All kind of AST nodes use same struct RNode, which has u1, u2, u3 union members
for holding different kind of data.
This has two problems.

1. Low flexibility of data structure

Some nodes, for example NODE_TRUE, don’t use u1, u2, u3. On the other hand,
NODE_OP_ASGN2 needs more than three union members. However they use same
structure definition, need to allocate three union members for NODE_TRUE and
need to separate NODE_OP_ASGN2 into another node.
This change removes the restriction so make it possible to
change data structure by each node type.

2. No compile time check for union member access

It’s developer’s responsibility for using correct member for each node type when it’s union.
This change clarifies which node has which type of fields and enables compile time check.

This commit also changes node_buffer_elem_struct buf management to handle
different size data with alignment.

In `rb_ruby_ripper_parser_allocate`, `r->p` is NULL between creating
`self` and `parser_params` assignment.  As GC can happen there, the
typed-data functions for it need to consider the case.

The following script leaks memory in Ripper:

```ruby
require "ripper"

20.times do
  100_000.times do
    Ripper.parse("")
  end

  puts `ps -o rss= -p #{$$}`
end
```

Introduce Universal Parser mode for the parser.
This commit includes these changes:

* Introduce `UNIVERSAL_PARSER` macro. All of CRuby related functions
  are passed via `struct rb_parser_config_struct` when this macro is enabled.
* Add CI task with 'cppflags=-DUNIVERSAL_PARSER' for ubuntu.