"(?>.*)"/.match('"Quote"') #=> nil
+
+== Subexpression Calls
+
+The <tt>\g<</tt><i>name</i><tt>></tt> syntax matches the previous
+subexpression named _name_, which can be a group name or number, again.
+This differs from backreferences in that it re-executes the group rather
+than simply trying to re-match the same text.
+
+ # Matches a <i>(</i> character and assigns it to the <tt>paren</tt>
+ # group, tries to call that the <tt>paren</tt> sub-expression again
+ # but fails, then matches a literal <i>)</i>.
+ /\A(?<paren>\(\g<paren>*\))*\z/ =~ '()'
+
+
+ /\A(?<paren>\(\g<paren>*\))*\z/ =~ '(())' #=> 0
+ # ^1
+ # ^2
+ # ^3
+ # ^4
+ # ^5
+ # ^6
+ # ^7
+ # ^8
+ # ^9
+ # ^10
+
+1. Matches at the beginning of the string, i.e. before the first
+ character.
+2. Enters a named capture group called <tt>paren</tt>
+3. Matches a literal <i>(</i>, the first character in the string
+4. Calls the <tt>paren</tt> group again, i.e. recurses back to the
+ second step
+5. Re-enters the <tt>paren</tt> group
+6. Matches a literal <i>(</i>, the second character in the
+ string
+7. Try to call <tt>paren</tt> a third time, but fail because
+ doing so would prevent an overall successful match
+8. Match a literal <i>)</i>, the third character in the string.
+ Marks the end of the second recursive call
+9. Match a literal <i>)</i>, the fourth character in the string
+10. Match the end of the string
+
+== Alternation
+
+The vertical bar metacharacter (<tt>|</tt>) combines two expressions into
+a single one that matches either of the expressions. Each expression is an
+<i>alternative</i>.
+
+ /\w(and|or)\w/.match("Feliformia") #=> #<MatchData "form" 1:"or">
+ /\w(and|or)\w/.match("furandi") #=> #<MatchData "randi" 1:"and">
+ /\w(and|or)\w/.match("dissemblance") #=> nil
+
+== Character Properties
+
+The <tt>\p{}</tt> construct matches characters with the named property,
+much like POSIX bracket classes.
+
+* <tt>/\p{Alnum}/</tt> - Alphabetic and numeric character
+* <tt>/\p{Alpha}/</tt> - Alphabetic character
+* <tt>/\p{Blank}/</tt> - Space or tab
+* <tt>/\p{Cntrl}/</tt> - Control character
+* <tt>/\p{Digit}/</tt> - Digit
+* <tt>/\p{Graph}/</tt> - Non-blank character (excludes spaces, control
+ characters, and similar)
+* <tt>/\p{Lower}/</tt> - Lowercase alphabetical character
+* <tt>/\p{Print}/</tt> - Like <tt>\p{Graph}</tt>, but includes the space character
+* <tt>/\p{Punct}/</tt> - Punctuation character
+* <tt>/\p{Space}/</tt> - Whitespace character (<tt>[:blank:]</tt>, newline,
+ carriage return, etc.)
+* <tt>/\p{Upper}/</tt> - Uppercase alphabetical
+* <tt>/\p{XDigit}/</tt> - Digit allowed in a hexadecimal number (i.e., 0-9a-fA-F)
+* <tt>/\p{Word}/</tt> - A member of one of the following Unicode general
+ category <i>Letter</i>, <i>Mark</i>, <i>Number</i>,
+ <i>Connector\_Punctuation</i>
+* <tt>/\p{ASCII}/</tt> - A character in the ASCII character set
+* <tt>/\p{Any}/</tt> - Any Unicode character (including unassigned
+ characters)
+* <tt>/\p{Assigned}/</tt> - An assigned character
+
+A Unicode character's <i>General Category</i> value can also be matched
