We should assert that i is within bounds to prevent buffer overflows.

If an Array which is empty or only using literals is frozen, we detect
this as a peephole optimization and change the instructions to be
`opt_ary_freeze`.

[Feature #20684]

Co-authored-by: Jean Boussier <byroot@ruby-lang.org>

RARRAY_CONST_PTR now does the same things as RARRAY_CONST_PTR_TRANSIENT.

This commit introduces a new instruction `opt_newarray_send` which is
used when there is an array literal followed by either the `hash`,
`min`, or `max` method.

```
[a, b, c].hash
```

Will emit an `opt_newarray_send` instruction.  This instruction falls
back to a method call if the "interested" method has been monkey
patched.

Here are some examples of the instructions generated:

```
$ ./miniruby --dump=insns -e '[@a, @b].max'
== disasm: #<ISeq:<main>@-e:1 (1,0)-(1,12)> (catch: FALSE)
0000 getinstancevariable                    :@a, <is:0>               (   1)[Li]
0003 getinstancevariable                    :@b, <is:1>
0006 opt_newarray_send                      2, :max
0009 leave
$ ./miniruby --dump=insns -e '[@a, @b].min'
== disasm: #<ISeq:<main>@-e:1 (1,0)-(1,12)> (catch: FALSE)
0000 getinstancevariable                    :@a, <is:0>               (   1)[Li]
0003 getinstancevariable                    :@b, <is:1>
0006 opt_newarray_send                      2, :min
0009 leave
$ ./miniruby --dump=insns -e '[@a, @b].hash'
== disasm: #<ISeq:<main>@-e:1 (1,0)-(1,13)> (catch: FALSE)
0000 getinstancevariable                    :@a, <is:0>               (   1)[Li]
0003 getinstancevariable                    :@b, <is:1>
0006 opt_newarray_send                      2, :hash
0009 leave
```

[Feature #18897] [ruby-core:109147]

Co-authored-by: John Hawthorn <jhawthorn@github.com>

rb_ary_tmp_new suggests that the array is temporary in some way, but
that's not true, it just creates an array that's hidden and not on the
transient heap. This commit renames it to rb_ary_hidden_new.

The RARRAY_LITERAL_FLAG was added in commit
5871ecf956711fcacad7c03f2aef95115ed25bc4 to improve CoW performance for
array literals by not keeping track of reference counts.

This commit reverts that commit and has an alternate implementation that
is more generic for all frozen arrays. Since frozen arrays cannot be
modified, we don't need to set the RARRAY_SHARED_ROOT_FLAG and we don't
need to do reference counting.