Do not modify shared array
	
	[Bug #15821]


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	Just a shebang is valid code

	[ruby-core:89240] [Bug #15190]

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	ruby.c: taint ARGV on Windows

	* ruby.c (external_str_new_cstr): strings come from the external
	  should be tainted.  [ruby-dev:50596] [Bug #14941]

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* ruby.c (process_options): fallback to the encoding of the script
  name since rb_realpath_internal() cannot convert the encoding
  when it is ASCII-8BIT.

* test/ruby/test_rubyoptions.rb (test___dir__encoding): explicitly
  pass environment variables for locale as they are overriden by
  invoke_ruby.

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This re-introduces r60485.
This reverts commit 5a176b75b1187cbd3861c387bde65ff66396a07c.

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This reverts commit 620ba74778bfdbdc34ffbb142d49ce84a0ef58e9.

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NODEs in AST are no longer objects managed by GC.  This change will
remove the restriction imposed by the GC.  For example, a NODE can use
more than five words (this is my primary purpose; we want to store the
position data for each NODE, for coverage library), or even a NODE can
have variable length (some kinds of NODEs have unused fields).
To do this, however, we need more work, since Ripper still uses T_NODE
objects managed by the GC.

The life time of NODEs is more obvious than other kinds of objects; they
are created at parsing, and they become disused immediately after
compilation.  This change releases all NODEs by a few `xfree`s after
compilation, so performance will be improved a bit.  In extreme example,
`eval("x=1;" * 10000000)` runs much faster (40 sec. -> 7.8 sec. on my
machine).

The most important part of this change is `ast_t` struct, which has
three contents: (1) NODE buffer (malloc'ed memory), (2) a reference to
the root NODE, and (3) an array that contains objects that must be
marked during parsing (such as literal objects).  Some functions that
had received `NODE*` arguments, must now receive `ast_t*`.

* node.c, node.h: defines `ast_t` struct and related operations.
* gc.c, internal.h: defines `imemo_ast`.
* parse.y: makes `parser_params` struct have a reference to `ast_t`.
  Instead of `rb_node_newnode`, use `rb_ast_newnode` to create a NODE.
* iseq.c, load.c, ruby.c, template/prelude.c.tmpl: modifies some
  functions to handle `ast_t*` instead of `NODE*`.
* test/ruby/test_gc.rb: ad-hoc fix for a failed test.  The test assumes
  GC eden is increased at startup by NODE object creation.  However,
  this change now create no NODE object, so GC eden is not necessarily
  increased.

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* ruby.c (load_file_internal): set loop options after parsing
  shebang line.

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* parse.y (yycompile0): append top-level addenda before appending
  prelude nodes.

* parse.y (rb_parser_set_options): set top-level addendum options
  before parsing.

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