+with <tt>\p{</tt><i>Ab</i><tt>}</tt> where <i>Ab</i> is the category's
+abbreviation as described below:
+
+* <tt>/\p{L}/</tt> - 'Letter'
+* <tt>/\p{Ll}/</tt> - 'Letter: Lowercase'
+* <tt>/\p{Lm}/</tt> - 'Letter: Mark'
+* <tt>/\p{Lo}/</tt> - 'Letter: Other'
+* <tt>/\p{Lt}/</tt> - 'Letter: Titlecase'
+* <tt>/\p{Lu}/</tt> - 'Letter: Uppercase
+* <tt>/\p{Lo}/</tt> - 'Letter: Other'
+* <tt>/\p{M}/</tt> - 'Mark'
+* <tt>/\p{Mn}/</tt> - 'Mark: Nonspacing'
+* <tt>/\p{Mc}/</tt> - 'Mark: Spacing Combining'
+* <tt>/\p{Me}/</tt> - 'Mark: Enclosing'
+* <tt>/\p{N}/</tt> - 'Number'
+* <tt>/\p{Nd}/</tt> - 'Number: Decimal Digit'
+* <tt>/\p{Nl}/</tt> - 'Number: Letter'
+* <tt>/\p{No}/</tt> - 'Number: Other'
+* <tt>/\p{P}/</tt> - 'Punctuation'
+* <tt>/\p{Pc}/</tt> - 'Punctuation: Connector'
+* <tt>/\p{Pd}/</tt> - 'Punctuation: Dash'
+* <tt>/\p{Ps}/</tt> - 'Punctuation: Open'
+* <tt>/\p{Pe}/</tt> - 'Punctuation: Close'
+* <tt>/\p{Pi}/</tt> - 'Punctuation: Initial Quote'
+* <tt>/\p{Pf}/</tt> - 'Punctuation: Final Quote'
+* <tt>/\p{Po}/</tt> - 'Punctuation: Other'
+* <tt>/\p{S}/</tt> - 'Symbol'
+* <tt>/\p{Sm}/</tt> - 'Symbol: Math'
+* <tt>/\p{Sc}/</tt> - 'Symbol: Currency'
+* <tt>/\p{Sc}/</tt> - 'Symbol: Currency'
+* <tt>/\p{Sk}/</tt> - 'Symbol: Modifier'
+* <tt>/\p{So}/</tt> - 'Symbol: Other'
+* <tt>/\p{Z}/</tt> - 'Separator'
+* <tt>/\p{Zs}/</tt> - 'Separator: Space'
+* <tt>/\p{Zl}/</tt> - 'Separator: Line'
+* <tt>/\p{Zp}/</tt> - 'Separator: Paragraph'
+* <tt>/\p{C}/</tt> - 'Other'
+* <tt>/\p{Cc}/</tt> - 'Other: Control'
+* <tt>/\p{Cf}/</tt> - 'Other: Format'
+* <tt>/\p{Cn}/</tt> - 'Other: Not Assigned'
+* <tt>/\p{Co}/</tt> - 'Other: Private Use'
+* <tt>/\p{Cs}/</tt> - 'Other: Surrogate'
+
+Lastly, <tt>\p{}</tt> matches a character's Unicode <i>script</i>. The
+following scripts are supported: <i>Arabic</i>, <i>Armenian</i>,
+<i>Balinese</i>, <i>Bengali</i>, <i>Bopomofo</i>, <i>Braille</i>,
+<i>Buginese</i>, <i>Buhid</i>, <i>Canadian_Aboriginal</i>, <i>Carian</i>,
+<i>Cham</i>, <i>Cherokee</i>, <i>Common</i>, <i>Coptic</i>,
+<i>Cuneiform</i>, <i>Cypriot</i>, <i>Cyrillic</i>, <i>Deseret</i>,
+<i>Devanagari</i>, <i>Ethiopic</i>, <i>Georgian</i>, <i>Glagolitic</i>,
+<i>Gothic</i>, <i>Greek</i>, <i>Gujarati</i>, <i>Gurmukhi</i>, <i>Han</i>,
+<i>Hangul</i>, <i>Hanunoo</i>, <i>Hebrew</i>, <i>Hiragana</i>,
+<i>Inherited</i>, <i>Kannada</i>, <i>Katakana</i>, <i>Kayah_Li</i>,
+<i>Kharoshthi</i>, <i>Khmer</i>, <i>Lao</i>, <i>Latin</i>, <i>Lepcha</i>,
+<i>Limbu</i>, <i>Linear_B</i>, <i>Lycian</i>, <i>Lydian</i>,
+<i>Malayalam</i>, <i>Mongolian</i>, <i>Myanmar</i>, <i>New_Tai_Lue</i>,
+<i>Nko</i>, <i>Ogham</i>, <i>Ol_Chiki</i>, <i>Old_Italic</i>,
+<i>Old_Persian</i>, <i>Oriya</i>, <i>Osmanya</i>, <i>Phags_Pa</i>,
+<i>Phoenician</i>, <i>Rejang</i>, <i>Runic</i>, <i>Saurashtra</i>,
+<i>Shavian</i>, <i>Sinhala</i>, <i>Sundanese</i>, <i>Syloti_Nagri</i>,
+<i>Syriac</i>, <i>Tagalog</i>, <i>Tagbanwa</i>, <i>Tai_Le</i>,
+<i>Tamil</i>, <i>Telugu</i>, <i>Thaana</i>, <i>Thai</i>, <i>Tibetan</i>,
+<i>Tifinagh</i>, <i>Ugaritic</i>, <i>Vai</i>, and <i>Yi</i>.
+
+ # Unicode codepoint U+06E9 is named "ARABIC PLACE OF SAJDAH" and
+ # belongs to the Arabic script.
+ /\p{Arabic}/.match("\u06E9") #=> #<MatchData "\u06E9">
+
+All character properties can be inverted by prefixing their name with a
+caret (<tt>^</tt>).
+
+ # Letter 'A' is not in the Unicode Ll (Letter; Lowercase) category, so
+ # this match succeeds
+ /\p{^Ll}/.match("A") #=> #<MatchData "A">
+
+== Anchors
+
+Anchors are metacharacter that match the zero-width positions between
+characters, <i>anchoring</i> the match to a specific position.
+
+* <tt>^</tt> - Matches beginning of line
+* <tt>$</tt> - Matches end of line
+* <tt>\A</tt> - Matches beginning of string.
+* <tt>\Z</tt> - Matches end of string. If string ends with a newline,
+ it matches just before newline
+* <tt>\z</tt> - Matches end of string
+* <tt>\G</tt> - Matches point where last match finished
+* <tt>\b</tt> - Matches word boundaries when outside brackets; backspace
+ (0x08) inside brackets
+* <tt>\B</tt> - Matches non-word boundaries
+* <tt>(?=</tt><i>pat</i><tt>)</tt> - <i>Positive lookahead</i> assertion:
+ ensures that the following characters match <i>pat</i>, but doesn't
+ include those characters in the matched text
+* <tt>(?!</tt><i>pat</i><tt>)</tt> - <i>Negative lookahead</i> assertion:
+ ensures that the following characters do not match <i>pat</i>, but
+ doesn't include those characters in the matched text
+* <tt>(?<=</tt><i>pat</i><tt>)</tt> - <i>Positive lookbehind</i>
+ assertion: ensures that the preceding characters match <i>pat</i>, but
+ doesn't include those characters in the matched text
+* <tt>(?<!</tt><i>pat</i><tt>)</tt> - <i>Negative lookbehind</i>
+ assertion: ensures that the preceding characters do not match
+ <i>pat</i>, but doesn't include those characters in the matched text
+
+ # If a pattern isn't anchored it can begin at any point in the string
+ /real/.match("surrealist") #=> #<MatchData "real">
+ # Anchoring the pattern to the beginning of the string forces the
+ # match to start there. 'real' doesn't occur at the beginning of the
+ # string, so now the match fails
+ /\Areal/.match("surrealist") #=> nil
+ # The match below fails because although 'Demand' contains 'and', the
+ pattern does not occur at a word boundary.
+ /\band/.match("Demand")
+ # Whereas in the following example 'and' has been anchored to a
+ # non-word boundary so instead of matching the first 'and' it matches
+ # from the fourth letter of 'demand' instead
+ /\Band.+/.match("Supply and demand curve") #=> #<MatchData "and curve">
+ # The pattern below uses positive lookahead and positive lookbehind to
+ # match text appearing in <b></b> tags without including the tags in the
+ # match
+ /(?<=<b>)\w+(?=<\/b>)/.match("Fortune favours the <b>bold</b>")
+ #=> #<MatchData "bold">
+
+== Options
+
+The end delimiter for a regexp can be followed by one or more single-letter
+options which control how the pattern can match.
+
+* <tt>/pat/i</tt> - Ignore case
+* <tt>/pat/m</tt> - Treat a newline as a character matched by <tt>.</tt>
+* <tt>/pat/x</tt> - Ignore whitespace and comments in the pattern
+* <tt>/pat/o</tt> - Perform <tt>#{}</tt> interpolation only once
+
+<tt>i</tt>, <tt>m</tt>, and <tt>x</tt> can also be applied on the
+subexpression level with the
+<tt>(?</tt><i>on</i><tt>-</tt><i>off</i><tt>)</tt> construct, which
+enables options <i>on</i>, and disables options <i>off</i> for the
+expression enclosed by the parentheses.
+
+ /a(?i:b)c/.match('aBc') #=> #<MatchData "aBc">
+ /a(?i:b)c/.match('abc') #=> #<MatchData "abc">
+
+== Free-Spacing Mode and Comments
+
+As mentioned above, the <tt>x</tt> option enables <i>free-spacing</i>
+mode. Literal white space inside the pattern is ignored, and the
+octothorpe (<tt>#</tt>) character introduces a comment until the end of
+the line. This allows the components of the pattern to be organised in a
+potentially more readable fashion.
+
+ # A contrived pattern to match a number with optional decimal places
+ float_pat = /\A
+ [[:digit:]]+ # 1 or more digits before the decimal point
+ (\. # Decimal point
+ [[:digit:]]+ # 1 or more digits after the decimal point
+ )? # The decimal point and following digits are optional
+ \Z/x
+ float_pat.match('3.14') #=> #<MatchData "3.14" 1:".14">
+
+*Note*: To match whitespace in an <tt>x</tt> pattern use an escape such as
+<tt>\s</tt> or <tt>\p{Space}</tt>.
+
+Comments can be included in a non-<tt>x</tt> pattern with the
+<tt>(?#</tt><i>comment</i><tt>)</tt> construct, where <i>comment</i> is
+arbitrary text ignored by the regexp engine.
+
+== Encoding
+
+Regular expressions are assumed to use the source encoding. This can be
+overridden with one of the following modifiers.
+
+* <tt>/</tt><i>pat</i><tt>/u</tt> - UTF-8
+* <tt>/</tt><i>pat</i><tt>/e</tt> - EUC-JP
+* <tt>/</tt><i>pat</i><tt>/s</tt> - Windows-31J
+* <tt>/</tt><i>pat</i><tt>/n</tt> - ASCII-8BIT
+
+A regexp can be matched against a string when they either share an
+encoding, or the regexp's encoding is _US-ASCII_ and the string's encoding
+is ASCII-compatible.
+
+If a match between incompatible encodings is attempted an
+<tt>Encoding::CompatibilityError</tt> exception is raised.
+
+The <tt>Regexp#fixed_encoding?</tt> predicate indicates whether the regexp
+has a <i>fixed</i> encoding, that is one incompatible with ASCII. A
+regexp's encoding can be explicitly fixed by supplying
+<tt>Regexp::FIXEDENCODING</tt> as the second argument of
+<tt>Regexp.new</tt>:
+
+ r = Regexp.new("a".force_encoding("iso-8859-1"),Regexp::FIXEDENCODING)
+ r =~"a\u3042"
+ #=> Encoding::CompatibilityError: incompatible encoding regexp match
+ (ISO-8859-1 regexp with UTF-8 string)
+
+== Performance
+
+Certain pathological combinations of constructs can lead to abysmally bad
+performance.
+
+Consider a string of 25 <i>a</i>s, a <i>d</i>, 4 <i>a</i>s, and a
+<i>c</i>.
+
+ s = 'a' * 25 + 'd' 'a' * 4 + 'c'
+ #=> "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaadadadadac"
+
+The following patterns match instantly as you would expect:
+
+ /(b|a)/ =~ s #=> 0
+ /(b|a+)/ =~ s #=> 0
+ /(b|a+)*\/ =~ s #=> 0
+
+However, the following pattern takes appreciably longer:
+
+ /(b|a+)*c/ =~ s #=> 32
+
+This happens because an atom in the regexp is quantified by both an
+immediate <tt>+</tt> and an enclosing <tt>*</tt> with nothing to
+differentiate which is in control of any particular character. The
+nondeterminism that results produces super-linear performance. (Consult
+<i>Mastering Regular Expressions</i> (3rd ed.), pp 222, by
+<i>Jeffery Friedl</i>, for an in-depth analysis). This particular case
+can be fixed by use of atomic grouping, which prevents the unnecessary
+backtracking:
+
+ (start = Time.now) && /(b|a+)*c/ =~ s && (Time.now - start)
+ #=> 24.702736882
+ (start = Time.now) && /(?>b|a+)*c/ =~ s && (Time.now - start)
+ #=> 0.000166571
+
+A similar case is typified by the following example, which takes
+approximately 60 seconds to execute for me:
+
+ # Match a string of 29 <i>a</i>s against a pattern of 29 optional
+ # <i>a</i>s followed by 29 mandatory <i>a</i>s.
+ Regexp.new('a?' * 29 + 'a' * 29) =~ 'a' * 29
+
+The 29 optional <i>a</i>s match the string, but this prevents the 29
+mandatory <i>a</i>s that follow from matching. Ruby must then backtrack
+repeatedly so as to satisfy as many of the optional matches as it can
+while still matching the mandatory 29. It is plain to us that none of the
+optional matches can succeed, but this fact unfortunately eludes Ruby.
+
+One approach for improving performance is to anchor the match to the
+beginning of the string, thus significantly reducing the amount of
+backtracking needed.
+
+ Regexp.new('\A' 'a?' * 29 + 'a' * 29).match('a' * 29)
+ #=> #<MatchData "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa">
+=end
class Regexp; end